CINXE.COM
Cybersecurity | NIST
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity","20240225160029","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1708876829"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" /> <!-- End Wayback Rewrite JS Include --> <meta charset="utf-8"/><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"37b7ccb661",applicationID:"1089704227"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.252.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P_:()=>v,Mt:()=>b,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>w,OP:()=>S,lF:()=>T,Yu:()=>x,Dg:()=>m,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>_,sU:()=>R});var n=r(8632),i=r(9567);const o={beacon:n.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:n.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.D)(t,o);const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}const u=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var d=r(7056),l=r(50);const f="[data-nr-mask]",g=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{feature_flags:[],proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:d.oD,inactiveMs:d.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1,autoStart:!0},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,inline_stylesheet:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){u(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(f):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=f:(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.mask_selector was provided. '*' will be used.",t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){u(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.block_selector was provided and will not be used",t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.mask_input_option was provided and will not be used",t)}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0}}},p={},h="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function v(e){if(!e)throw new Error(h);if(!p[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return p[e]}function m(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);p[e]=(0,i.D)(t,g());const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.init=p[e])}function b(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);var r=v(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}const y={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},A={};function w(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!A[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return A[e]}function _(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");A[e]=(0,i.D)(t,y);const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=A[e])}const x=(0,n.mF)().o;var E=r(385),D=r(6818);const k={buildEnv:D.Re,customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,distMethod:D.gF,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,offset:Math.floor(E._A?.performance?.timeOrigin||E._A?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now()),onerror:void 0,origin:""+E._A.location,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},session:void 0,xhrWrappable:"function"==typeof E._A.XMLHttpRequest?.prototype?.addEventListener,version:D.q4,denyList:void 0},j={};function S(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!j[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return j[e]}function R(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,i.D)(t,k);const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.runtime=j[e])}function T(e){return function(e){try{const t=s(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}(e)}},9567:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(50);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable",e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}},6818:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>o,q4:()=>n});const n="1.252.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},385:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Nk:()=>d,Tt:()=>s,_A:()=>o,cv:()=>l,iS:()=>a,il:()=>n,ux:()=>c,v6:()=>i,w1:()=>u});const n="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,i="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),o=n?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),a=Boolean("hidden"===o?.document?.visibilityState),s=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(o.navigator?.userAgent),c=s&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,u=((()=>{const e=o.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Boolean(n&&window.document.documentMode)),d=!!o.navigator?.sendBeacon,l=Math.floor(o?.performance?.timeOrigin||o?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now())},1117:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(50);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},8e3:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var n=r(8325),i=r(1284),o=r(4322),a=r(3325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature",r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return c(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const a=[...s[e]];function c(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u<s.length;++u)l(s[u],c);(0,i.D)(c,(function(e,t){(0,i.D)(t,(function(t,r){r[0].on(e,r[1])}))}))}delete a[t],r.backlog[t]=null,r.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}a.every((e=>{let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(a.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),a.forEach((t=>{let[r]=t;s[e].delete(r),c(r)})))}function l(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},8325:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(8632),i=r(2210),o=r(234);class a{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}var s=r(3117);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.a),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},f=!1;try{f=16===r.length&&(0,o.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var g={on:h,addEventListener:h,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=p(n),c=v(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var f=b()[s[e]];f&&f.push([g,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:v,context:p,buffer:function(e,t){const r=b();if(t=t||"feature",g.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((e=>{let[n,i]=e;s[i]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:l,aborted:!1,isBuffering:function(e){return!!b()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:f?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return g;function p(e){return e&&e instanceof a?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,c,(()=>new a(c))):new a(c)}function h(e,t){n[e]=v(e).concat(t)}function v(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(g,t)}function b(){return g.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.fP)();function l(){u.aborted=!0,Object.keys(u.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete u.backlog[e]}))}d.ee||(d.ee=u)},5546:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{E:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(8325).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4322:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(5546);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3239:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(385);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}},3117:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>n});const n=(0,r(4402).Rl)()},4402:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Rl:()=>a,ky:()=>s});var n=r(385);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},7056:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Bq:()=>n,Hb:()=>o,IK:()=>c,oD:()=>i,uT:()=>s,wO:()=>a});const n="NRBA",i=144e5,o=18e5,a={PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},s={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},c={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},7894:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.round(performance.now())}r.d(t,{z:()=>n})},50:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},2825:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>d,T:()=>l});var n=r(8325),i=r(5546),o=r(3325),a=r(385);const s="newrelic";const c={stn:[o.D.sessionTrace],err:[o.D.jserrors,o.D.metrics],ins:[o.D.pageAction],spa:[o.D.spa],sr:[o.D.sessionReplay,o.D.sessionTrace]},u=new Set;function d(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&(u.has(t)||(Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,n]=e;c[t]?c[t].forEach((e=>{n?(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,e,r):(0,i.p)("block-"+t,[],void 0,e,r),(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+t,[Boolean(n)],void 0,e,r)})):n&&(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,void 0,r),l[t]=Boolean(n)})),Object.keys(c).forEach((e=>{void 0===l[e]&&(c[e]?.forEach((t=>(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+e,[!1],void 0,t,r))),l[e]=!1)})),u.add(t),function(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};try{a._A.