CINXE.COM

The Oxford Dictionary of Islam - Google Books

<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam - Google Books</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/books/css/_c5f9cd9e241b1329c3ee374578edd3c4/kl_viewport_kennedy_full_bundle.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet"href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans:wght@400"><script src="/books/javascript/v2_c5f9cd9e241b1329c3ee374578edd3c4__en.js"></script><script>_OC_Hooks = ["_OC_Page", "_OC_SearchReload", "_OC_TocReload", "_OC_EmptyFunc", "_OC_SearchPage", "_OC_QuotePage" ];for (var _OC_i = 0; _OC_i < _OC_Hooks.length; _OC_i++) {eval("var " + _OC_Hooks[_OC_i] + ";");}function _OC_InitHooks () {for (var i = 0; i < _OC_Hooks.length; i++) {var func = arguments[i];eval( _OC_Hooks[i] + " = func;");}}</script><link rel="canonical" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Islam.html?id=E324pQEEQQcC"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Islam.html?id=E324pQEEQQcC"/><meta name="title" content="The Oxford Dictionary of Islam"/><meta name="description" content="The dictionary focuses primarily on the 19th and 20th centuries, stressing topics of most interest to Westerners. What emerges is a highly informative look at the religious, political, and social spheres of the modern Islamic world. Naturally, readers will find many entries on topics of intense current interest, such as terrorism and the Taliban, Osama bin Laden and al-Qaida, the PLO and HAMAS. But the coverage goes well beyond recent headlines. There are biographical profiles, ranging from Naguib Mahfouz (the Nobel Prize winner from Egypt) to Malcolm X, including political leaders, influential thinkers, poets, scientists, and writers. Other entries cover major political movements, militant groups, and religious sects as well as terms from Islamic law, culture, and religion, key historical events, and important landmarks (such as Mecca and Medina). A series of entries looks at Islam in individual nations, such as Afghanistan, the West Bank and Gaza, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and the United States, and the"/><meta property="og:title" content="The Oxford Dictionary of Islam"/><meta property="og:type" content="book"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Google Books"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=E324pQEEQQcC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;img=1&amp;zoom=1&amp;edge=curl&amp;imgtk=AFLRE71L3z6EWwR0lGV-8IY2OV8X9399rfUcUsIfulUcCi6MKBtFo6py2EPpmD_-7dco0tCs20Ah0uhXJI_HtZMvH8T6y_QvDsGxq-2o2lPNN4H4wBFc6llqVBNmbr4pFybe98aqEPEY"/><link rel="image_src" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=E324pQEEQQcC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;img=1&amp;zoom=1&amp;edge=curl&amp;imgtk=AFLRE71L3z6EWwR0lGV-8IY2OV8X9399rfUcUsIfulUcCi6MKBtFo6py2EPpmD_-7dco0tCs20Ah0uhXJI_HtZMvH8T6y_QvDsGxq-2o2lPNN4H4wBFc6llqVBNmbr4pFybe98aqEPEY"/><script></script><style>#gbar,#guser{font-size:13px;padding-top:1px !important;}#gbar{height:22px}#guser{padding-bottom:7px !important;text-align:right}.gbh,.gbd{border-top:1px solid #c9d7f1;font-size:1px}.gbh{height:0;position:absolute;top:24px;width:100%}@media all{.gb1{height:22px;margin-right:.5em;vertical-align:top}#gbar{float:left}}a.gb1,a.gb4{text-decoration:underline !important}a.gb1,a.gb4{color:#00c !important}.gbi .gb4{color:#dd8e27 !important}.gbf .gb4{color:#900 !important} #gbar { padding:.3em .6em !important;}</style></head><body class=""><div id=gbar><nobr><a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tab=pw">Search</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.google.com.sg/imghp?hl=en&tab=pi">Images</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://maps.google.com.sg/maps?hl=en&tab=pl">Maps</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://play.google.com/?hl=en&tab=p8">Play</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.youtube.com/?tab=p1">YouTube</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://news.google.com/?tab=pn">News</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://mail.google.com/mail/?tab=pm">Gmail</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://drive.google.com/?tab=po">Drive</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 