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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Age_thirteen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_thirteen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Age thirteen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_thirteen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_term_"bar_mitzvah"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_term_"bar_mitzvah""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The term "bar mitzvah"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_term_"bar_mitzvah"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aliyah_to_the_Torah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aliyah_to_the_Torah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aliyah to the Torah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aliyah_to_the_Torah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tefillin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tefillin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tefillin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tefillin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bat_mitzvah_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bat_mitzvah_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bat mitzvah customs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bat_mitzvah_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_ceremonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_ceremonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Alternative ceremonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_ceremonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gifts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gifts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gifts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gifts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_adults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_adults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In adults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_adults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bar_mitzvah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bar_mitzvah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Bar mitzvah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bar_mitzvah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bat_mitzvah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bat_mitzvah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Bat mitzvah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bat_mitzvah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Bar</i> and <i>bat mitzvah</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Mitzwa_und_Bat_Mitzwa" title="Bar Mitzwa und Bat Mitzwa – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bar Mitzwa und Bat Mitzwa" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7" title="بار متسفا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بار متسفا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_v%C9%99_Bat_Mitzvah" title="Bar və Bat Mitzvah – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bar və Bat Mitzvah" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Mitzwa" title="Bar Mitzwa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bar Mitzwa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_ha_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar ha bat mitzvah – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bar ha bat mitzvah" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benei_mitsv%C3%A0" title="Benei mitsvà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Benei mitsvà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_micva" title="Bar micva – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bar micva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Mitzvah" title="Bar Mitzvah – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bar Mitzvah" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_mitzva" title="Bar mitzva – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bar mitzva" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Mitzwa" title="Bar Mitzwa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bar Mitzwa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benei_Mitzv%C3%A1" title="Benei Mitzvá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Benei Mitzvá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_kaj_Bat_Micva" title="Bar kaj Bat Micva – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bar kaj Bat Micva" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_eta_Bat_Mitzva" title="Bar eta Bat Mitzva – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bar eta Bat Mitzva" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A7" title="بر میتصوا و بت میتصوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بر میتصوا و بت میتصوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-mitsvah" title="Bar-mitsvah – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bar-mitsvah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Mitsve%C3%A1" title="Bar Mitsveá – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bar Mitsveá" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_e_Bat_Mitzvah" title="Bar e Bat Mitzvah – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bar e Bat Mitzvah" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EC%99%80_%EB%B0%94%ED%8A%B8_%EB%AF%B8%EC%B8%A0%EB%B0%94" title="바르와 바트 미츠바 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바르와 바트 미츠바" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%84%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%BE%D5%A1_%D6%87_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A9_%D5%84%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%BE%D5%A1" title="Բար Միցվա և Բաթ Միցվա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բար Միցվա և Բաթ Միցվա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-mizva" title="Bar-mizva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bar-mizva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_mitzvah" title="Bar mitzvah – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Bar mitzvah" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_dan_Bat_Mitzvah" title="Bar dan Bat Mitzvah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bar dan Bat Mitzvah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_mitzvah" title="Bar mitzvah – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bar mitzvah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94" title="בר מצווה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בר מצווה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_micva" title="Bar micva – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bar micva" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-micv%C3%B3" title="Bar-micvó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bar-micvó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Бар и Бат мицва – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бар и Бат мицва" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7" title="بار متسفا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بار متسفا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Mitzvah" title="Bar Mitzvah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bar Mitzvah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_mitswa" title="Bar mitswa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bar mitswa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%84%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC" title="バル・ミツワー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バル・ミツワー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_mitsva" title="Bar mitsva – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bar mitsva" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9" title="ਬਾਰ ਮਤਸਵਾਹ ਅਤੇ ਬਾਤ ਮਤਸਵਾਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਰ ਮਤਸਵਾਹ ਅਤੇ ਬਾਤ ਮਤਸਵਾਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_micwa" title="Bar micwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bar micwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Mitzv%C3%A1" title="Bar Mitzvá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bar Mitzvá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Mi%C8%9Bva" title="Bar Mițva – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bar Mițva" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Бар-мицва – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бар-мицва" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_and_Bat_Mitzvah" title="Bar and Bat Mitzvah – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bar and Bat Mitzvah" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_micva" title="Bar micva – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bar micva" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_in_Bat_micva" title="Bar in Bat micva – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bar in Bat micva" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82-%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Бар и бат-мицва – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бар и бат-мицва" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_micva" title="Bar micva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bar micva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_mitsva" title="Bar mitsva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bar mitsva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_mitzva" title="Bar mitzva – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bar mitzva" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_ve_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar ve bat mitzvah – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bar ve bat mitzvah" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82-%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Бар та бат-міцва – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бар та бат-міцва" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81" title="بر مصواہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بر مصواہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Mitzvah" title="Bar Mitzvah – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bar Mitzvah" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%94" title="בר מצוה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בר מצוה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99%E6%88%90%E4%BA%BA%E7%A6%AE" title="猶太教成人禮 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="猶太教成人禮" data-language-autonym="中文" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Jewish coming of age rituals</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary"><span class="nowrap"><i>Bar</i> and <i>bat mitzvah</i></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_boy_reads_Bar_Mitzvah.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jewish_boy_reads_Bar_Mitzvah.JPG/220px-Jewish_boy_reads_Bar_Mitzvah.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jewish_boy_reads_Bar_Mitzvah.JPG/330px-Jewish_boy_reads_Bar_Mitzvah.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jewish_boy_reads_Bar_Mitzvah.JPG/440px-Jewish_boy_reads_Bar_Mitzvah.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1058" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Bar mitzvah</i> boy wearing <a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">tallit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">tefillin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="Hebrew"> <i>Bar mīṣvā</i>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בַּר מִצְוָה</span>‎ <br /> <i>Bat mīṣvā</i>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בַּת מִצְוָה</span>‎</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> boys: 13 years old, girls: 12 years old</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> boys and girls: 12 or 13 years old</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">Coming-of-age ceremony</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Theme</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">Reaching the age of <i>bar</i> or <i>bat mitzvah</i> signifies becoming a full-fledged member of the Jewish community</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Bar and bat mitzvah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <i><b>bar mitzvah</b></i> (<abbr title="masculine">masc.</abbr>), or <i><b>bat mitzvah</b></i> (<abbr title="feminine">fem.</abbr>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Coming_of_age" title="Coming of age">coming of age</a> ritual in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a>, before children reach a certain age, the parents are responsible for their child's actions. Once Jewish children reach that age, they are said to "become" <i>b'nai mitzvah</i>, at which point they begin to be held accountable for their own actions. Traditionally, the father of a <i>bar</i> or <i>bat mitzvah</i> offers thanks to God that he is no longer punished for his child's sins. </p><p>In Orthodox communities, boys become <i>bar mitzvah</i> at 13 and girls become <i>bat mitzvah</i> at 12. In most Reform, Reconstructionist, and Conservative communities, the milestone is 13 regardless of gender.