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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">Murray v. United States</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued December 8, 1987<br />Decided June 27, 1988</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Michael F. Murray v. United States</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">487 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/us/487/533/case.html">533</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_487" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 487">more</a></i>)<div>108 S. Ct. 2529; 101 <a href="/wiki/L._Ed._2d" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Ed. 2d">L. Ed. 2d</a> 472</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">The Fourth Amendment does not require the suppression of evidence initially discovered during police officers' illegal entry of private premises if that evidence is also discovered during a later search pursuant to a valid warrant that is wholly independent of the initial illegal entry.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">William J. Brennan Jr.</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Harry Blackmun</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John P. Stevens</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">Scalia, joined by Rehnquist, White, Blackmun</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Marshall, joined by Stevens, O'Connor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Stevens</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Brennan and Kennedy took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">U.S. Const. amend. IV</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Murray v. United States</b></i>, 487 U.S. 533 (1988), was a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> decision that created the modern "<a href="/wiki/Independent_source_doctrine" title="Independent source doctrine">independent source doctrine</a>" exception to the exclusionary rule. The exclusionary rule makes most evidence gathered through violations of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution inadmissible in criminal trials as "fruit of the poisonous tree". In <i>Murray</i>, the Court ruled that when officers conduct two searches, the first unlawful and the second lawful, evidence seized during the second search is admissible if the second search "is genuinely independent of [the] earlier one."<sup id="cite_ref-Murray542_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray542-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_v._United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The case arose out of the conviction of Michael F. Murray for conspiracy to possess and distribute illegal drugs. Based on information received from informants, federal law enforcement agents had been surveilling Murray. They observed Murray drive a truck into a warehouse. The agents saw the truck leave with another driver, and lawfully seized it. The agents found marijuana in the vehicle. After making this discovery, several agents illegally entered the warehouse. They found burlap bales in the warehouse. They did not reenter the warehouse until they received a warrant. In applying for the warrant, the agents did not mention their prior illegal entry.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinion_of_the_Court">Opinion of the Court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_v._United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Opinion of the Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Justice Scalia</a> delivered the opinion of the Court in a 4-3 decision. </p><p>The majority opinion agreed with the government that "the independent source doctrine applies to evidence initially discovered during, or as a consequence of, an unlawful search but later obtained independently from activities untainted by the initial illegality."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court found that a search pursuant to a warrant is <b>not</b> genuinely independent of evidence if (1) the agents' decision to seek the warrant was prompted by what they had seen during the initial [illegal] entry or (2) if information obtained during that entry was presented to the Magistrate and affected his decision to issue the warrant.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray542_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray542-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_v._United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_487" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 487">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 487</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases">List of United States Supreme Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_volume" title="Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume">Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court">List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_v._United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Murray542-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murray542_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray542_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Murray v. United States</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_487" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 487">487</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/487/533/#542">533, 542</a> (1988).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Murray</i>, 487 U.S. at 535.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Murray</i>, 487 U.S. at 537.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_v._United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Text of <i>Murray v. United States</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_487" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 487">487</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 533 (1988) is available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/112136/murray-v-united-states/">CourtListener</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/487/533/">Justia</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep487/usrep487533/usrep487533.pdf">Library of Congress</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1987/86-995">Oyez (oral argument audio)</a> </li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:US4thAmendment" title="Template:US4thAmendment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US4thAmendment" title="Template talk:US4thAmendment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US4thAmendment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US4thAmendment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Fourth_Amendment_case_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">United States Fourth Amendment</a> case law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Scope_of_the_Fourth_Amendment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Scope of the Fourth Amendment</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Definition of search</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Boyd_v._United_States" title="Boyd v. United States">Boyd v. United States</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lee_(1927)" title="United States v. Lee (1927)">United States v. Lee</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Olmstead_v._United_States" title="Olmstead v. United States">Olmstead v. United States</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abel_v._United_States" title="Abel v. United States">Abel v. United States</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silverman_v._United_States" title="Silverman v. United States">Silverman v. United States</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katz_v._United_States" title="Katz v. United States">Katz v. United States</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Knotts" title="United States v. Knotts">United States v. Knotts</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Place" title="United States v. Place">United States v. Place</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Karo" title="United States v. Karo">United States v. Karo</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/California_v._Greenwood" title="California v. Greenwood">California