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<li id="toc-Opening_paragraph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opening_paragraph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Opening paragraph</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opening_paragraph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_sentence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_sentence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>First sentence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_sentence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_date_and_place" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_date_and_place"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Birth date and place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_date_and_place-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nationality_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationality_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3.1</span> <span>Nationality examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationality_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positions_and_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positions_and_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Positions and roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positions_and_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_acts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_acts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Criminal acts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_acts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Names</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Names-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Names subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unusual_exceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unusual_exceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Unusual exceptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unusual_exceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text_formatting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text_formatting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Text formatting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text_formatting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_mention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_mention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>First mention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_mention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Alternative names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anachronistic_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anachronistic_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Anachronistic names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anachronistic_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changed_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changed_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Changed names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changed_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multiple_changed_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_changed_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2.1</span> <span>Multiple changed names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_changed_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2.2</span> <span>Surnames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudonyms_and_stage_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudonyms_and_stage_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Pseudonyms and stage names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudonyms_and_stage_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypocorisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypocorisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Hypocorisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypocorisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicknames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicknames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.5</span> <span>Nicknames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicknames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Initials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generational_and_regnal_suffixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generational_and_regnal_suffixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Generational and regnal suffixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generational_and_regnal_suffixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Families</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Royal_surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Royal surnames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Subsequent use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture-specific_usages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture-specific_usages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Culture-specific usages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-specific_usages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People_with_the_same_surname" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People_with_the_same_surname"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>People with the same surname</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People_with_the_same_surname-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eponyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eponyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Eponyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eponyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles_of_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_of_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Titles of people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Titles_of_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Titles of people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Titles_of_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Positions,_offices,_and_occupational_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positions,_offices,_and_occupational_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Positions, offices, and occupational titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positions,_offices,_and_occupational_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academic_or_professional_titles_and_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_or_professional_titles_and_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Academic or professional titles and degrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_or_professional_titles_and_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-nominal_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-nominal_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Post-nominal letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-nominal_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formatting_post-nominals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formatting_post-nominals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Formatting post-nominals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formatting_post-nominals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorifics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorifics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Honorifics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorifics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honorific_prefixes_and_suffixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorific_prefixes_and_suffixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Honorific prefixes and suffixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorific_prefixes_and_suffixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knighthoods,_lordships,_and_similar_honorific_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knighthoods,_lordships,_and_similar_honorific_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Knighthoods, lordships, and similar honorific titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knighthoods,_lordships,_and_similar_honorific_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Out-of-date_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Out-of-date_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Out-of-date material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Out-of-date_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_of_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Order of events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_of_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gender identity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gender_identity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gender identity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gender_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neopronouns_and_the_singular_they" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neopronouns_and_the_singular_they"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Neopronouns and the singular <i>they</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neopronouns_and_the_singular_they-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authority_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authority_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Authority control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authority_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ويكيبيديا:دليل الأسلوب/السير الشخصية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويكيبيديا:دليل الأسلوب/السير الشخصية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="উইকিপিডিয়া:রচনাশৈলী নির্দেশনা/জীবনী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইকিপিডিয়া:রচনাশৈলী নির্দেশনা/জীবনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedie:Biografie" title="Wikipedie:Biografie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wikipedie:Biografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Formatvorlage_Biografie" title="Wikipedia:Formatvorlage Biografie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wikipedia:Formatvorlage Biografie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_de_estilo/Biograf%C3%ADas" title="Wikipedia:Manual de estilo/Biografías – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wikipedia:Manual de estilo/Biografías" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedio:Gvidilo_por_biografioj" title="Vikipedio:Gvidilo por biografioj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vikipedio:Gvidilo por biografioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Estilo_gida/Biografiak" title="Wikipedia:Estilo gida/Biografiak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wikipedia:Estilo gida/Biografiak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="ویکی‌پدیا:شیوه‌نامه/زندگی‌نامه‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا:شیوه‌نامه/زندگی‌نامه‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projet:Biographie/Structure_des_articles" title="Projet:Biographie/Structure des articles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Projet:Biographie/Structure des articles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedy:De_opbou_fan_in_wikipedy_biografy" title="Wikipedy:De opbou fan in wikipedy biografy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wikipedy:De opbou fan in wikipedy biografy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%9D%ED%8A%B8:%EC%9D%B8%EB%AC%BC_%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0/%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91_%EC%A7%80%EC%B9%A8" title="위키프로젝트:인물 전기/편집 지침 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위키프로젝트:인물 전기/편집 지침" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Convenzioni_di_stile/Biografie" title="Wikipedia:Convenzioni di stile/Biografie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wikipedia:Convenzioni di stile/Biografie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94:%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%93%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ויקיפדיה:מדריך לעיצוב דפים/ביוגרפיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויקיפדיה:מדריך לעיצוב דפים/ביוגרפיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia:Biographia" title="Vicipaedia:Biographia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vicipaedia:Biographia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_gaya_penulisan/Biografi" title="Wikipedia:Manual gaya penulisan/Biografi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wikipedia:Manual gaya penulisan/Biografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Standaardvorm_voor_biografie%C3%ABn" title="Help:Standaardvorm voor biografieën – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Help:Standaardvorm voor biografieën" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB/%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E4%BC%9D" title="Wikipedia:スタイルマニュアル/人物伝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Wikipedia:スタイルマニュアル/人物伝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjelp:Biografier" title="Hjelp:Biografier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hjelp:Biografier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Biografiar" title="Wikipedia:Biografiar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Wikipedia:Biografiar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Zalecenia_edycji_artyku%C5%82%C3%B3w_biograficznych" title="Wikipedia:Zalecenia edycji artykułów biograficznych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wikipedia:Zalecenia edycji artykułów biograficznych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Biografias" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Biografias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Biografias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Biografia" title="Wikipédia:Biografia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Wikipédia:Biografia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Slogovni_priro%C4%8Dnik/Biografije" title="Wikipedija:Slogovni priročnik/Biografije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Wikipedija:Slogovni priročnik/Biografije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%B4%DB%8E%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2/%DA%98%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95" title="ویکیپیدیا:شێواز/ژیاننامە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویکیپیدیا:شێواز/ژیاننامە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%99%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5)" title="Википедија:Водич за писање бољих чланака (биографије) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Википедија:Водич за писање бољих чланака (биографије)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style (MoS)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form" action="/wiki/Special:Search" id="style-searchbox"><div class="cdx-text-input"><input class="mw-inputbox-input mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" placeholder="" size="25" dir="ltr"/></div><input type="hidden" value="Wikipedia:Manual of Style" name="prefix"/><br/><input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search the MoS" class="cdx-button"/><input type="hidden" value="Search" name="fulltext"/></form></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(content)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (content)">Content</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Disambiguation_pages" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages">Disambiguation pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Organizing_disambiguation_pages_by_subject_area" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area">Organizing by subject</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Gender_identity" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hidden_text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hidden text">Hidden text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Self-references_to_avoid" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid">Self-references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">Words to watch</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(formatting)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (formatting)">Formatting</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling">Spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Text formatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works">Titles of works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(images)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (images)">Images</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Captions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions">Captions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Adding_images_to_articles" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Icons" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(layout)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (layout)">Layout</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">Trivia sections</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(lists)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (lists)">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works">Lists of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Road_junction_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Road junction lists">Road junctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stand-alone_lists" title="Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists">Stand-alone lists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic area</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(legal)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (legal)">Legal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Legal" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Legal">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">Trademarks</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(arts)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (arts)">Arts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Anime_and_manga" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Comics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Film" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lyrics_and_poetry" title="Wikipedia:Lyrics and poetry">Lyrics and poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Novels" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Television" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Video_games" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Visual_arts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Writing_about_fiction" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction">Writing about fiction</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(music)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (music)">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music_samples" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music samples">Music samples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Record_charts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Record charts">Record charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stringed_instrument_tunings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stringed instrument tunings">Stringed instruments</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(history)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (history)">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Blazon" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Blazon">Blazons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Military_history" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history">Military history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(regional)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional)">Regional</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)#Specific_topics" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Specific naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Canada-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Canada-related articles">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/China-_and_Chinese-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China- and Chinese-related articles">China (and Chinese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Egypt-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Egypt-related articles">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/France-_and_French-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/France- and French-related articles">France (and French)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hawaii-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/India-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Indonesia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Indonesia-related articles">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Ireland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Japan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Japan-related articles">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Korea-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Korea-related articles">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Macedonia)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Macedonia)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Malaysia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Malaysia-related articles">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pakistan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pakistan-related articles">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Philippines-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philippines-related articles">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Poland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Poland-related articles">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Singapore-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Singapore-related articles">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Trinidad_and_Tobago/Style_guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Trinidad and Tobago/Style guide">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(religion)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (religion)">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Islam-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Islam-related articles">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Latter_Day_Saints" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(science)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (science)">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry">Chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Compound_classes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Compound classes">Compound classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Chemicals" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Chemicals">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/References_and_external_links" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/References and external links">References and external links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Safety" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Structure_drawing" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Structure drawing">Structure drawing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxobox/doc" title="Template:Taxobox/doc">Taxonomy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(sports)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (sports)">Sports</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Cue_sports" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Cue sports">Cue sports</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Snooker" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Snooker">Snooker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating">Figure skating</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating_terminology" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating terminology">Terminology</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(related_guidelines)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (related guidelines)">Related guidelines</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Styletips" title="Wikipedia:Styletips">Tips</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Style" title="Template:Style"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Style" title="Template talk:Style"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Style" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Style"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This page sets out guidelines for achieving visual and textual consistency in biographical articles and in biographical information in other articles; such consistency allows Wikipedia to be used more easily. While this guideline focuses on biographies, its advice pertains, where applicable, to all articles that mention <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(people)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people)">people</a>. </p><p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">For a short summary, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biography_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Biography dos and don'ts">WP:Biography dos and don'ts</a>.