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(s,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}const l={}},2210:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},1284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n});const n=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[r,n]=e;return t(r,n)}))},4351:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>o});var n=r(8325);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},3960:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{KB:()=>a,b2:()=>o});var n=r(3239);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},8632:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{EZ:()=>d,ce:()=>o,ek:()=>u,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>l,h5:()=>c,mF:()=>s});var n=r(7894),i=r(385);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.z)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},7956:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>i});var n=r(3239);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],r=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3081:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},7633:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewEvent},9251:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewTiming},5938:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>i});var n=r(8325);class i{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1}}},7530:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>b});var n=r(3325),i=r(234),o=r(5546),a=r(8325),s=r(7894),c=r(8e3),u=r(3960),d=r(385),l=r(50),f=r(3081),g=r(8632);function p(){const e=(0,g.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start","recordReplay","pauseReplay"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i<r;i++)n[i]=arguments[i];return function(t){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r>1?r-1:0),i=1;i<r;i++)n[i-1]=arguments[i];let o=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&o.push(e.api[t](...n))})),o.length>1?o:o[0]}(t,...n)}}))}var h=r(2825);const v=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let m=!1;function b(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},b=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,y=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:A,info:w,loader_config:_,runtime:x={loaderType:b},exposed:E=!0}=t;const D=(0,g.gG)();w||(A=D.init,w=D.info,_=D.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e.agentIdentifier,A||{}),(0,i.GE)(e.agentIdentifier,_||{}),w.jsAttributes??={},d.v6&&(w.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e.agentIdentifier,w);const k=(0,i.P_)(e.agentIdentifier),j=[w.beacon,w.errorBeacon];m||(k.proxy.assets&&(v(k.proxy.assets),j.push(k.proxy.assets)),k.proxy.beacon&&j.push(k.proxy.beacon),p(),(0,g.EZ)("activatedFeatures",h.T)),x.denyList=[...k.ajax.deny_list||[],...k.ajax.block_internal?j:[]],(0,i.sU)(e.agentIdentifier,x),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const g={};var p=a.ee.get(e),h=p.get("tracer"),v="api-",m=v+"ixn-";function b(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),w(v,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function y(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"].forEach((e=>{g[e]=w(v,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=w(v,"addPageAction",!0,n.D.pageAction),g.setCurrentRouteName=w(v,"routeName",!0,n.D.spa),g.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/http://custom.transaction")+t,w(v,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string, number or boolean type, but a type of <".concat(typeof t,"> was provided."))}else(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setApplicationVersion. Expected <String | null>, but got <".concat(typeof e,">."))},g.start=e=>{try{const t=e?"defined":"undefined";(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/start/".concat(t,"/called")],void 0,n.D.metrics,p);const r=Object.values(n.D);if(void 0===e)e=r;else{if((e=Array.isArray(e)&&e.length?e:[e]).some((e=>!r.includes(e))))return(0,l.Z)("Invalid feature name supplied. Acceptable feature names are: ".concat(r));e.includes(n.D.pageViewEvent)||e.push(n.D.pageViewEvent)}e.forEach((e=>{p.emit("".concat(e,"-opt-in"))}))}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("An unexpected issue occurred",e)}},g.recordReplay=function(){(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)("recordReplay",[],void 0,n.D.sessionReplay,p)},g.pauseReplay=function(){(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)("pauseReplay",[],void 0,n.D.sessionReplay,p)},g.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var A=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,a="function"==typeof t;return(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)(m+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,r],i,n.D.spa,p),function(){if(h.emit((a?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,a],r),a)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw h.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,e],r),e}finally{h.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],r)}}}};function w(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),i&&(0,o.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,p),r?void 0:this}}function _(){r.e(75).then(r.bind(r,7438)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>{(0,l.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed..."),(0,c.L)(e,"api",!0)}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{A[e]=w(m,e,void 0,n.D.spa)})),g.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,n.D.jserrors,p)},d.il?(0,u.b2)((()=>_()),!0):_(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,y)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=E),m=!0}},1926:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},3325:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.252.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.252.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={75:"sha512-85KXSsv643MTRPulZfmcwj8IKIbJeT9JfNpsSBckCZNUr+o/ILbmpOISx04Ol69WzHRZplUy/y2FaJ3KUChaTw=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={50:0,832:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.252.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.252.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(1926);var e=i(50);class t{#e(t){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r>1?r-1:0),i=1;i<r;i++)n[i-1]=arguments[i];if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...n);(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api ".concat(t," failed. The API is not currently initialized."))}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}start(e){return this.#e("start",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e("recordReplay")}pauseReplay(){return this.#e("pauseReplay")}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}}var r=i(3325),n=i(234);const o=Object.values(r.D);function a(e){const t={};return o.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!1!==(0,n.Mt)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var s=i(7530);var c=i(8e3),u=i(5938),d=i(3960),l=i(385);class f extends u.W{constructor(e,t,r){let i=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.auto=i,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"".concat(this.featureName,".autoStart"))&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto&&(0,c.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(this.featAggregate)return;if(!this.auto)return void this.ee.on("".concat(this.featureName,"-opt-in"),(()=>{(0,c.R)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator()}));const r=l.il&&!0===(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"privacy.cookies_enabled");let o;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{o=e}));const a=async()=>{let n;try{if(r){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(75).then(i.bind(i,957));n=e(this.agentIdentifier)}}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("A problem occurred when starting up session manager. This page will not start or extend any session.",t)}try{if(!this.shouldImportAgg(this.featureName,n))return(0,c.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void o(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(75).then(i.bind(i,8582)),{Aggregate:r}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new r(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,t),o(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("Downloading and initializing ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,c.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),o(!1)}};l.il?(0,d.b2)((()=>a()),!0):a()}shouldImportAgg(e,t){return e!==r.D.sessionReplay||!!n.Yu.MO&&(!1!==(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"session_trace.enabled")&&(!!t?.isNew||!!t?.state.sessionReplayMode))}}var g=i(7633);class p extends f{static featureName=g.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,g.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}var h=i(1117),v=i(1284);class m extends h.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,v.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=b(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,v.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=b(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=y(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=b(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i<e.length;i++)t[r=e[i]]=A(this.aggregatedData[r]),t[r].length&&(n=!0),delete this.aggregatedData[r];return n?t:null}}function b(e,t){return null==e?function(e){e?e.c++:e={c:1};return e}(t):t?(t.c||(t=y(t.t)),t.c+=1,t.t+=e,t.sos+=e*e,e>t.max&&(t.max=e),e<t.min&&(t.min=e),t):{t:e}}function y(e){return{t:e,min:e,max:e,sos:e*e,c:1}}function A(e){return"object"!=typeof e?[]:(0,v.D)(e,w)}function w(e,t){return t}var _=i(8632),x=i(4402),E=i(4351);var D=i(5546),k=i(7956),j=i(3239),S=i(7894),R=i(9251);class T extends f{static featureName=R.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,R.t,r),l.il&&((0,k.N)((()=>(0,D.