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this point, children are also held responsible for knowing Jewish ritual law, tradition, and ethics, and are able to participate in all areas of Jewish community life to the same extent as adults. In some Jewish communities, men's and women's roles differ in certain respects. For example, in Orthodox Judaism, once a boy turns 13, it is permitted to count him for the purpose of determining whether there is a <a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">prayer quorum</a>, and he may lead prayer and other religious services in the family and the community.<sup id="cite_ref-GenesisRabbah63_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GenesisRabbah63-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Bar mitzvah</i> is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>. Some classic sources identify the age at which children must begin to participate in the ritual of fasting on <i><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a></i> as 13 for boys and 12 for girls. The age of <i>b'nai mitzvah</i> roughly coincides with the onset of <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>bar</i>/<i>bat mitzvah</i> ceremony is usually held on the first <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> after the birthday on which the child reaches the eligible age. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_and_bat_mitzvah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Bar_(Aramaic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar (Aramaic)">Bar</a></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בַּר</span>‎) is a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Jewish Babylonian Aramaic</a> word meaning 'son' (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֵּן</span>‎, <i><a href="/wiki/Ben_(Hebrew)" title="Ben (Hebrew)">ben</a></i> in Hebrew), while <i>bat</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בַּת</span>‎), in Hebrew, means 'daughter'. <i><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מִצְוָה</span>‎) is Hebrew for 'commandment' or 'law'. Thus, <i>bar mitzvah</i> and <i>bat mitzvah</i> literally translate to 'son of commandment' and 'daughter of commandment', respectively. However, in rabbinical usage, the word <i>bar</i> means 'under the category of' or 'subject to'. <i>Bar mitzvah</i> therefore translates to '[one] who is subject to the law'. Although the term is commonly used to refer to the ritual itself, the phrase originally refers to the person.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_and_bat_mitzvah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern method of celebrating becoming a <i>bar mitzvah</i> did not exist in the time of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>. Early rabbinic sources specify 13 as the age at which a boy becomes a legal adult; however, the celebration of this occasion is not mentioned until the Middle Ages (from approximately 500 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> to 1500 CE; see <a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Olitsky_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olitsky-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some late <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrashic</a> sources, and some medieval sources refer to a synagogue ceremony performed upon the boy's reaching age thirteen: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Tzemach_Duran" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Tzemach Duran">Simon Tzemach Duran</a> quotes a <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a> interpreting the Hebrew word <i>zo</i> ("this") in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a> 43:21 ("These people have I formed for myself, they shall speak my praise") as referring by its <a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">numerical value</a> to those that have reached the age of 13.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This seems to imply that, at the time of the composition of the Midrash the bar mitzvah publicly pronounced a blessing on the occasion of his entrance upon maturity.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Midrash_Hashkem" title="Midrash Hashkem">Midrash Hashkem</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The heathen when he begets a son consecrates him to idolatrous practices; the <a href="/wiki/Israelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Israelite">Israelite</a> has his son circumcised and the rite of '<a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">pidyon haben</a>' performed; and as soon as he becomes of age he brings him into the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">school</a> in order that he may praise the name of God, reciting the <a href="/wiki/Barechu" title="Barechu">Barechu</a>."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masseket_Soferim" class="mw-redirect" title="Masseket Soferim">Masseket Soferim</a> (18:5) makes matters even more explicit: "In <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> they are accustomed to initiate their children to fast on the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Atonement" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Atonement">Day of Atonement</a>, a year or two before their maturity; and then, when the age has arrived, to bring the Bar Mitzvah before the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish priest">priest</a> or elder for blessing, encouragement, and prayer, that he may be granted a portion in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Law">Law</a> and in the doing of good works. Whosoever is of superiority in the town is expected to pray for him as he bows down to him to receive his blessing."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabbah" title="Genesis Rabbah">Genesis Rabbah</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-GenesisRabbah63_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GenesisRabbah63-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Up to 13 years <a href="/wiki/Esau" title="Esau">Esau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> went together to the primary school and back home; after the thirteen years were over, the one went to the <a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">beit midrash</a> to study <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Law">Law</a>, the other to the house of idols. Regarding this, Rabbi Eleazar remarks, 'Until the 13th year it is the father's duty to train his boy; after this, he must say: "Blessed be He who has taken from me the responsibility [the punishment] for this boy!<span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'<span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span></li></ul> <p>Later on are references to a festive celebration on this occasion: </p> <ul><li>"It is a <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvah</a> for a person to make a meal on the day his son becomes Bar Mitzvah as on the day he enters the <a href="/wiki/Chuppah" title="Chuppah">wedding canopy</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_thirteen">Age thirteen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_and_bat_mitzvah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Age thirteen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscr_Rex_-_Bar_Mitzwa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Oscr_Rex_-_Bar_Mitzwa.jpg/220px-Oscr_Rex_-_Bar_Mitzwa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Oscr_Rex_-_Bar_Mitzwa.jpg/330px-Oscr_Rex_-_Bar_Mitzwa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Oscr_Rex_-_Bar_Mitzwa.jpg/440px-Oscr_Rex_-_Bar_Mitzwa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i>Bar Mitzvah in a Synagogue</i> by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Rex" title="Oscar Rex">Oscar Rex</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Bible does not explicitly specify the age of 13. Passages in the books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a> note the age of majority for army service as twenty.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Machzor_Vitri" class="mw-redirect" title="Machzor Vitri">Machzor Vitri</a> notes that <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2034:25&version=nrsv">Genesis 34:25</a> refers to <a href="/wiki/Levi" title="Levi">Levi</a> as a "man", when a calculation from other verses suggests that Levi was aged 13 at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The age of thirteen is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> as the time one is obligated to observe the Torah's <a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">commandments</a>: "At five years old one should study the <a href="/wiki/Scriptures#Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Scriptures">Scriptures</a>, at ten years for the Mishnah, at 13 for the commandments..."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Olitsky_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olitsky-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elsewhere,<sup id="cite_ref-niddah56_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niddah56-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Mishnah lists the ages (13 for boys and 12 for girls) at which a vow is considered automatically valid; the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> explains this as a result of the 13-year-old being a "man", as required in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0406.htm#2">6:2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (For one year before this age, the vows are conditionally valid, depending on whether the boy or girl has signs of physical maturity.<sup id="cite_ref-niddah56_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niddah56-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>Other sources also list thirteen as the age of majority with respect to following the commandments of the Torah, including: </p> <ul><li>"Why is the <a href="/wiki/Yetzer_hara" title="Yetzer hara">evil inclination</a> personified as the great king (<a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a> 9:14)? Because it is thirteen years older than the good inclination." That is to say, one's good inclination begins to act upon reaching the age of majority.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to <a href="/wiki/Pirke_Rabbi_Eli%27ezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirke Rabbi Eli'ezer">Pirke Rabbi Eli'ezer</a> 26, <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> rejected the total <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a> of his father and became a worshiper of God when he was thirteen years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Encyclopedia_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Encyclopedia-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_term_"bar_mitzvah""><span id="The_term_.22bar_mitzvah.22"></span>The term "bar mitzvah"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_and_bat_mitzvah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The term "bar mitzvah""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "bar mitzvah" appears first in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, meaning "one who is subject to the law", though it does not refer to age.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "bar mitzvah", in reference to age, cannot be clearly traced earlier than the 14th century, the older <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinical">rabbinical</a> term being "gadol" (adult) or "bar 'onshin" (one legally responsible for own misdoings).<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Encyclopedia_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Encyclopedia-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_and_bat_mitzvah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reaching the age of bar or bat mitzvah signifies becoming a full-fledged member of the Jewish community with the responsibilities that come with it. These include <a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">moral</a> responsibility for one's own actions; eligibility to be called to read from the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and lead or participate in a <a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">minyan</a>; the right to possess personal property and to <a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">legally marry on one's own according to Jewish law</a>; the duty to follow the <a href="/wiki/613_Mitzvot" class="mw-redirect" title="613 Mitzvot">613 laws</a> of the Torah and keep the <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a>; and the capacity to testify as a witness in a <a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">beth din</a> (rabbinical court) case. </p><p>Many congregations require pre-bar mitzvah children to attend a minimum number of Shabbat prayer services at the synagogue, study at a <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_school" title="Hebrew school">Hebrew school</a>, take on a charity or community service project and maintain membership in good standing with the synagogue. In addition to study and preparation offered through the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> and Hebrew schools, bar mitzvah tutors may be hired to prepare the child through the study of Hebrew, Torah cantillation and basic Jewish concepts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to Rabbi Mark Washofsky, "The Reform Movement in North America has struggled over the bar/bat mitzvah. At one time, this ceremony was on the verge of extinction in Reform congregations. Most of them preferred to replace bar/bat mitzvah with confirmation, which they considered a more enlightened and appropriate ceremony for modern Jews. Yet the enduring popularity of bar/bat mitzvah prevailed and today, in our communities, bar/bat mitzvah is 'virtually universally observed' by Reform Jews."