style="text-decoration:none" href="https://www.google.com.sg/intl/en/about/products?tab=ph"><u>More</u> &raquo;</a></nobr></div><div id=guser width=100%><nobr><span id=gbn class=gbi></span><span id=gbf class=gbf></span><span id=gbe></span><a target=_top id=gb_70 href="https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print&continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DE324pQEEQQcC%26pg%3DPA159%26redir_esc%3Dy%26hl%3Den&hl=en&ec=GAZACg" class=gb4>Sign in</a></nobr></div><div class=gbh style=left:0></div><div class=gbh style=right:0></div><div role="alert" style="position: absolute; left: 0; right: 0;"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&amp;pg=PA159&amp;redir_esc=y&amp;hl=en&amp;output=html_text" title="Screen reader users: click this link for accessible mode. Accessible mode has the same essential features but works better with your reader."><img border="0" src="//www.google.com/images/cleardot.gif"alt="Screen reader users: click this link for accessible mode. Accessible mode has the same essential features but works better with your reader."></a></div><div class="kd-appbar"><h2 class="kd-appname"><a href="/books">Books</a></h2><div class="kd-buttonbar left" id="left-toolbar-buttons"><a id="appbar-view-print-sample-link" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_vpt_read"></a><a id="appbar-view-ebook-sample-link" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=E324pQEEQQcC&amp;source=gbs_vpt_read"></a><a id="appbar-patents-prior-art-finder-link" href=""></a><a id="appbar-patents-discuss-this-link" href="" data-is-grant=""></a><a id="appbar-read-patent-link" href=""></a><a id="appbar-download-pdf-link" href=""></a></div><div class="kd-buttonbar right" id="right-toolbar-buttons"></div></div><div style="display: none"><ol id="ofe-gear-menu-contents" class="gbmcc"><li class="gbe gbmtc"><a class="gbmt goog-menuitem-content" id="" href="https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print&amp;continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fop%3Dlibrary&amp;hl=en">My library</a></li><li class="gbe gbmtc"><a class="gbmt goog-menuitem-content" id="" href="http://books.google.com.sg/support/topic/4359341?hl=en-SG">Help</a></li><li class="gbe gbmtc"><a class="gbmt goog-menuitem-content" id="" href="https://books.google.com.sg/advanced_book_search">Advanced Book Search</a></li></ol></div><div id="volume-main"><div id="volume-left"><div id=menu_container ><div id="menu_scroll_wrapper"><div id="menu_scroll" role="navigation"><div id="gb-get-book-container"><a href="https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=E324pQEEQQcC&amp;rdid=book-E324pQEEQQcC&amp;rdot=1&amp;source=gbs_vpt_read&amp;pcampaignid=books_booksearch_viewport" id="gb-get-book-content">Buy eBook - SGD聽9.11</a></div><p id="gb-buy-options-trigger" class="gb-buy-options-link">Get this book in print</p><h3 class=about_title><a name="buy_anchor"></a></h3><div id=buy class=about_content><div id=buy_v><ul style="list-style-type: none; padding-left: 0; margin: 0;"><li><a style="white-space:normal" href="http://www.oup.com/localecatalogue/google/?i=9780199757268" dir=ltr onMouseOver="this.href='http://www.oup.com/localecatalogue/google/?i\x3d9780199757268';return false" onMouseDown="this.href='/url?client\x3dca-print-oxford_us\x26format\x3dgoogleprint\x26num\x3d0\x26id\x3dE324pQEEQQcC\x26q\x3dhttp://www.oup.com/localecatalogue/google/%3Fi%3D9780199757268\x26usg\x3dAOvVaw3Pmr4rr32EmXNncYx93obl\x26source\x3dgbs_buy_r';return true"><span dir=ltr>Oxford University Press</span></a></li><li><a style="white-space:normal" href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/search?index=books&amp;linkCode=qs&amp;keywords=9780199757268" dir=ltr onMouseOver="this.href='http://www.amazon.com/gp/search?index\x3dbooks\x26linkCode\x3dqs\x26keywords\x3d9780199757268';return false" onMouseDown="this.href='/url?client\x3dca-print-oxford_us\x26format\x3dgoogleprint\x26num\x3d0\x26id\x3dE324pQEEQQcC\x26q\x3dhttp://www.amazon.com/gp/search%3Findex%3Dbooks%26linkCode%3Dqs%26keywords%3D9780199757268\x26usg\x3dAOvVaw2FGOk8QcoZEb3a15isozbR\x26source\x3dgbs_buy_r';return