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Mac Tonnies - Wikipedia

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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American novelist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Mac Tonnies</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">20 August 1975</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 October 2009 (aged 34)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Writer</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mac Tonnies</b> (20 August 1975 – 22 October 2009<sup id="cite_ref-walker_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) was an American author and blogger whose work focused on <a href="/wiki/Futurology" class="mw-redirect" title="Futurology">futurology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">transhumanism</a> and paranormal topics. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_Tonnies&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tonnies grew up in <a href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence, Missouri</a>, and attended <a href="/wiki/William_Chrisman_High_School" title="William Chrisman High School">William Chrisman High School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_University" title="Ottawa University">Ottawa University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-space_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He lived in Kansas City, Missouri. Tonnies had an active online presence and a "small, but devoted" readership, but supported himself by working at Starbucks and other nine-to-five jobs. In 2009 he died of <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac arrhythmia">cardiac arrhythmia</a> at the age of 34.<sup id="cite_ref-walker_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_Tonnies&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His first book, a collection of science fiction short stories titled <i>Illumined Black</i>, was published by Phantom Press Publications in 1995, when Tonnies was in college.<sup id="cite_ref-space_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It carried a cover blurb by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Sterling" title="Bruce Sterling">Bruce Sterling</a> and was positively reviewed in <i><a href="/wiki/Booklist" title="Booklist">Booklist</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-space_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His second book, <i>After the Martian Apocalypse</i>, was published by Simon &amp; Schuster in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His third book, <i>The Cryptoterrestrials</i>, was published posthumously by Anomalist Books in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November, 2012, Redstar Books published the first volume of <i>Posthuman Blues</i>, which contains excerpts from Tonnies' long-running blog of the same name.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the introduction, historian Aaron John Gulyas writes that, "<i>Posthuman Blues</i> is of a piece with the Lost Generation of the 1920s and the Beat Generation of the 1950s. Tonnies spoke for his generation with passion, eloquence, and a rare insight."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_media">Other media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_Tonnies&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Other media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007 the play <i>Doing Time</i>, which he co-wrote with Canadian filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kimball" title="Paul Kimball">Paul Kimball</a> (who was working on a documentary about Tonnies),<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> premiered in <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Regional Municipality">Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He also appeared in the documentary <i>Best Evidence: Top 10 UFO Sightings</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and an episode of the Canadian television series <i>Supernatural Investigator</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>His blog, "Posthuman blues" was described by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pitch_(newspaper)" title="The Pitch (newspaper)">The Pitch</a></i> as "one of Kansas City's best blogs, filled with well-written, intelligent takes on offbeat news items and humorous rants from a left-leaning political perspective."<sup id="cite_ref-space_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>He appeared on <i><a href="/wiki/Coast_to_Coast_AM" title="Coast to Coast AM">Coast to Coast AM</a></i> in September 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and was a frequent guest on <i>The Paracast</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cryptoterrestrial_hypothesis">Cryptoterrestrial hypothesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_Tonnies&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Cryptoterrestrial hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Cryptoterrestrial_hypothesis" title="Cryptoterrestrial hypothesis">cryptoterrestrial hypothesis</a> was developed in Tonnies' blog, and later published posthumously. It proposes that the beings that are speculated to be behind <a href="/wiki/UFO" class="mw-redirect" title="UFO">UFOs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alien_abductions" class="mw-redirect" title="Alien abductions">alien abductions</a> are actually mysterious and secretive races of earthly origin, technically speaking a type of <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptids#Hominid" title="List of cryptids">cryptid</a></i> (hence the name, from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>: κρυπτός, <i>kryptós</i> "hidden, secret" and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: <i>terrestris</i>, "related to the Earth"). According to Tonnies' theory, these races have existed on Earth for at least as long as humanity, and present themselves as extraterrestrials or occult beings. This theory has some elements in common with certain aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Interdimensional_UFO_hypothesis#Hynek_and_Vallée" title="Interdimensional UFO hypothesis">Interdimensional UFO hypothesis</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Vall%C3%A9e" title="Jacques Vallée">Jacques Vallée</a>'s control system,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> something Tonnies himself remarked in his work multiple times.