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, concern about the high post-bar/bat mitzvah drop-out rate led the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Reform_Judaism" title="Union for Reform Judaism">Union for Reform Judaism</a> to launch the B'nai Mitzvah Revolution, an effort to shift Reform congregations away from "the long-held assumption that religious school is about preparing kids for their bar/bat mitzvah" and focus instead on teaching them how to become committed and involved members of the Jewish community.<sup id="cite_ref-reform2012_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reform2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aliyah_to_the_Torah">Aliyah to the Torah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_and_bat_mitzvah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aliyah to the Torah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NY_Herald_Bar_Mitzvah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An 1839 description of an upcoming New York bar mitzvah reported in the New York Herald" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NY_Herald_Bar_Mitzvah.jpg/220px-NY_Herald_Bar_Mitzvah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NY_Herald_Bar_Mitzvah.jpg/330px-NY_Herald_Bar_Mitzvah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NY_Herald_Bar_Mitzvah.jpg/440px-NY_Herald_Bar_Mitzvah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption>An 1839 description of an upcoming Manhattan bar mitzvah reported in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar_Mitzvah_Western_Wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bar_Mitzvah_Western_Wall.jpg/220px-Bar_Mitzvah_Western_Wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bar_Mitzvah_Western_Wall.jpg/330px-Bar_Mitzvah_Western_Wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bar_Mitzvah_Western_Wall.jpg/440px-Bar_Mitzvah_Western_Wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3046" data-file-height="2030" /></a><figcaption>Bar mitzvah at the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The widespread practice is that shortly after a boy turns 13, they are called up for an <i><a href="/wiki/Aliyah_(Torah)" title="Aliyah (Torah)">aliyah</a>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the ceremony of reading a portion of the Torah section of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the Sabbath, there are seven main sections, plus an eighth, known as <i>maftir,</i> which is also connected to the reading of that day's <i><a href="/wiki/Haftarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Haftarah">haftorah</a></i> section.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is most common to give the child the <i>maftir</i> reading.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most synagogues, a designated officiant, the <i><a href="/wiki/Baal_korei" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal korei">ba'al korei</a>,</i> reads all of the Torah portions, and the people receiving each <i>aliyah</i> only say the blessings before and after their portion is read.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Encyclopedia_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Encyclopedia-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bar mitzvah boy may learn to act as the <i>ba'al korei</i>, either for the entire service, for just his <i>aliyah,</i> or any range in-between.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He may also be ba'al korei for the <i>haftorah</i> portion if he receives the <i>maftir,</i> or may only be ba'al korei for the haftorah, without reading from the Torah at all.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any of these undertakings involves a steep learning curve and much practice, possibly taking a year of study, and is an impressive accomplishment.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Girls may have an aliyah in Reform, Reconstructionist, and Conservative Jewish synagogues. In Orthodox synagogues, aliyot were and typically still are restricted to boys, with a girl potentially giving a <a href="/wiki/D%27var_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="D'var Torah">d'var Torah</a> at the end of the service. Some Modern Orthodox girls give aliyot at women's services, with fewer than ten men (so as not to constitute a <a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">minyan</a>). </p><p>In Orthodox circles, the occasion is sometimes celebrated during a weekday service that includes reading from the Torah, such as a Monday or Thursday morning service. </p><p>Some communities or families may delay the celebration for reasons such as availability of a Shabbat during which no other celebration has been scheduled, or to allow family members to travel to the event. However, this does not delay the onset of rights and responsibilities of being a Jewish adult which comes about strictly by virtue of age. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tefillin">Tefillin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_and_bat_mitzvah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tefillin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael%27s_Bar_Mitzvah_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Michael%27s_Bar_Mitzvah_6.jpg/220px-Michael%27s_Bar_Mitzvah_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Michael%27s_Bar_Mitzvah_6.jpg/330px-Michael%27s_Bar_Mitzvah_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Michael%27s_Bar_Mitzvah_6.jpg/440px-Michael%27s_Bar_Mitzvah_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1662" /></a><figcaption>Bar mitzvah ceremony at a <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> synagogue</figcaption></figure> <p>The obligation to lay <a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">tefillin</a> begins when a boy reaches bar mitzvah age. The common custom is for the bar mitzvah boy to begin putting on tefillin one to three months before his bar mitzvah. This way, by the time he is obligated in the commandment, he will already know how to fulfill it properly.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar_Mitzvah_in_the_Western_Wall_tunnel_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bar_Mitzvah_in_the_Western_Wall_tunnel_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px-Bar_Mitzvah_in_the_Western_Wall_tunnel_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bar_Mitzvah_in_the_Western_Wall_tunnel_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/330px-Bar_Mitzvah_in_the_Western_Wall_tunnel_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bar_Mitzvah_in_the_Western_Wall_tunnel_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/440px-Bar_Mitzvah_in_the_Western_Wall_tunnel_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Bar mitzvah at the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parties">Parties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_and_bat_mitzvah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the first mention of a party associated with a synagogue bar mitzvah was in the 13th century, hosting some sort of party is traditional and frequently considered necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DanceChild.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/DanceChild.png/220px-DanceChild.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/DanceChild.png/330px-DanceChild.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/DanceChild.png/440px-DanceChild.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>A boy at his bar mitzvah participating in the traditional <a href="/wiki/Hora_(dance)" title="Hora (dance)">hora</a> dance</figcaption></figure> <p>Bar mitzvah festivities typically include a joyous <a href="/wiki/Seudat_mitzvah" title="Seudat mitzvah">seudat mitzvah</a>, a celebratory meal with family, friends, and members of the community, the bar mitzvah boy delivering on this occasion a learned discourse or oration at the table before the invited guests, who offer him presents, while the rabbi or teacher gives him his blessing, accompanying it at times with an address.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Encyclopedia_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Encyclopedia-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Jews celebrate in other ways such as taking the bat or bar mitzvah on a special trip or organizing some special event in the celebrant's honour. In many communities, the celebrant is given a certificate. </p><p>In some times and places, local Jewish leaders have officially limited the size and elaborateness of mitzvahs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, only ten men were permitted to attend the party in 1730 in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, and music was banned at these parties in 1767 in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rules were usually meant to avoid offending non-Jewish neighbours, and to maintain the rule that it be a smaller celebration than a wedding.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bar and bat mitzvah parties among wealthy Jewish families in North America are often lavish affairs held at hotels and country clubs with hundreds of guests.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trend has been mocked, most notably in the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Keeping_Up_with_the_Steins" title="Keeping Up with the Steins">Keeping Up with the Steins</a></i>. These lavish parties were also heavily featured in the film <i><a href="/wiki/You_Are_So_Not_Invited_to_My_Bat_Mitzvah" title="You Are So Not Invited to My Bat Mitzvah">You Are So Not Invited to My Bat Mitzvah</a></i>. In the 1950s, Rabbi Harold Saperstein of New York described them as too often being "more bar than mitzvah".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shmuley_Boteach" title="Shmuley Boteach">Shmuley Boteach</a> says that over-the-top bar mitzvah parties were already common when he was growing up in <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a> in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1979, the Responsa Committee of the Central Conference of American Rabbis addressed the Reform attitude toward bat/bar mitzvah: "Every effort should be exerted to maintain the family festivities in the religious mood at the bar/bat mitzvah. Some of the efforts of early Reform in favor of confirmation [and] against bar mitzvah were prompted by the extravagant celebration of bar mitzvah, which had removed its primary religious significance. We vigorously oppose such excesses, as they destroy the meaning of bar/bat mitzvah."<sup id="cite_ref-reform2012_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reform2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May, 1992, the board of trustees of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (now the Union for Reform Judaism), the synagogue arm of the Reform Movement, unanimously passed a resolution decrying "excesses of wasteful consumption...glitzy theme events, sophisticated entertainment...and expensive party favors", calling instead for "family cohesion, authentic friendship, acts of <i><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">tzedakah</a></i> (righteous giving), and parties suitable for children."<sup id="cite_ref-reform2012_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reform2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cost of the party depends upon what the family is willing and able to spend. Some families spend tens, or even hundreds, of thousands of dollars on the party.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally speaking, these celebrations are less costly and elaborate than a wedding in that family.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to food and drink for the guests, the money at an elaborate party is mostly spent on renting and decorating a venue and hiring staff, from the catering team to <a href="/wiki/Emcees" class="mw-redirect" title="Emcees">emcees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">DJs</a>, entertainers, and dancers (also called "motivators") to encourage the guests to dance or play games.