true"><span dir=ltr>Amazon.com</span></a></li><li><a style="white-space:normal" href="http://www.mphonline.com/books/nsearch.aspx?do=detail&amp;pcode=9780199757268" dir=ltr onMouseOver="this.href='http://www.mphonline.com/books/nsearch.aspx?do\x3ddetail\x26pcode\x3d9780199757268';return false" onMouseDown="this.href='/url?client\x3dca-print-oxford_us\x26format\x3dgoogleprint\x26num\x3d0\x26id\x3dE324pQEEQQcC\x26q\x3dhttp://www.mphonline.com/books/nsearch.aspx%3Fdo%3Ddetail%26pcode%3D9780199757268\x26usg\x3dAOvVaw33AsJtJY4ieQVwY1mLSFrr\x26source\x3dgbs_buy_r';return true"><span dir=ltr>MPH</span></a></li><li><a style="white-space:normal" href="https://www.popular.com.sg/catalogsearch/result/?q=9780199757268" dir=ltr onMouseOver="this.href='https://www.popular.com.sg/catalogsearch/result/?q\x3d9780199757268';return false" onMouseDown="this.href='/url?client\x3dca-print-oxford_us\x26format\x3dgoogleprint\x26num\x3d0\x26id\x3dE324pQEEQQcC\x26q\x3dhttps://www.popular.com.sg/catalogsearch/result/%3Fq%3D9780199757268\x26usg\x3dAOvVaw2JG1xwsTmRuYkpSIjHEemp\x26source\x3dgbs_buy_r';return true"><span dir=ltr>Popular</span></a></li><li><hr style="margin-right: 20%; color: #666;"></li><li><a style="white-space:normal" href="https://books.google.com.sg/url?id=E324pQEEQQcC&amp;pg=PA159&amp;q=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/286438886&amp;clientid=librarylink&amp;usg=AOvVaw21ye8gfrXuZb2wnWQQ4kvy&amp;source=gbs_buy_r"><span dir=ltr>Find in a library</span></a></li><li><a class="secondary" style="white-space:normal" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&amp;sitesec=buy&amp;source=gbs_buy_r" id="get-all-sellers-link"><span dir=ltr>All sellers</span>&nbsp;&raquo;</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=menu id=menu><div class="menu_content" style="margin-bottom:6px"><div style="margin-bottom:4px"><div class="sidebarnav"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><div class="sidebarcover"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&amp;printsec=frontcover" onclick="_OC_Page('PP1',this.href); return false;"><img src="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=E324pQEEQQcC&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=5&edge=curl&imgtk=AFLRE70dv9AuvO4HT90NAUS_E1pYyZmIY27fx0wclL8BluFFarMC6kYVvpxvpYb-857ZlzJtkhtuejykHO1cT2y4a0-lIz9mmehB0HJ7ijOkMpSEcDtlq1DNi361AJuCkRmjnGgOCvI7" alt="Front Cover" title="Front Cover" height=80 border=1 id=summary-frontcover ></a></div></td><td></td></tr></table></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div id="volume-info-sidebar"><h1 class="gb-volume-title" dir=ltr>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</h1><span class="addmd">edited by John L. Esposito</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:3px"><form action=/books id=search_form style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" method=get> <input type=hidden name="redir_esc" value="y"><input type=hidden name="id" value="E324pQEEQQcC"><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 class="swv-table"><tr><td class="swv-td-search"><span><input id=search_form_input type=text maxlength=1024 class="text_flat swv-input-search" aria-label="Search in this book" name=q value="" title="Go" accesskey=i></span></td><td class="swv-td-space"><div>&nbsp;</div></td><td><input type=submit value="Go"></td></tr></table><script type="text/javascript">if (window['_OC_autoDir']) {_OC_autoDir('search_form_input');}</script></form></div><div><p><a id="sidebar-atb-link" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s"><span dir=ltr>About this book</span></a></p></div></div></div><div><div id="navbarContainer" class="gb-navbar"></div><script>_OC_InitNavbar({"child_node":[{"title":"My library","url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?uid=114584440181414684107\u0026source=gbs_lp_bookshelf_list","id":"my_library","collapsed":true},{"title":"My History","url":"","id":"my_history","collapsed":true}],"highlighted_node_id":""});</script><a href="/intl/en/googlebooks/tos.html" target="_blank">Terms&nbsp;of&nbsp;Service</a><h3 class=about_title><a name="pub_info_anchor"></a></h3><div id=pub_info class=about_content><div id=pub_info_v><table cellspacing=0><tr><td><img width=79 height=35 border=0 src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/imgad?id=CICAgMDO7dK3VRByGDIyCPh5EfiARrGy" alt="Oxford University Press"><tr><td style="font-size:84.6%;color:#666666">Published by Oxford University Press.