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2012)">who?</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> have also suggested that it is an extension of the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sharpe_Shaver" title="Richard Sharpe Shaver">Richard Shaver</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_Tonnies&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">Extraterrestrial hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosocial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychosocial hypothesis">Psychosocial hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdimensional_UFO_hypothesis" title="Interdimensional UFO hypothesis">Interdimensional hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_animal_hypothesis" title="Space animal hypothesis">Space animal hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptoterrestrial_hypothesis" title="Cryptoterrestrial hypothesis">Cryptoterrestrial hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-traveler_UFO_hypothesis" title="Time-traveler UFO hypothesis">Time-traveler hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keel" title="John Keel">John Keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Vall%C3%A9e" title="Jacques Vallée">Jacques Vallée</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_Tonnies&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-walker-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-walker_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walker_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWalker2011" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Rob (5 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/09/magazine/09Immortality-t.html/?_r=2&amp;src=mtwt&amp;twt=mnytimes&amp;pagewanted=all">"Cyberspace When You're Dead"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Cyberspace+When+You%27re+Dead&amp;rft.date=2011-01-05&amp;rft.aulast=Walker&amp;rft.aufirst=Rob&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F01%2F09%2Fmagazine%2F09Immortality-t.html%2F%3F_r%3D2%26src%3Dmtwt%26twt%3Dmnytimes%26pagewanted%3Dall&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMac+Tonnies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-space-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-space_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-space_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-space_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-space_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ortega, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130201002347/http://www.pitch.com/2004-11-25/news/space-case/">Space Case: Attention, aliens: Please return our science-fiction writer.</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pitch_(newspaper)" title="The Pitch (newspaper)">The Pitch</a></i>. November 25, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTonnies1995" class="citation book cs1">Tonnies, Mac (1995-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tWdbAAAAMAAJ"><i>Illuminated black and other adventures</i></a>. Phantom Press Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780964475908" title="Special:BookSources/9780964475908"><bdi>9780964475908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Illuminated+black+and+other+adventures&amp;rft.pub=Phantom+Press+Publications&amp;rft.date=1995-05-01&amp;rft.isbn=9780964475908&amp;rft.aulast=Tonnies&amp;rft.aufirst=Mac&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtWdbAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMac+Tonnies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://authors.simonandschuster.com/Mac-Tonnies/21107599">"Mac Tonnies"</a>. <i>Simon &amp; Schuster</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Simon+%26+Schuster&amp;rft.atitle=Mac+Tonnies&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fauthors.simonandschuster.com%2FMac-Tonnies%2F21107599&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMac+Tonnies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anomalistbooks.com/tonnies.html">"Anomalist Books - simply phenomenal - The Cryptoterrestrials"</a>. <i>www.anomalistbooks.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.anomalistbooks.com&amp;rft.atitle=Anomalist+Books+-+simply+phenomenal+-+The+Cryptoterrestrials&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anomalistbooks.com%2Ftonnies.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMac+Tonnies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redstarfilmtv.com/books/non-fiction/the-posthuman-blues/">"Redstar Books - Posthuman Blues"</a>. <i>redstarfilmtv.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=redstarfilmtv.com&amp;rft.atitle=Redstar+Books+-+Posthuman+Blues&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fredstarfilmtv.com%2Fbooks%2Fnon-fiction%2Fthe-posthuman-blues%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMac+Tonnies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTonnies2012" class="citation cs2">Tonnies, Mac (2012), <i>Posthuman Blues, Vol. I (2003 - 2004): Dispatches From a World on the Cusp of Terminal Dissolution</i>, Redstar Books, p.&#160;i, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0991697526" title="Special:BookSources/978-0991697526"><bdi>978-0991697526</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Posthuman+Blues%2C+Vol.+I+%282003+-+2004%29%3A+Dispatches+From+a+World+on+the+Cusp+of+Terminal+Dissolution&amp;rft.pages=i&amp;rft.pub=Redstar+Books&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=978-0991697526&amp;rft.aulast=Tonnies&amp;rft.aufirst=Mac&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMac+Tonnies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/09/magazine/09Immortality-t.html?pagewanted=2&amp;_r=0">Cyberspace When You're Dead</a> January 5, 2011 New York Times Magazine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104064812/http://halifax.infomonkey.net/blog.details.php?post_id=1491">"Blog Gone RFM"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://halifax.infomonkey.net/blog.details.php?post_id=1491">the original</a> on 2013-11-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Blog+Gone+RFM&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhalifax.infomonkey.net%2Fblog.details.php%3Fpost_id%3D1491&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMac+Tonnies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130125230021/http://redstarfilmtv.com/redstarfilms/television/best-evidence-top-10-ufo-sightings/">Best Evidence: Top 10 UFO Sightings</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visiontv.ca/videos/supernatural-investigator-102-life-on-other-planets/">"Supernatural Investigator"</a>. <i>visiontv.