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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_high-speed_trains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_high-speed_trains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>As high-speed trains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_high-speed_trains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuel_cell_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel_cell_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fuel cell development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuel_cell_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battery_electric_multiple_unit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battery_electric_multiple_unit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Battery electric multiple unit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battery_electric_multiple_unit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_locomotives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_locomotives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Comparison with locomotives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_locomotives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrik_qatar%C4%B1" title="Elektrik qatarı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektrik qatarı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F" title="ইলেকট্রিক মাল্টিপল ইউনিট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইলেকট্রিক মাল্টিপল ইউনিট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Электрацягнік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электрацягнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrick%C3%A1_jednotka" title="Elektrická jednotka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektrická jednotka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_togs%C3%A6t" title="Elektrisk togsæt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektrisk togsæt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrirong" title="Elektrirong – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektrirong" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidad_el%C3%A9ctrica_m%C3%BAltiple" title="Unidad eléctrica múltiple – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unidad eléctrica múltiple" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_motortrajno" title="Elektra motortrajno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektra motortrajno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitate_aniztun_elektriko" title="Unitate aniztun elektriko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Unitate aniztun elektriko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="قطار خودکششی الکتریکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قطار خودکششی الکتریکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rame_automotrice_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Rame automotrice électrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rame automotrice électrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0_%EB%8F%99%EB%A0%A5%EB%B6%84%EC%82%B0%EC%8B%9D_%EC%97%B4%EC%B0%A8" title="전기 동력분산식 열차 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전기 동력분산식 열차" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="इलेक्ट्रिक मल्टिपल इकाई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इलेक्ट्रिक मल्टिपल इकाई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereta_rel_listrik" title="Kereta rel listrik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kereta rel listrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettrotreno" title="Elettrotreno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elettrotreno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepur_r%C3%A8l_listrik" title="Sepur rèl listrik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sepur rèl listrik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrovilciens" title="Elektrovilciens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektrovilciens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettrotreno" title="Elettrotreno – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Elettrotreno" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisch_treinstel" title="Elektrisch treinstel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektrisch treinstel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%BB%8A" title="電車 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電車" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektryczny_zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_trakcyjny" title="Elektryczny zespół trakcyjny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elektryczny zespół trakcyjny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trem-unidade_el%C3%A9trico" title="Trem-unidade elétrico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trem-unidade elétrico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4" title="Электропоезд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электропоезд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit" title="Electric multiple unit – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electric multiple unit" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrick%C3%A1_jednotka" title="Elektrická jednotka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektrická jednotka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromotorna_garnitura" title="Elektromotorna garnitura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elektromotorna garnitura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6moottorijuna" title="Sähkömoottorijuna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sähkömoottorijuna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="மின்தன்னுந்து பெட்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்தன்னுந்து பெட்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="รถรางไฟฟ้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รถรางไฟฟ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrikli_%C3%A7oklu_birim" title="Elektrikli çoklu birim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektrikli çoklu birim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%B4" title="Електропоїзд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електропоїзд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0u_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_l%E1%BB%B1c_ph%C3%A2n_t%C3%A1n" title="Tàu điện động lực phân tán – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tàu điện động lực phân tán" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%88%97%E8%BB%8A" title="電動列車 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電動列車" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%81%AF%E8%BB%8A" title="電聯車 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="電聯車" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q483373#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Electric train with no locomotive</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Electric_multiple_unit" title="Special:EditPage/Electric