&nbsp;<a style="color:#7777cc;white-space:normal" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&amp;printsec=copyright&amp;source=gbs_pub_info_r">Copyright</a>.&nbsp;</table></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="volume-center"><div id="scroll_atb" role="main"><div id="toolbar_container"><div style="float:left;white-space:nowrap"><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr><td id="l_toolbar"></td><td class=toolbar-pc-cell><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr><td class=no-jump-cell align=right><span id=page_label style="margin-right:.5em">Page 159</span></td><td class=arrow style="padding-right:2px"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&amp;pg=PA158&amp;lpg=PA159&amp;focus=viewport" onclick="_OC_EmptyFunc(this.href); return false;"><div class=pagination><div id=prev_btn alt="Previous Page" title="Previous Page" class="SPRITE_pagination_v2_left"></div></div></a></td><td class=arrow><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&amp;pg=PA160&amp;lpg=PA159&amp;focus=viewport" onclick="_OC_EmptyFunc(this.href); return false;"><div class=pagination><div id=next_btn alt="Next Page" title="Next Page" class="SPRITE_pagination_v2_right"></div></div></a></td></tr></table></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td id=view_toolbar></td><td id=view_new></td></tr></table></div><div style="float:right"><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr><td></td><td id="r_toolbar" style="white-space:nowrap"></td></tr></table></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div id="search_bar"></div><div class="gback"><div id="viewport" class="viewport" tabindex="0"><a name="page" accesskey="c"></a><table class="viewport-table" id="container" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td valign="top" align="center"><noscript><style type=text/css>.imgg { width:575px;height:894px;background:#eee;padding-bottom:25px}</style><div class=imgg><div align=center><table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=500 align=center style="margin-top:2em"><tr><td rowspan=2 valign=top style="width:9px;background:#fff url('/googlebooks/bbl_l.gif') top left repeat-y"><img src="/googlebooks/bbl_tl.gif" width=9 height=7 alt=""></td><td style="background:url('/googlebooks/bbl_t.gif') top left repeat-x"><img width=1 height=7 alt=""></td><td rowspan=2 valign=top style="width:10px;background:#fff url('/googlebooks/bbl_r.gif') top right repeat-y"><img src="/googlebooks/bbl_tr.gif" width=10 height=7 alt=""></td></tr><tr><td align=center style="background:#ff9;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em"><div style="margin:1em"><img width=60 height=60 align=absmiddle src="/googlebooks/restricted_logo.gif" alt="">&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:1.2em"><br>Restricted Page</span></div><div style="margin:1em" align=left>You have reached your viewing limit for this book (<a href=https://books.google.com.sg/support/answer/43729?topic=9259&hl=en>why?</a>).</div></td></tr><tr><td><img src="/googlebooks/bbl_bl.gif" width=9 height=9 alt=""></td><td style="background:url('/googlebooks/bbl_b.gif') bottom left repeat-x"><img width=1 height=9 alt=""></td><td><img src="/googlebooks/bbl_br.gif" width=10 height=9 