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=visiontv.ca&amp;rft.atitle=Supernatural+Investigator&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visiontv.ca%2Fvideos%2Fsupernatural-investigator-102-life-on-other-planets%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMac+Tonnies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coasttocoastam.com/show/2009/09/28">"Alien Hypotheses - Shows - Coast to Coast AM"</a>. <i>Coast to Coast AM</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Coast+to+Coast+AM&amp;rft.atitle=Alien+Hypotheses+-+Shows+-+Coast+to+Coast+AM&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coasttocoastam.com%2Fshow%2F2009%2F09%2F28&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMac+Tonnies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparacast.com/?s=mac+tonnies">"Mac Tonnies - The Paracast — The Gold Standard of Paranormal Radio"</a>. <i>www.theparacast.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.theparacast.com&amp;rft.atitle=Mac+Tonnies+-+The+Paracast+%E2%80%94+The+Gold+Standard+of+Paranormal+Radio&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparacast.com%2F%3Fs%3Dmac%2Btonnies&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMac+Tonnies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFX2022" class="citation web cs1">X, Ram (Dec 15, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forteanwinds.com/2022/12/15/the-shape-of-the-phenomenon/">"The Shape Of The Phenomenon"</a>. <i>Fortean Winds</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Jan 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Fortean+Winds&amp;rft.atitle=The+Shape+Of+The+Phenomenon&amp;rft.date=2022-12-15&amp;rft.aulast=X&amp;rft.aufirst=Ram&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforteanwinds.com%2F2022%2F12%2F15%2Fthe-shape-of-the-phenomenon%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMac+Tonnies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTonnies2010" class="citation cs2">Tonnies, Mac (2010), <i>The Cryptoterrestrials: A Meditation on Indigenous Humanoids and the Aliens Among Us</i>, Anomalist Books, p.&#160;59, 88, 103, 159, 167, 184, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1933665467" title="Special:BookSources/978-1933665467"><bdi>978-1933665467</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cryptoterrestrials%3A+A+Meditation+on+Indigenous+Humanoids+and+the+Aliens+Among+Us&amp;rft.pages=59%2C+88%2C+103%2C+159%2C+167%2C+184&amp;rft.pub=Anomalist+Books&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-1933665467&amp;rft.aulast=Tonnies&amp;rft.aufirst=Mac&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMac+Tonnies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_Tonnies&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mactonnies.com">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://posthumanblues.blogspot.com/">Posthuman Blues</a>. Tonnies' blog</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redstarfilmtv.com/books/">Redstar Books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Posthuman-Blues-Dispatches-Terminal-Dissolution/dp/0991697529/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1352615605&amp;sr=8-1&amp;keywords=posthuman+blues">Posthuman Blues</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://about.me/aarongulyas">Aaron John Gulyas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126074331/http://redstarfilmtv.com/redstarfilms/personnel/paulkimball/">Paul Kimball</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?Mac_Tonnies">Mac Tonnies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000004243254X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1724104">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbWBT6WK4MTMpvYqqyfMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1146688806">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n95105041">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="UFOs473" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UFOs" title="Template:UFOs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UFOs" title="Template talk:UFOs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UFOs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UFOs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UFOs473" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object" title="Unidentified flying object">UFOs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings" title="List of reported UFO sightings">Claimed sightings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings" title="List of reported UFO sightings">List of reported UFO sightings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_outer_space" title="UFO sightings in outer space">Sightings in outer space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pre-20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" title="Merkabah mysticism">Ezekiel's Wheel (circa 622–570 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airship_of_Clonmacnoise" title="Airship of Clonmacnoise">Airship of Clonmacnoise</a> (740s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1561_celestial_phenomenon_over_Nuremberg" title="1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg">1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1566_celestial_phenomenon_over_Basel" title="1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel">1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1665_celestial_phenomenon_over_Stralsund" title="1665 celestial phenomenon over Stralsund">1665 celestial phenomenon over Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonilla_observation" title="Bonilla observation">José Bonilla observation (1883)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_airship#The_airship_wave_of_1896-1897" title="Mystery airship">Airship wave (1896–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Texas,_UFO_incident" title="Aurora, Texas, UFO incident">Aurora (1897)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Angeles" title="Battle of Los Angeles">Los Angeles (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ngelholm_UFO_memorial" title="Ängelholm UFO memorial">Ängelholm UFO memorial (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arnold_UFO_sighting" title="Kenneth