multiple unit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Electric+multiple+unit%22">"Electric multiple unit"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Electric+multiple+unit%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Electric+multiple+unit%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Electric+multiple+unit%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Electric+multiple+unit%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Electric+multiple+unit%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siemens_Nexas_train_arriving_at_Flinders_Street_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Siemens_Nexas_train_arriving_at_Flinders_Street_Station.jpg/220px-Siemens_Nexas_train_arriving_at_Flinders_Street_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Siemens_Nexas_train_arriving_at_Flinders_Street_Station.jpg/330px-Siemens_Nexas_train_arriving_at_Flinders_Street_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Siemens_Nexas_train_arriving_at_Flinders_Street_Station.jpg/440px-Siemens_Nexas_train_arriving_at_Flinders_Street_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4330" data-file-height="2887" /></a><figcaption>A 6-car <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Nexas" title="Siemens Nexas">Siemens Nexas</a> EMU arrives at <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Street_railway_station" title="Flinders Street railway station">Flinders Street</a> station on the <a href="/wiki/Upfield_line" title="Upfield line">Upfield service</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Howth_Junction_railway_station_in_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Howth_Junction_railway_station_in_2007.jpg/220px-Howth_Junction_railway_station_in_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Howth_Junction_railway_station_in_2007.jpg/330px-Howth_Junction_railway_station_in_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Howth_Junction_railway_station_in_2007.jpg/440px-Howth_Junction_railway_station_in_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Area_Rapid_Transit" title="Dublin Area Rapid Transit">DART</a> <a href="/wiki/IE_8500,_8510_and_8520_Classes" class="mw-redirect" title="IE 8500, 8510 and 8520 Classes">8500</a> class commuter EMU at Howth Junction railway station, Ireland.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>electric multiple unit</b> or <b>EMU</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Multiple-unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple-unit">multiple-unit</a> <a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">train</a> consisting of self-propelled carriages using <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> as the motive power. An EMU requires no separate <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotive</a>, as electric <a href="/wiki/Traction_motor" title="Traction motor">traction motors</a> are incorporated within one or a number of the carriages. An EMU is usually formed of two or more semi-permanently coupled carriages, but electrically powered single-unit <a href="/wiki/Railcar" title="Railcar">railcars</a> are also generally classed as EMUs. The great majority of EMUs are passenger trains, but versions also exist for carrying mail. </p><p>EMUs are popular on commuter, and suburban rail networks around the world due to their fast acceleration and pollution-free operation,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are used on most rapid-transit systems. Being quieter than <a href="/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit" title="Diesel multiple unit">diesel multiple units</a> (DMUs) and <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotive</a>-hauled trains, EMUs can operate later at night and more frequently without disturbing nearby residents. In addition, tunnel design for EMU trains is simpler as no provision is needed for exhausting fumes, although retrofitting existing limited-clearance tunnels to accommodate the extra equipment needed to transmit electric power to the train can be difficult. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liverpool_Overhead_Railway_carriage,_Museum_of_Liverpool-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Liverpool_Overhead_Railway_carriage%2C_Museum_of_Liverpool-2.jpg/220px-Liverpool_Overhead_Railway_carriage%2C_Museum_of_Liverpool-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Liverpool_Overhead_Railway_carriage%2C_Museum_of_Liverpool-2.jpg/330px-Liverpool_Overhead_Railway_carriage%2C_Museum_of_Liverpool-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Liverpool_Overhead_Railway_carriage%2C_Museum_of_Liverpool-2.jpg/440px-Liverpool_Overhead_Railway_carriage%2C_Museum_of_Liverpool-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Overhead_Railway" title="Liverpool Overhead Railway">Liverpool Overhead Railway</a> carriage in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Liverpool" title="Museum of Liverpool">Museum of Liverpool</a>. The first EMUs in 1893.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:201_900_prototype.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/201_900_prototype.JPG/220px-201_900_prototype.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/201_900_prototype.JPG/330px-201_900_prototype.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/201_900_prototype.JPG/440px-201_900_prototype.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1949" data-file-height="1369" /></a><figcaption>The prototype unit of <a href="/wiki/JNR" class="mw-redirect" title="JNR">JNR</a> <a href="/wiki/201_series" title="201 series">201 series</a> on public display at <a href="/wiki/Harajuku_Station" title="Harajuku Station">Harajuku Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, 13 May 1979. Next to it, a <a href="/wiki/Yamanote_Line" title="Yamanote Line">Yamanote Line</a>'s <a href="/wiki/103_series" title="103 series">103 series</a> train can be seen passing through</figcaption></figure> <p>Multiple unit train control was first used in the 1890s. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Overhead_Railway" title="Liverpool Overhead Railway">Liverpool Overhead Railway</a> opened in 1893 with two-car electric multiple units,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> controllers in cabs at both ends directly controlling the traction current to motors on both cars.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The multiple unit traction control system was developed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Sprague" title="Frank J. Sprague">Frank Sprague</a> and first applied and tested on the <a href="/wiki/South_Side_Elevated_Railroad" title="South Side Elevated Railroad">South Side Elevated Railroad</a> (now part of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_%27L%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago 'L'">Chicago 'L'</a>) in 1897. In 1895, derived from his company's invention and production of direct current elevator control systems, Frank Sprague invented a multiple unit controller for electric train operation. This accelerated the construction of electric traction railways and trolley systems worldwide. Each car of the train has its own traction motors: by means of motor control relays in each car energized by train-line wires from the front car all of the traction motors in the train are controlled in unison. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RCF_MEMU.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/RCF_MEMU.jpg/220px-RCF_MEMU.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/RCF_MEMU.jpg/330px-RCF_MEMU.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/RCF_MEMU.jpg/440px-RCF_MEMU.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="2296" /></a><figcaption>A 3rd-generation <a href="/wiki/MEMU" title="MEMU">MEMU</a> train produced by RCF and <a href="/wiki/BHEL" class="mw-redirect" title="BHEL">BHEL</a> (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MNCRR_M-8_at_NEC_Port_Chester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/MNCRR_M-8_at_NEC_Port_Chester.jpg/220px-MNCRR_M-8_at_NEC_Port_Chester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/MNCRR_M-8_at_NEC_Port_Chester.jpg/330px-MNCRR_M-8_at_NEC_Port_Chester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/MNCRR_M-8_at_NEC_Port_Chester.jpg/440px-MNCRR_M-8_at_NEC_Port_Chester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Metro-North Railroad <a href="/wiki/M8_(railcar)" title="M8 (railcar)">M8</a> married pairs in <a href="/wiki/Port_Chester,_New_York" title="Port Chester, New York">Port Chester</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The cars that form a complete EMU set can usually be separated by function into four types: power car, motor car, driving car, and trailer car. Each car can have more than one function, such as a motor-driving car or power-driving car. </p> <ul><li>A power car carries the necessary equipment to draw power from the <a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway electrification system">electrified infrastructure</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Contact_shoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Contact shoe">pickup shoes</a> for <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pantograph_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantograph (rail)">pantographs</a> for <a href="/wiki/Overhead_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead lines">overhead systems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformers</a>.</li> <li>Motor cars carry the <a href="/wiki/Traction_motor" title="Traction motor">traction motors</a> to move the train, and are often combined with the power car to avoid high-voltage inter-car connections.</li> <li>Driving cars are similar to a <a href="/wiki/Control_car" title="Control car">cab car</a>, containing a driver's cab for controlling the train. An EMU will usually have two driving cars at its outer ends.</li> <li>Trailer cars are any cars (sometimes semi-permanently coupled) that carry little or no traction or power related equipment, and are similar to <a href="/wiki/Passenger_car_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger car (rail)">passenger cars</a> in a locomotive-hauled train.</li></ul> <p>On third rail systems, the outer vehicles usually carry the pick up shoes with the motor vehicles receiving the current via <a href="/wiki/Jumper_cable" title="Jumper cable">intra-unit connections</a>. </p><p>Many modern two-car EMU sets are set up as <a href="/wiki/Twin_unit" title="Twin unit">twin</a> or "married pair" units. While both units in a married pair are typically driving motors, the ancillary equipment (air compressor and tanks, batteries and charging equipment, traction power and control equipment, etc.) are shared between the two cars in the set. Since neither car can operate without its "partner", such sets are permanently coupled and can only be split at maintenance facilities. Advantages of married pair units include weight and cost savings over single-unit cars (due to halving the ancillary equipment required per set) while allowing all cars to be powered, unlike a motor-trailer combination. Each car has only one control cab, located at the outer end of the pair, saving space and expense over a cab at both ends of each car. Disadvantages include a loss of operational flexibility, as trains must be multiples of two cars, and a failure on a single car could force removing both it and its partner from service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_high-speed_trains">As high-speed trains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: As high-speed trains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CR400BF-G-5168@IFP_(20210128114409).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/CR400BF-G-5168%40IFP_%2820210128114409%29.jpg/220px-CR400BF-G-5168%40IFP_%2820210128114409%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/CR400BF-G-5168%40IFP_%2820210128114409%29.jpg/330px-CR400BF-G-5168%40IFP_%2820210128114409%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/CR400BF-G-5168%40IFP_%2820210128114409%29.jpg/440px-CR400BF-G-5168%40IFP_%2820210128114409%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5393" data-file-height="3595" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed</a> EMU <a href="/wiki/CR400BF" class="mw-redirect" title="CR400BF">CR400BF-G</a> operated by <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_High-speed" title="China Railway High-speed">China Railway High-speed</a> at <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Chaoyang_railway_station" title="Beijing Chaoyang railway station">Beijing Chaoyang railway station</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the more famous electric multiple units in the world are high-speed trains: the Italian <a href="/wiki/Pendolino" title="Pendolino">Pendolino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frecciarossa_1000" title="Frecciarossa 1000">Frecciarossa 1000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> in Japan, the <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_High-speed" title="China Railway High-speed">China Railway High-speed</a> in China, <a href="/wiki/ICE_3" title="ICE 3">ICE 3</a> in Germany, and the British Rail <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_395" title="British Rail Class 395">class 395</a> Javelin. The retired New York–Washington <i><a href="/wiki/Metroliner_(Amtrak)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metroliner (Amtrak)">Metroliner</a></i> service, first operated by the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Railroad</a> and later by <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>, also featured high-speed electric multiple-unit cars, known as the <a href="/wiki/Budd_Metroliner" title="Budd Metroliner">Budd Metroliner</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fuel_cell_development">Fuel cell development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fuel