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bat_mitzvah_customs">Bat mitzvah customs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_and_bat_mitzvah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bat mitzvah customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_Alexandria_Jewish_girls_during_BatMitzva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Egyptian_Alexandria_Jewish_girls_during_BatMitzva.jpg/220px-Egyptian_Alexandria_Jewish_girls_during_BatMitzva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Egyptian_Alexandria_Jewish_girls_during_BatMitzva.jpg/330px-Egyptian_Alexandria_Jewish_girls_during_BatMitzva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Egyptian_Alexandria_Jewish_girls_during_BatMitzva.jpg/440px-Egyptian_Alexandria_Jewish_girls_during_BatMitzva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian Alexandria Jewish girls during bat mitzvah</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BatM_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BatM_1.jpg/220px-BatM_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BatM_1.jpg/330px-BatM_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BatM_1.jpg/440px-BatM_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> bat mitzvah in Israel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torah_Reading_Sephardic_custom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Torah_Reading_Sephardic_custom.jpg/220px-Torah_Reading_Sephardic_custom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Torah_Reading_Sephardic_custom.jpg/330px-Torah_Reading_Sephardic_custom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Torah_Reading_Sephardic_custom.jpg/440px-Torah_Reading_Sephardic_custom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Reading from the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> (Sephardi custom)</figcaption></figure> <p>Today many non-Orthodox Jews celebrate a girl's bat mitzvah in the same way as a boy's bar mitzvah. All <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a>, and most <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> have egalitarian participation, in which women read from the Torah and lead services. In Orthodox communities, a bat mitzvah is celebrated when a girl reaches the age of 12. </p><p>The majority of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> and some Conservative Jews reject the idea that a woman can publicly read from the Torah or lead prayer services whenever there is a <a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">minyan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">quorum</a> of 10 males) available to do so. However, the public celebration of a girl becoming bat mitzvah in other ways has made strong inroads into <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox Judaism</a> and also into some elements of <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi Judaism</a>. In these congregations, women do not read from the Torah or lead prayer services, but they occasionally lecture on a Jewish topic to mark their coming of age, learn a book of <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, recite verses from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Psalms">Book of Psalms</a>, or say prayers from the <a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">siddur</a>. In some Modern Orthodox circles, bat mitzvah girls will read from the Torah and lead prayer services in a <a href="/wiki/Tefillah#Role_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Tefillah">women's tefillah</a>. Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Feinstein" title="Moshe Feinstein">Moshe Feinstein</a>, a prominent Orthodox <i><a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">posek</a>,</i> described the bat mitzvah celebration as "meaningless", and of no greater halakhic significance than a birthday party. However, he reluctantly permitted it in homes, but not synagogues,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EleffSymp2016_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EleffSymp2016-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the latter would be construed as imitating Reform and Conservative customs; in any case, they do not have the status of <a href="/wiki/Seudat_mitzvah" title="Seudat mitzvah">seudat mitzvah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Ovadiah_Yosef" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovadiah Yosef">Ovadiah Yosef</a> holds that it is a seudat mitzvah.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were occasional attempts to recognize a girl's coming of age in eastern Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries, the former in Warsaw (1843) and the latter in Lemberg (1902). The occasion was marked by a party without any ritual in the synagogue.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are documents that record an Italian rite for becoming bat mitzvah, known as an "entrance into the minyan" ceremony, in which boys of thirteen and girls of twelve recited a blessing, since the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also some bat mitzvah rituals held in the 19th century in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was the American rabbi <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Kaplan" title="Mordecai Kaplan">Mordecai M. Kaplan</a> held the first public celebration of a bat mitzvah as we understand it in modern times for his daughter on March 18, 1922, at the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Advancement_of_Judaism" title="Society for the Advancement of Judaism">Society for the Advancement of Judaism</a>, his synagogue in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Virtual_Library:_First_American_Bat_Mitvah_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Virtual_Library:_First_American_Bat_Mitvah-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaplan was unaware of the earlier Italian precedent and learned of them several months later, while on holiday in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Judith_Kaplan_Eisenstein" title="Judith Kaplan Eisenstein">Judith Kaplan</a> recited the preliminary blessing, read a portion of that week's Torah portion in Hebrew and English, and then intoned the closing blessing.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Virtual_Library:_First_American_Bat_Mitvah_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Virtual_Library:_First_American_Bat_Mitvah-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mordecai Kaplan, an Orthodox rabbi who joined <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> and then became the founder of <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist Judaism</a>, influenced Jews from all branches of non-Orthodox Judaism, through his position at the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America" title="Jewish Theological Seminary of America">Jewish Theological Seminary of America</a>. At the time, most Orthodox rabbis strongly rejected the idea of a bat mitzvah ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eleff2020_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eleff2020-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EleffSymp2016_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EleffSymp2016-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the ceremony became accepted for females as well as males, many women chose to celebrate the ceremony even though they were much older, as a way of formalizing and celebrating their place in the adult Jewish community.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_ceremonies">Alternative ceremonies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_and_bat_mitzvah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alternative ceremonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_Bar_Mitzvah_at_the_Western_Wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Bar_Mitzvah_at_the_Western_Wall.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Bar_Mitzvah_at_the_Western_Wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Bar_Mitzvah_at_the_Western_Wall.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Bar_Mitzvah_at_the_Western_Wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Bar_Mitzvah_at_the_Western_Wall.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Bar_Mitzvah_at_the_Western_Wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Bar mitzvah for 1,000 immigrant boys from Russia at the Western Wall, 1995</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Western_Wall_BW_4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Jerusalem_Western_Wall_BW_4.JPG/220px-Jerusalem_Western_Wall_BW_4.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Jerusalem_Western_Wall_BW_4.JPG/330px-Jerusalem_Western_Wall_BW_4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Jerusalem_Western_Wall_BW_4.JPG/440px-Jerusalem_Western_Wall_BW_4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Bar mitzvah at the Western Wall</figcaption></figure> <p>Instead of reading from the Torah, some <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanist Jews</a> prefer a research paper on a topic in Jewish history to mark their coming of age.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secular Jewish Sunday schools and communities—including those affiliated with the Congress of Secular Jewish Organizations and <a href="/wiki/The_Workers_Circle" title="The Workers Circle">The Workers Circle</a>—encourage the youngsters to select any topic that interests them and relates to the Jewish part of their identities. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">kibbutz</a> movement in Israel also encouraged the celebration of the bar mitzvah. All those coming of age in the community for that year would take on a project and research in a topic of Jewish or Zionist interest. Today many kibbutz children are opting for a more traditional bar mitzvah celebration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Among some Jews, a man who has reached the age of 83 will celebrate a second bar mitzvah, under the logic that in the Hebrew Bible it says that a normal lifespan is 70 years, so that an 83-year-old can be considered 13 in a second lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ritual is becoming more common as people live longer, healthier lives.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Bark_mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bark mitzvah">bark mitzvah</a> is a pseudo-traditional observance and celebration of a dog's <a href="/wiki/Coming_of_age" title="Coming of age">coming of age</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BarkMitzvahNYT_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarkMitzvahNYT-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CohenGindlinBook_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CohenGindlinBook-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in the Jewish traditional bar and bat mitzvahs. The term has been in use since at least 1958, when Beverly Hills couple Janet and Sonny Salter held a bark mitzvah for their 13 year old dog, Windy.<sup id="cite_ref-Salter_Bark_Mitzvah_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salter_Bark_Mitzvah-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RabbiLetterNYT_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RabbiLetterNYT-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bark mitzvahs are sometimes held as an adjunct to the festival of <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SantaMonicaNationalGeog_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SantaMonicaNationalGeog-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gifts">Gifts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_and_bat_mitzvah&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gifts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bar or bat mitzvah celebrations have become an occasion to give the celebrant a commemorative gift. Traditionally, common gifts include books with religious or educational value, religious items, writing implements, savings bonds (to be used for the child's college education), gift certificates, or money. Gifts of cash have become commonplace in recent times.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2011)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> As with charity and all other gifts, it has become common to give in multiples of 18, since the <i><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">gematria</a></i>, or numerical equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> word for "life", ("<a href="/wiki/Chai_(symbol)" title="Chai (symbol)">chai</a>"), is the number 18. Monetary gifts in multiples of 18 are considered to be particularly auspicious and have become common for the bar and bat mitzvah. Many b'nai mitzvah also receive their first <a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">tallit</a> from their parents to be used for the occasion and <a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">tefillin</a> where this is appropriate. Jewelry is a common gift for girls at a bat mitzvah celebration. Another gift for the bat mitzvah girl is Shabbat candlesticks because it is the duty and honor of the woman to light the candles.