alt=""></td></tr></table></div></div></noscript></td></tr></table></div></div><script>_OC_addFlags({Host:"https://books.google.com.sg/", IsBrowsingHistoryEnabled:1, IsBooksRentalEnabled:1, IsBooksUnifiedLeftNavEnabled:1, IsZipitFolderCollectionEnabled:1});_OC_Run({"page":[{"pid":"PP1","flags":32,"order":0,"h":868},{"pid":"PR4","order":5,"title":"iv"},{"pid":"PR7","order":8,"title":"vii"},{"pid":"PR8","order":9,"title":"viii"},{"pid":"PR9","order":10,"title":"ix"},{"pid":"PR10","order":11,"title":"x"},{"pid":"PR11","order":12,"title":"xi"},{"pid":"PR12","order":13,"title":"xii"},{"pid":"PR13","order":14,"title":"xiii"},{"pid":"PR14","order":15,"title":"xiv"},{"pid":"PR15","order":16,"title":"xv"},{"pid":"PR16","order":17,"title":"xvi"},{"pid":"PR17","order":18,"title":"xvii"},{"pid":"PR18","order":19,"title":"xviii"},{"pid":"PR19","order":20,"title":"xix"},{"pid":"PR20","order":21,"title":"xx"},{"pid":"PA1","order":22,"title":"1"},{"pid":"PA2","order":23,"title":"2"},{"pid":"PA3","order":24,"title":"3"},{"pid":"PA4","order":25,"title":"4"},{"pid":"PA5","order":26,"title":"5"},{"pid":"PA6","order":27,"title":"6"},{"pid":"PA7","order":28,"title":"7"},{"pid":"PA8","order":29,"title":"8"},{"pid":"PA9","order":30,"title":"9"},{"pid":"PA10","order":31,"title":"10"},{"pid":"PA11","order":32,"title":"11"},{"pid":"PA12","order":33,"title":"12"},{"pid":"PA13","order":34,"title":"13"},{"pid":"PA14","order":35,"title":"14"},{"pid":"PA15","order":36,"title":"15"},{"pid":"PA16","order":37,"title":"16"},{"pid":"PA17","order":38,"title":"17"},{"pid":"PA18","order":39,"title":"18"},{"pid":"PA19","order":40,"title":"19"},{"pid":"PA20","order":41,"title":"20"},{"pid":"PA21","order":42,"title":"21"},{"pid":"PA22","order":43,"title":"22"},{"pid":"PA23","order":44,"title":"23"},{"pid":"PA24","order":45,"title":"24"},{"pid":"PA25","order":46,"title":"25"},{"pid":"PA26","order":47,"title":"26"},{"pid":"PA27","order":48,"title":"27"},{"pid":"PA28","order":49,"title":"28"},{"pid":"PA29","order":50,"title":"29"},{"pid":"PA30","order":51,"title":"30"},{"pid":"PA31","order":52,"title":"31"},{"pid":"PA32","order":53,"title":"32"},{"pid":"PA33","order":54,"title":"33"},{"pid":"PA34","order":55,"title":"34"},{"pid":"PA35","order":56,"title":"35"},{"pid":"PA36","order":57,"title":"36"},{"pid":"PA37","order":58,"title":"37"},{"pid":"PA38","order":59,"title":"38"},{"pid":"PA39","order":60,"title":"39"},{"pid":"PA40","order":61,"title":"40"},{"pid":"PA41","order":62,"title":"41"},{"pid":"PA42","order":63,"title":"42"},{"pid":"PA43","order":64,"title":"43"},{"pid":"PA44","order":65,"title":"44"},{"pid":"PA45","order":66,"title":"45"},{"pid":"PA46","order":67,"title":"46"},{"pid":"PA47","order":68,"title":"47"},{"pid":"PA48","order":69,"title":"48"},{"pid":"PA49","order":70,"title":"49"},{"pid":"PA50","order":71,"title":"50"},{"pid":"PA51","order":72,"title":"51"},{"pid":"PA52","order":73,"title":"52"},{"pid":"PA53","order":74,"title":"53"},{"pid":"PA54","order":75,"title":"54"},{"pid":"PA55","order":76,"title":"55"},{"pid":"PA56","order":77,"title":"56"},{"pid":"PA57","order":78,"title":"57"},{"pid":"PA58","order":79,"title":"58"},{"pid":"PA59","order":80,"title":"59"},{"pid":"PA60","order":81,"title":"60"},{"pid":"PA61","order":82,"title":"61"},{"pid":"PA62","order":83,"title":"62"},{"pid":"PA63","order":84,"title":"63"},{"pid":"PA64","order":85,"title":"64"},{"pid":"PA65","order":86,"title":"65"},{"pid":"PA66","order":87,"title":"66"},{"pid":"PA67","order":88,"title":"67"},{"pid":"PA68","order":89,"title":"68"},{"pid":"PA69","order":90,"title":"69"},{"pid":"PA70","order":91,"title":"70"},{"pid":"PA71","order":92,"title":"71"},{"pid":"PA72","order":93,"title":"72"},{"pid":"PA73","order":94,"title":"73"},{"pid":"PA74","order":95,"title":"74"},{"pid":"PA75","order":96,"title":"75"},{"pid":"PA76","order":97,"title":"76"},{"pid":"PA77","order":98,"title":"77"},{"pid":"PA78","order":99,"title":"78"},{"pid":"PA79","order":100,"title":"79"},{"pid":"PA80","order":101,"title":"80"},{"pid":"PA81","order":102,"title":"81"},{"pid":"PA82","order":103,"title":"82"},{"pid":"PA83","order":104,"title":"83"},{"pid":"PA84","order":105,"title":"84"},{"pid":"PA85","order":106,"title":"85"},{"pid":"PA86","order":107,"title":"86"},{"pid":"PA87","order":108,"title":"87"},{"pid":"PA88","order":109,"title":"88"},{"pid":"PA89","order":110,"title":"89"},{"pid":"PA90","order":111,"title":"90"},{"pid":"PA91","order":112,"title":"91"},{"pid":"PA92","order":113,"title":"92"},{"pid":"PA93","order":114,"title":"93"},{"pid":"PA94","order":115,"title":"94"},{"pid":"PA95","order":116,"title":"95"},{"pid":"PA96","order":117,"title":"96"},{"pid":"PA97","order":118,"title":"97"},{"pid":"PA98","order":119,"title":"98"},{"pid":"PA99","order":120,"title":"99"},{"pid":"PA100","order":121