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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logg inn</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Fleire val" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personlege verktøy" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personlege verktøy</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Brukarmeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=nn.wikipedia.org&uselang=nn"><span>Gåver</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Morfem" title="Me oppfordrar til at du oppretter ein konto og loggar inn, men det er ikkje påkravd."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Opprett konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Morfem" title="Det er ikkje obligatorisk å logga inn, men medfører mange fordelar. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logg inn</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sider for utlogga bidragsytarar <a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Introduksjon" aria-label="Lær meir om redigering"><span>lær meir</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bidraga_mine" title="Liste over endringar gjorde frå denne IP-adressa [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Diskusjonssida_mi" title="Diskusjon om endringar gjorde av denne ip-adressa [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Nettstad"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innhald" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhald</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">gøym</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Byrjinga</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Det_bloomfieldske_morfemet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Det_bloomfieldske_morfemet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Det bloomfieldske morfemet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Det_bloomfieldske_morfemet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Det_hockettske_morfemet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Det_hockettske_morfemet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Det hockettske morfemet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Det_hockettske_morfemet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samanblanding_av_dei_to_konsepta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samanblanding_av_dei_to_konsepta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Samanblanding av dei to konsepta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samanblanding_av_dei_to_konsepta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problem_med_morfemomgrepet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problem_med_morfemomgrepet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Problem med morfemomgrepet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problem_med_morfemomgrepet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Døme_på_bruk_av_det_bloomfieldske_morfemet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Døme_på_bruk_av_det_bloomfieldske_morfemet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Døme på bruk av det bloomfieldske morfemet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Døme_på_bruk_av_det_bloomfieldske_morfemet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fotnoter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fotnoter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fotnoter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fotnoter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhald" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Innhaldsliste" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innhaldslista" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innhaldslista</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Morfem</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til ein artikkel på eit anna språk. Tilgjengeleg på 89 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfem" title="Morfem – norsk bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Morfem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norsk bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfem" title="Morfem – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Morfem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfem" title="Morfem – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Morfem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfeem" title="Morfeem – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Morfeem" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphem" title="Morphem – sveitsertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Morphem" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="sveitsertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="صرفية – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صرفية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfema" title="Morfema – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Morfema" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfem" title="Morfem – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Morfem" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B2" title="রূপমূল – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রূপমূল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Марфема – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марфема" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Марфэма – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Марфэма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Морфема – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Морфема" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfem" title="Morfem – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Morfem" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfema" title="Morfema – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Morfema" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Морфема – tsjuvansk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Морфема" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morf%C3%A9m" title="Morfém – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Morfém" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morffem" title="Morffem – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Morffem" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%94fim" title="Mɔfim – dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Mɔfim" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphem" title="Morphem – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Morphem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8D%DE%AA%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%92%DE%AA" title="ލުފައިޒު – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ލުފައިޒު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfeem" title="Morfeem – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Morfeem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%86%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Μόρφημα – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μόρφημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Morpheme" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfema" title="Morfema – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Morfema" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortero" title="Vortero – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vortero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfema" title="Morfema – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Morfema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98" title="تکواژ – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تکواژ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morph%C3%A8me" title="Morphème – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Morphème" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfeem" title="Morfeem – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Morfeem" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moirf%C3%A9im" title="Moirféim – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Moirféim" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfema" title="Morfema – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Morfema" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%95%ED%83%9C%EC%86%8C" title="형태소 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="형태소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D6%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Ձևույթ – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձևույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE" title="रूपिम – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रूपिम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfem" title="Morfem – høgsorbisk" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Morfem" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="høgsorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfem" title="Morfem – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Morfem" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfemo" title="Morfemo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Morfemo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfem" title="Morfem – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Morfem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphema" title="Morphema – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Morphema" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myndan" title="Myndan – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Myndan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfema" title="Morfema – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Morfema" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%9E%D7%94" title="מורפמה – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מורפמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="მორფემა – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მორფემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Морфема – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Морфема" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mofimu" title="Mofimu – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mofimu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfem" title="Morfem – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Morfem" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Морфема – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Морфема" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morf%C4%93ma" title="Morfēma – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Morfēma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfema" title="Morfema – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Morfema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfeem" title="Morfeem – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Morfeem" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morf%C3%A9ma" title="Morféma – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Morféma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Морфема – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Морфема" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasin-teny" title="Hasin-teny – madagassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hasin-teny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="madagassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="രൂപിമം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രൂപിമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfem" title="Morfem – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Morfem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfeem" title="Morfeem – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Morfeem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E7%B4%A0" title="形態素 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="形態素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfeme" title="Morfeme – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Morfeme" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfema" title="Morfema – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Morfema" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE" title="ਮਾਰਫੀਮ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਰਫੀਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%DA%93" title="ګړ – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګړ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphem" title="Morphem – lågtysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Morphem" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lågtysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfem" title="Morfem – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Morfem" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfema" title="Morfema – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Morfema" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfema" title="Morfema – karakalpakisk" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Morfema" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfem" title="Morfem – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Morfem" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimana_yapaq" title="Rimana yapaq – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rimana yapaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Морфема – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Морфема" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Morpheme" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfema" title="Morfema – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Morfema" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Morpheme" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morf%C3%A9ma" title="Morféma – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Morféma" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfem" title="Morfem – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Morfem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Морфима – kyrkjeslavisk" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Морфима" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="kyrkjeslavisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%85" title="مۆرفیم – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆرفیم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Морфема – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Морфема" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfem" title="Morfem – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Morfem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfeemi" title="Morfeemi – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Morfeemi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpema" title="Morpema – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Morpema" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="உருபன் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருபன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3" title="หน่วยคำ – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน่วยคำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A7imbirim" title="Biçimbirim – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Biçimbirim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Морфема – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Морфема" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfema" title="Morfema – venetiansk" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Morfema" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetiansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%ACnh_v%E1%BB%8B" title="Hình