</span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Lead_section" data-mw-thread-id="h-Lead_section"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Lead_section"></span>Lead section <span class="anchor" id="LEADBIO"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Lead_section"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:LEADBIO"></span><span id="MOS:BLPLEAD"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LEADBIO&redirect=no">MOS:LEADBIO</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BLPLEAD&redirect=no">MOS:BLPLEAD</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">WP:Manual of Style/Lead section</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">WP:Biographies of living persons</a></div> <p>The lead section should summarise with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">due weight</a> the life and works of the person. When writing about controversies in the lead section of a biography, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">relevant</a> material should neither be suppressed nor allowed to overwhelm: always pay scrupulous attention to reliable sources, and make sure the lead correctly reflects the entirety of the article. Write clinically, and let the facts speak for themselves. These concerns are especially pressing for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">biographies of living persons</a>. </p><p>Well-publicized recent events affecting a subject, whether controversial or not, should be kept in historical perspective. What is most recent is not necessarily what is most <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTEWORTHY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTEWORTHY">noteworthy</a>: new information should be carefully balanced against old, with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">due weight</a> accorded to each. </p><p>When a subject dies, the lead need not be radically reworked; <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_blog,_web_hosting_service,_social_networking_service,_or_memorial_site" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia is not a memorial site</a>. Unless the cause of death is itself a reason for notability, a single sentence describing the death is usually sufficient, and often none is included in the lead at all, just a death date. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opening_paragraph" data-mw-thread-id="h-Opening_paragraph-Lead_section"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Opening_paragraph-Lead_section"></span>Opening paragraph <span class="anchor" id="Open"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Opening_paragraph-Lead_section"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:FIRSTBIO"></span><span id="MOS:OPENPARABIO"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:FIRSTBIO&redirect=no">MOS:FIRSTBIO</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:OPENPARABIO&redirect=no">MOS:OPENPARABIO</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>MoS guidelines for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Opening_paragraph" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">opening paragraphs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#First_sentence" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead sentences</a> should generally be followed. The opening paragraph of a biographical article should neutrally describe the person, provide context, establish <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">notability</a> and explain why the person is notable, and reflect the balance of reliable sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_sentence" data-mw-thread-id="h-First_sentence-Opening_paragraph"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-First_sentence-Opening_paragraph"></span>First sentence<span data-mw-comment-end="h-First_sentence-Opening_paragraph"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Polymaths" title="Wikipedia:Polymaths">Wikipedia:Polymaths</a></div> <p>The first sentence should usually state: </p> <ol><li>Name(s) and <a href="#Titles_of_people">title</a>(s), if any <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(see also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(royalty_and_nobility)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (royalty and nobility)">WP:Naming conventions (royalty and nobility)</a>)</span>. Handling of the subject's name is covered below in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref"><a href="#First_mention">§ First mention</a></span>.</li> <li>Dates of birth and death, if found in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary sources</a> (do not use <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Privacy_of_personal_information_and_using_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">primary sources for birth dates of living persons</a> or other private details about them).</li> <li>Context (location, nationality, etc.) for the activities that made the person notable.</li> <li>One, or possibly more, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability#General_notability_guideline" title="Wikipedia:Notability">noteworthy</a> positions, activities, or roles that the person is mainly known for, avoiding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Puffery" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">subjective</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Contentious_labels" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">contentious</a> terms.</li> <li>The main reason the person is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(people)" title="Wikipedia:Notability (people)">notable</a> (key accomplishment, record, etc.)</li></ol> <p>However, try to not overload the first sentence by describing everything notable about the subject; instead, spread relevant information over the lead paragraph. </p><p>First sentence examples: <span class="anchor" id="First_sentence_examples"></span> </p> <ul><li><b>Cleopatra VII Philopator</b> (<a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ</span>; 69 – August 12, 30 BC) was queen of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a> of Egypt, and its last active ruler.</li> <li><b>Francesco Petrarca</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[franˈtʃesko<span class="wrap"> </span>peˈtrarka]</a></span>; July 20, 1304 – July 19, 1374), commonly <a href="/wiki/Anglicized" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicized">anglicized</a> as <b>Petrarch</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span></span>-/</a></span></span>), was a scholar and <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance Italy</a>, who was one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanists</a>.</li> <li><b>Cesar Estrada Chavez</b> (March 31, 1927 – April 23, 1993) was an American labor leader and civil rights activist.</li> <li><b>François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand</b> (26 October 1916 – 8 January 1996) was <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a> from 1981 to 1995, the longest holder of that position in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">history of France</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Birth_date_and_place" data-mw-thread-id="h-Birth_date_and_place-Opening_paragraph"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Birth_date_and_place-Opening_paragraph"></span>Birth date and place <span class="anchor" id="Birthplace"></span><span class="anchor" id="Birthdate"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Birth_date_and_place-Opening_paragraph"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:BIRTHDATE"></span><span id="MOS:BIRTHPLACE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BIRTHDATE&redirect=no">MOS:BIRTHDATE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BIRTHPLACE&redirect=no">MOS:BIRTHPLACE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:BIRTHDATE" redirects here. For privacy guidelines of Date of Birth, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DOB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DOB">WP:DOB</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Dates_of_birth_and_death" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Dates of birth and death</a></div> <p>The opening paragraph should usually have dates of birth and (when applicable) death. These dates (specific day–month–year) are important information about the subject, but if they are also mentioned in the body, the vital year range (in brackets after the person's full name) may be sufficient to provide context. For living persons, privacy should be considered <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Privacy_of_personal_information_and_using_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">WP:Biographies of living persons § Privacy of personal information and using primary sources</a>, which takes precedence)</span>. </p><p>Birth and death places, if known, should be mentioned in the body of the article, and can appear in the lead if relevant to notability, but not in the opening brackets alongside the birth and death dates. </p><p>Birth and death <em>labels</em> are included only when needed for clarity. When given, use full words, whether immediately preceding a date or not: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>William Alexander Spinks Jr.</b> (1865–1933) was an American professional player of <a href="/wiki/Carom_billiards" title="Carom billiards">carom billiards</a> in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</span> – no need for labels, and specific dates are in the article body</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Gro Harlem Brundtland</b> (... born <b>Gro Harlem</b>, 20 April 1939) is a Norwegian politician ...</span> – "born" label used to introduce birth name</li></ul> <p>For an approximate date or range of dates, use <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">c.</span> (abbreviation for <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases_(C)#circa" title="List of Latin phrases (C)">circa</a></i>); at first occurrence this should be done with the template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Circa" title="Template:Circa">circa</a>}}</code> a.k.a. <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:C." class="mw-redirect" title="Template:C.">c.</a>}}</code>, which explains the abbreviation: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1457</span>. When the only date known for a historical subject is a date (or range) when they were alive, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">fl.</span> for <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">floruit</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for 'he/she flourished') is used; at first occurrence the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Floruit" title="Template:Floruit">floruit</a>}}</code> a.k.a. <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Fl." class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fl.">fl.</a>}}</code> template produces similar output: <abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1432</span>. </p><p>For full details on how to format simple and complex dates and ranges, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Chronological items</a></span>. </p><p>Beyond the first paragraph of the lead section, birth and death details should only be included after a name if there is special contextual relevance. Abbreviations like <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">b.</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">d.</span> can be used, if needed, when space is limited (e.g., in a table) and when used repetitively (e.g., in a list of people). Birthdate information can be included in lists, directly to the right of the name, in parentheses, using the following format: </p> <ul><li>John Smith (1900–1990), doctor, lawyer and politician</li> <li>Sally Wong (born 1984), ice skater</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Context" data-mw-thread-id="h-Context-Opening_paragraph"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Context-Opening_paragraph"></span>Context<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Context-Opening_paragraph"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:CONTEXTBIO"></span><span id="MOS:ETHNICITY"></span><span id="MOS:CITIZEN"></span><span id="MOS:NATIONALITY"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CONTEXTBIO&redirect=no">MOS:CONTEXTBIO</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ETHNICITY&redirect=no">MOS:ETHNICITY</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CITIZEN&redirect=no">MOS:CITIZEN</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NATIONALITY&redirect=no">MOS:NATIONALITY</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:ETHNICITY" redirects here. You may be looking for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Anthropology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Anthropology">WP:WikiProject Anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Sociology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Sociology">WP:WikiProject Sociology</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Race_and_ethnicity" title="Wikipedia:Race and ethnicity">WP:Race and ethnicity</a>.</div> <p>The opening paragraph should usually provide context for that which made the person notable. In most modern-day cases, this will be the country, region, or territory where the person is currently a <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">national</a> or permanent resident; or, if the person is notable mainly for past events, where the person was such when they became notable. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(For guidance on historic place names versus modern-day one, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)#Use_modern_names" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">WP:Naming conventions (geographic names) § Use modern names</a>.)</span> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnicity</a>, religion, or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexuality</a> should generally not be in the lead unless relevant to the subject's notability. Similarly, neither previous <a href="/wiki/Nationalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalities">nationalities</a> nor the country of birth should be mentioned in the opening paragraph unless relevant to the subject's notability.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America/Determining_Native_American_and_Indigenous_Canadian_identities" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Indigenous peoples of North America/Determining Native American and Indigenous Canadian identities">Wikipedia:WikiProject Indigenous peoples of North America/Determining Native American and Indigenous Canadian identities</a>.)</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Nationality_examples" data-mw-thread-id="h-Nationality_examples-Context"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Nationality_examples-Context"></span>Nationality examples<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Nationality_examples-Context"></span></h5></div> <p>The simplest example is someone who continued to reside in their country of origin: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></b> (November 2, 1734 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> October 22] – September 26, 1820) was an <a href="/wiki/American_pioneer" title="American pioneer">American pioneer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frontier" title="Frontier">frontiersman</a></li></ul> <p>The second example is someone who emigrated as a child and continued to identify as a citizen of their adopted country: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a></b> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> January 2, 1920</span> – April 6, 1992) was an American writer <dl><dd>Per the above guidance, we do not add ethnicity ("Jewish-American") or country of birth ("Russian-born American"). These details can be introduced in the second sentence if they are of defining importance.</dd></dl></li></ul> <p>In cases of public or relevant dual citizenship, or a career that spans a subject's emigration, the use of the word <i>and</i> reduces ambiguity. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a></b> (born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian and American actor, film producer, businessman, retired professional bodybuilder and politician <dl><dd>For a politician, dual citizenship can be a political issue, so it is important to be clear and avoid ambiguity. The lead sentence here is not about ethnicity ("Austrian-American") or the country of birth ("Austrian-born American"), but rather about dual citizenship.</dd></dl></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lorre" title="Peter Lorre">Peter Lorre</a></b> (June 26, 1904 – March 23, 1964) was a Hungarian and American actor <dl><dd>This is an example of a person who established a career in Europe as a Hungarian, then emigrated to the United States and was naturalized <em>and continued his career</em>, and is thus known as both a Hungarian actor and as an American actor. The use of <i>and</i> again prevents the introduction of ethnicity or birth.</dd></dl></li></ul> <p>Native American and Indigenous Canadian status is based on citizenship, not ethnicity. Indigenous persons' citizenship can be listed parenthetically, or as a clause after their names. (See also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTCHEROKEE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTCHEROKEE">WP:WikiProject Indigenous peoples of North America/Determining Native American and Indigenous Canadian identities</a>) </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Pearl_Mankiller" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilma Pearl Mankiller">Wilma Pearl Mankiller</a></b> (November 18, 1945 – April 6, 2010) was a <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> activist, social worker, community developer and the first woman elected to serve as <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">Principal Chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a>.</li></ul> <p>Finally, in controversial or unclear cases, nationality is sometimes omitted. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a></b> (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon. <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus#Nationality" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Copernicus's nationality</a> is disputed, so it is omitted.</dd></dl></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Anya_Taylor-Joy" title="Anya Taylor-Joy">Anya-Josephine Marie Taylor-Joy</a></b> (born 16 April 1996) is an actress. <dl><dd>The article quotes her calling her birth nationality a fluke, and describes her upbringing in two other countries.</dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Positions_and_roles" data-mw-thread-id="h-Positions_and_roles-Opening_paragraph"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Positions_and_roles-Opening_paragraph"></span>Positions and roles<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Positions_and_roles-Opening_paragraph"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:ROLEBIO"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ROLEBIO&redirect=no">MOS:ROLEBIO</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>The lead sentence should describe the person as they are commonly described by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reliable sources</a>. </p><p>The noteworthy position(s) or role(s) the person held should usually be stated in the opening paragraph. However, avoid overloading the lead paragraph with various and sundry roles; instead, emphasize what made the person notable. Incidental and non-noteworthy roles (i.e. activities that are not integral to the person's notability) should usually not be mentioned in the lead paragraph.