Arnold UFO sighting">Kenneth Arnold (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_flying_disc_craze" title="1947 flying disc craze">1947 craze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_105_UFO_sighting" title="Flight 105 UFO sighting">Flight 105 (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_incident" title="Roswell incident">Roswell (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_UFO_photographs" title="Rhodes UFO photographs">Rhodes (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantell_UFO_incident" title="Mantell UFO incident">Mantell (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiles-Whitted_UFO_encounter" title="Chiles-Whitted UFO encounter">Chiles-Whitted (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorman_dogfight" title="Gorman dogfight">Gorman Dogfight (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_UFO_incident" title="Mariana UFO incident">Mariana (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMinnville_UFO_photographs" title="McMinnville UFO photographs">McMinnville photographs (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperry_UFO_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperry UFO case">Sperry (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock_Lights" title="Lubbock Lights">Lubbock Lights (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash-Fortenberry_UFO_sighting" title="Nash-Fortenberry UFO sighting">Nash-Fortenberry (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Washington,_D.C._UFO_incident" title="1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident">Washington, D.C. (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatwoods_monster" title="Flatwoods monster">Flatwoods monster (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly%E2%80%93Hopkinsville_encounter" title="Kelly–Hopkinsville encounter">Kelly–Hopkinsville (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakenheath-Bentwaters_incident" title="Lakenheath-Bentwaters incident">Lakenheath-Bentwaters (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Villas_Boas" class="mw-redirect" title="Antônio Villas Boas">Antônio Villas Boas (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levelland_UFO_case" title="Levelland UFO case">Levelland (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_and_Betty_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Barney and Betty Hill">Barney and Betty Hill abduction (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Zamora_incident" title="Lonnie Zamora incident">Lonnie Zamora incident (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solway_Firth_Spaceman" title="Solway Firth Spaceman">Solway Firth Spaceman (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter_incident" title="Exeter incident">Exeter (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kecksburg_UFO_incident" title="Kecksburg UFO incident">Kecksburg (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westall_UFO" title="Westall UFO">Westall (1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Lake_Incident" title="Falcon Lake Incident">Falcon Lake (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shag_Harbour_UFO_incident" title="Shag Harbour UFO incident">Shag Harbour (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_UFO_incident" title="Jimmy Carter UFO incident">Jimmy Carter (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force_UFO_sighting" title="Finnish Air Force UFO sighting">Finnish Air Force (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascagoula_Abduction" title="Pascagoula Abduction">Pascagoula Abduction (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lennon_UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lennon UFO incident">John Lennon UFO incident (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travis_Walton_UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Travis Walton UFO incident">Travis Walton incident (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Tehran_UFO_incident" title="1976 Tehran UFO incident">Tehran (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk_phenomenon" title="Petrozavodsk phenomenon">Petrozavodsk phenomenon (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Prato" title="Operação Prato">Operação Prato (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanfretta_UFO_Incident" title="Zanfretta UFO Incident">Zanfretta incident (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Frederick_Valentich" title="Disappearance of Frederick Valentich">Valentich disappearance (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaikoura_lights" title="Kaikoura lights">Kaikoura Lights (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_incident" title="Robert Taylor incident">Robert Taylor incident (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Johnson_incident" title="Val Johnson incident">Val Johnson incident (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manises_UFO_incident" title="Manises UFO incident">Manises (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash%E2%80%93Landrum_incident" title="Cash–Landrum incident">Cash–Landrum incident (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendlesham_Forest_incident" title="Rendlesham Forest incident">Rendlesham Forest (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-en-Provence_case" title="Trans-en-Provence case">Trans-en-Provence (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Lines_Cargo_Flight_1628_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Air Lines Cargo Flight 1628 incident">Japan Air Lines (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkley_Moor_UFO_incident" title="Ilkley Moor UFO incident">Ilkley Moor (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh_UFO_incident" title="Voronezh UFO incident">Voronezh incident (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_UFO_wave" title="Belgian UFO wave">Belgian UFO wave (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_School_UFO_incident" title="Ariel School UFO incident">Ariel School (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varginha_UFO_incident" title="Varginha UFO incident">Varginha (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Lights" title="Phoenix Lights">Phoenix Lights (1997)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Nimitz_UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Nimitz UFO incident">USS <i>Nimitz</i> UFO incident (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Mexico#2004" title="UFO