,"title":"100"},{"pid":"PA101","order":122,"title":"101"},{"pid":"PA102","order":123,"title":"102"},{"pid":"PA103","order":124,"title":"103"},{"pid":"PA104","order":125,"title":"104"},{"pid":"PA105","order":126,"title":"105"},{"pid":"PA106","order":127,"title":"106"},{"pid":"PA107","order":128,"title":"107"},{"pid":"PA108","order":129,"title":"108"},{"pid":"PA109","order":130,"title":"109"},{"pid":"PA110","order":131,"title":"110"},{"pid":"PA111","order":132,"title":"111"},{"pid":"PA112","order":133,"title":"112"},{"pid":"PA113","order":134,"title":"113"},{"pid":"PA114","order":135,"title":"114"},{"pid":"PA115","order":136,"title":"115"},{"pid":"PA116","order":137,"title":"116"},{"pid":"PA117","order":138,"title":"117"},{"pid":"PA118","order":139,"title":"118"},{"pid":"PA119","order":140,"title":"119"},{"pid":"PA120","order":141,"title":"120"},{"pid":"PA121","order":142,"title":"121"},{"pid":"PA122","order":143,"title":"122"},{"pid":"PA123","order":144,"title":"123"},{"pid":"PA124","order":145,"title":"124"},{"pid":"PA125","order":146,"title":"125"},{"pid":"PA126","order":147,"title":"126"},{"pid":"PA127","order":148,"title":"127"},{"pid":"PA128","order":149,"title":"128"},{"pid":"PA129","order":150,"title":"129"},{"pid":"PA130","order":151,"title":"130"},{"pid":"PA131","order":152,"title":"131"},{"pid":"PA132","order":153,"title":"132"},{"pid":"PA133","order":154,"title":"133"},{"pid":"PA134","order":155,"title":"134"},{"pid":"PA135","order":156,"title":"135"},{"pid":"PA136","order":157,"title":"136"},{"pid":"PA137","order":158,"title":"137"},{"pid":"PA138","order":159,"title":"138"},{"pid":"PA139","order":160,"title":"139"},{"pid":"PA140","order":161,"title":"140"},{"pid":"PA141","order":162,"title":"141"},{"pid":"PA142","order":163,"title":"142"},{"pid":"PA143","order":164,"title":"143"},{"pid":"PA144","order":165,"title":"144"},{"pid":"PA145","order":166,"title":"145"},{"pid":"PA146","order":167,"title":"146"},{"pid":"PA147","order":168,"title":"147"},{"pid":"PA148","order":169,"title":"148"},{"pid":"PA149","order":170,"title":"149"},{"pid":"PA150","order":171,"title":"150"},{"pid":"PA151","order":172,"title":"151"},{"pid":"PA152","order":173,"title":"152"},{"pid":"PA153","order":174,"title":"153"},{"pid":"PA154","order":175,"title":"154"},{"pid":"PA155","order":176,"title":"155"},{"pid":"PA156","order":177,"title":"156"},{"pid":"PA157","order":178,"title":"157"},{"pid":"PA158","flags":8,"order":179,"title":"158"},{"pid":"PA159","flags":8,"order":180,"title":"159"},{"pid":"PA160","flags":8,"order":181,"title":"160"},{"pid":"PA161","flags":8,"order":182,"title":"161"},{"pid":"PA162","flags":8,"order":183,"title":"162"},{"pid":"PA163","order":184,"title":"163"},{"pid":"PA164","order":185,"title":"164"},{"pid":"PA165","order":186,"title":"165"},{"pid":"PA166","order":187,"title":"166"},{"pid":"PA167","order":188,"title":"167"},{"pid":"PA168","order":189,"title":"168"},{"pid":"PA170","order":191,"title":"170"},{"pid":"PA172","order":193,"title":"172"},{"pid":"PA176","order":197,"title":"176"},{"pid":"PA177","order":198,"title":"177"},{"pid":"PA178","order":199,"title":"178"},{"pid":"PA179","order":200,"title":"179"},{"pid":"PA180","order":201,"title":"180"},{"pid":"PA182","order":203,"title":"182"},{"pid":"PA183","order":204,"title":"183"},{"pid":"PA184","order":205,"title":"184"},{"pid":"PA186","order":207,"title":"186"},{"pid":"PA187","order":208,"title":"187"},{"pid":"PA188","order":209,"title":"188"},{"pid":"PA190","order":211,"title":"190"},{"pid":"PA193","order":214,"title":"193"},{"pid":"PA195","order":216,"title":"195"},{"pid":"PA198","order":219,"title":"198"},{"pid":"PA200","order":221,"title":"200"},{"pid":"PA201","order":222,"title":"201"},{"pid":"PA203","order":224,"title":"203"},{"pid":"PA204","order":225,"title":"204"},{"pid":"PA206","order":227,"title":"206"},{"pid":"PA207","order":228,"title":"207"},{"pid":"PA209","order":230,"title":"209"},{"pid":"PA210","order":231,"title":"210"},{"pid":"PA211","order":232,"title":"211"},{"pid":"PA212","order":233,"title":"212"},{"pid":"PA213","order":234,"title":"213"},{"pid":"PA214","order":235,"title":"214"},{"pid":"PA215","order":236,"title":"215"},{"pid":"PA217","order