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.z)()],void 0,R.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,j.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,D.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.z)()],void 0,R.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var I=i(3081);class P extends f{static featureName=I.t9;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,I.t9,r),this.importAggregator()}}new class extends t{constructor(t){let r=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,x.ky)(16);super(),l._A?(this.agentIdentifier=r,this.sharedAggregator=new m({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},(0,_.h5)(r,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(p),(0,s.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.Z)("Failed to initial the agent. Could not determine the runtime environment.")}get config(){return{info:(0,n.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,n.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,n.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}run(){try{const t=a(this.agentIdentifier),n=[...this.desiredFeatures];n.sort(((e,t)=>r.p[e.featureName]-r.p[t.featureName])),n.forEach((n=>{if(t[n.featureName]||n.featureName===r.D.pageViewEvent){const i=function(e){switch(e){case r.D.ajax:return[r.D.jserrors];case r.D.sessionTrace:return[r.D.ajax,r.D.pageViewEvent];case r.D.sessionReplay:return[r.D.sessionTrace];case r.D.pageViewTiming:return[r.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(n.featureName);i.every((e=>t[e]))||(0,e.Z)("".concat(n.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,E.P)(i),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[n.featureName]=new n(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}}))}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,_.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}}({features:[p,T,P],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <noscript><style>form.antibot * :not(.antibot-message) { display: none !important; }</style> </noscript><script async src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029js_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-HEQ0YF2VYL"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag('set', {'cookie_flags': 'SameSite=None;Secure', 'cookie_domain': 'www.nist.gov'});gtag("config", "G-HEQ0YF2VYL", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});gtag("config", "UA-33523145-1", {"groups":"default","anonymize_ip":true,"page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_path","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false,"custom_map":{"dimension2":"node_title","dimension3":"node_id","dimension7":"content_type"}});gtag("config", "G-CSLL4ZEK4L", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});gtag("event", "custom", {"node_title":"Cybersecurity","node_id":"1079416","content_type":"Topic Landing Page"});</script> <meta name="description" content="NIST develops cybersecurity standards, guidelines, best practices, and other resources to meet the needs of U.S."/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/node/1079416"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Cybersecurity | NIST"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NIST"/> <meta property="og:type" content="Article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Cybersecurity"/> <meta property="og:description" content="NIST develops cybersecurity standards, guidelines, best practices, and other resources to meet the needs of U.S."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/images/2019/03/27/cloud_computing.jpg"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="220"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="156"/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2016-06-30T13:50-04:00"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-01-30T08:43-05:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.title" content="Cybersecurity"/> <meta name="dcterms.description" content="NIST develops cybersecurity standards, guidelines, best practices, and other resources to meet the needs of U.S."/> <meta name="dcterms.date" content="2016-06-30T13:50-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.type" content="text"/> <meta name="dcterms.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dcterms.identifier" content="https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity"/> <meta name="dcterms.source" content="NIST"/> <meta name="dcterms.created" content="2016-06-30T13:50-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.modified" content="2024-01-30T08:43-05:00"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="NIST develops cybersecurity standards, guidelines, best practices, and other resources to meet the needs of U.S."/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="NIST"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Cybersecurity"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/images/2019/03/27/cloud_computing.jpg"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="QMu0ODkER3rN5hLcMLqNVf7e3bkjYsNLTuhqfH48jCA"/> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)"/> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"/> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta name="nist_search_modified" class="elastic" content="2024-01-30T08:43:00-05:00"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "Article", "headline": "Cybersecurity | NIST", "description": "NIST develops cybersecurity standards, guidelines, best practices, and other resources to meet the needs of U.S.", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "representativeOfPage": "True", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/images/2019/03/27/cloud_computing.jpg", "width": "220", "height": "156" }, "datePublished": "2016-06-30T13:50-04:00", "dateModified": "2024-01-30T08:43-05:00" } ] }</script> <meta name="nist_search_bundle" class="elastic" content="topic_landing_page"/> <link rel="icon" href="/web/20240225160029im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"/> <title>Cybersecurity | NIST</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20240225160029cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_uNTuyurgoY3-otp2erFiIBeYMbttEhtCerS8sAtJAZo.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UAFuwyAM_BAtT0ImeMSrwQiTZtnr52TtGlWahJDvzjqfLsJ0C0PsNR9fc_hUF_-RaJLqskhmDFCBt0GT-nfCVdIRPsi4JGtlgRRGNxuq2Wf4lZUGUmld7ujfiT3CwY0ZC9pl4Qg9FEk-kUI0Y6Z6c7rpwGIJFY99n1ki8Hm-PKz8jJCwP2FY1_W8fcL7Cn6N_YBPfWnA1wd0DTrkDm3Wp_JirkttS2TSGZO7E67qj_9qqRdGoxJKwBIxWTXIyTN8b5e9HGdVDex-gjbICv4LVGjqsvfyA0tlqD0"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20240225160029cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_6prwlieMvitJqVLptJ59w_NxX2prM0abXhYVoH12prk.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UAFuwyAM_BAtT0ImeMSrwQiTZtnr52TtGlWahJDvzjqfLsJ0C0PsNR9fc_hUF_-RaJLqskhmDFCBt0GT-nfCVdIRPsi4JGtlgRRGNxuq2Wf4lZUGUmld7ujfiT3CwY0ZC9pl4Qg9FEk-kUI0Y6Z6c7rpwGIJFY99n1ki8Hm-PKz8jJCwP2FY1_W8fcL7Cn6N_YBPfWnA1wd0DTrkDm3Wp_JirkttS2TSGZO7E67qj_9qqRdGoxJKwBIxWTXIyTN8b5e9HGdVDex-gjbICv4LVGjqsvfyA0tlqD0"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/web/20240225160029cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_6MuKXqcH69mMwmOSjiD2G_c6UXIqUTZ1TRnur95k7Qk.css?delta=2&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UAFuwyAM_BAtT0ImeMSrwQiTZtnr52TtGlWahJDvzjqfLsJ0C0PsNR9fc_hUF_-RaJLqskhmDFCBt0GT-nfCVdIRPsi4JGtlgRRGNxuq2Wf4lZUGUmld7ujfiT3CwY0ZC9pl4Qg9FEk-kUI0Y6Z6c7rpwGIJFY99n1ki8Hm-PKz8jJCwP2FY1_W8fcL7Cn6N_YBPfWnA1wd0DTrkDm3Wp_JirkttS2TSGZO7E67qj_9qqRdGoxJKwBIxWTXIyTN8b5e9HGdVDex-gjbICv4LVGjqsvfyA0tlqD0"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20240225160029cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_Vlb5tKBrTnXBpCoEIEyOWSUGgmDWOgkDFIgemxZcHGg.css?delta=3&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UAFuwyAM_BAtT0ImeMSrwQiTZtnr52TtGlWahJDvzjqfLsJ0C0PsNR9fc_hUF_-RaJLqskhmDFCBt0GT-nfCVdIRPsi4JGtlgRRGNxuq2Wf4lZUGUmld7ujfiT3CwY0ZC9pl4Qg9FEk-kUI0Y6Z6c7rpwGIJFY99n1ki8Hm-PKz8jJCwP2FY1_W8fcL7Cn6N_YBPfWnA1wd0DTrkDm3Wp_JirkttS2TSGZO7E67qj_9qqRdGoxJKwBIxWTXIyTN8b5e9HGdVDex-gjbICv4LVGjqsvfyA0tlqD0"/> <script src="/web/20240225160029js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_3ssAdmvsW-btol8ydZT2eloQN8l11yuGacOobfI1-_0.js?scope=header&delta=0&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UAFuwyAM_BAtT0ImeMSrwQiTZtnr52TtGlWahJDvzjqfLsJ0C0PsNR9fc_hUF_-RaJLqskhmDFCBt0GT-nfCVdIRPsi4JGtlgRRGNxuq2Wf4lZUGUmld7ujfiT3CwY0ZC9pl4Qg9FEk-kUI0Y6Z6c7rpwGIJFY99n1ki8Hm-PKz8jJCwP2FY1_W8fcL7Cn6N_YBPfWnA1wd0DTrkDm3Wp_JirkttS2TSGZO7E67qj_9qqRdGoxJKwBIxWTXIyTN8b5e9HGdVDex-gjbICv4LVGjqsvfyA0tlqD0"></script> </head> <body class="node-1079416"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable" data-elastic-exclude> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <!-- nist-index-ignore-start --> <section data-elastic-exclude class="usa-banner" aria-label="Official government website"> <div class="usa-accordion"> <header class="usa-banner__header"> <div class="usa-banner__inner"> <div class="grid-col-auto"> <img class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="/web/20240225160029im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag"> </div> <div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto"> <p class="usa-banner__header-text">An official website of the United States government</p> <p class="usa-banner__header-action" aria-hidden="true">Here’s how you know</p> </div> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-default"> <span class="usa-banner__button-text">Here’s how you know</span> </button> </div> </header> <div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content" id="gov-banner-default"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg"> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20240225160029im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Official websites use .gov</strong> <br/> A <strong>.gov</strong> website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. </p> </div> </div> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20240225160029im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-https.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Secure .gov websites use HTTPS</strong> <br/> A <strong>lock</strong> ( <span class="icon-lock"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52" height="64" viewbox="0 0 52 64" class="usa-banner__lock-image" role="img" aria-labelledby="banner-lock-title banner-lock-description" focusable="false"> <title id="banner-lock-title">Lock</title> <desc id="banner-lock-description">A locked padlock</desc><path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z"/></svg> </span> ) or <strong>https://</strong> means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <!-- nist-index-ignore-end --> <div data-elastic-exclude> <!-- nist-index-ignore-start --> <div class="nist-print-header" style="display:none;"> <p class="nist-print-header__url">https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity</p> <img class="nist-print-header__logo" width="289" height="38" src="/web/20240225160029im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> </div> <div class="usa-overlay"></div> <header class="usa-header nist-header--www nist-header--minimal" role="banner"> <div class="usa-navbar"> <div class="usa-logo flex-fill"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" aria-label="Home"> <img src="/web/20240225160029im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/logo.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology" width="300px" height="80px"/> </a> </div> <div class="usa-header__right grid-row flex-auto"> <div class="grid-col-fill nist-header__search-group"> <form class="usa-search usa-search--small" accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/search" id="search_form" method="get"> <div role="search"> <label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-form">Search NIST</label> <input class="usa-input" id="search-form" type="search" name="s" placeholder="Search NIST" required="" maxlength="128"> <button class="usa-button" type="submit"><img src="/web/20240225160029im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search"></button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="grid-col-auto padding-left-1"> <button class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button> </div> </div> </div> <nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="usa-nav"> <div class="usa-nav__inner"> <button class="usa-nav__close">Close</button> <ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link usa-current" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-1"><span>Topics</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-1" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/topics" class="usa-nav__link">All Topics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications" class="usa-nav__link">Advanced communications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence" class="usa-nav__link">Artificial intelligence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/bioscience" class="usa-nav__link">Bioscience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/buildings-construction" class="usa-nav__link">Buildings and construction</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/chemistry" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/climate" class="usa-nav__link">Climate</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity" class="usa-nav__link usa-current">Cybersecurity</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/electronics" class="usa-nav__link">Electronics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/energy" class="usa-nav__link">Energy</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/environment" class="usa-nav__link">Environment</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/fire" class="usa-nav__link">Fire</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/forensic-science" class="usa-nav__link">Forensic science</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/health" class="usa-nav__link">Health</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/information-technology" class="usa-nav__link">Information technology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/infrastructure" class="usa-nav__link">Infrastructure</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/materials" class="usa-nav__link">Materials</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/mathematics-statistics" class="usa-nav__link">Mathematics and statistics</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/metrology" class="usa-nav__link">Metrology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/nanotechnology" class="usa-nav__link">Nanotechnology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/neutron-research" class="usa-nav__link">Neutron research</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/performance-excellence" class="usa-nav__link">Performance excellence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/physics" class="usa-nav__link">Physics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/public-safety" class="usa-nav__link">Public safety</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/resilience" class="usa-nav__link">Resilience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/standards" class="usa-nav__link">Standards</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/transportation" class="usa-nav__link">Transportation</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <a class="usa-nav__link" href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/publications">Publications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-3"><span>Labs & Major Programs</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-3" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratories</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/ctl" class="usa-nav__link">Communications Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/el" class="usa-nav__link">Engineering Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/itl" class="usa-nav__link">Information Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/mml" class="usa-nav__link">Material Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/pml" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/user-facilities" class="usa-nav__link">User Facilities</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/ncnr" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/cnst" class="usa-nav__link">CNST NanoFab</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/research-test-beds" class="usa-nav__link">Research Test Beds</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Research Projects</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments" class="usa-nav__link">Tools & Instruments</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/major-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Major Programs</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/baldrige" class="usa-nav__link">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/chips" class="usa-nav__link">CHIPS for America Initiative</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/mep" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/oam" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Advanced Manufacturing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/spo" class="usa-nav__link">Special Programs Office</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">Technology Partnerships Office</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-4"><span>Services & Resources</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-4" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/standards-and-measurements" class="usa-nav__link">Standards and Measurements</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/calibrations" class="usa-nav__link">Calibration Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/nvlap" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratory Accreditation (NVLAP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/nist-quality-system" class="usa-nav__link">Quality System</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/srm" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/standardsgov" class="usa-nav__link">Standards.gov</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/time-services" class="usa-nav__link">Time Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Weights and Measures</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software" class="usa-nav__link">Software</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/data" class="usa-nav__link">Data</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry WebBook</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://nvd.