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Offices, titles, and positions should accompany a name only if contextually relevant, and if common nouns, should not be capitalized. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">For particulars on different types of titles, see <a href="#Positions,_offices,_and_occupational_titles">§ Positions, offices, and occupational titles</a>, below.</span> </p><p>Wherever possible, avoid defining a notable person, particularly in the title or first sentence, in terms of their relationships. Generally speaking, notability is not inherited; e.g. a person being the spouse or child of another notable person does not make that person notable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criminal_acts" data-mw-thread-id="h-Criminal_acts-Opening_paragraph"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Criminal_acts-Opening_paragraph"></span>Criminal acts<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Criminal_acts-Opening_paragraph"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:CRIMINAL"></span><span id="MOS:CONVICTEDFELON"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CRIMINAL&redirect=no">MOS:CRIMINAL</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CONVICTEDFELON&redirect=no">MOS:CONVICTEDFELON</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#People_accused_of_crime" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons § People accused of crime</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Crime_labels" title="Wikipedia:Crime labels">Wikipedia:Crime labels</a></div> <p>Labels such as "criminal", "convicted felon", "fraudster", and "convicted sex offender" are imprecise and could be construed as name-calling or a moral judgement. It is better to describe the specific crime itself. The description and its placement should not give undue weight to the crime.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the crime is central to a person's notability, it can be introduced immediately after establishing who they are or were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Kay_Letourneau" title="Mary Kay Letourneau"><b>Mary Kay Fualaau</b></a> (previously <b>Letourneau</b>; January 30, 1962 – July 6, 2020) was an American teacher who pleaded guilty in 1997 to two counts of felony <a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">second-degree rape of a child</a> and subsequently married her former student. <dl><dd>Fualaau was not notable prior to her crime, but establishing her profession first gives helpful context.</dd></dl></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a></b> (May 10, 1838 – April 26, 1865) was an American stage actor who <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">assassinated</a> United States President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ford%27s_Theatre" title="Ford's Theatre">Ford's Theatre</a> in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. <dl><dd>Booth was a noted actor of his day, but his theatrical fame is far eclipsed by his notoriety as an assassin.</dd></dl></li></ul> <p>When the person is primarily notable for a reason other than the crime, principles of due weight will usually suggest placing the criminal description later in the first paragraph or in a subsequent paragraph (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Martha_Stewart" title="Martha Stewart">Martha Stewart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Harris" title="Rolf Harris">Rolf Harris</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Polanski" title="Roman Polanski">Roman Polanski</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). If the crime is not a significant part of the person's notability (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tim_Allen" title="Tim Allen">Tim Allen</a>, convicted of a felony 16 years before his rise to fame), it may be undue to mention in the lead at all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Names" data-mw-thread-id="h-Names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Names"></span>Names <span class="anchor" id="NAMES"></span><span class="anchor" id="BIONAMES"></span><span class="anchor" id="NAME"></span><span class="anchor" id="BIONAME"></span><span class="anchor" id="NAMEBIO"></span><span class="anchor" id="NAMESBIO"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Names"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NAME"></span><span id="MOS:NAMES"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NAME&redirect=no">MOS:NAME</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NAMES&redirect=no">MOS:NAMES</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(people)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people)">WP:Naming conventions (people)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Alternative_names" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">WP:Manual of Style/Lead section § Alternative names</a></div> <p>Most of the examples throughout this section illustrate usage in the title sentence, but are generally applicable to personal names in any encyclopedic text unless the advice provided is explicitly about the lead section at the subject's own biographical article. </p><p>Most recent personal names have but one correct spelling for a particular individual, although presentation (use of initials, middle names, nicknames, etc.) can vary and still be correct. In these cases, it is best to use a recognizable form. The most complete name should appear at the beginning of the article to provide maximum information. Inclusion of middle names or initials when they are widely known, can be a useful form of disambiguation if there is more than one person known by that name. This can be particularly useful in disambiguating family members with very similar names (e.g., <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_P._Bush" title="George P. Bush">George P. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>). However, if the person is conventionally known by only their first and last names and disambiguation is not required, any middle names should be omitted. When a non-English personal name is written in a romanised form, it is encouraged to include the authentic spelling of the name at least once. For a person who has a biographic article, a link to that may suffice. </p><p>Names from history are less certain as to spelling, and the further back one goes the less particular societies were about exactness, so variations are more likely. Reliable sources on history should be consulted when a decision about naming must be made or a controversy arises. A readily accessible and authoritative source for the accepted name of a person who has written books, or who has been written about, is the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://authorities.loc.gov/">US Library of Congress Authorities database</a>, which provides the accepted name and variant names used by the British Library, the National Library of Canada, and other English-language libraries. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect" title="Wikipedia:Redirect">Redirect</a> pages can ensure that all variants lead to the desired article. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unusual_exceptions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Unusual_exceptions-Names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Unusual_exceptions-Names"></span>Unusual exceptions<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Unusual_exceptions-Names"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:BIOEXCEPT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BIOEXCEPT&redirect=no">MOS:BIOEXCEPT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Exceptions to the guidance in the <a href="/wiki/MOS:NAME" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:NAME">Names section</a> are only made when: </p> <ul><li>the person has <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_or_questionable_sources_as_sources_on_themselves" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">clearly declared</a> and consistently used a preferred exceptional style for their own name; <em>and</em></li> <li>an overwhelming majority of reliable sources use that exceptional style.</li></ul> <p>In such a case, treat it as a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(people)#Self-published_name_changes" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people)">self-published name change</a>. </p><p>Examples: </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Danah_boyd" title="Danah boyd"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">danah boyd</span></a> – lowercase – but not <a href="/wiki/E._E._Cummings" title="E. E. Cummings"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">e e cummings</span></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/K.d._lang" title="K.d. lang"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">k.d. lang</span></a> – lowercase, with unspaced initials</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Megan_Thee_Stallion" title="Megan Thee Stallion"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Megan Thee Stallion</span></a> – variant spelling of <i>The</i>, capitalized mid-name – but not <a href="/wiki/Cedric_the_Entertainer" title="Cedric the Entertainer"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Cedric The Entertainer</span></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CC_Sabathia" title="CC Sabathia"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">CC Sabathia</span></a>, and <a href="/wiki/CCH_Pounder" title="CCH Pounder"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">CCH Pounder</span></a> – unspaced initials with no dots</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dedee_Pfeiffer" title="Dedee Pfeiffer"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Dedee Pfeiffer</span></a> – spelled-out initials for <i>Dorothy Diane</i></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rose_ffrench,_1st_Baroness_ffrench" title="Rose ffrench, 1st Baroness ffrench"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Rose ffrench, 1st Baroness ffrench</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Word-initial_ff" title="Word-initial ff">word-initial <i>ff</i></a> used by that family</dd></dl> <p>Such exceptions are determined by consensus and source research at a particular article, and do not generalize across an entire category of subjects (e.g. other academics, singer-songwriters, sportspeople, actors, nobility, or groups). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect" title="Wikipedia:Redirect">Redirects</a> to such an article should exist from other forms of the name that readers might search for, especially the form that complies with the Manual of Style's defaults (for the above cases: <a href="/wiki/Danah_Boyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Danah Boyd">Danah Boyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._D._Lang" class="mw-redirect" title="K. D. Lang">K. D. Lang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megan_the_Stallion" class="mw-redirect" title="Megan the Stallion">Megan the Stallion</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._C._Sabathia" class="mw-redirect" title="C. C. Sabathia">C. C. Sabathia</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._C._H._Pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="C. C. H. Pounder">C. C. H. Pounder</a>, <a href="/wiki/D._D._Pfeiffer" class="mw-redirect" title="D. D. Pfeiffer">D. D. Pfeiffer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rose_Ffrench" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose Ffrench">Rose Ffrench</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rose_Ffrench,_1st_Baroness_Ffrench" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose Ffrench, 1st Baroness Ffrench">Rose Ffrench, 1st Baroness Ffrench</a>). </p><p>For unusual name presentations, usually in the sphere of performer marketing, that straddle the line between an individual's name and a trademark (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Deadmau5" title="Deadmau5"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Deadmau5</span></a>, versus <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Ke$ha</span> for <a href="/wiki/Kesha" title="Kesha"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Kesha</span></a>), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">WP:Manual of Style/Trademarks</a></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text_formatting" data-mw-thread-id="h-Text_formatting-Names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Text_formatting-Names"></span>Text formatting<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Text_formatting-Names"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NAMEFMT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NAMEFMT&redirect=no">MOS:NAMEFMT</a></span></li></ul></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Format_of_the_first_sentence" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Manual of Style/Lead section § Format of the first sentence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Bolding_of_title_and_alternative_names" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">§ Bolding of title and alternative names</a></div> <p>English-language text formatting and capitalization norms apply to the names of individuals and groups, including bands, troupes, teams/squads, and families. Avoid unusual text formatting, such as over-capitalization and letter substitutions, <a href="#THENICKNAME">including for nicknames</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks#General_rules" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">stage names and other trademarks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kesha_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesha (singer)"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Kesha</span></a> not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Ke$ha</span>). </p> <p><span class="anchor" id="NICKBOLD"></span><span class="anchor" id="NICKCRUFT"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"></p><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NICKBOLD"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NICKBOLD&redirect=no">MOS:NICKBOLD</a></span></li></ul></div></div><p>Common nicknames, aliases, and variants are usually <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#MOS:BOLDALTNAMES" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">given in boldface in the lead</a>, especially if they redirect to the article, or are found on a disambiguation page or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">hatnote</a> and link from those other names to the article. Boldface is not needed for obscure names, for a long list or for repeated names; embolden only the first instance. For example: </p><ul><li><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><b>Spiro Theodore Agnew</b> (November 9, 1918 – September 17, 1996) was the 39th vice president... <b>Agnew</b> was born...</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Spiro Theodore Agnew</b> (November 9, 1918 – September 17, 1996) was the 39th vice president... Agnew was born...</span></li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="THENAME"></span><span class="anchor" id="NAMETHE"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"></p><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:THENAME"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:THENAME&redirect=no">MOS:THENAME</a></span></li></ul></div></div><p>While English typically retains a leading <i>The</i> in the name of a published work, even when grammatically awkward (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Stephen King's <i>The Shining</i></span>), this is not done otherwise (use <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">a Beatles song</span> not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">a the Beatles song</span>). </p><ul><li>Use <a href="/wiki/Cedric_the_Entertainer" title="Cedric the Entertainer"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Cedric the Entertainer</b></span></a> not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Cedric The Entertainer</span></li> <li>In running text, the team is <a href="/wiki/Miami_Heat" title="Miami Heat"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Miami Heat</span></a>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">The Miami Heat</span>, except at the beginning of a sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-Sentence_case_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentence_case-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(For additional guidance on the use of capitals, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#Personal_names" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">WP:Manual of Style/Capital letters § Personal names</a>. For groups of various sorts, see also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">WP:Manual of Style/Trademarks</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music#Names_(definite_article)" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">WP:Manual of Style/Music § Names (definite article)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#Institutions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">WP:Manual of Style/Capital letters § Institutions</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#Proper_names" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">WP:Manual of Style/Capital letters § Proper names</a>.)</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_mention" data-mw-thread-id="h-First_mention-Names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-First_mention-Names"></span>First mention<span data-mw-comment-end="h-First_mention-Names"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:FULLNAME"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:FULLNAME&redirect=no">MOS:FULLNAME</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>While the article title should generally be the name by which the subject is most commonly known, the subject's full name, if known, should usually be given in the lead sentence (including middle names, if known, or middle initials). Many cultures have a tradition of not using the full name of a person in everyday reference, but the article should start with the complete version in most cases. For example: </p> <ul><li><i>From <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>:</i> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz</b> (August 13, 1926 – November 25, 2016) ...</span></li></ul> <p>But remember that editors need to balance the desire to maximize the information available to the reader with the need to maintain readability. For example, the case of <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>. </p> <ul><li><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><b>Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي</span>; <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1942</span> – 20 October 2011), also known as <b>Colonel Gaddafi</b>, was a Libyan politician, revolutionary, and political theorist.</span></li></ul> <p>The sentence seems to contain unnecessary clutter – a more readable form would be preferable. In addition, more relevant information should be included instead of translations, pronunciations, and alternative names or spellings, which can be introduced later in the lead. Consider moving some details into a footnote: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi</b><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>pron 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1942</span> – 20 October 2011) was a Libyan <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a>, politician and political theorist who ruled <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> from 1969 until his <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Killing of Muammar Gaddafi">assassination</a> by <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Libya)" title="National Liberation Army (Libya)">rebel forces</a> in 2011.</span></li></ul> <p>But remember, it's on a case by case basis and subject to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_names" data-mw-thread-id="h-Alternative_names-Names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Alternative_names-Names"></span>Alternative names<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Alternative_names-Names"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Alternative_names" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Manual of Style/Lead section § Alternative names</a></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="BADNICK"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"></p><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:BIOALTNAME"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BIOALTNAME&redirect=no">MOS:BIOALTNAME</a></span></li></ul></div></div><p> Nicknames and other aliases included must be frequently used by reliable sources in reference to the subject. For any kind of alternative name, use formulations like the following (as applicable): </p><ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Timothy Alan Dick</b> (born June 13, 1953), known professionally as <b>Tim Allen</b></span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi</b> (c. 1445 – May 17, 1510), better known as <b>Sandro Botticelli</b></span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Ariadna Thalía Sodi Miranda</b> (born 26 August 1971), known <a href="/wiki/Mononym" title="Mononym">mononymously</a> as <b>Thalía</b></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:BADNICK"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BADNICK&redirect=no">MOS:BADNICK</a></span></li></ul></div></div><p>Alternative names that are sourceable but not generally known to the public (e.g., a childhood nickname, a <a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">hypocorism</a> only used in private life, or a term of spousal endearment revealed in an in-depth biographical book) are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">not encyclopedic</a>. Highlighting uncommon or disputed appellations in the lead section gives them <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a>, and may also be a more general <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> problem if the phrase is laudatory or critical. Examples: </p><ul><li>A sports journalist's one-off reference to a player as "<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">the Atlanta panther</span>" in <a href="/wiki/Purple_prose" title="Purple prose">purple prose</a> does not constitute a nickname, and treating it as one is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tricky_Dick" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tricky Dick">Tricky Dick</a>" does not appear in the lead of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>; this label by his political opponents is covered, with context, in the article body.