sightings in Mexico">Campeche, Mexico (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_O%27Hare_International_Airport_UFO_sighting" title="2006 O&#39;Hare International Airport UFO sighting">O'Hare Airport (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Alderney_UFO_sighting" title="2007 Alderney UFO sighting">Alderney (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Norwegian_spiral_anomaly" title="2009 Norwegian spiral anomaly">Norway (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_UFO_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Theodore Roosevelt UFO incidents">USS <i>Theodore Roosevelt</i> UFO incidents (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetpack_man" title="Jetpack man">Jetpack man (2020–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-altitude_object_events_in_2023" title="List of high-altitude object events in 2023">High-altitude object events (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Grusch_UFO_whistleblower_claims" title="David Grusch UFO whistleblower claims">David Grusch claims (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Confirmed hoaxes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maury_Island_incident" title="Maury Island incident">Maury Island hoax (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls_saucer_hoax" title="Twin Falls saucer hoax">Twin Falls, Idaho hoax (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec,_New_Mexico_UFO_hoax" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec, New Mexico UFO hoax">Aztec, New Mexico hoax (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_British_flying_saucer_hoax" title="1967 British flying saucer hoax">Southern England (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majestic_12" title="Majestic 12">Majestic 12 (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Breeze_UFO_incident" title="Gulf Breeze UFO incident">Gulf Breeze (1987–88)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Autopsy_(1995_film)" title="Alien Autopsy (1995 film)">Alien Autopsy (1995 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morristown_UFO_hoax" title="Morristown UFO hoax">Morristown (2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sightings by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Africa" title="UFO sightings in Africa">Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_South_Africa" title="UFO sightings in South Africa">South Africa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Albania" title="UFO sightings in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Argentina" title="UFO sightings in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Australia" title="UFO sightings in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Belarus" title="UFO sightings in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Belgium" title="UFO sightings in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Brazil" title="UFO sightings in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Canada" title="UFO sightings in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_China" title="UFO sightings in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="UFO sightings in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_France" title="UFO sightings in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Greece" title="UFO sightings in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_India" title="UFO sightings in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Indonesia" title="UFO sightings in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Iran" title="UFO sightings in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Italy" title="UFO sightings in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Mexico" title="UFO sightings in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Nepal" title="UFO sightings in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_New_Zealand" title="UFO sightings in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Norway" title="UFO sightings in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Poland" title="UFO sightings in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Russia" title="UFO sightings in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Spain" title="UFO sightings in Spain">Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_Canary_Islands" title="UFO sightings in the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Sweden" title="UFO sightings in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="UFO sightings in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_United_States" title="UFO sightings in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of UFOs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(UFO)" title="Black triangle (UFO)">Black triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_saucer" title="Flying saucer">Flying saucer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foo_fighter" title="Foo fighter">Foo fighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_rockets" title="Ghost rockets">Ghost rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_fireballs" title="Green fireballs">Green fireballs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_airship" title="Mystery airship">Mystery airship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_jellyfish" title="Space jellyfish">Space jellyfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alleged_extraterrestrial_beings" title="List of alleged extraterrestrial beings">Types of alleged<br /> extraterrestrial beings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy beings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_alien" title="Grey alien">Grey aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectoids_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectoids in science fiction">Insectoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men" title="Little green men">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_aliens" title="Nordic aliens">Nordic aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_humanoid" title="Reptilian humanoid">Reptilian humanoids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studies and timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_of_UFO_reports_by_the_United_States_government" title="Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government">Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Flying_Saucers_Are_Real" title="The Flying Saucers Are