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">National Vulnerability Database</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/pml/productsservices/physical-reference-data" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Reference Data</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/srd" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Data (SRD)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/shop" class="usa-nav__link">Storefront</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">License & Patents</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://csrc.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Research Library</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-5"><span>News & Events</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-5" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news" class="usa-nav__link">News</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events" class="usa-nav__link">Events</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/blogs" class="usa-nav__link">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/feature-stories" class="usa-nav__link">Feature Stories</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/awards" class="usa-nav__link">Awards</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/video-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Video Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/image-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Image Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/pao/media-contacts" class="usa-nav__link">Media Contacts</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-6"><span>About NIST</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-6" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist" class="usa-nav__link">About Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us" class="usa-nav__link">Contact Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/visit" class="usa-nav__link">Visit</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/careers" class="usa-nav__link">Careers</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure" class="usa-nav__link">Our Organization</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/director" class="usa-nav__link">Office of the Director</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure/budget-planning" class="usa-nav__link">Budget & Planning</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/work-nist" class="usa-nav__link">Work with NIST</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/history" class="usa-nav__link">History</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Digital Archives</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/nist-museum" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Museum</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel" class="usa-nav__link">NIST and the Nobel</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/education" class="usa-nav__link">Educational Resources</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </header> <!-- nist-index-ignore-end --> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> <div id="block-nist-www-content" class="nist-block"> <section class="nist-page__content usa-section clearfix"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div> <div class="nist-section-header nist-section-header--topic nist-section-header--hero"> <div class="nist-section-header__hero-img"> <div class="nist-block nist-block--no-margin"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img loading="lazy" src="/web/20240225160029im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/images/2023/10/10/CAMWebsite_1200x248.jpg" width="1200" height="248" alt="black background. light blue shield in the middle. circle of hashmarks and triangles around the shield." typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-section-header__top grid-container"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/information-technology">Information Technology</a> </div> <div class="nist-section-header__sub"> <div class="nist-section-header__main grid-container"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="nist-section-header__title"> <h1 class="nist-page__title">Cybersecurity</h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--topic-description padding-top-4 margin-top-1"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2>Overview</h2> </div> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-8 padding-right-5 margin-bottom-4"> <div class="text-with-summary"> <p>NIST develops cybersecurity standards, guidelines, best practices, and other resources to meet the needs of U.S. industry, federal agencies and the broader public. Our activities range from producing specific information that organizations can put into practice immediately to longer-term research that anticipates advances in technologies and future challenges.</p><p>Some NIST cybersecurity assignments are defined by federal statutes, executive orders and policies. For example, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) mandates that all federal agencies implement NIST’s cybersecurity standards and guidance for non-national security systems. Our cybersecurity activities also are driven by the needs of U.S. industry and the broader public. We <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity/cybersecurity-privacy-stakeholder-engagement" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8dd2b710-81b3-4592-ade4-7f4ac1fe30c2" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Cybersecurity & Privacy Stakeholder Engagement">engage vigorously with stakeholders</a> to set priorities and ensure that our resources address the key issues that they face. </p><p>NIST also advances understanding and improves the management of privacy risks, some of which relate directly to cybersecurity.</p><p>Priority areas to which NIST contributes – and plans to focus more on – include cryptography, education and workforce, emerging technologies, <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/risk-management" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="ac0702ba-8b74-42b7-a776-b8262d698461" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Risk Management">risk management</a>, identity and access management, measurements, privacy, trustworthy networks and trustworthy platforms.</p><p>Additional details can be found in these <a class="media-link-ga " data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="media" data-entity-uuid="95bb2247-549b-4646-a017-9784e35c69bc" data-file-url="/system/files/documents/2021/11/09/Cybersecurity%20Vitals%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf" href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/document/cybersecurity-vitals-fact-sheet" title="Cybersecurity Vitals Fact Sheet">brief</a> and <a class="media-link-ga " data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="media" data-entity-uuid="f3dc65b1-7b89-4417-bb05-56f71162fd98" data-file-url="/system/files/documents/2022/07/21/Extended%20Cybersecurity%20Vitals%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf" href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/document/extended-cybersecurity-vitals-fact-sheet" title="Extended Cybersecurity Vitals Fact Sheet">more detailed</a> fact sheets.</p> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <div class="nist-block nist-block--no-margin"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Featured Content</h2> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-hidden nist-field--link-list link font-sans-sm"> <div class="nist-field__items"> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/itl/executive-order-14028-improving-nations-cybersecurity">Executive Order - Improving the Nation’s Cybersecurity</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity/cybersecurity-rd">Cybersecurity for R&D</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://csrc.nist.gov/">Computer Security Resource Center</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework">Cybersecurity Framework</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/privacy-framework">Privacy Framework</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://csrc.nist.gov/Projects/risk-management">Risk Management Framework</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://nccoe.nist.gov/">National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/itl/applied-cybersecurity/nice">NICE</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/itl/smallbusinesscyber">Small Business Cybersecurity Corner</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/itl/applied-cybersecurity/nist-cybersecurity-iot-program">Cybersecurity for IoT</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://csrc.nist.gov/nist-cyber-history">NIST Cybersecurity Program History and Timeline</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bg-base-lightest padding-y-5 margin-y-4"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--topic-list grid-container"> <div class="views-element-container nist-block margin-bottom-0"> <div><div class="js-view-dom-id-b09bc3092a772f9fe2b498aa2d216b5dc0e96b6dd7f6b5539096cc373777e972"> <div class="nist-block margin-bottom-0"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2>Cybersecurity Topics</h2> </div> <ul class="add-list-reset link-list"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/cryptography" hreflang="en">Cryptography</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity-education-and-workforce-development" hreflang="en">Cybersecurity education and workforce development</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity-measurement" hreflang="en">Cybersecurity