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_adults">In adults</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_and_bat_mitzvah&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In adults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adult_bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Adult bar and bat mitzvah">Adult bar and bat mitzvah</a></div> <p>While the traditional age to hold a bar or bat mitzvah is 13 for boys and 12 or 13 for girls, some adults choose to have a bar or bat mitzvah if they do not have them as children, alongside the previously mentioned non-traditional ceremony of having a second bar mitzvah when one turns 83. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_and_bat_mitzvah&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit milah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_and_bat_mitzvah&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bar</i> and <i>bat</i> meaning 'son of' and 'daughter of' respectively; <i>mitzvah</i> meaning 'commandment' or 'law'. The plural of <i>bar mitzvah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">בַּר מִצְוָה</span>), used for both all-male and mixed-gender groups, is <i><b>b'nai mitzvah</b></i>, also transliterated <i><b>b'nei mitzvah</b></i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בְּנֵי מִצְוָה</span></span>). The plural of <i>bat mitzvah</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בַּת מִצְוָה</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi pronunciation">Ashkenazi pronunciation</a>: <i>bas mitzveh</i>) is <i><b>b'not mitzvah</b></i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בְּנוֹת מִצְוָה</span></span>; Ashkenazi pronunciation: <i>b'nos mitzvah</i>). In English, <i>b'nai mitzvah</i> is also sometimes used in the singular as a gender-neutral term, including for <a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">nonbinary</a> youth;<sup id="cite_ref-perleberg-dy_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perleberg-dy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other gender-neutral terms include <i>simchat</i> ('celebration of') <i>mitzvah</i>, <i>kabbalat</i> ('reception of') <i>mitzvah</i>, <i>b'mitzvah</i> (also <i>bamitzvah</i> or <i>b-mitzvah</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all meaning 'in' or 'subject to' mitzvah), and <i>brit</i> ('covenant of') <i>mitzvah</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-perleberg-dy_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perleberg-dy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_and_bat_mitzvah&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-perleberg-dy-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perleberg-dy_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-perleberg-dy_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPerlebergDy2022" class="citation journal cs1">Perleberg, Ellen; Dy, Grace Elizabeth C. (May 25, 2022). "Growing Up on the Wrong Side of the <i>Mechitza</i>: A Case Study of Contemporary Queer Jewish Language". <i>Journal of Jewish Languages</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 120–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134638-bja10019">10.1163/22134638-bja10019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Jewish+Languages&rft.atitle=Growing+Up+on+the+Wrong+Side+of+the+Mechitza%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Contemporary+Queer+Jewish+Language&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=120-139&rft.date=2022-05-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134638-bja10019&rft.aulast=Perleberg&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft.au=Dy%2C+Grace+Elizabeth+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolsten2018" class="citation news cs1">Dolsten, Josefin (March 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/2018/03/01/lifestyle/teen-gender-neutral-bnei-mitzvah">"This teen had a gender neutral b'nei mitzvah"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.atitle=This+teen+had+a+gender+neutral+b%27nei+mitzvah&rft.date=2018-03-01&rft.aulast=Dolsten&rft.aufirst=Josefin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F2018%2F03%2F01%2Flifestyle%2Fteen-gender-neutral-bnei-mitzvah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrueger2019" class="citation news cs1">Krueger, Alyson (March 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/27/style/gender-fluid-bar-bat-mitzvah.html">"Bar or Bat Mitzvah? Hey, What About a Both Mitzvah?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bar+or+Bat+Mitzvah%3F+Hey%2C+What+About+a+Both+Mitzvah%3F&rft.date=2019-03-27&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Krueger&rft.aufirst=Alyson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F03%2F27%2Fstyle%2Fgender-fluid-bar-bat-mitzvah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keshetonline.org/celebrating-the-age-of-mitzvah-a-guide-for-all-genders/">"Celebrating the Age of Mitzvah: A Guide for all Genders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Keshet_(organization)" title="Keshet (organization)">Keshet</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celebrating+the+Age+of+Mitzvah%3A+A+Guide+for+all+Genders&rft.pub=Keshet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keshetonline.org%2Fcelebrating-the-age-of-mitzvah-a-guide-for-all-genders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformjudaism.org/origins-barbat-mitzvah">"Origins of the Bar/Bat Mitzvah"</a>. <i>ReformJudaism.org</i>. October 19, 2012. <q>Today in almost all non-Orthodox congregations, all children mark symbolic entry into Jewish adulthood through b'nai mitzvah (bar or bat mitzvah) at age 13.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReformJudaism.org&rft.atitle=Origins+of+the+Bar%2FBat+Mitzvah&rft.date=2012-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformjudaism.org%2Forigins-barbat-mitzvah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GenesisRabbah63-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GenesisRabbah63_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GenesisRabbah63_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabbah" title="Genesis Rabbah">Genesis Rabbah</a> 63:10 (commenting upon <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 25:27) <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%92_%D7%99" class="extiw" title="s:he: בראשית רבה סג י">בראשית רבה סג י</a> (in Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot">Pirkei Avot</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Mishnah/Seder_Nezikin/Tractate_Avot/Chapter_5/21" class="extiw" title="s:Translation:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Avot/Chapter 5/21">5:21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Niddah_(Talmud)" title="Niddah (Talmud)">Niddah</a> 45b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olitsky-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olitsky_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olitsky_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Olitsky, Kerry M. <i>An Encyclopedia of American Synagogue Ritual</i>, Greenwood Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30814-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30814-4">0-313-30814-4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1AnLLpbX3XMC&dq=bava+metzia+96a&pg=PA7">p. 7.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=239&letter=B&search=Bar%20Mitzvah">"History of the Bar Mizvah"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Bar+Mizvah&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D239%26letter%3DB%26search%3DBar%2520Mitzvah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Magen Avot</i> on the Baraita on Avot 5:21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org.il/Otzar_Midrashim%2C_Hashkem%2C_Midrash_Hashkem_('Arise_Early').9?vhe=Otzar_Midrashim,_New_York,_1915&lang=bi">Midrash Hashkem on Shemot</a>; also <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnhut" class="mw-redirect" title="Grünhut">Grünhut</a>'s "<i>Sefer ha'Likkutim</i>", i. 3a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Orach_Chayim" title="Orach Chayim">Orach Chayim</a> 225:2, <a href="/wiki/Magen_Avraham" class="mw-redirect" title="Magen Avraham">Magen Avraham</a> 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBazelon2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Bazelon, Emily (May 19, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slate.com/id/2119069/">"Saving the Bar Mitzvah"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20071013162745/http://slate.com/id/2119069/">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Saving+the+Bar+Mitzvah&rft.date=2005-05-19&rft.aulast=Bazelon&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fid%2F2119069%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org.il/Machzor_Vitry%2C_Pirkei_Avot.5.20.5?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">Machzor Vitri on Pirkei Avot</a>, also found at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=10172&st=&pgnum=153"><i>Machzor Vitry</i> <bdi lang="he">מחזור ויטרי</bdi></a> (in Hebrew). p. 549<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machzor+Vitry+%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8+%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99&rft.pages=549&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhebrewbooks.org%2Fpdfpager.aspx%3Freq%3D10172%26st%3D%26pgnum%3D153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot">Pirkei Avot</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org.il/Pirkei_Avot.5.21?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">5:21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-niddah56-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-niddah56_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-niddah56_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Niddah 5:6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org.il/Niddah.46a.3?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">Niddah 46a</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Abot_de-Rabbi_Natan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abot de-Rabbi Natan">Abot de-Rabbi Natan</a> A. 16, B. 30; Midrash <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Tehillim</a> 9:2; <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a> Rabbah 9:15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jewish_Encyclopedia-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_Encyclopedia_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_Encyclopedia_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_Encyclopedia_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_Encyclopedia_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus_JastrowKaufmann_Kohler1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Jastrow" title="Marcus Jastrow">Marcus Jastrow</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kaufmann_Kohler" title="Kaufmann Kohler">Kaufmann Kohler</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2473-bar-mizwah">"Bar Miẓwah"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bar+Mi%E1%BA%93wah&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Marcus+Jastrow&rft.au=Kaufmann+Kohler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F2473-bar-mizwah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org.il/Bava_Metzia.96a.22?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=he">Baba Metzia 96a</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashofsky2001" class="citation book cs1">Washofsky, Mark (2001). <i>Jewish Living: A Guide to Contemporary Reform Practice</i>. UAHC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8074-0702-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8074-0702-8"><bdi>978-0-8074-0702-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Living%3A+A+Guide+to+Contemporary+Reform+Practice&rft.pub=UAHC+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8074-0702-8&rft.aulast=Washofsky&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reform2012-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reform2012_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reform2012_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reform2012_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reformjudaismmag.org"><i>Reform Judaism</i> magazine</a>, Winter 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calling someone up to say the Torah blessings during a service is called an <a href="/wiki/Baal_kore" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal kore">Aliyah</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: עֲלִיָּה, from the verb <i>la'alot</i>, לעלות, meaning, "to rise, to ascend; to go up"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/how-the-barbat-mitzvah-child-participates-in-the-service/">"How the Bar/Bat Mitzvah Child Participates in the Service"</a>. <i>My Jewish Learning</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Jewish+Learning&rft.atitle=How+the+Bar%2FBat+Mitzvah+Child+Participates+in+the+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fhow-the-barbat-mitzvah-child-participates-in-the-service%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><i>Talmud Bavli</i>. Vol. Megila. pp. 21a.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talmud+Bavli&rft.pages=21a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shulchanaruchharav.com/halacha/chapter-4-the-baal-korei/">"Chapter 4: The Baal Korei – Shulchanaruchharav.com"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+4%3A+The+Baal+Korei+%E2%80%93+Shulchanaruchharav.