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mycorrhizal fungus</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus"> <meta name="keywords" content="arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 192</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">192</span> Efficacy of Pisum sativum and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis for Phytoextraction of Heavy Metalloids from Soil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ritu%20Chaturvedi">Ritu Chaturvedi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manoj%20Paul"> Manoj Paul</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) on metal(loid) uptake and accumulation efficiency of Pisum sativum along with physiological and biochemical response. Plants were grown in soil spiked with 50 and 100 mg kg-1 Pb, 25 and 50 mg kg-1 Cd, 50 and 100 mg kg-1 As and a combination of all three metal(loid)s. A parallel set was maintained and inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus for comparison. After 60 days, plants were harvested and analysed for metal(loid) content. A steady increase in metal(loid) accumulation was observed on increment of metal(loid) dose and also on AMF inoculation. Plant height, biomass, chlorophyll, carotenoid and carbohydrate content reduced upon metal(loid) exposure. Increase in enzymatic (CAT, SOD and APX) and nonenzymatic (Proline) defence proteins was observed on metal(loid) exposure. AMF inoculation leads to an increase in plant height, biomass, chlorophyll, carotenoids, carbohydrate and enzymatic defence proteins (p≤0.001) under study; whereas proline content was reduced. Considering the accumulation efficiency and adaptive response of plants and alleviation of stress by AMF, this symbiosis can be applied for on-site remediation of Pb and Cd contaminated soil. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metal" title="heavy metal">heavy metal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mycorrhiza" title=" mycorrhiza"> mycorrhiza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pea" title=" pea"> pea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phyroremediation" title=" phyroremediation"> phyroremediation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83049/efficacy-of-pisum-sativum-and-arbuscular-mycorrhizal-symbiosis-for-phytoextraction-of-heavy-metalloids-from-soil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83049.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">234</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">191</span> Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Heavy Metal Tolerance in Sweet Basil Plants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aboul-Nasr%20Amal">Aboul-Nasr Amal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sabry%20Soraya"> Sabry Soraya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sabra%20Mayada"> Sabra Mayada</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effects of phosphorus amendments and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi Glomus intraradices on the sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), chemical composition and percent of volatile oil, and metal accumulation in plants and its availability in soil were investigated in field experiment at two seasons 2012 and 2013 under contaminated soil with Pb and Cu. The content of essential oil and shoot and root dry weights of sweet basil was increased by the application of mineral phosphorus as compared to control. Inoculation with AM fungi reduced the metal concentration in shoot, recording a lowest value of (33.24, 18.60 mg/kg) compared to the control (46.49, 23.46 mg/kg) for Pb and Cu, respectively. Availability of Pb and Cu in soil were decreased after cultivation in all treatments compared to control. However, metal root concentration increased with the inoculation, with highest values of (30.15, 39.25 mg/kg)compared to control (22.01, 33.57mg/kg) for Pb and Cu, respectively. The content of linalool and methyl chavicol in basil oil was significantly increased in all treatments compared to control. We can thus conclude that the AM-sweet basil symbiosis could be employed as an approach to bioremediate polluted soils and enhance the yield and maintain the quality of volatile oil of sweet basil plants. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arbuscular%20mycorrhizal%20fungus" title="arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus">arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title=" heavy metals"> heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sweet%20basil" title=" sweet basil"> sweet basil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20composition" title=" oil composition"> oil composition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71861/role-of-arbuscular-mycorrhiza-in-heavy-metal-tolerance-in-sweet-basil-plants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71861.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">252</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">190</span> Improvement in Drought Stress Tolerance in Wheat by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seema%20Sangwan">Seema Sangwan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ekta%20Narwal"> Ekta Narwal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kannepalli%20Annapurna"> Kannepalli Annapurna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study was to determine the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on drought stress tolerance in 3 genotypes of wheat subjected to moderate water stress, i.e. HD 3043 (drought tolerant), HD 2987 (drought tolerant), and HD 2967 (drought sensitive). Various growth parameters were studied, e.g. total dry weight, total shoot and root length, root volume, root surface area, grain weight and number, leaf area, chlorophyll content in leaves, relative water content, number of spores and percent colonisation of roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Total dry weight, root surface area and chlorophyll content were found to be significantly high in AMF inoculated plants as compared to the non-mycorrhizal ones and also higher in drought-tolerant varieties of wheat as compared to the sensitive variety HD 2967, in moderate water stress treatments. Leakage of electrolytes was lower in case of AMF inoculated stressed plants. Under continuous water stress, leaf water content and leaf area were significantly increased in AMF inoculated plants as compared to un-inoculated stressed plants. Overall, the increased colonisation of roots of wheat by AMF in inoculated plants weather drought tolerant or sensitive could have a beneficial effect in alleviating the harmful effects of water stress in wheat and delaying its senescence. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arbuscular%20mycorrhizal%20fungi" title="Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi">Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wheat" title=" wheat"> wheat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drought" title=" drought"> drought</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress" title=" stress"> stress</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86566/improvement-in-drought-stress-tolerance-in-wheat-by-arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungi" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86566.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">197</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">189</span> Interactions between Water-Stress and VA Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Plant Growth and Leaf-Water Potential in Tomato</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parisa%20Alizadeh%20Oskuie">Parisa Alizadeh Oskuie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahram%20Baghban%20Ciruse"> Shahram Baghban Ciruse</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus(Glomus mossea) on plant growth and leaf-water potential of tomato (lycopersicum esculentum L.cv.super star) were studied in potted culture water stress stress period of 3 months in greenhouse conditions with the soil matric potential maintained at Fc1, Fc2, Fc3, and Fc4 respectively (0.8,0.7,0.6,0.5 Fc). Seven-day-old seedlings of tomato were transferred to pots containing Glomus mossea or non-AMF. AM colonization significantly stimulated shoot dry matter and leaf-water potential but water stress significantly decreased leaf area, shoot dry matter colonization and leaf-water potential. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leaf-water%20potential" title="leaf-water potential">leaf-water potential</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20growth" title=" plant growth"> plant growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tomato" title=" tomato"> tomato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VA%20mycorrhiza" title=" VA mycorrhiza"> VA mycorrhiza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water-stress" title=" water-stress "> water-stress </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16478/interactions-between-water-stress-and-va-mycorrhizal-inoculation-on-plant-growth-and-leaf-water-potential-in-tomato" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16478.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">424</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">188</span> Potential Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi in CO₂-Sequestration During Bipartite Interaction with Host Plant Oryza Sativa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sadhana%20Shukla">Sadhana Shukla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pushplata%20Singh"> Pushplata Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nidhi%20Didwania"> Nidhi Didwania</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are a highly advantageous and versatile group of fungi that significantly contribute to the formation of soil organic matter by creating a demand for plant carbon (C) and distributing it through below-ground hyphal biomass, regardless of their substantial contribution in enhancing net primary productivity and accumulating additional photosynthetic fixed C in the soil. The genetic role of AM fungi in carbon cycling is largely unexplored. In our study, we propose that AM fungi significantly interact with the soil, particularly: the provision of photosynthates by plants. We have studied the expression of AM fungi genes involved in CO₂ sequestration during host-plant interaction was investigated by qPCR studies. We selected Rhizophagus proliferus (AM fungi) and Oryza sativa (Rice) (inoculated with or without 200ppg AMF inoculums per plant) and investigated the effect of AM fungi on soil organic carbon (SOC) and rice growth under field conditions. Results thus provided faster SOC turnover, 35% increased nutrient uptake in plants and pronounced hyphal biomass of AM fungi which enhanced soil carbon storage by 15% in comparison to uninoculated plants. This study will offer a foundation for delving into various carbon-soil studies while also advancing our comprehension of the relationship between AM fungi and the sustainability of agricultural ecosystems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arbuscular%20mycorrhizal%20%28AM%29%20fungi" title="arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi">arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20sequestration" title=" carbon sequestration"> carbon sequestration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gene%20expression" title=" gene expression"> gene expression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20health" title=" soil health"> soil health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20development." title=" plant development."