measurement</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/identity-access-management" hreflang="en">Identity & access management</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/privacy-engineering" hreflang="en">Privacy engineering</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/risk-management" hreflang="en">Risk Management</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/securing-emerging-technologies" hreflang="en">Securing emerging technologies</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/trustworthy-networks" hreflang="en">Trustworthy networks</a></div></div></li> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <li class="font-sans-md padding-bottom-205"><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-section"><div class="field-content nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--arrow-right2"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/trustworthy-platforms" hreflang="en">Trustworthy platforms</a></div></div></li> </div> </div> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--main"> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="grid-container margin-y-5"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--topic-research paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2>The Research</h2> </div> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-8 padding-right-5 margin-y-2"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Projects & Programs</h2> <article about="/programs-projects/exposure-notification-protecting-workplaces-and-vulnerable-communities-during" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/exposure-notification-protecting-workplaces-and-vulnerable-communities-during" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20240225160029im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2020/07/24/deviceab.png?itok=-cEpWJm6" width="100" height="59" alt="device a and device b" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/exposure-notification-protecting-workplaces-and-vulnerable-communities-during"><span>Exposure Notification – protecting workplaces and vulnerable communities during a pandemic</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> The goal of this project is to utilize NIST expertise in privacy, cybersecurity, machine learning, wireless technology, ranging, modeling, and hardware and </div> </div> </div> </article> <article about="/programs-projects/trustworthy-networks-things" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/trustworthy-networks-things" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20240225160029im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2020/09/09/proj-tnot-infographic-300px.jpg?itok=mEzwFDlG" width="100" height="100" alt="Trustworthy Network of Things" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/trustworthy-networks-things"><span>Trustworthy Networks of Things</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> NIST is working with industry to design, standardize, test and foster adoption of network-centric approaches to protect IoT devices from the Internet and to </div> </div> </div> </article> <article about="/programs-projects/cryptographic-module-validation-program-cmvp" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/cryptographic-module-validation-program-cmvp"><span>Cryptographic Module Validation Program (CMVP)</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> The Cryptographic Module Validation Program (CMVP) is a joint effort between the National Institute of Standards and Technology under the Department of Commerce </div> </div> </div> </article> <article about="/programs-projects/cyber-physical-systemsinternet-things-smart-cities" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/cyber-physical-systemsinternet-things-smart-cities" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20240225160029im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/el/smartgrid/web-gctg.jpg?itok=Qnxq8tgR" width="100" height="100" alt="web-gctg" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/cyber-physical-systemsinternet-things-smart-cities"><span>Cyber-Physical Systems/Internet of Things for Smart Cities</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> Smart cities are enabled by cyber-physical systems (CPS), which involve connecting devices and systems – such as Internet of Things (IoT) technologies – in </div> </div> </div> </article> <div class="link-list"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs/topic/248731">View All Projects/Programs</a></div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4 margin-y-2"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Additional Resources Links</h2> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-hidden nist-field--link-list link nist-field--link-list font-sans-sm"> <div class="nist-field__items"> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?k=&t=&a=&ps=All&ta%5B0%5D=248731&ta%5B1%5D=248731&n=&d%5Bmin%5D=&d%5Bmax%5D=">Publications</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/sp">SP Publications</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips">FIPS Publications</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/topic/248731">Software</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/awards/topic/248731">Awards</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity/cybersecurity-privacy-stakeholder-engagement">Stakeholder Engagement</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity/international-cybersecurity-and-privacy-resources">International Resources</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/ransomware-protection-and-response">Ransomware Resources</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/human-centered-cybersecurity">Human-Centered Cybersecurity</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container margin-y-4"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2>News</h2> </div> <div class="margin-bottom-5"> <div class="entity-reference"> <div class="nist-card nist-card--horizontal nist-card--horizontal-full"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/08/nist-drafts-major-update-its-widely-used-cybersecurity-framework"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img loading="lazy" src="/web/20240225160029im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2023/08/07/CSF-wheel-revamp-final-white.png.webp?itok=GuytAkQ-" width="600" height="360" alt="NIST Cybersecurity Framework wheel grahpic has external sections labeled Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond and Recover; internal circle is labeled Govern. " typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title"> <h3><span property="schema:name">NIST Drafts Major Update to Its Widely Used Cybersecurity Framework</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__content"> <div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary"> NIST has revised the framework to help benefit all sectors, not just critical infrastructure. </div> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/08/nist-drafts-major-update-its-widely-used-cybersecurity-framework" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-news-list-topic paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-e36d9c287ee9f4f331b0a0238a752f4ca458f2121d0d3e957fbac6df07375f0f"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-2"> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 nist-card--topic "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/01/nist-offers-guidance-measuring-and-improving-your-companys-cybersecurity"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img loading="lazy" src="/web/20240225160029im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800w_x_400h/public/images/2024/01/16/shutterstock_1831742065.jpg.webp?itok=92RC6YYn" width="800" height="400" alt="A man's hand reaches for an open laptop with a transparent overlay of metrics symbols like a bar chart, a shield, gears and targets. " typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title padding-y-5"> <h3><span property="schema:name">NIST Offers Guidance on Measuring and Improving Your Company’s Cybersecurity Program</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/01/nist-offers-guidance-measuring-and-improving-your-companys-cybersecurity" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 nist-card--topic "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/01/nist-launches-exploratory-digital-twins-study"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img loading="lazy" src="/web/20240225160029im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800w_x_400h/public/images/2024/02/02/NIST%20Launches%20Exploratory%20Digital%20Twins%20Study.png.webp?itok=QbEIatxU" width="800" height="400" alt="NIST Launches Exploratory Digital Twins Study" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title padding-y-5"> <h3><span property="schema:name">NIST Launches Exploratory Digital Twins Study</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/01/nist-launches-exploratory-digital-twins-study" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 nist-card--topic "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/12/nist-awards-nearly-3-million-small-businesses-advance-semiconductor"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img loading="lazy" src="/web/20240225160029im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800w_x_400h/public/images/2020/06/29/20MML065_Polyester5_FalseColor-cividis2tone.jpg.webp?itok=d8yO_Fpn" width="800" height="400" alt="Micrograph shows woven fibers in diagonal pattern. " typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title padding-y-5"> <h3><span property="schema:name">NIST Awards Nearly $3 Million to Small Businesses to Advance Semiconductor Manufacturing, Drug Development and More</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/12/nist-awards-nearly-3-million-small-businesses-advance-semiconductor" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer> <div class="link-list"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news-updates/topic/248731">View All News and Updates</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-content-row nist-content-row--width-normal paragraph paragraph--type--text paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block text-long"><div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap"> <div class="grid-col"> <figure class=" align-center nist-video" role="group"><div data-media-id="630816"> <div class="video-embed-field"><div class="video-embed-field-lazy" data-video-embed-field-lazy="<div class="video-embed-field-provider-nist-kaltura video-embed-field-responsive-video"><iframe width="854" height="480" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay *; fullscreen *; encrypted-media *" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" src="https://www.