cell development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EMUs powered by <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a> are under development. If successful, this would avoid the need for an <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead line</a> or <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a>. An example is <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>-powered <a href="/wiki/Coradia_iLint" class="mw-redirect" title="Coradia iLint">Coradia iLint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <a href="/wiki/Hydrail" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrail">hydrail</a> has been coined for hydrogen-powered rail vehicles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battery_electric_multiple_unit">Battery electric multiple unit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battery electric multiple unit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nah_sh_Akku_Flirt_526_005_Dresden_Hauptbahnhof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nah_sh_Akku_Flirt_526_005_Dresden_Hauptbahnhof.jpg/220px-Nah_sh_Akku_Flirt_526_005_Dresden_Hauptbahnhof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nah_sh_Akku_Flirt_526_005_Dresden_Hauptbahnhof.jpg/330px-Nah_sh_Akku_Flirt_526_005_Dresden_Hauptbahnhof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nah_sh_Akku_Flirt_526_005_Dresden_Hauptbahnhof.jpg/440px-Nah_sh_Akku_Flirt_526_005_Dresden_Hauptbahnhof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Stadler_FLIRT" title="Stadler FLIRT">Stadler Flirt Akku</a> NAH.SH BEMU operated in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_multiple_unit" title="Battery electric multiple unit">battery electric multiple units</a> are in operation around the world, with the take up being strong. Many are bi-modal taking energy from onboard battery banks and line pickups such as overhead wires or third rail. In most cases the batteries are charged via the electric pickup when operating on electric mode. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_locomotives">Comparison with locomotives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Comparison with locomotives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EMUs, when compared with <a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">electric locomotives</a>, offer:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Higher acceleration, since there are more motors sharing the same load, more motors allows for a higher total motor power output</li> <li>Braking, including <a href="/wiki/Eddy_current_brake" title="Eddy current brake">eddy current</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_braking#Rheostatic_braking" title="Dynamic braking">rheostatic</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerative brake">regenerative braking</a>, on multiple axles at once, greatly reducing wear on brake parts (as the wear can be distributed among more brakes) and allowing for faster braking (lower/reduced braking distances)</li> <li>Reduced axle loads, since the need for a heavy locomotive is eliminated; this in turn allows for simpler and cheaper structures that use less material (like bridges and viaducts) and lower structure maintenance costs</li> <li>Reduced ground vibrations, due to the above</li> <li>Lower adhesion coefficients for driving (powered) axles, due to lower weight on these axles; weight is not concentrated on a locomotive</li> <li>A higher degree of redundancy – performance is only minimally affected following the failure of a single motor or brake</li> <li>Higher seating capacity, since there is no locomotive; all cars can contain seats.</li></ul> <p>Electric locomotives, when compared to EMUs, offer: </p> <ul><li>Less electrical equipment per train resulting in lower train manufacturing and maintenance costs</li> <li>Easily allows for lower noise and vibration in passenger cars, since there are no motors or gearboxes on the bogies below the cars</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro-diesel_multiple_unit" title="Electro-diesel multiple unit">Electro-diesel multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit" title="Diesel multiple unit">Diesel multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_multiple_unit" title="Battery electric multiple unit">Battery electric multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_electric_multiple_units" title="British electric multiple units">British electric multiple units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEMU" title="MEMU">MEMU</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_multiple_unit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFN._K._De2004" class="citation book cs1">N. K. De (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YikAs8Bp0yYC&q=electric%20multiple%20unit&pg=PA278"><i>Electric Drives</i></a>. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. 8.4 "Electric traction", p.84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120314924" title="Special:BookSources/9788120314924"><bdi>9788120314924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electric+Drives&rft.pages=8.4+%22Electric+traction%22%2C+p.84&rft.pub=PHI+Learning+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788120314924&rft.au=N.+K.+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYikAs8Bp0yYC%26q%3Delectric%2520multiple%2520unit%26pg%3DPA278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+multiple+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/mol/collections/transport/overheadrailway.aspx">"Liverpool Overhead Railway motor coach number 3, 1892"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Museums_Liverpool" title="National Museums Liverpool">National Museums Liverpool</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-21</span></span>. <q>This is one of the original motor coaches which has electric motors mounted beneath the floor, a driving cab at one end and third class accommodation with wooden seats.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liverpool+Overhead+Railway+motor+coach+number+3%2C+1892&rft.pub=National+Museums+Liverpool&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk%2Fmol%2Fcollections%2Ftransport%2Foverheadrailway.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+multiple+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Sprague1902" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sprague" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Sprague">Frank Sprague</a> (18 January 1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1902/01/18/archives/mr-sprague-answers-mr-westinghouse.html">"Mr Sprague answers Mr Westinghouse"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mr+Sprague+answers+Mr+Westinghouse&rft.date=1902-01-18&rft.au=Frank+Sprague&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1902%2F01%2F18%2Farchives%2Fmr-sprague-answers-mr-westinghouse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+multiple+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalrailnews.com/2017/10/24/in-depth-what-you-need-to-know-about-alstoms-hydrogen-powered-coradia-ilint/">"What you need to know about Alstom's hydrogen-powered Coradia iLint – Global Rail News"</a>. <i>globalrailnews.com</i>. 