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NICKCRUFT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NICKCRUFT&redirect=no">MOS:NICKCRUFT</a></span></li></ul></div></div><p>Alternative names that are not well known to our readers may not need to be in the lead at all. Excessive non-English language details can make the lead sentence difficult to understand. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/23px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Genghis Khan</b> or <b>Chinggis Khaan</b> (born <b>Temüjin</b>; c. 1162 – August 18, 1227) was the founder of the Mongol Empire.</span><br/> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><b>Genghis Khan</b> or <b>Chinggis Khaan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <span lang="mn">Чингис хаан</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Mongolian" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Mongolian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn">Çingis hán</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">成吉思汗</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Chéngjísī Hán</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ch'eng<sup>2</sup>-chi<sup>2</sup>-szu<sup>1</sup> Han<sup>4</sup></span></i>; c. 1162 – August 18, 1227), born <b>Temüjin</b> (<span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Тэмүжин</span></span> <i>Temüjin</i>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">鐵木真</span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">铁木真</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Tiěmùzhēn</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">T'ieh<sup>3</sup>-mu<sup>4</sup>-chen<sup>1</sup></span></i>), was the founder of the Mongol Empire.</span><br/> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/23px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Joseph John Aiuppa</b> (December 1, 1907 – February 22, 1997), also known as "Joey O'Brien" and later as "Joey Doves", was a Chicago mobster.</span><br/> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><b>Joseph John Aiuppa</b> (December 1, 1907 – February 22, 1997), also known as "<b>Joey O'Brien</b>", "<b>Joey O.</b>", "<b>O'Brien</b>", "<b>Joey Doves'</b>", "<b>Joey the Doves</b>", and "<b>Mourning Doves</b>", was a Chicago mobster.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*The various nicknames are mostly how other mobsters – not so much the reliable sources – referred to Joey Aiuppa, and only two of them were widely reported, the rest being minor variants. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="anchor" id="THENICKNAME"></span><span class="anchor" id="NICKNAMETHE"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"></p><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:THENICKNAME"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:THENICKNAME&redirect=no">MOS:THENICKNAME</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>A leading <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#Capitalization_of_The" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">"the" is not capitalized</a> in a nickname, pseudonym, or other alias (except when the alias begins a sentence<sup id="cite_ref-Sentence_case_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentence_case-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>): </p> <ul><li><i>Use:</i> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Tatum" title="Jack Tatum"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Jack "the Assassin" Tatum</span></a>; or: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Jack Tatum, nicknamed "the Assassin"</span></li> <li><i>Avoid:</i> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Jack "The Assassin" Tatum</span>; and: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Jack Tatum, nicknamed "The Assassin"</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anachronistic_names" data-mw-thread-id="h-Anachronistic_names-Alternative_names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Anachronistic_names-Alternative_names"></span>Anachronistic names<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Anachronistic_names-Alternative_names"></span></h4></div> <p>A person named in an article of which they are not the subject should be referred to by the name they used at the time being described. For example, Pope John Paul I was known as Albino Luciani before he was elevated to the papacy, so material about the time before he became pope should use that name. In some cases, it is helpful to the reader to clarify, e.g., <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Albino Luciani (later to become <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a>)</span>. The principle of avoiding anachronistic naming is also usually employed in the subject's own biography (including that of John Paul I), especially when the article is no longer a short <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Changed_names" data-mw-thread-id="h-Changed_names-Alternative_names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Changed_names-Alternative_names"></span>Changed names<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Changed_names-Alternative_names"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:BIRTHNAME"></span><span id="MOS:CHANGEDNAME"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BIRTHNAME&redirect=no">MOS:BIRTHNAME</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CHANGEDNAME&redirect=no">MOS:CHANGEDNAME</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:CHANGEDNAME" redirects here. For the general article title guideline, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NAMECHANGES" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NAMECHANGES">WP:NAMECHANGES</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(people)#Self-published_name_changes" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people)">WP:Naming conventions (people) § Self-published name changes</a></div> <p>In some cases, a subject may have changed their full name at some point after birth. In these cases, the birth name may be given in the lead as well, if relevant:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>From <a href="/wiki/Jack_Benny" title="Jack Benny">Jack Benny</a>:</i> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Jack Benny</b> (born <b>Benjamin Kubelsky</b>, February 14, 1894 – December 26, 1974) ...</span></li> <li><i>From <a href="/wiki/Bill_de_Blasio" title="Bill de Blasio">Bill de Blasio</a>:</i> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Bill de Blasio</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; born <b>Warren Wilhelm Jr.</b>, May 8, 1961) ...</span></li></ul> <p>Specific guidelines apply to living transgender and non-binary people <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(see <a href="#Gender_identity">§ Gender identity</a>, below)</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Multiple_changed_names" data-mw-thread-id="h-Multiple_changed_names-Changed_names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Multiple_changed_names-Changed_names"></span>Multiple changed names<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Multiple_changed_names-Changed_names"></span></h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:MULTIPLENAMES"></span><span id="MOS:MULTINAMES"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:MULTIPLENAMES&redirect=no">MOS:MULTIPLENAMES</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:MULTINAMES&redirect=no">MOS:MULTINAMES</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>In other cases, a subject may have changed name multiple times.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Multiple former names may be mentioned in the lead, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#BOLDSYN" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">boldfaced</a> if they redirect to the article. However, it is not always appropriate to list every previous name of a subject, only the birth name and those that were in use during the period of notability: </p> <ul><li><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><b>Bill de Blasio</b> (born <b>Warren Wilhelm Jr.</b>, May 8, 1961) is a politician .... He was briefly known as <b>Warren de Blasio-Wilhelm</b> ...</span></li></ul> <p>The names should be distributed throughout the lead to mark major transitions in the subject's life: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Augustus</b> (63 BC – 14 AD) was a Roman emperor .... He was born <b>Gaius Octavius Thurinus</b> into a wealthy family .... He assumed the name <b>Octavian</b> after his adoption ...</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Surnames" data-mw-thread-id="h-Surnames-Changed_names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Surnames-Changed_names"></span>Surnames<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Surnames-Changed_names"></span></h5></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="NE"></span><span class="anchor" id="NEE"></span><span class="anchor" id="Né"></span><span class="anchor" id="Née"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"></p><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NE"></span><span id="MOS:NEE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NE&redirect=no">MOS:NE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NEE&redirect=no">MOS:NEE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>If a subject changed their <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> (last name) for whatever reason (e.g., marriage, adoption, personal preference), then their surname at birth should generally also be given in the lead. Editors may denote this with "born" followed by the subject's surname or full name; for name changes due to marriage, they may also use <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">née</a> (feminine) and <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Né">né</a> (masculine) followed by the surname, provided the term is linked at first occurrence. The templates <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Nee" title="Template:Nee">nee</a>}}</code> and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Ne" title="Template:Ne">ne</a>}}</code> provide this linking and do not require typing the <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">é</span> character. </p><p>Some practical examples: </p> <ul><li><i>From <a href="/wiki/Courtney_Love" title="Courtney Love">Courtney Love</a>:</i> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Courtney Michelle Love</b> (<a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">née</a> <b>Harrison</b>; born July 9, 1964) is an American singer, songwriter, actress ...</span></li> <li><i>From <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>:</i> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton</b> (<a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">née</a> <b>Rodham</b>; October 26, 1947) is an American politician and diplomat ...</span></li> <li><i>From <a href="/wiki/Jack_White" title="Jack White">Jack White</a>:</i> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>John Anthony White</b> (<a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Né">né</a> <b> Gillis</b>; born July 9, 1975) is an American musician, singer, songwriter ...</span></li> <li><i>From <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Flynn" title="Barbara Flynn">Barbara Flynn</a>:</i> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Barbara Flynn</b> (born <b>Barbara Joy McMurray</b>, 5 August 1948) is an English actress ...</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pseudonyms_and_stage_names" data-mw-thread-id="h-Pseudonyms_and_stage_names-Alternative_names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Pseudonyms_and_stage_names-Alternative_names"></span>Pseudonyms and stage names <span class="anchor" id="PSEUDONYM"></span><span class="anchor" id="HYPOCORISM"></span><span class="anchor" id="LEGALNAME"></span><span class="anchor" id="NICKNAME"></span><span class="anchor" id="Pseudonyms"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Pseudonyms_and_stage_names-Alternative_names"></span></h4></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Pseudonyms,_stage_names,_nicknames,_hypocorisms,_and_common_names"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:PSEUDONYM"></span><span id="MOS:LEGALNAME"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PSEUDONYM&redirect=no">MOS:PSEUDONYM</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LEGALNAME&redirect=no">MOS:LEGALNAME</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>For people who are best known by a <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Legal_name" title="Legal name">legal name</a> should usually appear first in the article, followed closely by the pseudonym. Follow this practice even if the article itself is titled with the pseudonym: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Louis Bert Lindley Jr.</b> (June 29, 1919 – December 8, 1983), better known by the <a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">stage name</a> <b>Slim Pickens</b></span></li></ul> <p>Investigation in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">reliable sources</a> may be needed to determine whether a subject known usually by a pseudonym has actually changed their legal name to match (e.g., Reginald Kenneth Dwight formally changed his name to <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton Hercules John</a> early in his musical career). Where this is not the case, and where the subject uses a popular form of their name in everyday life, then care must be taken to avoid implying that a person who does not generally use all their forenames or who uses a familiar form has actually changed their name. Do <i>not</i> write, for example: </p> <ul><li><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><b>John Edwards</b> (born <b>Johnny Reid Edwards</b>, June 10, 1953)</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hypocorisms" data-mw-thread-id="h-Hypocorisms-Alternative_names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Hypocorisms-Alternative_names"></span>Hypocorisms<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Hypocorisms-Alternative_names"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:HYPOCORISM"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:HYPOCORISM&redirect=no">MOS:HYPOCORISM</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>It is not always necessary to spell out why the article title and lead paragraph give a different name. If a person has a common English-language <a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">hypocorism</a> (diminutive or abbreviation) used in lieu of a given name,<sup id="cite_ref-CommHypo_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CommHypo-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is <em>not</em> presented between quotation marks or parentheses within or after their name. Example: </p> <ul><li><i>Use:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>William Henry Gates III</b></span></a></li> <li><i>Avoid:</i> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><b>William Henry</b> "<b>Bill</b>" <b>Gates III</b></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nicknames" data-mw-thread-id="h-Nicknames-Alternative_names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Nicknames-Alternative_names"></span>Nicknames<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Nicknames-Alternative_names"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Alternative_names">§ Alternative names</a></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="QUOTENAME"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"></p><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NICKNAME"></span><span id="MOS:NICK"></span><span id="MOS:QUOTENAME"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NICKNAME&redirect=no">MOS:NICKNAME</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NICK&redirect=no">MOS:NICK</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:QUOTENAME&redirect=no">MOS:QUOTENAME</a></span></li></ul></div></div><p>If a person is known by a <a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">nickname</a> used in lieu of or in addition to a given name, and it is not a common hypocorism<sup id="cite_ref-CommHypo_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CommHypo-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of one of their names, or a professional alias, it is usually presented between double quotation marks following the last given name or initial. The quotation marks are not put in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Format_of_the_first_sentence" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead-section boldface</a>. Example: </p><ul><li><i>From <a href="/wiki/Bunny_Berigan" title="Bunny Berigan">Bunny Berigan</a>:</i> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Roland Bernard</b> "<b>Bunny</b>" <b>Berigan</b></span>.</li> <li><i>From <a href="/wiki/Tina_Fey" title="Tina Fey">Tina Fey</a>:</i> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Elizabeth Stamatina</b> "<b>Tina</b>" <b>Fey</b></span>.</li></ul> <p>Do not cram multiple hypocorisms and nicknames into the name in the lead sentence; complicated naming should be explained separately. </p> <ul><li><i>Poor, confusing example</i>: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><b>William Emery "Emory, Spunk" Sparrow</b> (September 15, 1897 – February 2, 1965) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward....</span></li> <li><i>Clear rewrite</i>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>William Emery Sparrow</b> (September 15, 1897 – February 2, 1965) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward.... As a professional player, he spelled his name Emory, and was commonly known by the nickname <b>Spunk Sparrow</b>.</span> (The article title is <a href="/wiki/Emory_Sparrow" title="Emory Sparrow">Emory Sparrow</a>, already establishing that as the common, primary name.)</li></ul> <p>A nickname can eventually become a professional alias, even the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles#Use_commonly_recognizable_names" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">most common name</a> for a person. In this case, it is within quotation marks only if it first introduces the nickname in mid-name in the lead. Otherwise, it loses the quotation marks. If the nickname is dominant (in general or in a particular context) it can often be used in other articles without further elaboration. Example: </p> <ul><li><i>From <a href="/wiki/Magic_Johnson" title="Magic Johnson">Magic Johnson</a>:</i> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Earvin</b> "<b>Magic</b>" <b>Johnson Jr.</b> (born August 14, 1959) is ... a basketball player.</span> <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Magic Johnson left Michigan State after his sophomore season to enter the NBA draft</span>.</li></ul> <p>If a nickname is used in place of the subject's entire name, it is usually given separately: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Alphonse Gabriel Capone</b> ... sometimes known by the nickname "<b>Scarface</b>"</span>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Ruth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Ruth">Dr. Ruth</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Drew" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Drew">Dr. Drew</a></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(covered in more detail in <a href="#Academic_or_professional_titles_and_degrees">§ Academic or professional titles and degrees</a>, below)</span> are trademarks; though they originated as informal nicknames, they do not require quotation marks. <ul><li><i>From <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Westheimer" title="Ruth Westheimer">Ruth Westheimer</a></i>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Karola Ruth Westheimer</b> (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a></span> <b>Siegel</b>; born June 4, 1928), better known as <b>Dr. Ruth</b>, is a...</span></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Nicknames should not be re-presented with additional name parts unless necessary for usage clarity. </p> <ul><li><i>Use:</i> <a href="/wiki/Earl_Strickland" title="Earl Strickland"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Earl "the Pearl" Strickland</span></a>; or: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Earl Strickland, nicknamed "Earl the Pearl"</span></li> <li><i>Avoid:</i> <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Earl Strickland, nicknamed "Earl the Pearl" Strickland</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initials" data-mw-thread-id="h-Initials-Names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Initials-Names"></span>Initials<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Initials-Names"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:INITS"></span><span id="MOS:INITIALS"></span><span id="MOS:SPACEINITS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:INITS&redirect=no">MOS:INITS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:INITIALS&redirect=no">MOS:INITIALS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SPACEINITS&redirect=no">MOS:SPACEINITS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(people)#Middle_names_and_initials" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people)">WP:Naming conventions (people) § Middle names and initials</a></div> <p>Use initials in a personal name<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only if the name is commonly written that way. </p><p>An initial is capitalized and is followed by a <a href="/wiki/Full_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Full point">full point</a> (period) and a space (e.g. <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a></span>). </p><p>In article text, a space after an initial (or an initial and a full point) and before another initial should be a non-breaking space: <code>J.<span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">&nbsp;</span>R.<span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">&nbsp;</span>R. Tolkien</code> (or use the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">nbsp</a>}}</code> template). This also works inside links ( <code>[[J.<span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">&nbsp;</span>R.<span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">&nbsp;</span>R. Tolkien]]</code>) and citation template parameters (<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|first=J.