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/embedIframeJs/uiconf_id/31013851/partner_id/684682?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=1_t8husty0?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=1_t8husty0&amp;flashvars%5BautoPlay%5D=1"></iframe> </div> "><img alt="Protecting Your Small Business: Phishing" loading="lazy" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029im_/https://cdnsecakmi.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/thumbnail/entry_id/1_t8husty0/width/1280" typeof="foaf:Image"/><button class="video-embed-field-lazy-play"></button> <div class="video-embed-field-lazy-title">Protecting Your Small Business: Phishing</div> </div> </div> </div> <figcaption class="nist-image__caption">In this animated story, a business manager receives an urgent email from what she believes to be her bank. Before she clicks an included web link, a business colleague alerts her to possible harm from a phishing attack. Learn about common types of phishing messages and why any business owner or employee needs to be vigilant against their danger. This video also helps the viewer learn how to stay prepared, get helpful information, and find support from NIST’s Small Business Cybersecurity Corner website. For the NIST Small Business Cybersecurity Corner: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/itl/smallbusinesscyber">https://www.nist.gov/itl/smallbusinesscyber</a></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="grid-col"> <figure class=" align-center nist-video" role="group"><div data-media-id="624326"> <div class="video-embed-field"><div class="video-embed-field-lazy" data-video-embed-field-lazy="<div class="video-embed-field-provider-nist-kaltura video-embed-field-responsive-video"><iframe width="854" height="480" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay *; fullscreen *; encrypted-media *" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" src="https://www.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/embedIframeJs/uiconf_id/31013851/partner_id/684682?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=1_5xaxne18?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=1_5xaxne18&amp;flashvars%5BautoPlay%5D=1"></iframe> </div> "><img alt="Protecting Your Small Business: Ransomware" loading="lazy" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029im_/https://cdnsecakmi.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/thumbnail/entry_id/1_5xaxne18/width/1280" typeof="foaf:Image"/><button class="video-embed-field-lazy-play"></button> <div class="video-embed-field-lazy-title">Protecting Your Small Business: Ransomware</div> </div> </div> </div> <figcaption class="nist-image__caption">In this animated story, two professionals discuss ransomware attacks and the impacts it can have on small businesses. Since ransomware is a common threat for small businesses, this video provides an example of how ransomware attacks can happen—along with how to stay prepared, get helpful information, and find support from NIST’s Small Business Cybersecurity Corner website. For the NIST Small Business Cybersecurity Corner: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/itl/smallbusinesscyber">https://www.nist.gov/itl/smallbusinesscyber</a> To see more NIST ransomware resources: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/ransomware-protection-and-response">https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/ransomware-protection-and-response</a></figcaption></figure></div> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="grid-container margin-y-4"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-content-list-topic paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2> <div class="string">Cybersecurity Insights Blog</div> </h2> </div> <div class="nist-block "> <div class="viewsreference"><div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-8c80bc7e93b30fa7ed2fafb0191ed56a92df19f288886378bac7c0af8589bcd0"> <div> <article about="/blogs/cybersecurity-insights/nist-celebrates-national-entrepreneurship-week" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/cybersecurity-insights/nist-celebrates-national-entrepreneurship-week"><span>NIST Celebrates National Entrepreneurship Week</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-02-14T12:00:00Z">February 14, 2024</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> What is National Entrepreneurship (NatlEshipWeek) Week? Celebrated February 10-17, 2024, “NatlEshipWeek is a congressionally chartered week dedicated to </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/blogs/cybersecurity-insights/nists-international-cybersecurity-and-privacy-engagement-update" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/cybersecurity-insights/nists-international-cybersecurity-and-privacy-engagement-update" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20240225160029im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2021/11/16/shutterstock_1098404210.jpg?itok=K8TozT23" width="100" height="67" alt="e-commerce business and international corporate trading concept. Communication network on world map. Worldwide connections." typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/cybersecurity-insights/nists-international-cybersecurity-and-privacy-engagement-update"><span>NIST’s International Cybersecurity and Privacy Engagement Update – International Dialogues, Workshops, and Translations</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-02-08T12:00:00Z">February 8, 2024</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> With the new year under way, NIST is continuing to engage with our international partners to enhance cybersecurity. Here are some updates on our international </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/blogs/cybersecurity-insights/new-year-new-initiatives-nist-privacy-framework" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/cybersecurity-insights/new-year-new-initiatives-nist-privacy-framework"><span>New Year, New Initiatives for the NIST Privacy Framework!</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-01-25T12:00:00Z">January 25, 2024</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> It’s been four years since the release of The NIST Privacy Framework: A Tool for Improving Privacy Through Enterprise Risk Management, Version 1.0. Since then </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/blogs/cybersecurity-insights/privacy-attacks-federated-learning" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/cybersecurity-insights/privacy-attacks-federated-learning"><span>Privacy Attacks in Federated Learning</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-01-24T12:00:00Z">January 24, 2024</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> This post is part of a series on privacy-preserving federated learning. The series is a collaboration between NIST and the UK government’s Centre for Data </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="link-list"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/cybersecurity-insights">View more</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container margin-y-4"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-content-list-topic paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2> <div class="string">Events</div> </h2> </div> <div class="nist-block "> <div class="viewsreference"><div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-a0d700876597691e4385ab68ce025e52a3714639a64c9dae16b71e5daeca44dc"> <div> <article about="/news-events/events/enhancing-security-devices-and-components-across-supply-chain" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/enhancing-security-devices-and-components-across-supply-chain"><span>Enhancing Security of Devices and Components Across the Supply Chain</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="smartdate">Tue, Feb 27 2024, 9:00am - 5:00pm EST</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> FULL WORKSHOP DETAILS NIST is hosting an in-person all-day workshop on February 27, 2024 to bring together industry </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="link-list"><a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/upcoming-events/topic/248731">View All Events</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="padding-5 bg-primary-dark"> <h2 class="text-white text-center">Stay in Touch</h2> <p class="text-white text-center">Sign up for our newsletter to stay up to date with the latest research, trends, and news for Cybersecurity.