Real"><i>The Flying Saucers Are Real</i> (1947–1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Sign" title="Project Sign">Project Sign (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Grudge" title="Project Grudge">Project Grudge (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Saucer_Working_Party" title="Flying Saucer Working Party">Flying Saucer Working Party (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Magnet_(UFO)" title="Project Magnet (UFO)">Project Magnet (1950–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Blue_Book" title="Project Blue Book">Project Blue Book (1952–1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robertson_Panel" title="Robertson Panel">Robertson Panel (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Report_on_Unidentified_Flying_Objects" title="The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects">Ruppelt report (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigations_Committee_On_Aerial_Phenomena" title="National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena">National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena (1956–1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condon_Committee" title="Condon Committee">Condon Report (1966–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_22" title="Institute 22">Institute 22 (1978–?)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Condign" title="Project Condign">Project Condign (1997–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Aerospace_Threat_Identification_Program" title="Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program">Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (2007–2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_studies_of_UFOs" title="Identification studies of UFOs">Identification studies of UFOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_Aerial_Phenomena_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force">Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (current)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%27s_UAP_independent_study_team" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA&#39;s UAP independent study team">NASA's UAP independent study team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hypotheses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Cryptoterrestrial_hypothesis">Cryptoterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdimensional_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdimensional hypothesis">Interdimensional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_perspectives_on_UFO_belief" title="Psychological perspectives on UFO belief">Psychological perspectives on UFO belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosocial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychosocial hypothesis">Psychosocial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_UFOs" title="Nazi UFOs">Nazi UFOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-traveller_UFO_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-traveller UFO hypothesis">Time-traveller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist" title="Fourth International Posadist">Trotskyist-Posadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theories" title="UFO conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Area_51" title="Storm Area 51">Storm Area 51</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Lazar" title="Bob Lazar">Bob Lazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulce_Base" title="Dulce Base">Dulce Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Project Serpo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction" title="Alien abduction">Abduction claims</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alien_abduction_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="History of alien abduction claims">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction_entities" title="Alien abduction entities">Entities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction_claimants" title="Alien abduction claimants">Claimants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_of_the_abduction_phenomenon" title="Narrative of the abduction phenomenon">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_the_abduction_phenomenon" title="Perspectives on the abduction phenomenon">Perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niche_insurance" title="Niche insurance">Insurance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_implants" title="Alien implants">Implants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_mutilation" title="Cattle mutilation">Cattle mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_encounter" title="Close encounter">Close encounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contactee" title="Contactee">Contactee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_circle" title="Crop circle">Crop circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_investigations_of_UFOs_by_governments" title="List of investigations of UFOs by governments">Government responses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GEIPAN" title="GEIPAN">GEIPAN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO_organizations" title="List of UFO organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ufologists" title="List of ufologists">Ufologists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UFOs_in_fiction" title="UFOs in fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">Religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO_religions" title="List of UFO religions">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skepticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_skeptics" title="List of scientific skeptics">List of scientific skeptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government &amp; Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Congress_hearings_on_UFOs" title="2022 United States Congress hearings on UFOs">United States Congress hearings on UFOs (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_Anomalous_Phenomena_Disclosure_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act">Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act (UADPA), USA law (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Unidentified_flying_objects" title="Category:Unidentified flying objects">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐868759585b‐7m7h9 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