<span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">&nbsp;</span>R.<span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">&nbsp;</span>R.</code>), though <em>only</em> with <code>&nbsp;</code> markup, <em>not</em> the template. An alternative is <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Nowrap" title="Template:Nowrap">nowrap</a>}}</code> around the entire initials string, but this must not be used inside citation template parameters. </p><p>Initials in other languages are sometimes treated differently from usual English practice. For example, a name beginning with two letters representing a single sound is treated as a single two-character initial in some European languages (e.g., <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Th.</span> for <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Theophilus</span>), and hyphenated given names are sometimes abbreviated with the hyphen (<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">J.-P.</span> for <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Jean-Pierre</span>). If reliable sources consistently use such a form for a particular person, use it on Wikipedia as well. </p><p>Avoid formerly common multi-letter abbreviations used in English as a shorthand in letter-writing, genealogies, etc. (examples: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Geo.</span> = <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">George</span>; <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Jno.</span> = <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">John</span>; <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Jna.</span> = <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Jonathan</span>; <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Thos.</span> = <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Thomas</span>; <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Jas.</span> = <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">James</span>, <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Chas.</span> = <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Charles</span>), except in quotations and as they survive in trademarks (<a href="/wiki/Geo._Hall_%26_Sons" title="Geo. Hall & Sons"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Geo. Hall & Sons</span></a>). E.g., refer to the author as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">George W. Proctor</span>, though some of his books have <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Geo. W. Proctor</span> on the cover (the alternative form should <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect" title="Wikipedia:Redirect">redirect</a> to his article). </p><p>With initials, it is not necessary to spell out why the article title and lead paragraph give a different name. For example, <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">H. P. Lovecraft</a> has that title, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">H. P. Lovecraft</span> appears in his <a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_person" title="Template:Infobox person">infobox</a>, and his lead sentence just gives <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Howard Phillips Lovecraft</b> ... was an American writer ...</span>, without "explaining" to the reader what <i>H. P.</i> stands for. Initials are not <a href="#Pseudonyms,_stage_names,_nicknames,_hypocorisms,_and_common_names">nicknames</a>; do not put them in quotation marks or insert them in mid-name, as in <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">John Thomas Smith better known as <span class="nowrap">"J. T."</span> Smith</span> or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">John Thomas <span class="nowrap">(J. T.)</span> Smith</span>. </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(For unusual exceptions, see <a href="#Unusual_exceptions">below</a>.)</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generational_and_regnal_suffixes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Generational_and_regnal_suffixes-Names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Generational_and_regnal_suffixes-Names"></span>Generational and regnal suffixes <span class="anchor" id="Child_named_for_parent_or_predecessor"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Generational_and_regnal_suffixes-Names"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:JR"></span><span id="MOS:SR"></span><span id="MOS:REGNAL"></span><span id="MOS:JUNIOR"></span><span id="MOS:JRSR"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:JR&redirect=no">MOS:JR</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SR&redirect=no">MOS:SR</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:REGNAL&redirect=no">MOS:REGNAL</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:JUNIOR&redirect=no">MOS:JUNIOR</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:JRSR&redirect=no">MOS:JRSR</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MOS:SR" redirects here. For style guidelines regarding self-references in articles, see <a href="/wiki/MOS:SELFREF" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:SELFREF">MOS:SELFREF</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(people)#Junior/Senior_–_the_Younger/the_Elder_–_Ordinals" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people)">WP:Naming conventions (people) § Junior/Senior – the Younger/the Elder – Ordinals</a></div> <p>Using <i>Jr.</i>, <i>Sr.</i>, or other such distinctions, including in the lead sentence of an article, is <em>only</em> for cases in which the name with the <a href="/wiki/Suffix_(name)#Generational_titles" title="Suffix (name)">suffix</a> is commonly used in reliable sources. </p><p>Do not put a comma before <i>Jr.</i>, <i>Sr.</i> (or variations such as <i>Jnr</i>), or a <a href="/wiki/Roman_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman numeral">Roman numeral</a> name suffix, whether it is <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Regnal_number" title="Regnal number">regnal</a>: use <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Otis D. Wright II</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Otis D. Wright, II</span>. </p><p>When the surname is shown first, the suffix follows the given name, as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Kennedy, John F. Jr.</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Wright, Otis D. II</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the given name is omitted, omit the suffix –<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Kennedy</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Kennedy Jr.</span> – except where the context requires disambiguation. If necessary, explain in longer form which party is meant, e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The younger Jackson was elected mayor of Wolverham in 1998.</span> </p><p>The French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">fils</i></span> ('son') and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">père</i></span> ('father') can be used for subjects for whom this usage is typical in English-language works: <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_fils" title="Alexandre Dumas fils"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Alexandre Dumas <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">fils</i></span></span></a>. These terms are not capitalized. </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">See <a href="#People_with_the_same_surname">§ People with the same surname</a> for an additional usage note.</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Families" data-mw-thread-id="h-Families-Names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Families-Names"></span>Families<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Families-Names"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(families)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (families)">WP:Naming conventions (families)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Text_formatting">WP:Manual of Style/Biography § Text formatting</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Royal_surnames" data-mw-thread-id="h-Royal_surnames-Families"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Royal_surnames-Families"></span>Royal surnames<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Royal_surnames-Families"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:ROYAL"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ROYAL&redirect=no">MOS:ROYAL</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(royalty_and_nobility)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (royalty and nobility)">WP:Naming conventions (royalty and nobility)</a></div> <p>Only incorporate surnames in the opening line of royal biographies if they are known and if they are in normal use. But do not automatically presume that the name of a <a href="/wiki/Royal_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal house">royal house</a> is the personal surname of its members. In many cases it is not. For visual clarity, articles on monarchs should generally begin with the form <i>"{name} {ordinal if appropriate} (full name – but without surname; birth and death dates, if applicable)"</i>, and articles on other royals should generally begin with the form <i>"{royal title} {name} {ordinal if appropriate} (full name – including surname if known; birth and death dates, if applicable)</i>"; in both cases with the full name and dates information unformatted, but the title, name and ordinal that are outside the parenthesis, in bold. Using this format displays the most important information clearly without an unattractive excess of formatting. Other information on royal titles should be listed where appropriate in chronological order. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_use" data-mw-thread-id="h-Subsequent_use-Names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Subsequent_use-Names"></span>Subsequent use<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Subsequent_use-Names"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:SURNAME" redirects here. For surname-article issues, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Anthroponymy" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Anthroponymy">WP:WikiProject Anthroponymy</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:SURNAME"></span><span id="MOS:LASTNAME"></span><span id="MOS:FAMILYNAME"></span><span id="MOS:MRS"></span><span id="MOS:MR"></span><span id="MOS:MS"></span><span id="MOS:MISS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SURNAME&redirect=no">MOS:SURNAME</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LASTNAME&redirect=no">MOS:LASTNAME</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:FAMILYNAME&redirect=no">MOS:FAMILYNAME</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:MRS&redirect=no">MOS:MRS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:MR&redirect=no">MOS:MR</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:MS&redirect=no">MOS:MS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:MISS&redirect=no">MOS:MISS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>After the initial mention, a person should generally be referred to by <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> only – without an <a href="/wiki/English_honorifics" title="English honorifics">honorific prefix</a> such as "Mr.", "Mrs.", or "Ms.", and <a href="#Academic_or_professional_titles_and_degrees">without academic or professional prefixes</a> like "Dr.", "Prof.", "Rev.", etc. – or may be referred to by a <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronoun</a>. For example: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Fred Smith was a Cubist painter in the early 20th century. He moved to Genoa, where he met singer Gianna Doe. Smith and Doe later married.</span></li></ul> <p>However, where a person does not have a surname but a <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> (like <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">many Icelanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_name" title="Mongolian name">some Mongols</a>, and those historical persons who are known by names-and-patronymics instead of surnames), then the proper form of reference is usually the given name. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(See also <a href="#Culture-specific_usages">§ Culture-specific usages</a>, below.)</span> For example: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Iceland's 24th prime minister was <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3hanna_Sigur%C3%B0ard%C3%B3ttir" title="Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir">Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir</a>. Jóhanna was elected to the Althing in 1978.</span></li></ul> <p>Generally speaking, subjects should not otherwise be referred to by their <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a>; exceptions include royalty, e.g. <a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Prince William</span></a> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">William</span>. Any subject whose surname has changed should be referred to by their most commonly used name. If their most commonly used name includes their earlier surname, and you're discussing a period of their life before the surname change, refer to them by their prior surname. In other words, when discussing the early lives of <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, use "Rodham met Clinton while they were students at Yale", referring to Hillary using her then-current surname. </p><p>A member of the nobility may be referred to by title if that form of address would have been the customary way to refer to him or her; for example <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester">Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester</a>, may become <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Earl of Leicester</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Earl</span>, or just <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Leicester</span> (if the context is clear enough) in subsequent mentions. For modern-day nobility it is better to use name and title; at some time in the future the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> will be a different person than <a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a>, and a great many articles risk becoming out of date. Be careful not to give someone a title too soon; for example, one should use <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Robert Dudley</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Dudley</span> when describing events before his elevation to the peerage in 1564. </p><p>When a majority of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reliable secondary sources</a> refer to persons by a <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a>, they should be subsequently referred to by their pseudonymous surnames, unless they do not include a recognizable surname in the pseudonym (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snoop_Dogg" title="Snoop Dogg">Snoop Dogg</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Edge" title="The Edge">the Edge</a>), in which case the whole pseudonym is used. For people well known by one-word names, nicknames, or pseudonyms, but who often also use their legal names professionally – e.g., <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_3000" title="André 3000">André Benjamin</a> ("André 3000"), <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez" title="Jennifer Lopez">Jennifer Lopez</a> ("J.Lo"); doctor/broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Drew_Pinsky" title="Drew Pinsky">Drew Pinsky</a> ("Dr. Drew") – use the legal surname. If they use their <a href="/wiki/Mononym" title="Mononym">mononym</a> or pseudonym exclusively, then use that name (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Aaliyah" title="Aaliyah">Aaliyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selena" title="Selena">Selena</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Usher_(musician)" title="Usher (musician)">Usher</a>). If a person is known by multiple professional names, the article title should be either their most commonly used one, or their original name (<a href="/wiki/Sean_Combs" title="Sean Combs">Sean Combs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teemu_Keisteri" title="Teemu Keisteri">Teemu Keisteri</a> are examples for the latter.) </p><p>For fictional entities, use common names. For example, <a href="/wiki/Jason_Voorhees" title="Jason Voorhees"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Jason</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi" title="Luigi"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Luigi</span></a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Wesker" title="Albert Wesker"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Wesker</span></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture-specific_usages" data-mw-thread-id="h-Culture-specific_usages-Names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Culture-specific_usages-Names"></span>Culture-specific usages <span class="anchor" id="Country-specific_usage"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Culture-specific_usages-Names"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:GIVENNAME"></span><span id="MOS:PATRONYMIC"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:GIVENNAME&redirect=no">MOS:GIVENNAME</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PATRONYMIC&redirect=no">MOS:PATRONYMIC</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Hatnote_templates_for_names" title="Category:Hatnote templates for names">Category:Hatnote templates for names</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_names" title="Burmese names">Burmese names</a> are personal names that consist of one or more words, with no patronymic or surname. Always use the full form of the person's name. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Burmese)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Burmese)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Burmese)</a>.)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_in_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions in Ethiopia and Eritrea">Ethiopian and Eritrean</a> people are almost always referred to by their given name as they do not have a family name. There are some rare exceptions to this: where the person – usually a member of the later generations of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Eritrean_diaspora" title="Category:Eritrean diaspora">Eritrean diaspora</a> or <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethiopian_diaspora" title="Category:Ethiopian diaspora">Ethiopian diaspora</a> – has adopted the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> as a formal <a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">family name</a>. Consider using the template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Patronymic_name" title="Template:Patronymic name">Patronymic name</a>}}</code>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic names">Icelandic</a> people with patronymics (which is most of them) may be referred to by their given name or their given name and patronymic, but not by their patronymic alone. Consider using <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Icelandic_name" title="Template:Icelandic name">Icelandic name</a>}}</code>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Japan-related_articles#Personal_names" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Japan-related articles">Japanese</a> historical (and some modern) figures may be conventionally known by either their family (clan) name and their given name or their given name only but not their family name only.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, many people use only a personal name, which may be followed by a <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a>; in such cases, they should be referred to by their personal name.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian names">Mongolian</a> people are referred to by their given name, with their patronymic placed in front of it, usually in genitive case. There are no family names. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(For more details, see <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_name" title="Mongolian name">Mongolian name</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Mongolian)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Mongolian)">WP:Naming conventions (Mongolian)</a>.)</span> Consider placing <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Family_name_hatnote" title="Template:Family name hatnote">Family name hatnote</a>}}</code>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish naming customs</a> generally call for one or more given names followed by a patronymic then a matronymic (and the latter two may be separated by <i>y</i> or another article). In <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_naming_customs" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese naming customs">Portuguese names</a>, given names are followed by a matronymic then a patronymic. In both cases, the common name of such a person most often lacks the matronymic. Consider using <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Family_name_hatnote" title="Template:Family name hatnote">Family name hatnote</a>}}</code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Portuguese_name" title="Template:Portuguese name">Portuguese name</a>}}</code>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai names">Thai</a> people are almost always known and addressed by their first name (i.e. given name). Hence, on second and subsequent mentions, they should be referred to by first name alone.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese names">Vietnamese names</a>, given names also take priority over family names. The given name, not the surname, should be used to refer to the person. The given name is nevertheless placed after the family name, following the East Asian naming scheme, even when written about in English.</li></ul> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">See also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization_of_people#Sort_by_surname" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Categorization of people">WP:Categorization of people § Sort by surname</a>, on the proper sorting of these names.