</p> <form action="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIST/subscribers/qualify" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"> <input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓"/> <input type="hidden" name="topic_id" id="topic_id" value="USNIST_14"/> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-1 flex flex-justify-center"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-3"> <label class="usa-sr-only" for="email">Enter Email Address</label> <input class="usa-input" type="email" name="email" id="email" placeholder="Enter your email"> </div> <div class="grid-row flex-wrap margin-top-1"> <input type="submit" name="commit" value="Sign Up" class="usa-button usa-button--outline usa-button--inverse"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div data-elastic-exclude> <!-- nist-index-ignore-start --> <footer class="nist-footer padding-bottom-4"> <div class="grid-container nist-footer__info"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__logo"> <a href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" rel="home"> <img class="nist-footer__logo-img" src="/web/20240225160029im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/NIST-Logo-Brand-White.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology logo" width="300px" height="42px"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__contact"> <h3 class="nist-footer__contact-heading">HEADQUARTERS</h3> <address> 100 Bureau Drive<br> Gaithersburg, MD 20899<br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/tel:301-975-2000">301-975-2000</a> </address> <p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/mailto:do-webmaster@nist.gov">Webmaster</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us">Contact Us</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/visit">Our Other Offices</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__social-links"> <a class="nist-social nist-social--twitter-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://twitter.com/NIST"> <span>Twitter</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--facebook-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://www.facebook.com/NIST"> <span>Facebook</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--linkedin-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://www.linkedin.com/company/nist"> <span>LinkedIn</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--instagram-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://www.instagram.com/nist/"> <span>Instagram</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--youtube-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://www.youtube.com/NIST"> <span>YouTube</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--giphy-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://giphy.com/nist"> <span>Giphy</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--rss-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/nist-rss-feeds"> <span>RSS Feed</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--envelope-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIST/subscriber/new"> <span>Mailing List</span> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__feedback"> How are we doing? <a class="usa-button" rel="nofollow" href="/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/form/nist-gov-feedback?destination=/cybersecurity" title="Provide feedback">Feedback</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-footer__nav" role="navigation"> <ul> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/privacy-policy">Site Privacy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/oism/accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/privacy">Privacy Program</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/oism/copyrights">Copyrights</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://www.commerce.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy">Vulnerability Disclosure</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/no-fear-act-policy">No Fear Act Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/office-director/freedom-information-act">FOIA</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/environmental-policy-statement">Environmental Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/summary-report-scientific-integrity">Scientific Integrity</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://www.nist.gov/nist-information-quality-standards">Information Quality Standards</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://www.commerce.gov/">Commerce.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/http://www.science.gov/">Science.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/http://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029/https://vote.gov/">Vote.gov</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer> <!-- nist-index-ignore-end --> </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/1079416","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"back_to_top":{"back_to_top_button_trigger":100,"back_to_top_prevent_on_mobile":false,"back_to_top_prevent_in_admin":true,"back_to_top_button_type":"image","back_to_top_button_text":"Back to top"},"google_analytics":{"account":"G-HEQ0YF2VYL","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|bsh|c|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|dw(fx|g|gd)|dxf|eps|epub|exe|f(90)|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|m1v|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mobi|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|pl|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|rfa|rtf|rvt|sch|sea|sit|swf|tar|tgz|tif|txt|txz|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|wrl|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|xsd|z|zip"},"nist_search":{"clickTracking":"search-report-click","isDebug":false,"clickTrackEnabled":true,"message":"NIST Search in debug mode. Check the browsers network inspector for Click Track reporting results..."},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":false,"extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":false,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"\\.gov\\\/|\\.mil\\\/|\\manufacturingusa\\.com\\\/","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":".ck-editor, .nist-social, .nist-video-thumbnail__lightbox-trigger, a.nist-icon--mail-blue","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":true,"extAlertText":"Thank you for visiting NIST. We hope your visit was informative. We have provided a link to this site because it has information that may be of interest to our users. NIST does not necessarily endorse the views expressed or the facts presented on this site. Further, NIST does not endorse any commercial products that may be advertised or available on this site. Click OK to be directed to your link.","mailtoClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"after","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":[]}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"2f77e4dcfce20728ac491170886da836c10b580f9bdfeb9c9e729fe4958834d5"}}</script> <script src="/web/20240225160029js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_L4s-xoxkQ67XMK98eQiz0h1j1ibNkR1AmjhYszY77y0.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UAFuwyAM_BAtT0ImeMSrwQiTZtnr52TtGlWahJDvzjqfLsJ0C0PsNR9fc_hUF_-RaJLqskhmDFCBt0GT-nfCVdIRPsi4JGtlgRRGNxuq2Wf4lZUGUmld7ujfiT3CwY0ZC9pl4Qg9FEk-kUI0Y6Z6c7rpwGIJFY99n1ki8Hm-PKz8jJCwP2FY1_W8fcL7Cn6N_YBPfWnA1wd0DTrkDm3Wp_JirkttS2TSGZO7E67qj_9qqRdGoxJKwBIxWTXIyTN8b5e9HGdVDex-gjbICv4LVGjqsvfyA0tlqD0"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225160029js_/https://siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_6017546.js" async></script> <script src="/web/20240225160029js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_Qu9AvpmgUbil5xC-kPZdNDvJcOmHQFWJlMLnxg3u3PY.js?scope=footer&delta=2&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UAFuwyAM_BAtT0ImeMSrwQiTZtnr52TtGlWahJDvzjqfLsJ0C0PsNR9fc_hUF_-RaJLqskhmDFCBt0GT-nfCVdIRPsi4JGtlgRRGNxuq2Wf4lZUGUmld7ujfiT3CwY0ZC9pl4Qg9FEk-kUI0Y6Z6c7rpwGIJFY99n1ki8Hm-PKz8jJCwP2FY1_W8fcL7Cn6N_YBPfWnA1wd0DTrkDm3Wp_JirkttS2TSGZO7E67qj_9qqRdGoxJKwBIxWTXIyTN8b5e9HGdVDex-gjbICv4LVGjqsvfyA0tlqD0"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"37b7ccb661","applicationID":"1089704227","transactionName":"YFxUN0sADEdYVkBaClkWdwBNCA1aFkVVVABoWlcAUQQ=","queueTime":5,"applicationTime":34,"atts":"TBtXQQMaH0k=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html> <!-- FILE ARCHIVED ON 16:00:29 Feb 25, 2024 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 18:38:42 Nov 27, 2024. JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE. ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C. SECTION 108(a)(3)). --> <!-- playback timings (ms): captures_list: 0.58 exclusion.robots: 0.028 exclusion.robots.policy: 0.015 esindex: 0.01 cdx.remote: 19.821 LoadShardBlock: 192.287 (3) PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 190.8 (4) PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 177.674 (2) load_resource: 220.324 -->