24 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globalrailnews.com&rft.atitle=What+you+need+to+know+about+Alstom%27s+hydrogen-powered+Coradia+iLint+%E2%80%93+Global+Rail+News&rft.date=2017-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalrailnews.com%2F2017%2F10%2F24%2Fin-depth-what-you-need-to-know-about-alstoms-hydrogen-powered-coradia-ilint%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+multiple+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHata" class="citation web cs1">Hata, Hiroshi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211101011622/http://www.ejrcf.or.jp/jrtr/jrtr17/pdf/f40_technology.pdf">"What Drives Electric Multiple Units?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Railway Technology Today</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejrcf.or.jp/jrtr/jrtr17/pdf/f40_technology.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Bow_collector" title="Bow collector">Bow collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantograph_(transport)" title="Pantograph (transport)">Pantograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolley_pole" title="Trolley pole">Trolley pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_collector#Contact_shoe" title="Current collector">Contact shoe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Power delivery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification" title="Railway electrification">Railway electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">Overhead line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">Third rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification#Fourth_rail" title="Railway electrification">Fourth rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-level_power_supply" title="Ground-level power supply">Ground-level power supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stud_contact_system" title="Stud contact system">Stud contact system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conduit_current_collection" title="Conduit current collection">Conduit current collection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">Rolling stock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electric_traction" title="Railway electric traction">Railway electric traction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_car" title="Power car">Power car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">Electric locomotive</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electric multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-diesel_locomotive" title="Electro-diesel locomotive">Electro-diesel locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-diesel_multiple_unit" title="Electro-diesel multiple unit">Electro-diesel multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-system_(rail)" title="Multi-system (rail)">Multi-system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber-tyred_metro" title="Rubber-tyred metro">Rubber-tyred metro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Power network</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traction_power_network" title="Traction power network">Traction power network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traction_substation" title="Traction substation">Traction substation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traction_powerstation" title="Traction powerstation">Traction powerstation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Australia" title="Railway electrification in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_installations_for_15_kV_AC_railway_electrification_in_Germany,_Austria_and_Switzerland#Austria" title="List of installations for 15 kV AC railway electrification in Germany, Austria and Switzerland">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_the_Soviet_Union#Estonia" title="Railway electrification in the Soviet Union">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_France" title="Railway electrification in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_installations_for_15_kV_AC_railway_electrification_in_Germany,_Austria_and_Switzerland#Germany" title="List of installations for 15 kV AC railway electrification in Germany, Austria and Switzerland">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Organisation_for_Railway_Electrification" title="Central Organisation for Railway Electrification">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Iran" title="Railway electrification in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Japan" title="Railway electrification in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_the_Soviet_Union#Latvia" title="Railway electrification in the Soviet Union">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_the_Soviet_Union#Lithuania" title="Railway electrification in the Soviet Union">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Malaysia" title="Railway electrification in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_New_Zealand" title="Railway electrification in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Norway" title="Railway electrification in Norway">Norway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_railway_electrification_in_Norway" title="Timeline of railway electrification in Norway">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Poland" title="Railway electrification in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_the_Soviet_Union#Russia" title="Railway electrification in the Soviet Union">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway electrification in the Soviet Union">Former USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_installations_for_15_kV_AC_railway_electrification_in_Sweden" title="List of installations for 15 kV AC railway electrification in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_installations_for_15_kV_AC_railway_electrification_in_Germany,_Austria_and_Switzerland#Switzerland" title="List of installations for 15 kV AC railway electrification in Germany, Austria and Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway electrification in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_the_Soviet_Union#Ukraine" title="Railway electrification in the Soviet Union">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Great_Britain" title="Railway electrification in Great Britain">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_electrification_in_the_United_States" title="Railroad electrification in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_electrification_systems" title="List of railway electrification systems">Railway electrification systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_systems_by_gauge_and_electrification" title="List of tram 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