> plant development.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170659/potential-role-of-arbuscular-mycorrhizal-am-fungi-in-co2-sequestration-during-bipartite-interaction-with-host-plant-oryza-sativa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170659.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">74</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">187</span> Characterization of Common Maize Ear Rot Pathogens in Ilesa Nigeria and Their Potential Control Using Selected Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olumayowa%20M.%20Olowe">Olumayowa M. Olowe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20D.%20Asemoloye%20%20Odunayo%20J.%20Olawuyi"> Michael D. Asemoloye Odunayo J. Olawuyi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hilda%20Vasanthakaalam"> Hilda Vasanthakaalam </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Poor management of maize ear rot caused by fungal infection in Nigeria affected the quantity and quality of maize. This study, therefore, aims at characterizing and controlling Fusarium strains using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Maize ear showing rot symptoms were obtained from some selected farms located at Ilesa East and West using random sampling technique. Isolation of Fusarium pathogen from infected maize grain was done using direct pour plate method on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and was characterized based on morphological and molecular ITS-amplification methods. The reaction of PVASYN8F2, T2LCOMP1STR SYN-W-1, and T2LCOMP4 maize varieties, to the Fusarium ear rot pathogens and biocontrol efficacy of the mycorrhizal fungi were assessed on growth, yield, agronomic parameters and symptoms observed. The strains; olowILH1 and olowILH2 identified as Fusarium napiforme were the most dominant and virulent pathogens associated with the maize. They showed genetic similarity with documented ear rot pathogens on NCBI with accession numbers Fusarium proliferatum KT224027, KT224023, and Fusarium sp AY237110. They both exhibited varying inhibitory effects on the three maize varieties compare to control (uninfected plant) which had better growth characteristics. It was also observed that strain olowILH1 was more virulent than olowILH2. T2LCOMP4 was generally more susceptible to both fungal strains compared to the other two maize (T2LCOMP1STR SYN-W-1 and T2LCOMP4 ). In all, strain olowILH1 was more virulent than olowILH2, and Glomus clarum had higher inhibitory pathogenic effect against Fusarium strains compared to G. deserticola. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arbuscular%20mycorrhizal%20fungi" title="arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi">arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disease%20management" title=" disease management"> disease management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fusarium%20strains" title=" Fusarium strains"> Fusarium strains</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=identification" title=" identification"> identification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106889/characterization-of-common-maize-ear-rot-pathogens-in-ilesa-nigeria-and-their-potential-control-using-selected-arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungi" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106889.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">173</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">186</span> Medicinal Plants and Arbuscular mycorrhizal Colonization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ammani%20K.">Ammani K.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Glory%20M."> Glory M.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Demands of traditional herbal medicines are increasing day by day over the world. Considering the growing demand of medicinal plants in curative treatments and the role of VAM fungi in augmentation of the production of active secondary metabolites by the medicinal plants, the present work has been undertaken to survey the mycorrhizal status in 30 different medicinal plants belonging to various families from Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh. The roots were collected carefully and stained by the Phillips & Hayman technique. Basing on the occurrence of vesicles and arbuscules, categorized into four grades; Excellent: mycelia, vesicles or arbuscules present more than 75% of root bits, Good: mycelia, vesicles or arbuscules present 50-75% in surface of root bits, moderate: mycelia, vesicles or arbuscules present 25-50% in surface of root bits, and poor: mycelia, vesicles or arbuscules present 1-25% in surface of root bits. The study reveals that the roots of all plants were colonized by AM fungi. Percentage of root colonization by AM fungi was more in Aloe vera, Phylanthus emblica, Azadiracta indica and least in plants such as Aerva lanata, Vinca rosea, Crotalaria verrucosa among the 30 medicinal plants in present study. The enhancement of growth and vigour and increased production of bioactive compounds of the medicinal plants is desirable which may be achieved by inoculation of the roots with Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. There is a steady increase in the cultivation of medicinal plants to maintain a steady supply to support the increasing demand but corresponding researches of VAM fungi and their association in medicinal plants have received very little attention as compared to the studies on forest species and field crops. So a vast research on this field is necessary for a better tomorrow. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arbuscular%20mycorrhizae" title="Arbuscular mycorrhizae">Arbuscular mycorrhizae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colonization" title=" colonization"> colonization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=categories" title=" categories"> categories</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medicinal%20plants" title=" medicinal plants"> medicinal plants</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35465/medicinal-plants-and-arbuscular-mycorrhizal-colonization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35465.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">402</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">185</span> Effect of PGPB Inoculation, Addition of Biochar and Mineral N Fertilization on Mycorrhizal Colonization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irina%20Mikajlo">Irina Mikajlo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jaroslav%20Z%C3%A1hora"> Jaroslav Záhora</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Helena%20Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1"> Helena Dvořáčková</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jaroslav%20Hyn%C5%A1t"> Jaroslav Hynšt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jakub%20Elbl"> Jakub Elbl</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Strong anthropogenic impact has uncontrolled consequences on the nature of the soil. Hence, up-to-date sustainable methods of soil state improvement are essential. Investigators provide the evidence that biochar can positively effects physical, chemical and biological soil properties and the abundance of mycorrhizal fungi which are in the focus of this study. The main aim of the present investigation is to demonstrate the effect of two types of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) inoculums along with the beech wood biochar and mineral N additives on mycorrhizal colonization. Experiment has been set up in laboratory conditions with containers filled with arable soil from the protection zone of the main water source ‘Brezova nad Svitavou’. Lactuca sativa (lettuce) has been selected as a model plant. Based on the obtained data, it can be concluded that mycorrhizal colonization increased as the result of combined influence of biochar and PGPB inoculums amendment. In addition, correlation analyses showed that the numbers of main groups of cultivated bacteria were dependent on the degree of mycorrhizal colonization. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arbuscular%20mycorrhiza" title="Arbuscular mycorrhiza">Arbuscular mycorrhiza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biochar" title=" biochar"> biochar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PGPB%20inoculum" title=" PGPB inoculum"> PGPB inoculum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20microorganisms" title=" soil microorganisms"> soil microorganisms</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42607/effect-of-pgpb-inoculation-addition-of-biochar-and-mineral-n-fertilization-on-mycorrhizal-colonization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42607.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">253</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">184</span> Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Biologically Based Strategy for Mitigation of Adverse Impact of Salt Stress on Wheat</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abeer%20Hashem">Abeer Hashem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khalid%20F.