vị – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hình vị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfinme" title="Morfinme – vallonsk" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Morfinme" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E7%B4%A0" title="语素 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="语素" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E7%B4%A0" title="形態素 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="形態素" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%B4%A0" title="語素 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="語素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43249#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Endra mellomspråklege lenkjer" class="wbc-editpage">Endra lenkjer</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Morfem" title="Vis innhaldssida [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Morfem" rel="discussion" title="Diskusjon om innhaldssida [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">gøym</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere alternativer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlingar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Morfem"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morfem&veaction=edit" title="Endre sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Endre</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item 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class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utsjånad"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utsjånad</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">gøym</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Frå Wikipedia – det frie oppslagsverket</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nn" dir="ltr"><p><b>Morfem</b> (frå fransk <i>morphème</i>, etter mønster av <i><a href="/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem">fonem</a></i>) er ei abstrakt eining i <a href="/wiki/Lingvistikk" title="Lingvistikk">lingvistikken</a> som visr til det minste språklege elementet som gjev tyding eller grammatisk funksjon.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Omgrepet har røter innanfor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturalistisk_lingvistikk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strukturalistisk lingvistikk (sida finst ikkje)">strukturalistisk lingvistikk</a>. Det blir i dag brukt på to ulike måtar, den eine går attende via <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield" title="Leonard Bloomfield">Leonard Bloomfield</a> til <a href="/wiki/Jan_Baudouin_de_Courtenay" title="Jan Baudouin de Courtenay">Jan Baudouin de Courtenay</a>, og den andre til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Hockett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Hockett (sida finst ikkje)">Charles Hockett</a>. For de Courtenay er morfem eit ord eller ein del av eit ord (<a href="/wiki/Suffiks" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffiks">suffiks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prefiks" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefiks">prefiks</a>) som ikkje kan delast inn i mindre delar.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bloomfield held fast på kjernen i morfemomgrepet til de Courtenay , og ser på morfemet som <i>den minste meiningsberande eininga i språket</i>. Hockett, på si side, ser på morfemet ikkje som ein berar av meining, men som meininga sjølv. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Det_bloomfieldske_morfemet">Det bloomfieldske morfemet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morfem&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Endre bolk: Det bloomfieldske morfemet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morfem&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Det bloomfieldske morfemet"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I den viktige boka <i>Language</i> frå 1933 sette Bloomfield opp ein avansert teori om morfologien, der morfem-omgrepet til de Courteney var ein av grunnsteinane. Bloomfield skilde mellom leksikalsk og grammatisk form, og - for kvar form - mellom eining, form (med og utan innhald) og innhald. </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nivå</th> <th>Leksikalsk form</th> <th>Grammatisk form </th></tr> <tr> <th>minimal form </th> <td>fonetisk form</td> <td>taktisk form </td></tr> <tr> <th>form utan meining </th> <td>fonem</td> <td>taksem </td></tr> <tr> <th>form med meining </th> <td>morfem</td> <td>tagmem </td></tr> <tr> <th>meining </th> <td>semem</td> <td>episemem </td> </tr></tbody><caption><i>Bloomfields morfologiske teori</i> </caption></table> <p>I engelsk er t.d. affiksa <i>-s, -z, -is, -iz</i> fonetiske variantar av det same morfemet, mens affikset <i>-en</i> (som vi har i <i>oxen</i>) er eit anna morfem. Desse to morfema er bundne saman ved å ha det same <i>sememet</i>, «meir enn ein». Dette er på den leksikalske sida. På den grammatiske sida er det ikkje substans, men struktur, og taktisk form inneber fire og berre fire måtar å arrangere leksikalsk form på, nemleg <i>rekkjefølgje, modulering, fonetisk modifisering og seleksjon</i>. I dømet med engelsk er det relavante tagmemet <i>prosessen å velje eit morfem</i>, enten dette morfemet er eit suffiks (evt. klasse av suffiks), eller det er endring av eit basismorfem (<i>man</i> til <i>men</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Det_hockettske_morfemet">Det hockettske morfemet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morfem&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Endre bolk: Det hockettske morfemet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morfem&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Det hockettske morfemet"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det neste tiåret gjer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zellig_Harris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zellig Harris (sida finst ikkje)">Zellig Harris</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Hockett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Hockett (sida finst ikkje)">Charles Hockett</a> Bloomfield store endringar i morfemomgrepet sitt. Harris held fast på at ein kvar sekvens av fonem med meining er eit morfem, og eit sett av morfem med same meining er ei <i>morfemeining</i> («[e]very sequence of phonemes which has meaning, and which is not composed of smaller sequences having meaning, is a morpheme (unit)», og: «two or more [morpheme] alternants which have what we consider the same meaning (but different phonemes), and no one of which ever occurs in the same environment as the others [...] are grouped together into a single morpheme unit») (Harris 1942). Harris slår altså saman Bloomfields <i>-s, -is, -z, -iz, -en, null</i> til <i>ulike variantar av same morfemeining</i>. </p><p>Hockett 1947 endrar dette til klassisk strukturalisme, ved å seie at <i>-s, -is, -z, -iz, -en, null</i> er <i>allomorfar</i> av same <i>morfem</i>, og at dette morfemet (i dette tilfellet) er <i>fleirtal</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samanblanding_av_dei_to_konsepta">Samanblanding av dei to konsepta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morfem&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Endre bolk: Samanblanding av dei to konsepta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morfem&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Samanblanding av dei to konsepta"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lingvistisk teori på <a href="/wiki/1960-talet" class="mw-redirect" title="1960-talet">1960-</a> og <a href="/wiki/1970-talet" class="mw-redirect" title="1970-talet">70-talet</a> kom til å leggje vekt på <a href="/wiki/Syntaks" title="Syntaks">syntaks</a>, og <a href="/wiki/Morfologi" title="Morfologi">morfologi</a> fekk lita merksemd. I praksis kom Hocketts og Bloomfields morfem til å leve side om side. Ei sentral innføringsbok, Lyons 1968, seier t.d. at ordet <i>unacceptable</i> er laga av tre einingar, <i>un, accept</i> og <i>able</i>, "customarily reffered to as 'morphemes'" (s. 170). På s. 181, derimot dreg Lyons eit skilje mellom på den eine sida morfema, og på den andre sida representasjonane desse morfema har. Allomorfar er, “alternative representations of a morpheme”, t.d. representerer /s/, /z/ og /iz/ “the plural morpheme {s}”, </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Problem_med_morfemomgrepet">Problem med morfemomgrepet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morfem&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Endre bolk: Problem med morfemomgrepet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morfem&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Problem med morfemomgrepet"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det ibuande tvitydige (sjå ovanføre) er problematisk for den som vil nytte <i>morfem</i> i lingvistisk analyse. Morfologi er studiet av korleis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatiske_trekk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammatiske trekk (sida finst ikkje)">grammatiske trekk</a> blir uttrykte med hjelp av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordformer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordformer (sida finst ikkje)">ordformer</a>, og ein terminologi som ikkje skil mellom innhald og form, er lite tenleg for dette føremålet. </p><p>Men omgrepet er òg problematisk når det er veldefinert. Som tildømes i den bloomfieldske definisjonen, med sine tre hypotesar om morfemet: </p> <ol><li>Røter og affiks har same status, dei er begge <i>morfem</i>;</li> <li>Som morfem er dei <i>teikn</i> i strukturalistisk tyding, dvs. at dei har både innhald og form;</li> <li>Morfem, både leksikalske og grammatiske, har sjølvstendige oppføringar – som <i>teikn</i> – i vår mentale ordbok;</li></ol> <p>Dette er er i strid med hypotesane i moderne morfologisk teori: </p> <ol><li>Røter og affiks er grunnleggjande ulike;</li> <li>Røter er teikn (med både innhald og form), mens affiks ikkje i seg sjølv er teikn, kva dei tyder kjem einast fram i <i>kombinasjonen</i> av affiks og rot;</li> <li>Sidan affiks er tydingslause, står har dei ikkje sjølvstendige oppslag i vår mentale ordbok. I staden står dei, i lag med andre morfologiske prosessar som t.d. <a href="/wiki/Omlyd" title="Omlyd">omlyd</a> og <a href="/wiki/Avlyd" title="Avlyd">avlyd</a>, i grammatikken.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Døme_på_bruk_av_det_bloomfieldske_morfemet"><span id="D.C3.B8me_p.C3.A5_bruk_av_det_bloomfieldske_morfemet"></span>Døme på bruk av det bloomfieldske morfemet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morfem&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Endre bolk: Døme på bruk av det bloomfieldske morfemet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morfem&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Døme på bruk av det bloomfieldske morfemet"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det bloomfieldske morfemet kan delast inn i ulike typar: </p> <ul><li><b>Frie morfem</b> som <i>hus</i> og <i>hund</i> kan stå åleine, «fritt», eller saman med andre <a href="/wiki/Leksem" title="Leksem">leksem</a> (som i <i>hundehus</i>).</li> <li><b>Bundne morfem</b> som <i>u-</i> opptrer berre saman med andre morfem for å skapa eit <a href="/wiki/Leksem" title="Leksem">leksem</a> (til dømes <i>ugrei</i>).</li> <li><b>Bøyingsmorfem</b> gjev ord ulike bøyingar, som <a href="/wiki/Tal" title="Tal">tal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tempus" title="Tempus">tempus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspekt" class="mw-disambig" title="Aspekt">aspekt</a> (som <i>-ar</i> i <i>hundar</i>)</li> <li><b>Avleiingsmorfem</b> kan leggjast til eit ord for å avleia eit anna ord (til dømes ved å leggja <i>-skap</i> til <i>venn</i> slik at ein får <i>vennskap</i>).</li></ul> <p>Det er mogleg å dra skilnaden mellom «frie» og «bunde» morfem, men denne skilnaden korresponderer ikkje alltid til ein grammatisk distinksjon mellom røter og grammatiske <a href="/w/index.php?title=Formativ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formativ (sida finst ikkje)">formativar</a>. Frie morfem kan vere teikn med innhald, som <i>hus</i>, men dei kan også vere formativar utan eige innhald, som t.d. <i>til</i>, som m.a. kan ha same funksjon som <a href="/wiki/Klitikon" title="Klitikon">klitikonet</a> (det «bunde morfemet») <i>-s</i>. </p><p>Same «morfem» blir ofte brukt til både <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8ying" title="Bøying">bøying</a> og <a href="/wiki/Avleiing" title="Avleiing">avleiing</a>, som når <i>-ar</i> representerer bøying i <i>hundar</i>, men avleiing i <i>(ein) lærar</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fotnoter">Fotnoter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morfem&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Endre bolk: Fotnoter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morfem&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Fotnoter"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ordbokene.no/nn/morfem">«morfem»</a> i <a href="/wiki/Nynorskordboka" title="Nynorskordboka">Nynorskordboka</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">de Courney sin opphavlege definisjon var denne: Morphem = jeder, mit dem selbständigen psychischen Leben versehene und von diesem Standpunkte (...) aus weiter unteilbare Wortteil. Dieser Begriff umfasst also: Wurzel (radix), alle möglichen Affixe, wie Suffixe, Praefixe, als Exponenten syntaktischer Beziehungen dienende Endungen u.s.w.</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morfem&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Endre bolk: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morfem&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Litteratur"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bazell, C.E. 1949: On the problem of the morpheme. <i>Archivum Linguisticum</i> 1:1-15. Reprinted in Hamp et al. (eds.), 1966: Readings in Linguistics II, 216-26. University of Chicago Press.</li> <li>Bazell, C.E. 1952a: Phonemic and morphemic analysis. <i>Word</i> 8:33-8.</li> <li>Bazell, C.E. 1952b: The Correspondence Phallacy in Structural Linguistics. <i>Studies by members of the English Department, Istanbul University</i>. 3:1-41. Trykt opp i Hamp et al. (eds.), 1966: <i>Readings in Linguistics</i> II, 271-98. University of Chicago Press.</li> <li>Beard, Robert 1995: <i>Lexeme-Morpheme Base Morphology</i>. State University of New York Press.</li> <li>Bloomfield, Leonard 1926: A set of postulates for the science of language. <i>Language</i> 2:153-64.</li> <li>Bloomfield, Leonard 1933: <i>Language</i>. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., New York.</li> <li>Courtenay, Jan Badouin de 1895: <i>Versuch einer Theorie phonetischer Alternationen. Ein Capitel aus der Psychophonetik</i>. Straßburg: Trübner.</li> <li>Harris, Zellig S. 1942: Morpheme alternants in linguistic analysis. <i>Language</i> 18:169-80.</li> <li>Hockett, Charles F. 1947: Problems of morphemic analysis. <i>Language</i> 23:321-43.</li> <li>Lyons, John 1968: <i>Introduction to Linguistics</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Matthews, Peter H. 1993: <i>Linguistic Theory in the United States</i>. 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