</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People_with_the_same_surname" data-mw-thread-id="h-People_with_the_same_surname-Names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-People_with_the_same_surname-Names"></span>People with the same surname<span data-mw-comment-end="h-People_with_the_same_surname-Names"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:SAMESURNAME"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SAMESURNAME&redirect=no">MOS:SAMESURNAME</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>To distinguish between people with the same surname in the same article or page, use <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given names</a> or complete names to refer to each of the people <em>upon first mention</em>. For subsequent uses, refer to them by their given names for clarity and brevity. When referring to the person who is the subject of the article, use <em>just the surname</em> unless the reference is part of a list of family members or if use of the surname alone will be confusing. This applies to minors as well as adults.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While citations and bibliographies should use full names even in subsequent mentions (if full names are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITEVAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITEVAR">the style for citations</a> and bibliographies in the article), the body of an article should not unless confusion could result. </p><p>For example, in the text of an article on <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>: </p> <ul><li><i>Correct</i>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Ronald and Nancy Reagan arrived separately, Ronald by helicopter and Nancy by car.</span></li> <li><i>Correct</i>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The Reagans arrived separately, Ronald by helicopter and Nancy by car.</span></li> <li><i>Redundant</i>: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Ronald and Nancy Reagan arrived separately; Ronald Reagan by helicopter and Nancy Reagan by car.</span></li></ul> <p>In the text of an article about the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a>: </p> <ul><li><i>Correct</i>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Jacob Grimm was 14 months older than his brother Wilhelm.</span></li> <li><i>Redundant</i>: <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Jacob Grimm was 14 months older than his brother Wilhelm Grimm.</span></li></ul> <p>Individuals distinguished with a generational suffix can be written about in <var style="padding-right: 1px;">Forename</var> <var style="padding-right: 1px;">Suffix</var> style to disambiguate from other family members in the same article: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">William Sr.</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">John Jnr</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">James III</span>. No comma is used in these short constructions. </p><p>If an article about a person mentions another person with the same surname who is not related by family or marriage, subsequent mentions of the other person should use the full name: </p> <ul><li><i>Correct</i>: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Andrea Dworkin</a> was the subject of biographical writing by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Ronald Dworkin</a>.</span></li></ul> <p>In an article that is not about either unrelated person with the same surname, continue to refer to them both by their full names. Source citations, bibliographies, and in-text attributions usually include names of authors and others. Consider them when checking for people with the same surname. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eponyms" data-mw-thread-id="h-Eponyms-Names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Eponyms-Names"></span>Eponyms<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Eponyms-Names"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Eponyms" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">WP:Manual of Style § Eponyms</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eponyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Eponyms">Eponyms</a> – derived usage of personal (or other) names, as in <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Parkinson's disease</span> – <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Eponyms" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">capitalize the name portion, aside from conventionalized exceptions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Titles_of_people" data-mw-thread-id="h-Titles_of_people"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Titles_of_people"></span>Titles of people<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Titles_of_people"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:PEOPLETITLES"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PEOPLETITLES&redirect=no">MOS:PEOPLETITLES</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p><b>Overview</b>: Titles should be capitalized when attached to an individual's name, or where the position/office is a <i>globally unique</i> title that is the subject itself, <em>and</em> the term is the actual title or conventional translation thereof (not a description or rewording). Titles should not be capitalized when being used generically. Aside from mentioning them in the lead sentence of a biographical subject's own article, only use titles where they are necessary for clarity or identification in the context. </p><p>Specifics may vary, as described in more detail below. Non-English titles are most often translated into English, but this is left to editorial discretion and may be conventionalized across a category, based primarily on usage in English-language reliable sources (e.g., recipients of German knighthoods like <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">Robert Ritter von Greim</span> are not translated into "<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Sir Robert Greim</span>", and are usually rendered in <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Robert von Greim</span> form in running text; the Tibetan title <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> is far more familiar to English speakers than any literal or figurative translation.) </p><p><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Hyphenation_and_compounds"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Hyphenation and compounds</span></span>:</b> When hyphenated and capitalized, e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Vice-president</span> (as it is usually spelled in contexts other than US politics), the element after the hyphen <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Hyphens" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">is not capitalized</a>. When an unhyphenated compound title is capitalized (unless this is simply because it begins a sentence),<sup id="cite_ref-Sentence_case_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentence_case-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each word begins with a capital letter: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">In 1973, Vice President Agnew resigned.</span> This does not apply to unimportant words, such as the <i>of</i> in <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">White House Chief of Staff John Doe</span>. Do not use a hyphen, dash, or slash to fuse two titles someone holds; give them separately: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">XYZCo Regional Director and Staff Counsel Janet Goldstein</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positions,_offices,_and_occupational_titles" data-mw-thread-id="h-Positions,_offices,_and_occupational_titles-Titles_of_people"><span id="Positions.2C_offices.2C_and_occupational_titles"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Positions,_offices,_and_occupational_titles-Titles_of_people"></span>Positions, offices, and occupational titles <span class="anchor" id="Occupation_titles"></span><span class="anchor" id="Occupational_titles"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Positions,_offices,_and_occupational_titles-Titles_of_people"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:JOBTITLE"></span><span id="MOS:JOB"></span><span id="MOS:OFFICE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:JOBTITLE&redirect=no">MOS:JOBTITLE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:JOB&redirect=no">MOS:JOB</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:OFFICE&redirect=no">MOS:OFFICE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Offices, titles, and positions such as <i>president</i>, <i>king</i>, <i>emperor</i>, <i>grand duke</i>, <i>lord mayor</i>, <i>pope</i>, <i>bishop</i>, <i>abbot</i>, <i>prime minister</i>, <i>leader of the opposition</i>, <i>chief financial officer</i>, and <i>executive director</i> are common nouns and therefore should be in lower case when used generically: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Mitterrand was the French president</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">There were many presidents at the meeting.</span> They are capitalized only in the following cases: </p> <ul><li>When followed by a person's name to form a title, i.e., when they can be considered to have become part of the name: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">President Nixon</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">president Nixon</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Pope John XXIII</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">pope John XXIII</span>.</li> <li>When a title is used to refer to a specific person as a substitute for their name during their time in office, e.g., <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the King</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">the king</span> (referring to <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>); <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">the Pope</span>, not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">the pope</span> (referring to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a>).</li> <li>When a formal title for a specific entity (or conventional translation thereof) is addressed as a title or position in and of itself, is not plural, is not preceded by a modifier (including a definite or indefinite article), and is not a reworded description:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <th style="width:275pt;">Unmodified, denoting a <em>title</em> </th> <th style="width:350pt;">Modified or reworded, denoting a <em>description</em> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Richard Nixon was President of the United States.</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Richard Nixon was the president of the United States.</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Richard Nixon was a president of the United States.</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Nixon was the 37th president of the United States.</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Nixon was one of the more controversial American presidents.</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Mao met with US president Richard Nixon in 1972.</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">A controversial American president, Richard Nixon, resigned.</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Camp David is a mountain retreat for presidents of the United States.</span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Theresa May became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 2016.</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Theresa May was the prime minister of the United Kingdom.</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Theresa May is a former prime minister of the United Kingdom.</span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Louis XVI became King of France and Navarre in 1774, later styled King of the French (1791–1792).</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Louis XVI was a king of France.</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Louis XVI was the king of France when the French Revolution began.</span></li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">The French king Louis XVI was later beheaded.</span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Even when used with a name, capitalization is <em>not required</em> for commercial and informal titles: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">OtagoSoft vice-president Chris Henare</span>; <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">team co-captain Chan</span>. </p><p>The formality (officialness), specificity, or unusualness of a title is not a reason to capitalize it. </p><p>Note that for "<span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">president of the United States</span>" or "<span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">prime minister of the United Kingdom</span>", the name of the country remains capitalized even when the title is not, as it is always a proper noun. When writing "<span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">minister of foreign affairs</span>" or "<span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">minister of national defence</span>", the portfolio should be lower-cased as it is not a proper noun on its own (i.e. write <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">minister of foreign affairs</span> or, as a proper noun, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Minister of Foreign Affairs</span>; do not write <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">minister of Foreign Affairs</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Academic_or_professional_titles_and_degrees" data-mw-thread-id="h-Academic_or_professional_titles_and_degrees-Positions,_offices,_and_occupational_titles"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Academic_or_professional_titles_and_degrees-Positions,_offices,_and_occupational_titles"></span>Academic or professional titles and degrees <span class="anchor" id="Academic_titles"></span><span class="anchor" id="Academic_titles_and_degrees"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Academic_or_professional_titles_and_degrees-Positions,_offices,_and_occupational_titles"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:CREDENTIAL"></span><span id="MOS:DOCTOR"></span><span id="MOS:DOC"></span><span id="MOS:PHD"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CREDENTIAL&redirect=no">MOS:CREDENTIAL</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DOCTOR&redirect=no">MOS:DOCTOR</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DOC&redirect=no">MOS:DOC</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PHD&redirect=no">MOS:PHD</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:CREDENTIALS" redirects here. For the use of credentials by Wikipedia editors, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:There_is_no_credential_policy" title="Wikipedia:There is no credential policy">WP:There is no credential policy</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MOS:PHD" redirects here. For the guidelines on abbreviations such as PhD, see <a href="/wiki/MOS:ABBR" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:ABBR">MOS:ABBR</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MOS:DEGREE" redirects here. For the use of the degree symbol °, see <a href="/wiki/MOS:UNITSYMBOLS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:UNITSYMBOLS">MOS:UNITSYMBOLS</a>.</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Title#Academic_titles" title="Title">Academic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Title#Professional_titles" title="Title">professional titles</a> (such as "Dr." or "Professor"), including honorary ones, should be used only with subjects of a biography that are widely known by a pseudonym or stage name containing the title (whether earned or not), and included in the pseudonym as described <a href="#MOS:NICKNAME">above</a> (e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Ruth Westheimer</b>, better known as <b>Dr. Ruth</b> ...</span>). However, verifiable facts about how a person attained their title should be included in the article. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(For periods (full stops) after abbreviated titles, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations#Full_points_(periods)" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">WP:Manual of Style/Abbreviations § Full points (periods)</a>.)</span> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">Post-nominal letters</a> for <a href="/wiki/Academic_degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic degrees">academic degrees</a> following someone's name (such as <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">Steve Jones, PhD</span>; <span class="example example-neutral" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif;">Margaret Doe, JD</span>) may occasionally be used within an article where that person is not the subject, to clarify their qualifications with regard to some part of the article, although this is usually better described in wording. Avoid this practice otherwise. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations#Contractions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">WP:Manual of Style/Abbreviations § Contractions</a></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-nominal_letters" data-mw-thread-id="h-Post-nominal_letters-Titles_of_people"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Post-nominal_letters-Titles_of_people"></span>Post-nominal letters <span class="anchor" id="Post-nominal_initials"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Post-nominal_letters-Titles_of_people"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations#Initials" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">WP:Manual of Style/Abbreviations § Initials</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(people)#Middle_names_and_initials" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people)">WP:Naming conventions (people) § Middle names and initials</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:POSTNOM"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:POSTNOM&redirect=no">MOS:POSTNOM</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>When the subject of an article has received honours or appointments issued either by the subject's state of citizenship or residence, or by a widely recognized organization that reliable sources regularly associate with the subject, <a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">post-nominal letters</a> may be included in the main body of the article, but not in the lead sentence of the article.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lead sentence <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Usage_in_first_sentence" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">should be concise</a>: Academic (including honorary) degrees and professional qualifications may be mentioned in the article, along with the above, but should be omitted from the lead. </p><p>Where post-nominal letters are used, they should either be separated from the name by a comma and each set divided by a comma, or no commas should be used at all. If a baronetcy or peerage is held, then commas should always be used for consistency's sake, as the former are separated from the name by a comma. </p><p>Post-nominals for honours awarded by the United Kingdom (e.g. KCB, CBE) may be used as soon as they are <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette#"Gazetted"" title="The London Gazette">gazetted</a>; <a href="/wiki/Investiture" title="Investiture">investiture</a> is not necessary. </p><p>Post-nominals should only be mentioned at relevant places in the main body of a biography subject's own article, in an infobox parameter for post-nominals, when the post-nominals themselves are under discussion in the material, and in other special circumstances such as a list of recipients of an award or other honour. For example, "<a href="/wiki/Brian_Lara" title="Brian Lara"><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Brian Lara</span></a><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;">TC OCC AM</span></span>" should not appear in an article like <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire_County_Cricket_Club" title="Warwickshire County Cricket Club">Warwickshire County Cricket Club</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formatting_post-nominals" data-mw-thread-id="h-Formatting_post-nominals-Post-nominal_letters"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Formatting_post-nominals-Post-nominal_letters"></span>Formatting post-nominals<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Formatting_post-nominals-Post-nominal_letters"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:POSTNOMVAR"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:POSTNOMVAR&redirect=no">MOS:POSTNOMVAR</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Where this manual provides options, consistency should be maintained within an article unless there is a good reason to do otherwise. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee" title="Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee">Arbitration Committee</a> has ruled that editors should not change an article from one guideline-defined style to another without a substantial reason unrelated to mere choice of style, and that revert-warring over optional styles is unacceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If discussion cannot determine which style to use in an article, defer to the style used in the first post-<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a> version of the article to include a post-nominal. </p><p>Editors should remember that the meaning of the most obvious (to them) post-nominal initials will not be obvious to some readers. When post-nominal initials are used, the meaning should be readily available to the reader. This may be via a wikilink to an article, or with the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Abbr" title="Template:Abbr">abbr</a>}}</code> template (or its underlying <code class="nowrap" style=""><abbr>...