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshulchanaruchharav.com%2Fhalacha%2Fchapter-4-the-baal-korei%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/101789029/great-doings-in-the-jewish-synagogue/">"Great Doings in the Jewish Synagogue"</a>. <i>New York Daily Herald</i>. June 11, 1839. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+Herald&rft.atitle=Great+Doings+in+the+Jewish+Synagogue&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1839-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F101789029%2Fgreat-doings-in-the-jewish-synagogue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/81815/jewish/Some-Laws-of-Tefillin.htm">"Some Laws of Tefillin – The Basic Laws and the order of Putting on the Tefillin"</a>. Chabad.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+Laws+of+Tefillin+%E2%80%93+The+Basic+Laws+and+the+order+of+Putting+on+the+Tefillin&rft.pub=Chabad.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F81815%2Fjewish%2FSome-Laws-of-Tefillin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoll2017" class="citation news cs1">Doll, Jen (December 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topic.com/the-bar-mitzvah-party-starters">"The Bar Mitzvah Party Starters"</a>. <i>Topic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Topic&rft.atitle=The+Bar+Mitzvah+Party+Starters&rft.date=2017-12-09&rft.aulast=Doll&rft.aufirst=Jen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topic.com%2Fthe-bar-mitzvah-party-starters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2010" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Stefanie (April 18, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/million_parties_hBAxzzq32OAbhxtVHDYuqL">"$1 Million Parties – Have NYC Bar Mitzvahs Gone Too Far?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100420085204/http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/million_parties_hBAxzzq32OAbhxtVHDYuqL">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Post&rft.atitle=%241+Million+Parties+%E2%80%93+Have+NYC+Bar+Mitzvahs+Gone+Too+Far%3F&rft.date=2010-04-18&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Stefanie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypost.com%2Fp%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmillion_parties_hBAxzzq32OAbhxtVHDYuqL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl2011" class="citation web cs1">Al (January 18, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishhumorcentral.com/2011/01/saturday-night-live-mocks-over-top-bar.html">"Saturday Night Live Mocks Over-The-Top Bar Mitzvah"</a>. Jewish Humor Central<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saturday+Night+Live+Mocks+Over-The-Top+Bar+Mitzvah&rft.pub=Jewish+Humor+Central&rft.date=2011-01-18&rft.au=Al&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishhumorcentral.com%2F2011%2F01%2Fsaturday-night-live-mocks-over-top-bar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison_Hoffman2007" class="citation news cs1">Allison Hoffman (December 9, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120151630/http://www.chicagojewishnews.com/story.htm?sid=3&id=254985">"Big bucks and pink thrones"</a>. <i>The Chicago Jewish News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagojewishnews.com/story.htm?sid=3&id=254985">the original</a> on November 20, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chicago+Jewish+News&rft.atitle=Big+bucks+and+pink+thrones&rft.date=2007-12-09&rft.au=Allison+Hoffman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagojewishnews.com%2Fstory.htm%3Fsid%3D3%26id%3D254985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabbi_Shmuley_Boteach2010" class="citation news cs1">Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shmuley_Boteach" title="Shmuley Boteach">Shmuley Boteach</a> (August 23, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rabbi-shmuley-boteach/extravagant-weddings-and-_b_691579.html">"Extravagant Weddings and Bar Mitzvahs Humiliate the Jewish Community"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Extravagant+Weddings+and+Bar+Mitzvahs+Humiliate+the+Jewish+Community&rft.date=2010-08-23&rft.au=Rabbi+Shmuley+Boteach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Frabbi-shmuley-boteach%2Fextravagant-weddings-and-_b_691579.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEleff2020" class="citation book cs1">Eleff, Zev (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1-lDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Feinstein+forbade+bat+mitzvah+in+the+synagogue+and+only+with+considerable+reluctance+tolerated+it+in+homes.%22&pg=PT73">"Chapter 2: How Bat Mitzvah Became Orthodox"</a>. <i>Authentically Orthodox: A Tradition-Bound Faith in American Life</i>. Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-4482-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-4482-8"><bdi>978-0-8143-4482-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+How+Bat+Mitzvah+Became+Orthodox&rft.btitle=Authentically+Orthodox%3A+A+Tradition-Bound+Faith+in+American+Life&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-4482-8&rft.aulast=Eleff&rft.aufirst=Zev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ1-lDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Feinstein%2Bforbade%2Bbat%2Bmitzvah%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bsynagogue%2Band%2Bonly%2Bwith%2Bconsiderable%2Breluctance%2Btolerated%2Bit%2Bin%2Bhomes.%2522%26pg%3DPT73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EleffSymp2016-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EleffSymp2016_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EleffSymp2016_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEleffButler2016" class="citation journal cs1">Eleff, Zev; Butler, Menachem (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25805815">"How Bat Mitzvah Became Orthodox," Symposium on Masorah, May 2016 (TorahMusings.com)"</a>. <i>Torahmusings.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Torahmusings.com&rft.atitle=How+Bat+Mitzvah+Became+Orthodox%2C%26quot%3B+Symposium+on+Masorah%2C+May+2016+%28TorahMusings.com%29&rft.date=2016-01&rft.aulast=Eleff&rft.aufirst=Zev&rft.au=Butler%2C+Menachem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F25805815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iggros Moshe OC 1:104 and OC 2:97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yabia Omer 2:29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcus, Ivan G. (2004). <i>The Jewish Life Cycle: Rites of Passage from Biblical to Modern Times</i>. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-98440-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-98440-6">0-295-98440-6</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcus, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkat2003" class="citation news cs1">Barkat, Amiram (May 27, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/coming-of-age-a-little-later-than-usual-1.8909">"Coming of age a little later than usual"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Coming+of+age+a+little+later+than+usual&rft.date=2003-05-27&rft.aulast=Barkat&rft.aufirst=Amiram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Fnews%2Fcoming-of-age-a-little-later-than-usual-1.8909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jewish_Virtual_Library:_First_American_Bat_Mitvah-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_Virtual_Library:_First_American_Bat_Mitvah_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_Virtual_Library:_First_American_Bat_Mitvah_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/firstbat.html">"The First American Bat Mitvah"</a>. <i>Jewish Virtual Library</i>. March 18, 1922<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+First+American+Bat+Mitvah&rft.btitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.date=1922-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FJudaism%2Ffirstbat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waskow, Arthur Ocean and Phyllis Ocean Berman. Excerpt from <i>A Time for Every Purpose Under Heaven</i> Farrar, Straus and Giroux, LLC at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/lifecycle/Bar_Bat_Mitzvah/History/HistoryBatMitzvah.htm">"History of Bat Mizvah"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013163838/http://myjewishlearning.com/lifecycle/Bar_Bat_Mitzvah/History/HistoryBatMitzvah.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Bat+Mizvah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Flifecycle%2FBar_Bat_Mitzvah%2FHistory%2FHistoryBatMitzvah.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcus, pg 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeiserLyonsChafetz2019" class="citation news cs1">Peiser, Jaclyn; Lyons, Eve; Chafetz, Marisa (April 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/27/style/bat-mitzvahs.html">"Becoming a Woman Before Their Eyes"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Becoming+a+Woman+Before+Their+Eyes&rft.date=2019-04-27&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Peiser&rft.aufirst=Jaclyn&rft.au=Lyons%2C+Eve&rft.au=Chafetz%2C+Marisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F27%2Fstyle%2Fbat-mitzvahs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEleff2020" class="citation book cs1">Eleff, Zev (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1-lDwAAQBAJ&q=%22the+rabbinate+in+the+United+States+had+already+decided+on+the+halakhic+impropriety+of+the+Bat+Mitzvah+ritual%22&pg=PT74">"Chapter 2: How Bat Mitzvah Became Orthodox"</a>. <i>Authentically Orthodox: A Tradition-Bound Faith in American Life</i>. Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-4482-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-4482-8"><bdi>978-0-8143-4482-8</bdi></a>. <q>...the rabbinate in the United States had already decided on the halakhic impropriety of the Bat Mitzvah ritual...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+How+Bat+Mitzvah+Became+Orthodox&rft.btitle=Authentically+Orthodox%3A+A+Tradition-Bound+Faith+in+American+Life&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-4482-8&rft.aulast=Eleff&rft.aufirst=Zev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ1-lDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522the%2Brabbinate%2Bin%2Bthe%2BUnited%2BStates%2Bhad%2Balready%2Bdecided%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bhalakhic%2Bimpropriety%2Bof%2Bthe%2BBat%2BMitzvah%2Britual%2522%26pg%3DPT74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eleff2020-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eleff2020_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEleffSchacter2016" class="citation book cs1">Eleff, Zev; Schacter, Jacob J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa05DAAAQBAJ&q=%22Orthodox+leaders+resisted+the+%22innovation%22+and+impulse+to+be+%22with+it.%22+In+fact,+as+late+as+the+1970s,+only+the+most+accommodating+Orthodox+rabbis+permitted+bat+mitzvah+ceremonies,+and+they+allowed+just+the+most+modest+sort+of+occasions.%22&pg=PT225">"Chapter 9: The Orthodox Synagogue and Rabbinate. Section 1: Rites of Passage"</a>. <i>Modern Orthodox Judaism: A Documentary History</i>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-1289-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-1289-1"><bdi>978-0-8276-1289-1</bdi></a>. <q>...Orthodox leaders resisted the "innovation" and impulse to be "with it." In fact, as late as the 1970s, only the most accommodating Orthodox rabbis permitted bat mitzvah ceremonies, and they allowed just the most modest sort of occasions...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+The+Orthodox+Synagogue+and+Rabbinate.+Section+1%3A+Rites+of+Passage&rft.btitle=Modern+Orthodox+Judaism%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8276-1289-1&rft.aulast=Eleff&rft.aufirst=Zev&rft.au=Schacter%2C+Jacob+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSa05DAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Orthodox%2Bleaders%2Bresisted%2Bthe%2B%2522innovation%2522%2Band%2Bimpulse%2Bto%2Bbe%2B%2522with%2Bit.%2522%2BIn%2Bfact%2C%2Bas%2Blate%2Bas%2Bthe%2B1970s%2C%2Bonly%2Bthe%2Bmost%2Baccommodating%2BOrthodox%2Brabbis%2Bpermitted%2Bbat%2Bmitzvah%2Bceremonies%2C%2Band%2Bthey%2Ballowed%2Bjust%2Bthe%2Bmost%2Bmodest%2Bsort%2Bof%2Boccasions.