":238,"title":"217"},{"pid":"PA218","order":239,"title":"218"},{"pid":"PA220","order":241,"title":"220"},{"pid":"PA223","order":244,"title":"223"},{"pid":"PA225","order":246,"title":"225"},{"pid":"PA228","order":249,"title":"228"},{"pid":"PA230","order":251,"title":"230"},{"pid":"PA231","order":252,"title":"231"},{"pid":"PA232","order":253,"title":"232"},{"pid":"PA233","order":254,"title":"233"},{"pid":"PA234","order":255,"title":"234"},{"pid":"PA235","order":256,"title":"235"},{"pid":"PA236","order":257,"title":"236"},{"pid":"PA237","order":258,"title":"237"},{"pid":"PA239","order":260,"title":"239"},{"pid":"PA241","order":262,"title":"241"},{"pid":"PA242","order":263,"title":"242"},{"pid":"PA244","order":265,"title":"244"},{"pid":"PA245","order":266,"title":"245"},{"pid":"PA247","order":268,"title":"247"},{"pid":"PA248","order":269,"title":"248"},{"pid":"PA249","order":270,"title":"249"},{"pid":"PA252","order":273,"title":"252"},{"pid":"PA253","order":274,"title":"253"},{"pid":"PA256","order":277,"title":"256"},{"pid":"PA258","order":279,"title":"258"},{"pid":"PA260","order":281,"title":"260"},{"pid":"PA261","order":282,"title":"261"},{"pid":"PA262","order":283,"title":"262"},{"pid":"PA263","order":284,"title":"263"},{"pid":"PA266","order":287,"title":"266"},{"pid":"PA267","order":288,"title":"267"},{"pid":"PA270","order":291,"title":"270"},{"pid":"PA271","order":292,"title":"271"},{"pid":"PA272","order":293,"title":"272"},{"pid":"PA273","order":294,"title":"273"},{"pid":"PA274","order":295,"title":"274"},{"pid":"PA275","order":296,"title":"275"},{"pid":"PA276","order":297,"title":"276"},{"pid":"PA277","order":298,"title":"277"},{"pid":"PA278","order":299,"title":"278"},{"pid":"PA280","order":301,"title":"280"},{"pid":"PA281","order":302,"title":"281"},{"pid":"PA284","order":305,"title":"284"},{"pid":"PA286","order":307,"title":"286"},{"pid":"PA288","order":309,"title":"288"},{"pid":"PA289","order":310,"title":"289"},{"pid":"PA293","order":314,"title":"293"},{"pid":"PA297","order":318,"title":"297"},{"pid":"PA298","order":319,"title":"298"},{"pid":"PA300","order":321,"title":"300"},{"pid":"PA301","order":322,"title":"301"},{"pid":"PA302","order":323,"title":"302"},{"pid":"PA303","order":324,"title":"303"},{"pid":"PA307","order":328,"title":"307"},{"pid":"PA308","order":329,"title":"308"},{"pid":"PA309","order":330,"title":"309"},{"pid":"PA311","order":332,"title":"311"},{"pid":"PA312","order":333,"title":"312"},{"pid":"PA314","order":335,"title":"314"},{"pid":"PA316","order":337,"title":"316"},{"pid":"PA317","order":338,"title":"317"},{"pid":"PA318","order":339,"title":"318"},{"pid":"PA319","order":340,"title":"319"},{"pid":"PA320","order":341,"title":"320"},{"pid":"PA321","order":342,"title":"321"},{"pid":"PA323","order":344,"title":"323"},{"pid":"PA326","order":347,"title":"326"},{"pid":"PA329","order":350,"title":"329"},{"pid":"PA330","order":351,"title":"330"},{"pid":"PA333","order":354,"title":"333"},{"pid":"PA334","order":355,"title":"334"},{"pid":"PA335","order":356,"title":"335"},{"pid":"PA337","order":358,"title":"337"},{"pid":"PA338","order":359,"title":"338"},{"pid":"PA339","order":360,"title":"339"},{"pid":"PA340","order":361,"title":"340"},{"pid":"PA341","order":362,"title":"341"},{"pid":"PA342","order":363,"title":"342"},{"pid":"PA343","order":364,"title":"343"},{"pid":"PA344","order":365,"title":"344"},{"pid":"PA346","order":367,"title":"346"},{"pid":"PA348","order":369,"title":"348"},{"pid":"PA349","order":370,"title":"349"},{"pid":"PA350","order":371,"title":"350"},{"pid":"PA351","order":372,"title":"351"},{"pid":"PA352","order":373,"title":"352"},{"pid":"PA353","order":374,"title":"353"},{"pid":"PA354","order":375,"title":"354"},{"pid":"PA355","order":376,"title":"355"},{"pid":"PA356","order":377,"title":"356"},{"pid":"PA357","order":378,"title":"357"},{"pid":"PA358","order":379,"title":"358"},{"pid":"PA359","order":380,"title":"359"}],"prefix":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC\u0026lpg=PA159"},{"fullview":false,"page_width":575,"page_height":894,"font_height":12,"first_content_page":22,"disable_twopage":false,"initial_zoom_width_override":685,"show_print_pages_button":false,"title":"The