</abbr></code> markup) which provides a mouse-over tooltip <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations#Acronyms" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">expanding the abbreviation</a>. </p><p>This is most easily done using the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Post-nominals" title="Template:Post-nominals">post-nominals</a>}}</code> template: </p> <ul><li><em>With commas</em>: <code><span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Joe Bloggs, {{post-nominals|size=100%|sep=,|country=GBR|VC|OBE}}</span></code><br/>gives: Joe Bloggs, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">VC</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Order of the British Empire">OBE</a></span></span></li> <li><em>Without commas</em>: <code><span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Joe Bloggs {{post-nominals|country=GBR|VC|OBE}}</span></code><br/>gives: Joe Bloggs <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">VC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Order of the British Empire">OBE</a></span></span></li></ul> <p>This template needs the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|size=100%</code> parameter when it is used in an infobox, or its output will be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility#Text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">too small</a>. Otherwise the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|size=100%</code> parameter is optional with or without commas. </p><p>At the least, use a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Piped_link" title="Wikipedia:Piped link">piped link</a> to an article with the appropriate title, e.g.: </p> <ul><li><code><span class="example monospaced example-mono" style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Joe Bloggs [[Victoria Cross|VC]] [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire|OBE]]</span></code><br/>gives: Joe Bloggs <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">VC</a> <a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Order of the British Empire">OBE</a></li></ul> <p>This ensures that readers who hover over the initials see the target article's URL as a hint and in the status bar at the bottom of the window. This manual formatting is only needed for cases where <code>{{post-nominals}}</code> does not handle the abbreviation in question. If there is nothing to link to, and a redlink is unlikely to result in eventual creation of an article, use the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Abbr" title="Template:Abbr">abbr</a>}}</code> template to explain the acronym. Because there is an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">accessibility</a> issue with relying exclusively on such tooltip cues (touch-sensitive devices and assistive technologies generally do not utilize mouse-cursor hovering), a link is preferred when available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorifics" data-mw-thread-id="h-Honorifics-Titles_of_people"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Honorifics-Titles_of_people"></span>Honorifics<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Honorifics-Titles_of_people"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:HON"></span><span id="MOS:HONOR"></span><span id="MOS:HONOUR"></span><span id="MOS:HONORIFIC"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:HON&redirect=no">MOS:HON</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:HONOR&redirect=no">MOS:HONOR</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:HONOUR&redirect=no">MOS:HONOUR</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:HONORIFIC&redirect=no">MOS:HONORIFIC</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Islam-related_articles#Islamic_honorifics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Islam-related articles">WP:Manual of Style/Islam-related articles § Islamic honorifics</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">Honorifics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">styles of nobility</a> should normally be capitalized, e.g., <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Her Majesty</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">His Holiness</span>. They are not usually used in running text, though some may be appropriate in the lead sentence of a biographical article, as detailed below, or in a section about the person's titles and styles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Honorific_prefixes_and_suffixes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Honorific_prefixes_and_suffixes-Honorifics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Honorific_prefixes_and_suffixes-Honorifics"></span>Honorific prefixes and suffixes <span class="anchor" id="Clergy"></span><span class="anchor" id="Political"></span><span class="anchor" id="Nobility"></span><span class="anchor" id="Royalty"></span><span class="anchor" id="Honorific_prefixes"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Honorific_prefixes_and_suffixes-Honorifics"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:PREFIX"></span><span id="MOS:REVEREND"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PREFIX&redirect=no">MOS:PREFIX</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:REVEREND&redirect=no">MOS:REVEREND</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>In general, <a href="/wiki/Honorific_prefixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorific prefixes">honorific prefixes</a> and suffixes should not be included, but may be discussed in the article. In particular, this applies to: </p> <ul><li>styles and honorifics derived from a title, position or activity, including <a href="/wiki/The_Most_Honourable" title="The Most Honourable">The Most Honourable</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Honourable</a> (Hon.), His/Her Excellency, His/Her Grace, etc.;</li> <li>styles and honorifics related to royalty, aristocracy, clergy, and sainthood, such as <a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">His/Her Majesty</a>, <a href="/wiki/His_Holiness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Holiness">His Holiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">The Reverend</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable" title="The Venerable">The Venerable</a>. Clergy should be named as described in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(clergy)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (clergy)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (clergy)</a>.</li></ul> <p>There are some exceptions: </p> <ul><li>Where an honorific is so <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:COMMONNAME" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:COMMONNAME">commonly attached to a name</a> that the name is rarely found in English-language <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reliable sources</a> without it, it should be included. For example, the honorific may be included for <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a>.</li> <li>Where a female historical figure is consistently referred to using the name of her husband and her birth name is unknown. For example, an honorific may be used for "Mrs. Alfred Jones".</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Prenominal" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenominal">prenominals</a> <a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dame_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame (title)">Dame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lady" title="Lady">Lady</a> are discussed in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref"><a href="#Knighthoods,_lordships,_and_similar_honorific_titles">§ Knighthoods, lordships, and similar honorific titles</a></span>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Burmese)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Burmese)">Burmese names</a>, honorifics may be preserved if they are part of the normal form of address, even for ordinary people, e.g. <a href="/wiki/U_Thant" title="U Thant"><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">U Thant</span></a>.</li> <li>The Turkish honorific suffix <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a> is normally included in a notable person's name.</li></ul> <p>The inclusion of some honorific prefixes, suffixes, and other styles is controversial. </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(royalty_and_nobility)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (royalty and nobility)">WP:Naming conventions (royalty and nobility)</a> for use in article titles.)</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Knighthoods,_lordships,_and_similar_honorific_titles" data-mw-thread-id="h-Knighthoods,_lordships,_and_similar_honorific_titles-Honorifics"><span id="Knighthoods.2C_lordships.2C_and_similar_honorific_titles"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Knighthoods,_lordships,_and_similar_honorific_titles-Honorifics"></span>Knighthoods, lordships, and similar honorific titles <span class="anchor" id="Honorific_titles"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Knighthoods,_lordships,_and_similar_honorific_titles-Honorifics"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:SIR"></span><span id="MOS:DAME"></span><span id="MOS:LORD"></span><span id="MOS:LADY"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SIR&redirect=no">MOS:SIR</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DAME&redirect=no">MOS:DAME</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LORD&redirect=no">MOS:LORD</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LADY&redirect=no">MOS:LADY</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>The honorific titles <a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dame" title="Dame">Dame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lady" title="Lady">Lady</a> are included in the initial reference and infobox heading for the subject of a biographical article, but are optional after that. The title is placed in bold in the first use of the name. Except for the initial reference and infobox, do not add honorific titles to existing instances of a person's name where they are absent, because doing so implies that the existing version is incorrect (similar in spirit to the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_(spelling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style (spelling)">guideline on English spelling differences</a>). Similarly, honorific titles should not be deleted when they are used throughout an article unless there is consensus. Where the use of an honorific title is widely misunderstood, this can be mentioned in the article; see, for example, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Geldof#Awards_and_honours" title="Bob Geldof">Bob Geldof</a>. Honorific titles used with forenames only (such as "Sir Elton", "Sir David", "Dame Judi") should be avoided unless this form is so heavily preferred in popular usage that the use of the surname alone would render the entire name unrecognizable. </p><p><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_British_knights_and_dames#Honorary_awards" title="List of honorary British knights and dames">Honorary knights and dames</a> are not entitled to "Sir" or "Dame", only the <a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">post-nominal letters</a>. Not all non-honorary inductees into an <a href="/wiki/Order_of_chivalry" title="Order of chivalry">order of chivalry</a> are entitled to use the pre-nominal titles, either, and may receive distinct post-nominals. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a> has five classes, each with different post-nominals; only the senior two are entitled to Sir/Dame. </p><p>Titles signifying honours awarded by the United Kingdom (i.e. Sir, Dame) may be used as soon as they are <a href="/wiki/Gazetted" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazetted">gazetted</a>. <a href="/wiki/Investiture" title="Investiture">Investiture</a> is not necessary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Tense" data-mw-thread-id="h-Tense"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Tense"></span>Tense<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Tense"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:BLPTENSE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BLPTENSE&redirect=no">MOS:BLPTENSE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Verb_tense" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">WP:Manual of Style § Verb tense</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLP">Biographies of living persons</a> should generally be written in the <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present tense</a>, and biographies of deceased persons in the <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past tense</a>. When making the change upon the death of a subject, the entire article should be reviewed for consistency. If a person is living but has retired, use <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">is a former</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">is a retired</span> rather than the past tense <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">was</span>. </p> <ul><li><i>Correct</i> – <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>John Smith</b> (1946–2003) was a baseball pitcher ...</span></li> <li><i>Correct</i> – <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>John Smith</b> (born 1946) is a former baseball pitcher ...</span></li> <li><i>Incorrect</i> – <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><b>John Smith</b> (born 1946) was a baseball pitcher ...</span></li></ul> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(For when people should be presumed dead in the absence of definitive information, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Recently_dead_or_probably_dead" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">WP:Biographies of living persons § Recently dead or probably dead</a>.</span> </p><p>Historical events should be written in the past tense in all biographies: </p> <ul><li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Smith played for the Baltimore Orioles between 1968 and 1972 ...</span></li></ul> <p>The present tense may be used when discussing the work of a writer or philosopher, even if the person is dead: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">In his <i>Institutes</i>, Calvin teaches ...</span>. The general rule is to describe statements made in literature, philosophy, and art in the <a href="/wiki/Historical_present" title="Historical present">historical present</a>. Past tense should be used for news and marketing materials, public statements, and any other quoted or paraphrased material which is not itself a subject of consideration as a lasting work: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Trump controversially referred to North Korean leader Kim Jong-un as "Little Rocket Man" in a September 23, 2017, tweet.</span> (not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">... refers ...</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Out-of-date_material" data-mw-thread-id="h-Out-of-date_material"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Out-of-date_material"></span>Out-of-date material<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Out-of-date_material"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Chronological items</a></div> <p>It is best to avoid time-dependent statements, which can often be creatively rewritten anyway. When making any statements about current events, use the "<a href="/wiki/Template:As_of" title="Template:As of">As of</a>" template; for example, "as of April 2011" or "in April 2011". If you're giving a precise date range from the past to the present, as with a living person's age or career, you may use the "<a href="/wiki/Template:Age" title="Template:Age">Age</a>" template. The article subject's age can also be calculated in the infobox. </p><p>There is no need to add "deceased" to a person's article, or those in which that person is mentioned. If the person has an article this should already be sourced, otherwise it is unnecessary. "Survived by" and "survivors", phrasings commonly found in obituaries, should not be used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Order_of_events" data-mw-thread-id="h-Order_of_events"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Order_of_events"></span>Order of events<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Order_of_events"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:BLPCHRONO"></span><span id="MOS:CHRONOLOGICAL"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BLPCHRONO&redirect=no">MOS:BLPCHRONO</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CHRONOLOGICAL&redirect=no">MOS:CHRONOLOGICAL</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MOS:CHRONOLOGICAL" redirects here. For timelines, see <a href="/wiki/MOS:CHRONO" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:CHRONO">MOS:CHRONO</a>.</div> <p>In general, present a biography in chronological order, from birth to death, except where there is good reason to do otherwise. Within a single section, events should almost always be in chronological order. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Sexuality" data-mw-thread-id="h-Sexuality"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Sexuality"></span>Sexuality<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Sexuality"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Identity" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">WP:Manual of Style § Identity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_LGBT_studies/Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject LGBT studies/Guidelines">WP:WikiProject LGBT studies/Guidelines</a></div> <p>Care should be taken to avoid placing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE">undue weight</a> on sexuality. A person's sexual orientation or activities should usually not be mentioned in the article <i>lead</i> unless related to the person's notability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Gender_identity" data-mw-thread-id="h-Gender_identity"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Gender_identity"></span>Gender identity<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Gender_identity"></span></h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="DEADNAME"></span><span class="anchor" id="GENDERID"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:GENDERID"></span><span id="MOS:GID"></span><span id="MOS:DEADNAME"></span><span id="MOS:NB"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:GENDERID&redirect=no">MOS:GENDERID</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:GID&redirect=no">MOS:GID</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DEADNAME&redirect=no">MOS:DEADNAME</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NB&redirect=no">MOS:NB</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Gender_identity" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Gender identity">WP:Manual of Style/Gender identity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RVDEADNAME" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RVDEADNAME">WP:RVDEADNAME for how to handle cases of vandals deadnaming transgender people in articles or talk pages</a></div> <p>Refer to any person whose gender might be questioned with the name and gendered words (e.g. pronouns, <i>man</i>/<i>woman</i>/<i>person</i>) that reflect the person's <em>most recent</em> expressed self-identification as reported in the most recent <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>, even if it does not match what is most common in sources. Do not use gendered noun forms (e.g. <i>mailman</i>, <i>waitress</i>) that do not match the most recent self-identification. This holds for any phase of the person's life, unless they have indicated a preference otherwise. </p><p>If a living <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> or <a href="/wiki/Non-binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-binary">non-binary</a> person was not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability#General_notability_guideline" title="Wikipedia:Notability">notable</a> under a former name (a <a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">deadname</a>), it should not be included in any page (including lists, redirects, disambiguation pages, category names, templates, etc.), even in quotations, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOT#INDISCRIMINATE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOT">even if</a> reliable sourcing exists. Treat the pre-notability name as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLPPRIVACY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLPPRIVACY">a privacy interest</a>, as in these examples: </p> <ul><li><i>From <a href="/wiki/Laverne_Cox" title="Laverne Cox">Laverne Cox</a>:</i> <dl><dd><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Laverne Cox</b> (born May 29, 1972) ...</span></dd></dl></li> <li><i>From <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Levine" title="Rachel Levine">Rachel Levine</a>:</i> <dl><dd><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Rachel Leland Levine</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>; born October 28, 1957) ...</span></dd></dl></li> <li><i>Avoid phrasing like this:</i> <dl><dd><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><b>Jane Smith</b> (formerly <b>John Hammer</b>, born May 1, 1980) ...</span></dd></dl></li></ul> <p>In the case of a living transgender or non-binary person, their birth name or former name (professional name, stage name, or pseudonym) should be included in the lead sentence of their main biographical article <i>only if they were notable under that name</i>. Introduce the prior name with either "born" or "formerly". For example: </p> <ul><li><i>From <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Manning" title="Chelsea Manning">Chelsea Manning</a>, notable under birth name:</i> <dl><dd><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Chelsea Elizabeth Manning</b> (born <b>Bradley Edward Manning</b>, December 17, 1987) ...</span></dd></dl></li> <li><i>From <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Page" title="Elliot Page">Elliot Page</a>, notable under former professional name:</i> <dl><dd><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><b>Elliot Page</b> (formerly <b>Ellen Page</b>; born February 21, 1987) ...</span></dd></dl></li></ul> <p>Outside the main biographical article, generally do not discuss in detail the changes of a person's name or gender presentation unless pertinent. Where a person's gender <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SURPRISE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SURPRISE">may come as a surprise</a>, explain it on first occurrence, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE">without overemphasis</a>. Avoid confusing constructions (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Jane Doe fathered a child</span>) by rewriting (e.g., <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Jane Doe became a parent</span>). In articles on works or other activity by a living trans or non-binary person before transition, use their current name as the primary name (in prose, tables, lists, infoboxes, etc.), unless they prefer their former name be used for past events. If they were notable under the name by which they were credited for the work or other activity, provide it in a parenthetical or footnote on first reference; add more parentheticals or footnotes only if needed to avoid confusion. </p><p>Paraphrase, elide, or use square brackets to replace portions of quotations to avoid <a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">deadnaming</a> or <a href="/wiki/Misgendering" class="mw-redirect" title="Misgendering">misgendering</a>, except in rare cases where exact wording cannot be avoided, as where there is a pun on the notable former name, etc. </p> <ul><li><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Critic X said "<i>Juno</i> needs a fine [actor] to play its pregnant teenage star, and [Elliot] Page has shown [himself] to be the perfect [man] for the job."