%20Almutairi"> Khalid F. Almutairi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ulkar%20Ibrahimova"> Ulkar Ibrahimova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elsayed%20Fathi%20Abdallah"> Elsayed Fathi Abdallah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Salinity poses a significant challenge to wheat production, necessitating the exploration of strategies to mitigate its adverse effects. The present investigation aims to study the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) application to improve plant tolerance in terms of growth, carbohydrate, photosynthetic characteristics, and antioxidant enzyme activities under salt stress conditions. So, a randomized complete block design with five replications was employed comprising various treatments of AMF application under salinity stress (200mM), and control samples were used for each treatment. The obtained results demonstrated significantly that AMF used in this study showed beneficial impacts in all parameters used as sensitive monitor for relation of plant-salt microbe interaction. The root colonization by AMF showed the highest plant growth criteria, relative water content, soluble sugar, starch, and total non-structural carbohydrates under both control and salinity stress conditions. Moreover, the application of AMF-treated plants showed the highest soluble protein concentration and activity in leaves and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase). These findings highlight the potential impact of AMF application as a biologically based strategy to manage the mitigation of salt stress on wheat, which increases the availability of many salt marsh habitats for sustainable agriculture of such strategy crops. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arbuscular%20mycorrhizal%20fungi" title="arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi">arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salt%20stress" title=" salt stress"> salt stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20growth%20criteria" title=" plant growth criteria"> plant growth criteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soluble%20protein" title=" soluble protein"> soluble protein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant%20enzymes" title=" antioxidant enzymes"> antioxidant enzymes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wheat%20plant" title=" wheat plant"> wheat plant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186129/application-of-arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungi-as-biologically-based-strategy-for-mitigation-of-adverse-impact-of-salt-stress-on-wheat" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186129.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">48</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">183</span> Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Modulates Antioxidant Capacity of in vitro Propagated Hyssop, Hyssopus officinalis L.</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20P.%20Geneva">Maria P. Geneva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ira%20V.%20Stancheva"> Ira V. Stancheva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marieta%20G.%20Hristozkova"> Marieta G. Hristozkova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roumiana%20D.%20Vasilevska-Ivanova"> Roumiana D. Vasilevska-Ivanova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mariana%20T.%20Sichanova"> Mariana T. Sichanova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Janet%20R.%20Mincheva"> Janet R. Mincheva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hyssopus officinalis L., Lamiaceae, commonly called hyssop, is an aromatic, semi-evergreen, woody-based, shrubby perennial plant. Hyssop is a good expectorant and antiviral herb commonly used to treat respiratory conditions such as influenza, sinus infections, colds, and bronchitis. Most of its medicinal properties are attributed to the essential oil of hyssop. The study was conducted to evaluate the influence of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of in vitro propagated hyssop plants on the: activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase; accumulation of non-enzymatic antioxidants total phenols and flavonoid, water-soluble soluble antioxidant metabolites expressed as ascorbic acid; the antioxidant potential of hyssop methanol extracts assessed by two common methods: free radical scavenging activity using free stable radical (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH• and ferric reducing antioxidant power FRAP in flowers and leaves. The successfully adapted to field conditions in vitro plants (survival rate 95%) were inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Claroideoglomus claroideum, ref. EEZ 54). It was established that the activities of enzymes with antioxidant capacity (superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase) were significantly higher in leaves than in flowers in both control and mycorrhized plants. In flowers and leaves of inoculated plants, the antioxidant enzymes activity were lower than in non-inoculated plants, only in SOD activity, there was no difference. The content of low molecular metabolites with antioxidant capacity as total phenols, total flavonoids, and water soluble antioxidants was higher in inoculated plants. There were no significant differences between control and inoculated plants both for FRAP and DPPH antioxidant activity. According to plant essential oil content, there was no difference between non-inoculated and inoculated plants. Based on our results we could suggest that antioxidant capacity of in vitro propagated hyssop plant under conditions of cultivation is determined by the phenolic compounds-total phenols and flavonoids as well as by the levels of water-soluble metabolites with antioxidant potential. Acknowledgments: This study was conducted with financial support from National Science Fund at the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science, Project DN06/7 17.12.16. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant%20enzymes" title="antioxidant enzymes">antioxidant enzymes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant%20metabolites" title=" antioxidant metabolites"> antioxidant metabolites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arbuscular%20mycorrhizal%20fungi" title=" arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi"> arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyssopus%20officinalis%20L." title=" Hyssopus officinalis L."> Hyssopus officinalis L.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70899/arbuscular-mycorrhizal-symbiosis-modulates-antioxidant-capacity-of-in-vitro-propagated-hyssop-hyssopus-officinalis-l" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70899.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">327</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">182</span> Mycorrhizal Autochthonous Consortium Induced Defense-Related Mechanisms of Olive Trees against Verticillium dahliae</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanane%20Boutaj">Hanane Boutaj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelilah%20Meddich"> Abdelilah Meddich</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Said%20Wahbi"> Said Wahbi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zainab%20El%20Alaoui-Talibi"> Zainab El Alaoui-Talibi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Allal%20Douira"> Allal Douira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelkarim%20Filali-Maltouf"> Abdelkarim Filali-Maltouf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cherkaoui%20El%20Modafar"> Cherkaoui El Modafar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present work aims to investigate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in improving the olive tree resistance to Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae. Inoculated plants with a mycorrhizal autochthonous consortium 'Rhizolive consortium' and pure strain 'Glomus irregulare' were infected after three months with V. dahliae. The improving of olive tree resistance was determined through disease severity, incidence, and defoliation. On the other hand, the defense mechanisms of olive plants were evaluated through lignin content, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity, and polyphenol content. The results revealed that both AMF significantly (p < 0.05) reduced disease development and the rate of defoliation in infected olive plants. Moreover, the contents of lignin were boosted after mycorrhizal inoculation in both the roots and the stems of olive plants, which remained significantly (p < 0.001) higher after the 90th days of V. dahliae inoculation. PAL activity was increased after V. dahliae inoculation in the stems of 'Rhizolive consortium' treatment that were 17 times higher than those in the roots of olive plants. The polyphenol content in the stems was about twice higher than those in the roots. The reduction of disease severity was accompanied by increased levels of lignin content, PAL activity, and polyphenol content, particularly in the stems of olive plants, indicating the strengthening of the olive plant immune system against V. dahliae. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=olive%20tree" title="olive tree">olive tree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mycorrhizal%20autochthonous%20consortium" title=" Mycorrhizal autochthonous consortium"> Mycorrhizal autochthonous consortium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Glomus%20irregulare" title=" Glomus irregulare"> Glomus irregulare</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Verticillium%20dahliae" title=" Verticillium dahliae"> Verticillium dahliae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=defense%20mechanisms" title=" defense mechanisms"> defense mechanisms</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113552/mycorrhizal-autochthonous-consortium-induced-defense-related-mechanisms-of-olive-trees-against-verticillium-dahliae" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113552.