Oxford Dictionary of Islam","subtitle":"","attribution":"edited by John L. Esposito","additional_info":{"[JsonBookInfo]":{"BuyLinks":[{"Seller":"Oxford University Press","Url":"http://www.oup.com/localecatalogue/google/?i=9780199757268","TrackingUrl":"/url?client=ca-print-oxford_us\u0026format=googleprint\u0026num=0\u0026id=E324pQEEQQcC\u0026q=http://www.oup.com/localecatalogue/google/%3Fi%3D9780199757268\u0026usg=AOvVaw3Pmr4rr32EmXNncYx93obl","IsPublisher":true},{"Seller":"Amazon.com","Url":"http://www.amazon.com/gp/search?index=books\u0026linkCode=qs\u0026keywords=9780199757268","TrackingUrl":"/url?client=ca-print-oxford_us\u0026format=googleprint\u0026num=0\u0026id=E324pQEEQQcC\u0026q=http://www.amazon.com/gp/search%3Findex%3Dbooks%26linkCode%3Dqs%26keywords%3D9780199757268\u0026usg=AOvVaw2FGOk8QcoZEb3a15isozbR"},{"Seller":"MPH","Url":"http://www.mphonline.com/books/nsearch.aspx?do=detail\u0026pcode=9780199757268","TrackingUrl":"/url?client=ca-print-oxford_us\u0026format=googleprint\u0026num=0\u0026id=E324pQEEQQcC\u0026q=http://www.mphonline.com/books/nsearch.aspx%3Fdo%3Ddetail%26pcode%3D9780199757268\u0026usg=AOvVaw33AsJtJY4ieQVwY1mLSFrr"},{"Seller":"Popular","Url":"https://www.popular.com.sg/catalogsearch/result/?q=9780199757268","TrackingUrl":"/url?client=ca-print-oxford_us\u0026format=googleprint\u0026num=0\u0026id=E324pQEEQQcC\u0026q=https://www.popular.com.sg/catalogsearch/result/%3Fq%3D9780199757268\u0026usg=AOvVaw2JG1xwsTmRuYkpSIjHEemp"}],"AboutUrl":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC","PreviewUrl":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC","allowed_syndication_flags":{"allow_disabling_chrome":true},"online_access":{"url":"https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=E324pQEEQQcC\u0026rdid=book-E324pQEEQQcC\u0026rdot=1","price":"SGD聽9.11","list_price":"SGD聽13.39"}}},"table_of_contents_page_id":"PR7","max_resolution_image_width":1280,"max_resolution_image_height":1990,"num_toc_pages":1,"quality_info":"We have no quality information about this book.","volume_id":"E324pQEEQQcC","permission_info":"Published by Oxford University Press","is_ebook":true,"volumeresult":{"has_flowing_text":true,"has_scanned_text":true,"can_download_pdf":false,"can_download_epub":false,"is_pdf_drm_enabled":false,"is_epub_drm_enabled":false},"publisher":"Oxford University Press","publication_date":"2004.10.21","subject":"Religion","num_pages":384,"sample_url":"https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=E324pQEEQQcC\u0026source=gbs_vpt_hover","synposis":"The dictionary focuses primarily on the 19th and 20th centuries, stressing topics of most interest to Westerners. What emerges is a highly informative look at the religious, political, and social spheres of the modern Islamic world. Naturally, readers will find many entries on topics of intense current interest, such as terrorism and the Taliban, Osama bin Laden and al-Qaida, the PLO and HAMAS. But the coverage goes well beyond recent headlines. There are biographical profiles, ranging from Naguib Mahfouz (the Nobel Prize winner from Egypt) to Malcolm X, including political leaders, influential thinkers, poets, scientists, and writers. Other entries cover major political movements, militant groups, and religious sects as well as terms from Islamic law, culture, and religion, key historical events, and important landmarks (such as Mecca and Medina). A series of entries looks at Islam in individual nations, such as Afghanistan, the West Bank and Gaza, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and the United States, and the","my_library_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fop%3Dlibrary\u0026hl=en","is_magazine":false,"is_public_domain":false,"last_page":{"pid":"PA359","order":380,"title":"359"}},{"enableUserFeedbackUI":true,"pseudocontinuous":true,"is_cobrand":false,"sign_in_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DE324pQEEQQcC%26pg%3DPA159%26redir_esc%3Dy%26hl%3Den\u0026hl=en","isEntityPageViewport":false,"showViewportOnboarding":false,"showViewportPlainTextOnboarding":false},{"page":[{"pid":"PA159","flags":8,"order":180}]},null,null,{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10