</span> involves many bracketed changes, so is better paraphrased: <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Critic X argued that portraying the pregnant teenage lead in the film <i>Juno</i> required a fine acting talent, and said that Page had proved perfect for the job.</span></li></ul> <p>In source citations, do not remove names of authors, or references to former names in titles of works. If the author is notable, the current name may be given, for example as "<span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">X (writing as Y)</span>". Do not replace or supplement a person's former name with a current name if the two names have not been publicly connected and connecting them would <a href="/wiki/Outing" title="Outing">out</a> the person. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neopronouns_and_the_singular_they" data-mw-thread-id="h-Neopronouns_and_the_singular_they-Gender_identity"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Neopronouns_and_the_singular_they-Gender_identity"></span>Neopronouns and the singular <i>they</i><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Neopronouns_and_the_singular_they-Gender_identity"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NEOPRONOUN"></span><span id="MOS:SINGULARTHEY"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NEOPRONOUN&redirect=no">MOS:NEOPRONOUN</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SINGULARTHEY&redirect=no">MOS:SINGULARTHEY</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Singular_they" title="Singular they">Singular <i>they/them/their</i></a> pronouns are appropriate to use in reference to any person who goes by them. If a person exclusively goes by <a href="/wiki/Neopronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopronouns">neopronouns</a>, such as <i>ze/hir</i>, then singular <i>they</i> should also generally be used instead of neopronouns when referring to that individual, though their neopronouns should usually be mentioned in their biography (in the main prose or in a footnote).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Authority_control" data-mw-thread-id="h-Authority_control"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Authority_control"></span>Authority control<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Authority_control"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Authority_control" title="Wikipedia:Authority control">WP:Authority control</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ORCID" title="Wikipedia:ORCID">WP:ORCID</a></div> <p>Place <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Authority_control" title="Template:Authority control">Authority control</a>}}</code> at the foot of biographies (immediately above <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:DEFAULTSORT" title="Template:DEFAULTSORT">DEFAULTSORT</a>}}</code>, if present). Add authority control identifiers (VIAF, ISNI, ORCID, etc.) in the subject's Wikidata entry, from where they will be automatically transcluded into the template. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biography_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Biography dos and don'ts">Wikipedia:Biography dos and don'ts</a> (information page summarizing the key points of this guideline)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autobiography" title="Wikipedia:Autobiography">Wikipedia:Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biography" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography">Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization_of_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Categorization of people">Wikipedia:Categorization of people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(people)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> English pronunciation: <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MOH</span>-ə-mar gə-<span style="font-size:90%">DAF</span>-ee</i></a> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">gə-<span style="font-size:90%">DAH</span>-fee</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُعمّر محمد أبو منيار القذّافي</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Muʿammar Muḥammad ʾAbū Minyār al-Qaḏḏāfī</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Arabic language">Standard Arabic</a> pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="arb-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[muˈʕamːar<span class="wrap"> </span>alqaˈðːaːfi]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/86\/Ar-Muammar_al-Qaddafi.ogg\/Ar-Muammar_al-Qaddafi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ar-Muammar al-Qaddafi.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Ar-Muammar_al-Qaddafi.ogg/Ar-Muammar_al-Qaddafi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ar-Muammar_al-Qaddafi.ogg" title="File:Ar-Muammar al-Qaddafi.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arabic language">Libyan Arabic</a> pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ayl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɡəˈðːaːfiː]</a></span> (eastern dialects) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">or</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ayl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɡəˈdːaːfiː]</a></span> (western dialects).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><p>Due to the lack of standardization of transcribing written and regionally pronounced Arabic, Gaddafi's name has been <a href="/wiki/Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanized">romanized</a> in various ways. A 1986 column by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Straight_Dope" title="The Straight Dope">The Straight Dope</a></i> lists 32 spellings known from the US <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> identified 112 possible spellings.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p>A 2007 interview with Gaddafi's son <a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam Gaddafi</a> confirms that Saif spelled his own name <b>Qadhafi</b><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the passport of Gaddafi's son Mohammed used the spelling <b>Gathafi</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Google_Ngram" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Ngram">Google Ngram</a> the variant <b>Qaddafi</b> was slightly more widespread, followed by <b>Qadhafi</b>, <b>Gaddafi</b> and <b>Gadhafi</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientific romanizations of the name are <b>Qaḏḏāfī</b> (<a href="/wiki/DIN_31635" title="DIN 31635">DIN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Wehr_transliteration" title="Hans Wehr transliteration">Wehr</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">ISO</a>) or (rarely used) <b>Qadhdhāfī</b> (<a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a>).</p></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is no categorical preference between describing a person as British rather than as English, Scottish, or Welsh. Decisions on which label to use should be determined through discussions and consensus. The label must not be changed arbitrarily. To come to a consensus, editors should consider how reliable sources refer to the subject, particularly UK reliable sources, and whether the subject has a preferred nationality by which they identify.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Biography/2018_archive#RfC_on_use_of_Spanish_regional_identity_in_biography_leads" title="Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Biography/2018 archive">2018 RfC</a> on Spanish regional identity in the lead resulted in consensus to use the regional identity that reliable sources use most often and with which the subject identifies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In general, a position, activity, or role should not be included in the lead paragraph if: a) the role is not otherwise discussed in the lead (per <a href="/wiki/MOS:LEAD" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LEAD">MOS:LEAD</a>, don't tease the reader), b) the role is not significantly covered in the body of the article, or, c) the role is auxiliary to a main profession of the person (e.g. do not add "textbook writer", if the person is an academic).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Biography/2024_archive#RfC:_"convicted_felon"_/_"convicted_sex_offender"_in_the_lead_sentence" title="Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Biography/2024 archive">Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Biography/2024 archive § RfC: "convicted felon" / "convicted sex offender" in the lead sentence</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Rolf_Harris/Archive_4#RfC:_Referring_to_subject_as_"convicted_child_sex_offender"_in_the_opening_sentence_of_the_lede" title="Talk:Rolf Harris/Archive 4">Talk:Rolf Harris/Archive 4 § RfC: Referring to subject as "convicted child sex offender" in the opening sentence of the lede</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Roman_Polanski#Reopening_the_"Sex_Offender"_in_the_Lead_Paragraph_Discussion" title="Talk:Roman Polanski">Talk:Roman Polanski § Reopening the "Sex Offender" in the Lead Paragraph Discussion</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sentence_case-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sentence_case_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sentence_case_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sentence_case_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wikipedia uses <a href="/wiki/Sentence_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentence case">sentence case</a> for sentences, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">article titles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">section titles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">table headers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">image captions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">list entries</a> (in most cases), and entries in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Infobox" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Infobox">infoboxes</a> and similar templates, among other things. Any instructions in MoS about the start of a sentence apply to items using sentence case.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Criminals often use multiple aliases; ones unfamiliar to the public should generally not be in the lead section. Various rulers and other nobility have often had numerous variant names in different languages. Avoid clogging the lead with a boldfaced litany of these; reserve them for an appropriate place in the body of the article, in an infobox or language sidebar, or in footnotes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wikipedia may consider that marginally notable living persons (e.g., subjects in the public eye only due to a single event) <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Privacy_of_personal_information_and_using_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">have privacy interests in their birth names</a>. Such concerns are not raised by biographies of the deceased, nor <a href="#Gender_identity">in most cases</a> those of major public figures who are still living.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wikipedia uses names as reported by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>, without regard to <a href="/wiki/Legal_name_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal name change">legal status</a> of a name. Numerous professional names are not legal names, and whether a name change has been legally formalized has no bearing on its use in or exclusion from an article. Some effective name changes are retrospective, involving no action on the part of the subjects to whom they refer; e.g., the spelling <i>Rameses</i> now dominates in modern sources over the formerly more common <i>Ramses</i>, in reference to various ancient Egyptian figures. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles#Use_commonly_recognizable_names" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">WP:Article titles § Use commonly recognizable names</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CommHypo-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CommHypo_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CommHypo_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Consider as a "common" hypocorism one that shortens in a conventionalized way, sometimes also with a diminutive suffix added, and which is derived from a name frequently used in English-speaking countries, e.g. <i>Liz</i>, <i>Beth</i>, <i>Lizzy</i>, <i>Bettie</i>, etc., from <i>Elizabeth</i>. If it is not conventional, it is not "common" (e.g. <i>Nifer</i> from <i>Jennifer</i>). Short forms that differ significantly from the name may be non-hypocoristic nicknames, depending on the particular case. A few such forms are well-known common hypocorisms, such as <i>Bob</i> for <i>Robert</i> and <i>Bill</i> for <i>William</i>, but most are not (e.g. <i>Reba</i> for <i>Rebecca</i>). Assume that most non-English hypocorisms (e.g. <i>Lupita</i> for <i>Guadalupe</i>, <i>Mischa</i> for <i>Mikhail</i>, <i>Sascha</i> for <i>Alexander</i> or <i>Zuzka</i> for <i>Zuzana</i>) are not familiar as hypocorisms to readers of the English Wikipedia, even if well-known in their native culture.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_moves" title="Wikipedia:Requested moves">WP:Requested moves</a> has consistently interpreted the "Initials" section as also applying to names of fictional characters. Its application to human names used as trademarks (e.g. <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._C._Penney" class="mw-redirect" title="J. C. Penney">J. C. Penney</a></span>) is also typical, and consistent with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">WP:Manual of Style/Trademarks</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Index-order: Place "Jr." and the like after the given name(s); do not append to the surname (<span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">Kennedy Jr., John F.</span>) especially in citations, as this pollutes the surname metadata with extraneous information and will also alter the sorting order, placing the "Kennedy Jr." entry after all simple "Kennedy" entries.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There have been repeated proposals to treat small children, or all minors, differently and to always refer to them by given name. These proposals have not gained consensus. Especially do not refer to notable minors by given name (in their own article or elsewhere) except as necessary to disambiguate from other family members.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee" title="Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee">Arbitration Committee</a> statements of principles in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Index/Cases" title="Wikipedia:Arbitration/Index/Cases">cases</a> on style-related edit warring in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Jguk#Principles" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Jguk">June 2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/jguk_2#Principles" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/jguk 2">November 2005</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Sortan#Principles" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Sortan">February 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/1124226138#Neopronouns_RfC_(moved)" title="Special:PermanentLink/1124226138">October 2022 RfC</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPereira2008" class="citation book cs1">Pereira, Christophe (2008). "Libya". <i>Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics</i>. Vol. 3. Brill. pp. 52–58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Libya&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arabic+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.pages=52-58&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Pereira&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FBiography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straightdope.com/21341687/how-are-you-supposed-to-spell-muammar-gaddafi-khadafy-qadhafi">"How are you supposed to spell Muammar Gaddafi/Khadafy/Qadhafi?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Straight_Dope" title="The Straight Dope">The Straight Dope</a></i>. 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205230030/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/513/how-are-you-supposed-to-spell-muammar-gaddafi-khadafy-qadhafi">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Straight+Dope&rft.atitle=How+are+you+supposed+to+spell+Muammar+Gaddafi%2FKhadafy%2FQadhafi%3F&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straightdope.com%2F21341687%2Fhow-are-you-supposed-to-spell-muammar-gaddafi-khadafy-qadhafi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FBiography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2009" class="citation web cs1">Gibson, Charles (22 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206125143/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2009/09/how-many-different-ways-can-you-spell-gaddafi/">"How Many Different Ways Can You Spell 'Gaddafi'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.abcnews.com/theworldnewser/2009/09/how-many-different-ways-can-you-spell-gaddafi.html">the original</a> on 6 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Many+Different+Ways+Can+You+Spell+%27Gaddafi%27&rft.pub=ABC+News&rft.date=2009-09-22&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.abcnews.com%2Ftheworldnewser%2F2009%2F09%2Fhow-many-different-ways-can-you-spell-gaddafi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FBiography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171006185631/https://www.thedailybeast.com/saif-gaddafi-on-how-to-spell-his-last-name">"Saif Gaddafi on How to Spell His Last Name"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a></i>. 1 March 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/videos/2011/03/01/saif-gaddafi-on-how-to-spell-his-last-name.html">the original</a> on 6 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Saif+Gaddafi+on+How+to+Spell+His+Last+Name&rft.date=2011-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fvideos%2F2011%2F03%2F01%2Fsaif-gaddafi-on-how-to-spell-his-last-name.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FBiography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2011" class="citation news cs1">Fisher, Max (24 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130405081500/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/08/rebel-discovers-qaddafi-passport-real-spelling-of-leaders-name/244077/">"Rebel Discovers Qaddafi Passport, Real Spelling of Leader's Name"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/08/rebel-discovers-qaddafi-passport-real-spelling-of-leaders-name/244077/">the original</a> on 5 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Rebel+Discovers+Qaddafi+Passport%2C+Real+Spelling+of+Leader%27s+Name&rft.date=2011-08-24&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2011%2F08%2Frebel-discovers-qaddafi-passport-real-spelling-of-leaders-name%2F244077%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FBiography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnil_Kandangath2011" class="citation web cs1">Anil Kandangath (25 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110228031945/http://www.ecogito.net/anil/2011/02/how-do-you-spell-gaddafis-name/">"How Do You Spell Gaddafi's Name?"</a>. <i>Doublespeak Blog</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecogito.net/anil/2011/02/how-do-you-spell-gaddafis-name/">the original</a> on 28 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Doublespeak+Blog&rft.atitle=How+Do+You+Spell+Gaddafi%27s+Name%3F&rft.date=2011-02-25&rft.au=Anil+Kandangath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecogito.net%2Fanil%2F2011%2F02%2Fhow-do-you-spell-gaddafis-name%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FBiography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Qaddafi,Gaddafi,Qadhafi,Gadhafi,Khadafi,Khadafy,Qadhdhafi&year_start=1998&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3">"Google Books Ngram Viewer"</a>. <i>books.google.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=books.google.com&rft.atitle=Google+Books+Ngram+Viewer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fngrams%2Fgraph%3Fcontent%3DQaddafi%2CGaddafi%2CQadhafi%2CGadhafi%2CKhadafi%2CKhadafy%2CQadhdhafi%26year_start%3D1998%26year_end%3D2008%26corpus%3D15%26smoothing%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FBiography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Biography/2023_archive#Proposal:_Moving_post-nominals_from_lead_sentences_to_article_bodies" title="Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Biography/2023 archive">WT:Manual of Style/Biography/2023 archive#Proposal: Moving post-nominals from lead sentences to article bodies</a></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography&oldid=1260111270">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography&oldid=1260111270</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:WikiProject_Biography" title="Category:WikiProject Biography">WikiProject Biography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(content)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (content)">Wikipedia Manual of Style (content)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_semi-protected_project_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia semi-protected project pages">Wikipedia semi-protected project pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_template_Zh_with_sup_tags" title="Category:Pages using template Zh with sup tags">Pages using template Zh with sup tags</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Template:Post-nominals_with_customized_linking" title="Category:Pages using Template:Post-nominals with customized linking">Pages using Template:Post-nominals with customized linking</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 November 2024, at 22:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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