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">117</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">181</span> Variability of the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Communities Associated with Wild Agraz Plants (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) in the Colombian Andes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gabriel%20Roveda-Hoyos">Gabriel Roveda-Hoyos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Margarita%20Ramirez-Gomez"> Margarita Ramirez-Gomez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adrian%20Perez"> Adrian Perez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diana%20Paola%20Serralde"> Diana Paola Serralde</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this study was to determine the variability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (HFMA) communities associated with wild agraz plants (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) in the Colombian Andes. This species is one of the most promising fruits within the genus Vaccinium because of the high content of anthocyanins and antioxidants in its fruits, and like other species of the Ericaceae family, it depends on the association with HFM for its development in the natural environment. In this study, the presence of mycorrhizae in wild communities of V. meridionale was evaluated, and their relationship with the edaphic and climatic conditions of the study area was analyzed. Sampling was conducted in the rural area of the municipalities of Raquira, and Chiquinquira, Chia, and Tabio in the departments of Cundinamarca and Boyaca, Colombia. Seven sites were selected, and in each site, 5 plants were randomly selected, root and soil samples were taken from each plant in the rhizosphere zone for the quantification of colonization and the presence of spores. The samples were collected on different soils, taxonomic orders Entisols, Inceptisols, and Alfisols, located at altitudes between 2,600 and 3,000 above sea level in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. The physicochemical characteristics of the soil were compared with the density of spores and the percentage of presence of mycorrhizae in the roots and variables with the morphometric and physiological characteristics of the plants. Four types of mutual associations were found: arbuscular mycorrhizae, ectendomycorrhiza, ericoid mycorrhizae, and endophytic septate fungi. The main results obtained show a predominance of spores of the genera Glomus and Acaulsopora, in most of the soils analyzed. The spore density of Glomeromycete fungi in the soil varied considerably between the different sites; it was higher ( > 50 spores/g of dry soil) in soil samples with lower bulk density and higher content of organic matter; in these soils a higher cation exchange capacity was found, as well as of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, manganese and zinc concentration. It can be concluded that Vaccinium meridionale is able to establish in a natural way, association with HFMA. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">Ericaceae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arbuscular%20mycorrhizae" title=" Arbuscular mycorrhizae"> Arbuscular mycorrhizae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andes" title=" Andes"> Andes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soils" title=" soils"> soils</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Glomus%20sp." title=" Glomus sp."> Glomus sp.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110638/variability-of-the-arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungi-communities-associated-with-wild-agraz-plants-vaccinium-meridionale-swartz-in-the-colombian-andes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110638.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">177</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">180</span> Nitrogen-Fixing Rhizobacteria (Rhizobium mililoti 2011) Enhances the Tolerance and the Accumulation of Cadmium in Medicago sativa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahar%20Ghnaya">Tahar Ghnaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Majda%20Mnasri"> Majda Mnasri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanen%20Zaier"> Hanen Zaier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rim%20Ghabriche"> Rim Ghabriche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chedly%20Abdelly"> Chedly Abdelly</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is known that the symbiotic association between plant and microorganisms are beneficial for plant growth and resistance to metal stress. Hence, it was demonstrated that Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have a positive effect on host plants growing in metal polluted soils. Legume plants are those which normally associate to rhizobacteria in order to fix atmospheric nitrogen. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect this type of symbiosis on the tolerance and the accumulation of Cd. We chose Medicago sativa, as a modal for host legume plants and Rhizobium mililoti 2011 as rhizobial strain. Inoculated and non-inoculated plants of M. sativa were submitted during three month to 0, 50, and 100 mgCd/kg dry soil. Results showed that the presence of Cd in the medium induced, in both inoculated and non-inoculated plants, a chlorosis and necrosis. However, these symptoms were more pronounced in non-inoculated plants. The beneficial effect of inoculation of M. sativa with R. meliloti, on plant growth was confirmed by the measurement of biomass production which showed that the symbiotic association between host plant and rhizobacteria alleviates significantly Cd effect on biomass production, so inoculated plants produced more dry weight as compared to non-inoculated ones in the presence of all Cd tretments. On the other hand, under symbiosis conditions, Cd was more accumulated in different plant organs. Hence, in these plants, shoot Cd concentration reached 425 and it was 280 µg/gDW in non-inoculated ones in the presence of 100 ppm Cd. This result suggests that symbiosis enhances the absorption and translocation of Cd in this plant. In nodules and roots, we detected the highest Cd concentrations, demonstrating that these organs are able to concentrate Cd in their tissues. These data confirm that M. sataiva, cultivated in symbiosis with Rhizobium mililoti could be used in phytoextraction of Cd from contaminated soils. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cd" title="Cd">Cd</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phytoremediation" title=" phytoremediation"> phytoremediation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Medicago%20sativa" title=" Medicago sativa"> Medicago sativa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arbuscular%20mycorrhizal" title=" Arbuscular mycorrhizal"> Arbuscular mycorrhizal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21956/nitrogen-fixing-rhizobacteria-rhizobium-mililoti-2011-enhances-the-tolerance-and-the-accumulation-of-cadmium-in-medicago-sativa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21956.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">277</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">179</span> Effects of Plant Growth Promoting Microbes and Mycorrhizal Fungi on Wheat Growth in the Saline Soil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Elgharably">Ahmed Elgharably</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nivien%20Nafady"> Nivien Nafady</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth promoting microbes (PGPM) can promote plant growth under saline conditions. This study investigated how AMF and PGPM affected the growth and grain yield of wheat at different soil salinity levels (0, 75 and 150 mM NaCl). AMF colonization percentage, grain yield and dry weights and lengths of shoot and root, N, P K, Na, malondialdehyde, chlorophyll and proline contents and shoot relative permeability were determined. Salinity reduced NPK uptake and malondialdehyde and chlorophyll contents, and increased shoot Na concentration, relative permeability, and proline content, and thus declined plant growth. PGPM inoculation enhanced AMF colonization, P uptake, and K/Na ratio, but alone had no significant effect on plant growth and grain yield. AMF inoculation significantly enhanced NPK uptake, increased chlorophyll content and decreased shoot relative permeability, proline and Na contents, and thus promoted the plant growth. The inoculation of PGPM significantly enhanced the positive effects of AMF in controlling Na uptake and in increasing chlorophyll and NPK contents. Compared to AMF inoculation alone, dual inoculation with AMF and PGPM resulted in approximately 10, 25 and 25% higher grain yield at 0, 75 and 150 mM NaCl, respectively. The results provide that PGPM inoculation can maximize the effects of AMF inoculation in alleviating the deleterious effects of NaCl salts on wheat growth. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mycorrhizal%20fungi" title="mycorrhizal fungi">mycorrhizal fungi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salinity" title=" salinity"> salinity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sodium" title=" sodium"> sodium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wheat" title=" wheat"> wheat</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102437/effects-of-plant-growth-promoting-microbes-and-mycorrhizal-fungi-on-wheat-growth-in-the-saline-soil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102437.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">180</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">178</span> Reducing Per-and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Water Contamination with Mycorrhizal Hydroponics Plants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neel%20Ahuja">Neel Ahuja</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), known as ”forever chemicals”, are one of the most common and dangerous water pollutants, having carcinogenic effects and causing 382,000 global deaths annually. Current methods to purify PFAS-contaminated water can cost millions of dollars and require existing infrastructure, making them difficult to implement in low-income and rural areas without industrial treatment plants. Hydroponics plants colonized by beneficial mycorrhizal fungi present an affordable and sustainable solution to purifying PFAS-contaminated water. In this study, mycorrhizal-inoculated basil and lettuce plants were cultivated in hydroponics systems under controlled conditions. Root samples were stained and analyzed under a light microscope to confirm mycorrhizal presence. PFAS was added to the systems and an LC/QQQ-MS instrument was used to measure the reduction in PFAS concentrations over 72 hours. Results showed that mycorrhizal plants removed 71.1% of PFAS in a water system compared to 59.9% by non-mycorrhizal plants, and a t-test (p-value=0.00367) was used to prove statistical significance. Relative health of plants was measured through root length, with results revealing that mycorrhizal plant roots were 2.8 inches longer on average than non-mycorrhizal roots. Further analysis revealed a direct relationship between plant root length and PFAS purification, indicating the suitability of species with naturally longer roots for real-world phytoremediation applications, such as at stormwater detention ponds. This study provided a proof-of-concept of the effectiveness of mycorrhizal hydroponics plants in reducing PFAS contamination in water systems, presenting applications as an inexpensive and large-scale purification system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Perfluoroalkyl%20and%20polyfluoroalkyl%20substances" title="Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances">Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydroponics" title=" hydroponics"> hydroponics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mycorrhizal%20fungi" title=" mycorrhizal fungi"> mycorrhizal fungi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20contamination" title=" water contamination"> water contamination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stormwater%20detention%20ponds" title=" stormwater detention ponds"> stormwater detention ponds</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193547/reducing-per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas-water-contamination-with-mycorrhizal-hydroponics-plants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193547.