%2522%26pg%3DPT225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaag2009" class="citation news cs1">Maag, Christopher (March 22, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/22/us/22batmitzvah.html">"Having a Bat Mitzvah in Their 90s Because It's a Hoot"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Having+a+Bat+Mitzvah+in+Their+90s+Because+It%27s+a+Hoot&rft.date=2009-03-22&rft.aulast=Maag&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F03%2F22%2Fus%2F22batmitzvah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArking2000" class="citation web cs1">Arking, Linda (June 1, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shma.com/2000/06/mollys-unforgettable-bat-mitzvah/">"Molly's Unforgettable Bat Mitzvah"</a>. Sh'ma, A Journal of Jewish Ideas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Molly%27s+Unforgettable+Bat+Mitzvah&rft.pub=Sh%27ma%2C+A+Journal+of+Jewish+Ideas&rft.date=2000-06-01&rft.aulast=Arking&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shma.com%2F2000%2F06%2Fmollys-unforgettable-bat-mitzvah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080420094118/http://www.citycongregation.org/index.php?pageID=0031">"Bar/Bat Mitzvah Program"</a>. <a href="/wiki/City_Congregation_for_Humanistic_Judaism" title="City Congregation for Humanistic Judaism">City Congregation for Humanistic Judaism</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citycongregation.org/index.php?pageID=0031">the original</a> on April 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bar%2FBat+Mitzvah+Program&rft.pub=City+Congregation+for+Humanistic+Judaism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citycongregation.org%2Findex.php%3FpageID%3D0031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarolyn_Slutsky2009" class="citation news cs1">Carolyn Slutsky (July 15, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090720071643/http://www.thejewishweek.com/viewArticle/c36_a16283/News/New_York.html">"At This Bar Mitzvah, Dylan's The Only Prophet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jewish Week">The Jewish Week</a></i>. New York. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejewishweek.com/viewArticle/c36_a16283/News/New_York.html">the original</a> on July 20, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Week&rft.atitle=At+This+Bar+Mitzvah%2C+Dylan%27s+The+Only+Prophet&rft.date=2009-07-15&rft.au=Carolyn+Slutsky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejewishweek.com%2FviewArticle%2Fc36_a16283%2FNews%2FNew_York.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishanswers.org/ask-the-rabbi-category/lifecycle-events/bar-bat-mitzvah/?p=2891">"LifeCycle Events: Bar and Bat Mitzvah"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LifeCycle+Events%3A+Bar+and+Bat+Mitzvah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishanswers.org%2Fask-the-rabbi-category%2Flifecycle-events%2Fbar-bat-mitzvah%2F%3Fp%3D2891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmy_Oringel2017" class="citation web cs1">Amy Oringel (October 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/culture/jewishness/384977/why-83-is-the-new-13-for-bar-mitzvahs/">"Why 83 Is The New 13 For Bar Mitzvahs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forward.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward.com">Forward.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forward.com&rft.atitle=Why+83+Is+The+New+13+For+Bar+Mitzvahs&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft.au=Amy+Oringel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fculture%2Fjewishness%2F384977%2Fwhy-83-is-the-new-13-for-bar-mitzvahs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BarkMitzvahNYT-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BarkMitzvahNYT_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLily_Koppel2004" class="citation news cs1">Lily Koppel (December 20, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/20/nyregion/20mitzvah.html">"Today He Is a Dog; Actually He Always Was"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Today+He+Is+a+Dog%3B+Actually+He+Always+Was&rft.date=2004-12-20&rft.au=Lily+Koppel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F12%2F20%2Fnyregion%2F20mitzvah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CohenGindlinBook-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CohenGindlinBook_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shari Cohen and Marcelo Gindlin. <i>Alfie's Bark Mitzvah</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona" title="Chandler, Arizona">Chandler, Arizona</a>: Five Star Publications, 2007. Book with audio CD. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58985-055-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58985-055-6">1-58985-055-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1589850552" title="Special:BookSources/978-1589850552">978-1589850552</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salter_Bark_Mitzvah-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salter_Bark_Mitzvah_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalterSalter2009" class="citation book cs1">Salter, Janet; Salter, Sonny (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charlie07.domain.com/ebooks/BHG_I_online/mobile/index.html#p=303"><i>Beverly Hills Gothic</i></a>. Beverly Hills: Salter Lipsky Press. p. 290<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beverly+Hills+Gothic&rft.place=Beverly+Hills&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Salter+Lipsky+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Salter&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Salter%2C+Sonny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcharlie07.domain.com%2Febooks%2FBHG_I_online%2Fmobile%2Findex.html%23p%3D303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RabbiLetterNYT-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RabbiLetterNYT_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabbi_Charles_A._Kroloff1997" class="citation news cs1">Rabbi Charles A. Kroloff (January 19, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/19/nyregion/l-a-rabbi-s-view-of-a-bark-mitzvah-216160.html">"A Rabbi's View Of a 'Bark Mitzvah'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Rabbi%27s+View+Of+a+%27Bark+Mitzvah%27&rft.date=1997-01-19&rft.au=Rabbi+Charles+A.+Kroloff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F01%2F19%2Fnyregion%2Fl-a-rabbi-s-view-of-a-bark-mitzvah-216160.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SantaMonicaNationalGeog-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SantaMonicaNationalGeog_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaryann_Mott2006" class="citation news cs1">Maryann Mott (October 6, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061018000532/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/10/061006-pet-church.html">"Pets Gaining Recognition in Places of Worship"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic News</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/10/061006-pet-church.html">the original</a> on October 18, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=Pets+Gaining+Recognition+in+Places+of+Worship&rft.date=2006-10-06&rft.au=Maryann+Mott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2006%2F10%2F061006-pet-church.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1918218/jewish/Bat-Mitzvah-What-It-Is-and-How-to-Celebrate.htm">"Bat Mitzvah: What It Is and How to Celebrate"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bat+Mitzvah%3A+What+It+Is+and+How+to+Celebrate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F1918218%2Fjewish%2FBat-Mitzvah-What-It-Is-and-How-to-Celebrate.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+and+bat+mitzvah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_and_bat_mitzvah&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Goldberg, Harvey E. "Rites of Passage: Jewish Rites". <i>Encyclopedia of Religion</i>. Ed. Lindsay Jones. 2nd ed. Vol. 11. Detroit: Macmillan Reference, 2005. pp. 7818–7824. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3424502652&v=2.1&u=unizur&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w">Gale Virtual Reference Library</a>.</li> <li>Golding, Nora. <i>Bat Mitzvahs in America</i>. Lulu, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-312-92108-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-312-92108-5">978-1-312-92108-5</a>.</li> <li>Hilton, Michael. <i>Bar Mitzvah: A History</i>. University of Nebraska Press, 2014.</li> <li>Kaplan, Zvi, and Norma Baumel Joseph. "Bar Mitzvah, Bat Mitzvah". <i>Encyclopaedia Judaica</i>. Ed. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. Detroit: Macmillan Reference, 2007. pp. 164–167. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX2587502057&v=2.1&u=unizur&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w">Gale Virtual Reference Library</a>.</li> <li>Oppenheimer, Mark. <i>Thirteen and a Day: The Bar and Bat Mitzvah across America</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2005.</li> <li>Vinick, Barbara and <a href="/wiki/Shulamit_Reinharz" title="Shulamit Reinharz">Shulamit Reinharz</a>. <i>Today I Am a Woman: Stories of Bat Mitzvah around the World</i>. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253356932" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253356932">978-0253356932</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_and_bat_mitzvah&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bar_mitzvah">Bar mitzvah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_and_bat_mitzvah&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bar mitzvah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bar_mitzvah" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bar mitzvah">Bar mitzvah</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/144321/jewish/Bar-Mitzvah.htm">Chabad's Bar Mitzvah</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/what-does-bar-mitzvah-mean/">My Jewish Learning – What Does Bar Mitzvah Mean?</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bat_mitzvah">Bat mitzvah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_and_bat_mitzvah&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bat mitzvah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bat_mitzvah" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bat mitzvah">Bat mitzvah</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1912582/jewish/bat-mitzvah.htm/">Chabad's Becoming a Bat Mitzvah</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/history-of-bat-mitzvah/">My Jewish Learning – History of Bat Mitzvah</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_life" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_life" title="Template:Jewish life"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_life" title="Template talk:Jewish life"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_life" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish life"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_life" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Jewish life</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birth and infancy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_birthday" title="Hebrew birthday">Hebrew birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalom_Zachar" title="Shalom Zachar">Shalom Zachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit milah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/72px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="72" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/108px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/144px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Menora.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/64px-Menora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/96px-Menora.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/128px-Menora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="621" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coming of age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upsherin" title="Upsherin">Upsherin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimpel" title="Wimpel">Wimpel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bar and bat mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daily life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_washing_in_Judaism" title="Ritual washing in Judaism">Ritual washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_prayers_and_blessings" title="List of Jewish prayers and blessings">Prayers and blessings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon" title="Birkat Hamazon">Grace after meals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorifics_in_Judaism" title="Honorifics in Judaism">Honorifics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriageable age in Judaism">Marriageable age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Judaism" title="Women in Judaism">Role of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yichus" title="Yichus">Yichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Matchmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erusin" title="Erusin">Engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Jewish wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketubah" title="Ketubah">Ketubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuppah" title="Chuppah">Chuppah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheva_Brachot" title="Sheva Brachot">Sheva Brachot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikvah">Mikvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)">Divorce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religious practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613 commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Weekly Torah reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daf_Yomi" title="Daf Yomi">Daf Yomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiur" title="Shiur">Shiur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siyum" title="Siyum">Siyum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavrusa" title="Chavrusa">Chavrusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavurah" title="Chavurah">Chavurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidush" class="mw-redirect" title="Chidush">Chidush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machzor" title="Machzor">Machzor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">Tzitzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">Tallit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">Mezuzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_species" title="Four species">Four species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chevra_kadisha" title="Chevra kadisha">Chevra Kadisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_(Judaism)" title="Shiva (Judaism)">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Tehillim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahrzeit" title="Yahrzeit">Yahrzeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahrzeit_candle" title="Yahrzeit candle">Yahrzeit candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizkor" title="Yizkor">Yizkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorifics_for_the_dead_in_Judaism" title="Honorifics for the dead in Judaism">Honorifics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Women_in_Judaism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Women_in_Judaism" title="Template:Women in Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Women_in_Judaism" title="Template talk:Women in Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Women_in_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Women in Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Women_in_Judaism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Judaism" title="Women in Judaism">Women in Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Judaism" title="Women in Judaism">Women in Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">In the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_women_in_early_modern_period" title="Jewish women in early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_women_in_the_Holocaust" title="Jewish women in the Holocaust">In the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Israel" title="Women in Israel">In Israel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender and Judaism">Gender and Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matrilineality_in_Judaism" title="Matrilineality in Judaism">Matrilineality in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat-Kohen" title="Bat-Kohen">Bat-Kohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_Levi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bat Levi">Bat Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_Jewish_studies" title="Gender and Jewish studies">Gender and Jewish studies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="History" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Women%27s_Congress" title="Jewish Women's Congress">Jewish Women's Congress</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_Kosher_Meat_Boycott" class="mw-redirect" title="1902 Kosher Meat Boycott">1902 Kosher Meat Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_New_York_City_Rent_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1904 New York City Rent Strike">1904 New York City Rent Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Tonsil_Riots" title="1906 Tonsil Riots">1906 Tonsil Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_New_York_City_Rent_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1907 New York City Rent Strike">1907 New York City Rent Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_shirtwaist_strike_of_1909" title="New York shirtwaist strike of 1909">1909 Shirtwaist Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_World_Congress_of_Jewish_Women" title="First World Congress of Jewish Women">World Congress of Jewish Women</a> (1923, 1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Torah_Project" title="Women's Torah Project">Women's Torah Project</a> (2003–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Siyum_HaShas" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Siyum HaShas">Women's Siyum HaShas</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Feminism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_feminism" title="Mizrahi feminism">Mizrahi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life cycle events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat"><i>Zeved habat</i> / <i>Simchat bat</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Bar</i> and <i>bat mitzvah</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Adult bar and bat mitzvah">For adults</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls%27_Day_(Judaism)" title="Girls' Day (Judaism)">Girls' Day (<i>Chag habanot</i>)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marriage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Matchmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketubah" title="Ketubah">Marriage contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalom_bayit" title="Shalom bayit">Marital harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_covering_for_Jewish_women" title="Head covering for Jewish women">Head covering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balabusta" title="Balabusta">Homemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Ritual purity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikvah">Ritual immersion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)">Divorce</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agunah" title="Agunah">Agunah</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_separation_in_Judaism" title="Gender separation in Judaism">Gender separation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Negiah" title="Negiah">Negiah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yichud" title="Yichud">Yichud</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_abortion" title="Judaism and abortion">Abortion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Israel" title="Abortion in Israel">In Israel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_contraception" title="Jewish views on contraception">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_sexuality" title="Judaism and sexuality">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuality and Judaism">Homosexuality</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayer and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tkhine" title="Tkhine">Tkhine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tseno_Ureno" class="mw-redirect" title="Tseno Ureno">Tseno Ureno</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partnership_minyan" title="Partnership minyan">Partnership <i>minyan</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin_Barbie" title="Tefillin Barbie">Tefillin Barbie</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midrasha" title="Midrasha">Midrasha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mechitza" title="Mechitza">Mechitza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Women" title="Court of the Women">Court of the Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rebbetzin" title="Rebbetzin">Rebbetzin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_rabbis_and_Torah_scholars" title="Women rabbis and Torah scholars">Rabbis and Torah scholars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women_rabbis" title="Timeline of women rabbis">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoetzet_halacha" title="Yoetzet halacha">Yoetzet halacha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toanot_Rabniyot" title="Toanot Rabniyot">Toanot Rabniyot</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soferet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soferet">Scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazante" class="mw-redirect" title="Chazante">Cantor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women_hazzans" title="Timeline of women hazzans">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Firzogerin" title="Firzogerin">Firzogerin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminadav_(organization)" title="Aminadav (organization)">Aminadav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_Kol_(organization)" title="Bat Kol (organization)">Bat Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%27not_Esh" title="B'not Esh">B'not Esh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Women%27s_Justice" title="Center for Women's Justice">CWJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chochmat_Nashim" title="Chochmat Nashim">Chochmat Nashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshel_(organization)" title="Eshel (organization)">Eshel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadassah_Women%27s_Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America">Hadassah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadran_(organization)" title="Hadran (organization)">Hadran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa_Women%27s_Coalition" title="Haifa Women's Coalition">Haifa Women's Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Women%27s_Network" title="Israel Women's Network">Israel Women's Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Orthodox_Feminist_Alliance" title="Jewish Orthodox Feminist Alliance">JOFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Women%27s_Archive" title="Jewish Women's Archive">JWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Women_Artists%27_Circle" title="Jewish Women Artists' Circle">Women Artists' Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Women%27s_Committee_to_End_the_Occupation" title="Jewish Women's Committee to End the Occupation">JWCEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Women%27s_Collaborative_International_Fund" title="Jewish Women's Collaborative International Fund">JWCIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Women_International" title="Jewish Women International">JWI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kohenet_Institute" title="The Kohenet Institute">Kohenet Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolech" title="Kolech">Kolech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Jewish_Women" title="League of Jewish Women">League of Jewish Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharat" title="Maharat">Maharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27yan" title="Ma'yan">Ma'yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27shei_Chabad" title="N'shei Chabad">N'shei Chabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%27amat" title="Na'amat">Na'amat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Jewish_Women" title="National Council of Jewish Women">NCJW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_Nivcharot,_Lo_Bocharot" title="Lo Nivcharot, Lo Bocharot">Nivcharot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomath_Club" title="Philomath Club">Philomath Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Alpha_Tau" title="Pi Alpha Tau">Pi Alpha Tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Jewish_Women" title="Union of Jewish Women">Union of Jewish Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Cantors_Network" title="Women Cantors Network">Cantors Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_of_Reform_Judaism" title="Women of Reform Judaism">Women of Reform Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_of_the_Wall" title="Women of the Wall">WoW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_for_the_Wall" title="Women for the Wall">W4W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Zionist_Organization" title="Women's International Zionist Organization">WIZO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_League_for_Conservative_Judaism" title="Women's League for Conservative Judaism">WLCJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_League_for_Israel" title="Women's League for Israel">WLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rabbinic_Network" title="Women's Rabbinic Network">Women's Rabbinic Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Spirit" title="Women's Spirit">Women's Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocolot" title="Vocolot">Vocolot</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic / defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clara_de_Hirsch_Home_for_Working_Girls" title="Clara de Hirsch Home for Working Girls">Clara de Hirsch Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_Vilde_Chayes" title="Di Vilde Chayes">Di Vilde Chayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Jewish_Women_(Germany)" title="League of Jewish Women (Germany)">League of Jewish Women (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_League_for_Woman_Suffrage" title="Jewish League for Woman Suffrage">Jewish League for Woman Suffrage (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Orchestra_of_Auschwitz" title="Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz">Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Binah_(magazine)" title="Binah 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