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">18</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">177</span> Synergistic Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to Enhance Wheat Grain Yield, Biofortification and Soil Health: A Field Study </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Radheshyam%20Yadav">Radheshyam Yadav</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ramakrishna%20%20Wusirika"> Ramakrishna Wusirika</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi are ubiquitous in soil and often very critical for crop yield and agriculture sustainability, and this has motivated the agricultural practices to support and promote PGPB and AM Fungi in agriculture. PGPB can be involved in a range of processes that affect Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) transformations in soil and thus influence nutrient availability and uptake to the plants. A field study with two wheat cultivars, HD-3086, and HD-2967 was performed in Malwa region, Bathinda of Punjab, India, to evaluate the effect of native and non-native PGPB alone and in combination with AM fungi as an inoculant on wheat grain yield, nutrient uptake and soil health parameters (dehydrogenase, urease, β‐glucosidase). Our results showed that despite an early insignificant increase in shoot length, plants treated with PGPB (Bacillus sp.) and AM Fungi led to a significant increase in shoot growth at maturity, aboveground biomass, nitrogen (45% - 40%) and phosphorus (40% - 34%) content in wheat grains relative to untreated control plants. Similarly, enhanced grain yield and nutrients uptake i.e. copper (27.15% - 36.25%) iron (43% - 53%) and zinc (44% - 47%) was recorded in PGPB and AM Fungi treated plants relative to untreated control. Overall, inoculation with native PGPB alone and in combination with AM Fungi provided benefits to enhance grain yield, wheat biofortification, and improved soil fertility, despite this effect varied depending on different PGPB isolates and wheat cultivars. These field study results provide evidence of the benefits of agricultural practices involving native PGPB and AM Fungi to the plants. These native strains and AM Fungi increased accumulations of copper, iron, and zinc in wheat grains, enhanced grain yield, and soil fertility. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AM%20Fungi" title="AM Fungi">AM Fungi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofortification" title=" biofortification"> biofortification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PGPB" title=" PGPB"> PGPB</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20microbial%20enzymes" title=" soil microbial enzymes "> soil microbial enzymes </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122089/synergistic-effect-of-plant-growth-promoting-bacteria-and-arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungi-to-enhance-wheat-grain-yield-biofortification-and-soil-health-a-field-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122089.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">176</span> Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Trema orientalis: Effect of a Naturally-Occurring Symbiosis Receptor Kinase Mutant Allele </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuda%20Purwana%20Roswanjaya">Yuda Purwana Roswanjaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wouter%20Kohlen"> Wouter Kohlen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rene%20Geurts"> Rene Geurts</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Trema genus represents a group of fast-growing tropical tree species within the Cannabaceae. Interestingly, five species nested in this lineage -known as Parasponia- can establish rhizobium nitrogen-fixing root nodules, similar to those found in legumes. Parasponia and legumes use a conserved genetic network to control root nodule formation, among which are genes also essential for mycorrhizal symbiosis (the so-called common symbiotic pathway). However, Trema species lost several genes that function exclusively in nodulation, suggesting a loss-of the nodulation trait in Trema. Strikingly, in a Trema orientalis population found in Malaysian Borneo we identified a truncated SYMBIOSIS RECEPTOR KINASE (SYMRK) mutant allele lacking a large portion of the c-terminal kinase domain. In legumes this gene is essential for nodulation and mycorrhization. This raises the question whether Trema orientalis can still be mycorrhized. To answer this question, we established quantitative mycorrhization assay for Parasponia andersonii and Trema orientalis. Plants were grown in closed pots on half strength Hoagland medium containing 20 µM potassium phosphate in sterilized sand and inoculated with 125 spores of Rhizopagus irregularis (Agronutrion-DAOM197198). Mycorrhization efficiency was determined by analyzing the frequency of mycorrhiza (%F), the intensity of the mycorrhizal colonization (%M) and the arbuscule abundance (%A) in the root system. Trema orientalis RG33 can be mycorrhized, though with lower efficiency compared to Parasponia andersonii. From this we conclude that a functional SYMRK kinase domain is not essential for Trema orientalis mycorrhization. In ongoing experiments, we aim to investigate the role of SYMRK in Parasponia andersonii mycorrhization and nodulation. For this two Parasponia andersonii symrk CRISPR-Cas9 mutant alleles were created. One mimicking the TorSYMRKRG33 allele by deletion of exon 13-15, and a full Parasponia andersonii SYMRK knockout. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endomycorrhization" title="endomycorrhization">endomycorrhization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parasponia%20andersonii" title=" Parasponia andersonii"> Parasponia andersonii</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=symbiosis%20receptor%20kinase%20%28SYMRK%29" title=" symbiosis receptor kinase (SYMRK)"> symbiosis receptor kinase (SYMRK)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Trema%20orientalis" title=" Trema orientalis"> Trema orientalis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99174/arbuscular-mycorrhizal-symbiosis-in-trema-orientalis-effect-of-a-naturally-occurring-symbiosis-receptor-kinase-mutant-allele" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99174.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">164</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">175</span> Cochliobolus sativus: An Important Pathogen of Cereal Crops</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Awet%20Araya">Awet Araya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cochliobolus sativus ((anamorphic stage: Bipolaris sorokiniana (synonyms: Helminthosporium sorokinianum, Drechslera sorokiniana, and Helminthosporium sativum)) is an important pathogen of cereal crops. Many other grass species are also hosts for this fungus. Yield losses have been reported from many regions, especially where barley and wheat are commercially cultivated. The fungus has a worldwide distribution. The pathogen causes root rot, seedling blight, spot blotch, head blight, and black point. Environmental conditions affect disease development. Most of the time, fungus survives as mycelia and conidia. Pseudothecium of the fungus is not commonly encountered and probably not important in the epidemiology of the disease. The fungus can be in seed, soil, or in plant parts. Crop rotation, proper fertilization, reducing other stress factors, fungicide treatments, and resistant cultivars may be used for the control of the disease. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cochliobolus%20sativus" title="Cochliobolus sativus">Cochliobolus sativus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=barley" title=" barley"> barley</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultivars" title=" cultivars"> cultivars</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=root%20rot" title=" root rot"> root rot</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139507/cochliobolus-sativus-an-important-pathogen-of-cereal-crops" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139507.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">230</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">174</span> The Effect of Chitosan and Mycorrhization on Some Growth-Physiological Indices of Salvia leriifolia Benth.</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marzieh%20Fotovvat">Marzieh Fotovvat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farzaneh%20Najafi"> Farzaneh Najafi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ramazan%20Ali%20Khavari-Nejad"> Ramazan Ali Khavari-Nejad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daryush%20Talei"> Daryush Talei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farhad%20Rejali"> Farhad Rejali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Salvia leriifolia Benth. is one of the valuable and perennial medicinal plants of the Lamiaceae family, geographically growing in the south and tropical regions of Khorassan and Semnan provinces in Iran. In recent years, several medicinal properties such as antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-diabetic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects have been reported from this plant. The use of elicitors such as chitosan and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiosis are the main methods for increasing the production of secondary metabolites, growth, and physiological factors in plants. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of foliar spraying applications by chitosan and/or the contribution of AMF (Glomus interaradices) on some growth factors and chlorophyll content of S. leriifolia under glasshouse conditions. The sterilized seeds were germinated by placing them into a cocopeat. After one month, seedlings that were in the 2-4 leaf stage were transferred to plastic pots (garden soil and pumice at 2:1) with or without mycorrhizal fungi. Chitosan (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg L-1) was sprayed four times in the fourth month of the vegetative period. The results showed that fresh leaf weight, fresh root weight, root height, and chlorophyll content could change in the plant treated with chitosan and AMF symbiosis. So that the highest chlorophyll content and fresh weight of roots and leaves were observed in the interaction of chitosan and G. interaradices. In general, by optimizing the chitosan concentration and the use of appropriate AMF symbiosis, it is possible to improve the growth and quality of the medicinal plant S. leriifolia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chitosan" title="chitosan">chitosan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chlorophyll" title=" chlorophyll"> chlorophyll</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=growth%20factors" title=" growth factors"> growth factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mycorrhiza" title=" mycorrhiza"> mycorrhiza</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159080/the-effect-of-chitosan-and-mycorrhization-on-some-growth-physiological-indices-of-salvia-leriifolia-benth" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159080.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">81</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">173</span> AMF activates PDH 45 and G-proteins Genes to Alleviate Abiotic Stress in Tomato Plants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deepak%20Bhardwaj">Deepak Bhardwaj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Narendra%20Tuteja"> Narendra Tuteja</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Global climate change is impacting large agrarian societies, especially those in countries located near the equator. Agriculture, and consequently, plant-based food, is the hardest hit in tropical and sub-tropical countries such as India due to an increased incidence of drought as well as an increase in soil salinity. One method that holds promise is AMF-rich biofertilizers which assist in activating proteins which in turn help alleviate abiotic stress in plants. In the present study, we identified two important species of (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus) AMF belonging to Glomus and Gigaspora from the rhizosphere of the important medicinal plant Justicia adathoda. These two species have been found to be responsible for the abundance of Justicia adathoda in the semi-arid areas of the Jammu valley located in northern India, namely, the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir. We isolated the species of Glomus and Gigaspora from the rhizosphere of Justicia adathoda and used them as biofertilizers for the tomato plant. Significant improvements in the growth parameters were observed in the tomato plants inoculated with Glomus sp. and Gigaspora sp. in comparison with the tomato plants that were grown without AMF treatments. Tomato plants grown along with Glomus sp. and Gigaspora sp. have been observed to withstand 200 mM of salinity and 25% PEG stress. AMF also resulted in an increased concentration of proline and antioxidant enzymes in tomato plants. We also examined the expression levels of salinity and drought stress-inducible genes such as pea DNA helicase 45 (PDH 45) and genes of G-protein subunits of the tomato plants inoculated with and without AMF under stress and normal conditions. All the stress-inducible genes showed a significant increase in their gene expression under stress and AMF inoculation, while their levels were found to be normal under AMF inoculation without stress. We propose a model of abiotic stress alleviation in tomato plants with the help of external factors such as AMF and internally with the help of proteins like PDH 45 and G-proteins. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AMF" title="AMF">AMF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abiotic%20stress" title=" abiotic stress"> abiotic stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=g-proteins" title=" g-proteins"> g-proteins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PDH-45" title=" PDH-45"> PDH-45</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142461/amf-activates-pdh-45-and-g-proteins-genes-to-alleviate-abiotic-stress-in-tomato-plants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142461.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">176</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">172</span> Phosphate Regulation of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Symbiosis in Rice</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Debatosh%20Das">Debatosh Das</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moxian%20Chen"> Moxian Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jianhua%20Zhang"> Jianhua Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Caroline%20Gutjahr"> Caroline Gutjahr</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is a mutualistic symbiosis between plant roots and Glomeromycotina fungi, which is activated under low but inhibited by high phosphate. The effect of phosphate on AM development has been observed for many years, but mechanisms regulating it under contrasting phosphate levels remain unknown. Based on previous observations that promoters of several AM functional genes contain PHR binding motifs, we hypothesized that PHR2, a master regulator of phosphate starvation response in rice, was recruited to regulate AM symbiosis development. We observed a drastic reduction in root colonization and significant AM transcriptome modulation in phr2. PHR2 targets genes required for root colonization and AM signaling. The role of PHR2 in improving root colonization, mycorrhizal phosphate uptake, and growth response was confirmed in field soil. In conclusion, rice PHR2, which is considered a master regulator of phosphate starvation responses, acts as a positive regulator of AM symbiosis between Glomeromycotina fungi and rice roots. PHR2 directly targets the transcription of plant strigolactone and AM genes involved in the establishment of this symbiosis. Our work facilitates an understanding of ways to enhance AMF propagule populations introduced in field soils (as a biofertilizer) in order to restore the natural plant-AMF networks disrupted by modern agricultural practices. We show that PHR2 is required for AM-mediated improvement of rice yield in low phosphate paddy field soil. Thus, our work contributes knowledge for rational application of AM in sustainable agriculture. Our data provide important insights into the regulation of AM by the plant phosphate status, which has a broad significance in agriculture and terrestrial ecosystems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofertilizer" title="biofertilizer">biofertilizer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phosphate" title=" phosphate"> phosphate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mycorrhiza" title=" mycorrhiza"> mycorrhiza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rice" title=" rice"> rice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable" title=" sustainable"> sustainable</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=symbiosis" title=" symbiosis"> symbiosis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156401/phosphate-regulation-of-arbuscular-mycorrhiza-symbiosis-in-rice" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156401.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">133</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">171</span> Biological Methods to Control Parasitic Weed Phelipanche ramosa L. Pomel in the Field Tomato Crop</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Lops">F. Lops</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Disciglio"> G. Disciglio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Carlucci"> A. Carlucci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Gatta"> G. Gatta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Frabboni"> L. Frabboni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Tarantino"> A. Tarantino</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Tarantino"> E. Tarantino</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <em>Phelipanche ramosa </em>L. Pomel is a root holoparasitic weed plant of many cultivations, particularly of tomato (<em>Lycopersicum esculentum</em> L.) crop. In Italy, <em>Phelipanche</em> problem is increasing, both in density and in acreage. The biological control of this parasitic weed involves the use of living organisms as numerous fungi and bacteria that can infect the parasitic weed, while it may improve the crop growth. This paper deals with the biocontrol with microorganism, including Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and fungal pathogens as<em> Fusarium oxisporum </em>spp. Colonization of crop roots by AM fungi can provide protection of crops against parasitic weeds because of a reduction in their seed germination and attachment, while <em>F. oxisporum</em>, isolated from diseased broomrape tubercles, proved to be highly virulent on <em>P. ramosa</em>. The experimental trial was carried out in open field at Foggia province (Apulia Region, Southern Italy), during the spring-summer season 2016, in order to evaluate the effect of four biological treatments: AM fungi and <em>Fusarium oxisporum </em>applied in the soil alone or combined together, and Rizosum Max<sup>®</sup> product, compared with the untreated control, to reduce the<em> P. ramosa</em> infestation in processing tomato crop. The principal results to be drawn from this study under field condition, in contrast of those reported previously under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, show that both AM fungi and <em>F. oxisporum</em> do not provide the reduction of the number of emerged shoots of <em>P. ramosa.</em> This can arise probably from the low efficacy seedling of the agent pathogens for the control of this parasite in the field<em>. </em>On the contrary, the Rizosum Max<sup>®</sup> product, containing AM fungi and some rizophere bacteria combined with several minerals and organic substances, appears to be most effective for the reduction of <em>P. ramosa</em> infestation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arbuscular%20mycorrhized%20fungi" title="Arbuscular mycorrhized fungi">Arbuscular mycorrhized fungi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biocontrol%20methods" title=" biocontrol methods"> biocontrol methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phelipanche%20ramosa" title=" Phelipanche ramosa"> Phelipanche ramosa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tomato%20crop" title=" tomato crop"> tomato crop</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63729/biological-methods-to-control-parasitic-weed-phelipanche-ramosa-l-pomel-in-the-field-tomato-crop" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63729.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">462</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">170</span> Microbial Inoculants to Increase the Biomass and Nutrient Uptake of Tithonia Cultivated as Hedgerow Plants to Control Erosion in Ultisols</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nurhajati%20Hakim">Nurhajati Hakim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kiki%20Amalia"> Kiki Amalia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Agustian"> A. Agustian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Hermansah"> H. Hermansah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Yulnafatmawita"> Y. Yulnafatmawita</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ultisols require greater amounts of fertilizer application compared to other soils and susceptible to erosion. Unfortunately, the price of synthetic fertilizers has increased over time during the years, making them unaffordable for most Indonesian farmers. While terrace technique to control erosion very costly.Over the last century, efforts to reduce reliance on synthetic agro-chemicals fertilizers and erosion control have recently focused on Tithonia diversifolia as a fertilizer alternative, and as hedgerow plant to control erosion. Generally known by its common name of tree marigold or Mexican sunflower, this plant has attracted considerable attention for its prolific production of green biomass, rich in nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium (NPK). In pot experiments has founded some microbial such as Mycorrhizal, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, phosphate solubilizing bacterial (PSB) and fungi (PSF) are expected to play an important role in biomass production and high nutrient uptake of this plant. This issue of importance was pursued further in the following investigation in field condition. The aim of this study was to determine the type of microbial combination suitable for Tithonia cultivation as hedgerow plants in Ultisols which have higher biomass production and nutrient content, and decline soil erosion. The field experiment was conducted with 6 treatments in a randomized block design (RBD) using 3 replications. The treatments were: Tithonia rhizosphere without microbial inoculated (A); Inokulanted by Mycorrhizal + Azotobacter + Azospirillium (B); Mycorrhizal + PSF (C); Mycorrhizal + PSB(D); Mycorrhizal + PSB + PSF(E);and without hedgerow Tithonia (F).The microbial substrates were inoculated into the Tithonia rhizosphere in the nursery. The young Tithonia plants were then planted as hedgerow on Ultisols in the experimental field for 8 months, and pruned once every 2 months. Soil erosion were collected every rainy time. The differences between treatments were statistically significant by HSD test at the 95% level of probability. The result showed that treatment C (mycorrhizal + PSB) was the most effective, and followed by treatment D (mycorrhizal + PSF) in producing higher Tithonia biomass about 8 t dry matter 2000 m-2 ha-1 y-1 and declined soil erosion 71-75%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hedgerow%20tithonia" title="hedgerow tithonia">hedgerow tithonia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbial%20inoculants" title=" microbial inoculants"> microbial inoculants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organic%20fertilizer" title=" organic fertilizer"> organic fertilizer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20erosion%20control" title=" soil erosion control"> soil erosion control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24912/microbial-inoculants-to-increase-the-biomass-and-nutrient-uptake-of-tithonia-cultivated-as-hedgerow-plants-to-control-erosion-in-ultisols" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24912.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">357</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">169</span> Drought Resistance of Nursery Grown Betel Nut (Areca catechu L.) under the Influences of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza MycoVAM</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eric%20Bimmoy">Eric Bimmoy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of the study conducted inside screen house is to determine the effect of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza MycoVAM Glomus mosseae or Glomus fasciculatum on the drought resistance of Betel nut (Areca catechu). The study revealed that there is a highly significant growth increment and drought resistance of planted seedling inoculated with VAM compared to uninoculated seedling. The study revealed not significant under well water condition after 60 days. Growths are higher in inoculated seedlings compared to uninoculated seedlings. Seventy days (75) days after planting there was a highly significant difference in inoculated plants. It is not significant in height increment after 90 days, although the height percentage increase in inoculated seedlings was higher. The water stressed Areca catechu seedlings inoculated with VAM significantly increases total shoot height with increment of 72.34 while days before wilting 65.89 and 88.68 in the leaf water content. This demonstrates the result provided by VAM in the development of seedlings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vesicular-arbuscular%20mycorrhiza%20MycoVAM" title="vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza MycoVAM">vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza MycoVAM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resistance" title=" resistance"> resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=symbiosis" title=" symbiosis"> symbiosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20stressed" title=" water stressed"> water stressed</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44627/drought-resistance-of-nursery-grown-betel-nut-areca-catechu-l-under-the-influences-of-vesicular-arbuscular-mycorrhiza-mycovam" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44627.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">233</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">168</span> Interaction of Steinernema Glaseri, an Entomopathogenic Nematode with a Predatory Fungus Arthrobotrys Superba on Different Nutrient Media</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Varsha%20Baweja">Varsha Baweja</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Steinernema glaseri is known to be the most potent biocontrol agent against a number of insect pests of various orders and of diverse habitats under laboratory conditions. But in nature many micro pathogens may affect the efficacy of such entomopathogenic nematodes. Keeping this in view, the interaction of Steinernema glaseri with a predatory fungus Arthrobotrys superba was assessed on eight different nutrient media. The activity of A.superba was evaluated in terms of trap formation, conidiophore formation, and number of adhesive cells formed in the presence and absence of nematodes. The fungus failed to form any trap on any of the culture media in the absence of nematodes. However, in the presence of nematodes, the trap formation by the test fungus was increased but the number of conidiophores decreased with increase in dilution of Corn Meal Agar from 5% to 2%. Higher number of chlamydospores were observed in phenylalanine treated medium which indicates the inhibiting effect of phenylalanine on the growth of A. superba. Our results suggest that care should be taken during release of entomopathogenic nematodes in an agroecosystem for managing various insect pests in a more efficient manner. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Entomopathogenic%20Nematode" title="Entomopathogenic Nematode ">Entomopathogenic Nematode </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Steinernema%20Glaseri" title=" Steinernema Glaseri"> Steinernema Glaseri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Predatory%20Fungus" title=" Predatory Fungus"> Predatory Fungus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arthrobotrys%20Superba" title=" Arthrobotrys Superba"> Arthrobotrys Superba</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66140/interaction-of-steinernema-glaseri-an-entomopathogenic-nematode-with-a-predatory-fungus-arthrobotrys-superba-on-different-nutrient-media" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66140.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">278</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">167</span> Selection of Indigenous Tree Species and Microbial Inoculation for the Restoration of Degraded Uplands</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nelly%20S.%20Aggangan">Nelly S. Aggangan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julieta%20A.%20Anarna"> Julieta A. Anarna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Indigenous tree species are priority planting materials for the National Greening Program of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Areas for reforestation are marginal grasslands where plant growth is stunted and seedling survival is low. This experiment was conducted to compare growth rates and seedling survival of seven indigenous reforestation species. Narra (Pterocarpus indicus), salago (Wikstroemia lanceolata), kisubeng (Sapindus saponaria), tuai (Biscofia javanica), batino (Alstonia macrophylla), bani (Pongamina pinnata) and ipil (Intsia bijuga) were inoculated with Mykovam® (mycorrhizal fungi) and Bio-N® (N2-fixing bacteria) during pricking. After five months in the nursery, the treated seedlings were planted in degraded upland acidic red soil in Cavinti, Laguna (Luzon). During outplanting, all mycorrhiza inoculated seedlings had 50-80% mycorrhizal roots while the control ones had 5-10% mycorrhizal roots. Mykovam increased height of narra, salago and kisubeng. Stem diameter was bigger in mycorrhizal salago than the control. After two years in the field, Mykovam®+Bio-N® inoculated narra, salago and bani gave 95% survival while non-mycorrhizal tuai gave the lowest survival (25%). Inoculated seedlings grew faster than the control. Highest height increase was in batino (103%), followed by bani (95%), ipil (59%), narra (58%), tuai (53%) and kisubeng was the lowest (10%). Stem diameter was increased by Mykovam® from 13-39% over the control. Highest stem diameter was obtained from narra (50%), followed by bani (40%), batino (36%), ipil (33%), salago (28%), kisubeng and tuai (12%) had the lowest. In conclusion, Mykovam® inoculated batino, bani, narra, salago and ipil can be selected to restore degraded upland acidic red soil in the Philippines. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azospirillum%20spp." title="Azospirillum spp.">Azospirillum spp.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bio-N%C2%AE" title=" Bio-N®"> Bio-N®</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mykovam%C2%AE" title=" Mykovam®"> Mykovam®</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitrogen%20fixing%20bacteria" title=" nitrogen fixing bacteria"> nitrogen fixing bacteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acidic%20red%20soil" title=" acidic red soil "> acidic red soil </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44484/selection-of-indigenous-tree-species-and-microbial-inoculation-for-the-restoration-of-degraded-uplands" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44484.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">309</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">166</span> Effects of Nickel and Inoculation with Three Isolates of Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Pisolithus on Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake Seedlings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20S.%20Aggangan">N. S. Aggangan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Dell"> B. Dell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Jeffries"> P. Jeffries</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Two moderately nickel-tolerant isolates of Pisolithus were compared with a non-Ni tolerant isolate for the ability to increase the growth of Eucalyptus urophylla seedlings in the presence of nickel (Ni) in pots in a glasshouse. Seedlings, either inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi or uninoculated, were transplanted into pots containing 3 kg steam-pasteurized yellow sand amended with five concentrations of nickel (0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 mg Ni kg-1 soil). Within a day after transplanting, all seedlings subjected to Ni rates greater than 12 mg Ni kg-1 showed symptoms of wilting and all died within two weeks. At lower nickel concentrations, inoculation with all 3 Pisolithus strains increased rates of seedling survival after 12 weeks. Inoculation with all 3 isolates Pisolithus significantly increased the growth of plants in Ni-free soils between 2 to 4 fold dependent on isolate. However, seedlings growing in soils containing 12 mg Ni kg-1 grew poorly, mycorrhizal development was inhibited and no beneficial effects of inoculation were noted. In contrast, in soils containing 6mg Ni kg-1, inoculated seedlings did not show the reduced root growth and severe toxicity symptoms (chlorosis on young leaves and shoot tips) of uninoculated seedlings. Only the Ni-tolerant Pisolithus strains conferred a significant growth benefit compared to non-inoculated controls, and plants inoculated with one of these strains grew twice the size as those inoculated with the other Ni-tolerant strain. Inorganic plant analysis revealed that inoculation increased plant growth through improved P uptake but did not prevent Ni uptake. However, toxicity may have been minimized by dilution due to an increase in plant biomass. The results suggest that only one of the Ni-tolerant strains of Pisolithus has the potential to improve the growth and survival of E. urophylla seedlings in serpentine soils in the Philippines. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ectomycorrhizas" title="ectomycorrhizas">ectomycorrhizas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eucalyptus%20urophylla" title=" Eucalyptus urophylla"> Eucalyptus urophylla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nickel%20tolerance" title=" nickel tolerance"> nickel tolerance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pisolithus" title=" pisolithus"> pisolithus</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44636/effects-of-nickel-and-inoculation-with-three-isolates-of-ectomycorrhizal-fungus-pisolithus-on-eucalyptus-urophylla-s-t-blake-seedlings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44636.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">302</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">165</span> Corresponding Effect of Mycorhizal fungi and Pistachio on Absorption of Nutrition and Resistance on Salinity in Pistacia vera, L.</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamid%20Mohammadi">Hamid Mohammadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20H.%20Eftekhar%20Afzali"> S. H. Eftekhar Afzali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The irregular usage of chemical fertilizer cause different types of water and soil pollution and problems in health of human in past decades and organic fertilizer has been considered more and more. Mycorrhizal fungi have symbiosis with plant families and significantly effect on plant growth. Proper management of these symbiosis causes to reduce the usage of chemical fertilizers and absorb nutrition especially phosphor. Pistacia vera is endemic in Iran and is one of the most important products for this country. Considering special circumstances of pistachio orchards according to increasing salinity of water and soil and mismanagement of fertilizer reveals the necessity of the usage of Mycorrhizal fungi in these orchards. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pistachio" title="pistachio">pistachio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mycorhiza" title=" mycorhiza"> mycorhiza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutrition" title=" nutrition"> nutrition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salinity" title=" salinity"> salinity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34737/corresponding-effect-of-mycorhizal-fungi-and-pistachio-on-absorption-of-nutrition-and-resistance-on-salinity-in-pistacia-vera-l" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34737.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">501</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">164</span> The Effect of Different Concentrations of Trichoderma harzianum Fungus on the Phytochemical and Antioxidative Parameters of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea convar.botrytisl) in Soils Contaminated with Lead</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Javad%20Shakori">Mohammad Javad Shakori</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Esmaeil%20Babakhanzadeh%20Sajirani"> Esmaeil Babakhanzadeh Sajirani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vajihe%20Esmaili"> Vajihe Esmaili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Today, the increasing contamination is an environmental concern. There is relationship between plants and microorganisms many years ago. In this regard, an experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effect of different levels of lead across three levels ‘zero, 50, and 100 mg/L’ and Trichoderma Harzanium fungus across three levels ‘5, 10, and 15%’ in a factorial design in the form of fully randomized blocks in three replications under form conditions in the climatic conditions of Shahroud in Dehlama Village. This research was performed in 2014-2015 on cauliflower. In this experiment, chlorophyll a, b, total, cartenoid, phenol, flavonoid, and antioxidant properties of cauliflowers were measured. The results indicated that the greatest level of chlorophyll a (75.723 mg/wet weight), chlorophyll b (27.378 mg/wet weight), and total chlorophyll (109.074 mg/wet weight) was related to the interactive effects of 5% treatment of Trichoderma fungus and 0mg/L lead. The results also indicated that the greatest amount of antioxidant (79.88% of free radical) and flavonoides (22.889 mg of coercetin/g of dry weight) was related to the interactive effects of lead 50 mg/L and the treatment of Trichoderma fungus 5%. Further, the greatest level of phenol (21.33 mg of Gaelic acid/ dry weight) was related to the interactive effects of lead 100 mg/L and Trichoderma fungus 5% . As carotenoids are a type of antioxidant and precursor of vitamin A, with the development of alignment effect with other antioxidants such as the total phenol, flavonoid, achieved desirable levels of antioxidant. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant" title="antioxidant">antioxidant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lead" title=" lead"> lead</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flavonoid" title=" flavonoid"> flavonoid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cauliflower" title=" cauliflower"> cauliflower</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chlorophyll" title=" chlorophyll"> chlorophyll</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59010/the-effect-of-different-concentrations-of-trichoderma-harzianum-fungus-on-the-phytochemical-and-antioxidative-parameters-of-cauliflower-brassica-oleracea-convarbotrytisl-in-soils-contaminated-with-lead" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59010.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">276</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">163</span> Lifestyle Switching Phenomenon of Plant Associated Fungi</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gauravi%20Agarkar">Gauravi Agarkar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahendra%20Rai"> Mahendra Rai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fungi are closely associated with the plants in various types of interactions such as mycorrhizal, parasitic or endophytic. Some of these interactions are beneficial and a few are harmful to the host plants. It has been suggested that these plant-associated fungi are able to change their lifestyle abd this means endophyte may become parasite or vice versa. This phenomenon may have profound effect on plant-fungal interactions and various ecological niches. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the factors that trigger the change in fungal lifestyle and understand whether these different lifestyles are interconnected at some points either by physiological, biochemical or molecular routes. This review summarizes the factors affecting plant fungal interactions and discusses the possible mechanisms for lifestyles switching of fungi based on available experimental evidences. Research should be boosted in this direction to fetch more advantages in future and to avoid the severe consequences in agriculture and other related fields. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endophytic" title="endophytic">endophytic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lifestyle%20switching" title=" lifestyle switching"> lifestyle switching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mycorrhizal" title=" mycorrhizal"> mycorrhizal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parasitic" title=" parasitic"> parasitic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant-fungal%20interactions" title=" plant-fungal interactions"> plant-fungal interactions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23774/lifestyle-switching-phenomenon-of-plant-associated-fungi" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a 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