v. Greenwood</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skinner_v._Railway_Labor_Executives_Ass%27n" title="Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n">Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Verdugo-Urquidez" title="United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez">United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bond_v._United_States_(2000)" title="Bond v. United States (2000)">Bond v. United States</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyllo_v._United_States" title="Kyllo v. United States">Kyllo v. United States</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_v._Caballes" title="Illinois v. Caballes">Illinois v. Caballes</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Jones_(2012)" title="United States v. Jones (2012)">United States v. Jones</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Jardines" title="Florida v. Jardines">Florida v. Jardines</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klayman_v._Obama" title="Klayman v. Obama">Klayman v. Obama</a></i> (D.D.C. 2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ACLU_v._Clapper" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLU v. Clapper">ACLU v. Clapper</a></i> (D.D.C. 2013)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-fields_doctrine" title="Open-fields doctrine">Open-fields doctrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hester_v._United_States" title="Hester v. United States">Hester v. United States</a></i> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oliver_v._United_States" title="Oliver v. United States">Oliver v. United States</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Dunn" title="United States v. Dunn">United States v. Dunn</a></i> (1987)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aerial surveillance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/California_v._Ciraolo" title="California v. Ciraolo">California v. Ciraolo</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dow_Chemical_Co._v._United_States" title="Dow Chemical Co. v. United States">Dow Chemical Co. v. United States</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Riley" title="Florida v. Riley">Florida v. Riley</a></i> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third-party_doctrine" title="Third-party doctrine">Third-party doctrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._White" title="United States v. White">United States v. White</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Miller_(1976)" title="United States v. Miller (1976)">United States v. Miller</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Maryland" title="Smith v. Maryland">Smith v. Maryland</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_v._United_States" title="Carpenter v. United States">Carpenter v. United States</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Definition of seizure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Counselman_v._Hitchcock" title="Counselman v. Hitchcock">Counselman v. Hitchcock</a></i> (1892)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hale_v._Henkel" title="Hale v. Henkel">Hale v. Henkel</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terry_v._Ohio" title="Terry v. Ohio">Terry v. Ohio</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Mendenhall" title="United States v. Mendenhall">United States v. Mendenhall</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Royer" title="Florida v. Royer">Florida v. Royer</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service_v._Delgado" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Delgado">INS v. Delgado</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/California_v._Hodari_D." title="California v. Hodari D.">California v. Hodari D.</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Bostick" title="Florida v. Bostick">Florida v. Bostick</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soldal_v._Cook_County" title="Soldal v. Cook County">Soldal v. Cook County</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Drayton" title="United States v. Drayton">United States v. Drayton</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brendlin_v._California" title="Brendlin v. California">Brendlin v. California</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torres_v._Madrid" title="Torres v. Madrid">Torres v. Madrid</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fourth Amendment standing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rakas_v._Illinois" title="Rakas v. Illinois">Rakas v. Illinois</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Byrd_v._United_States" title="Byrd v. United States">Byrd v. United States</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Probable_cause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">Probable cause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brinegar_v._United_States" title="Brinegar v. United States">Brinegar v. United States</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aguilar_v._Texas" title="Aguilar v. Texas">Aguilar v. Texas</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spinelli_v._United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinelli v. United States">Spinelli v. United States</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_v._Gates" title="Illinois v. Gates">Illinois v. Gates</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornelas_v._United_States" title="Ornelas v. United States">Ornelas v. United States</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whren_v._United_States" title="Whren v. United States">Whren v. United States</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maryland_v._Pringle" title="Maryland v. Pringle">Maryland v. Pringle</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devenpeck_v._Alford" title="Devenpeck v. Alford">Devenpeck v. Alford</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Harris" title="Florida v. Harris">Florida v. Harris</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_v._Wesby" title="District of Columbia v. Wesby">District of Columbia v. Wesby</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Reasonable_suspicion:_Investigative_detentions_and_frisks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reasonable_suspicion" title="Reasonable suspicion">Reasonable suspicion</a>: <a href="/wiki/Terry_stop" title="Terry stop">Investigative detentions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frisking" title="Frisking">frisks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Terry_v._Ohio" title="Terry v. Ohio">Terry v. Ohio</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Brignoni-Ponce" title="United States v. Brignoni-Ponce">United States v. Brignoni-Ponce</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delaware_v._Prouse" title="Delaware v. Prouse">Delaware v. Prouse</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Texas" title="Brown v. Texas">Brown v. Texas</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ybarra_v._Illinois" title="Ybarra v. Illinois">Ybarra v. Illinois</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cortez" title="United States v. Cortez">United States v. Cortez</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Place" title="United States v. Place">United States v. Place</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_v._Long" title="Michigan v. Long">Michigan v. Long</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_v._Dickerson" title="Minnesota v. Dickerson">Minnesota v. Dickerson</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_v._Wardlow" title="Illinois v. Wardlow">Illinois v. Wardlow</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._J._L." title="Florida v. J. L.">Florida v. J. L.</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Arvizu" title="United States v. Arvizu">United States v. Arvizu</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hiibel_v._Sixth_Judicial_District_Court_of_Nevada" title="Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada">Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._Johnson" title="Arizona v. Johnson">Arizona v. Johnson</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navarette_v._California" title="Navarette v. California">Navarette v. California</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heien_v._North_Carolina" title="Heien v. North Carolina">Heien v. North Carolina</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kansas_v._Glover" title="Kansas v. Glover">Kansas v. Glover</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Warrant_requirement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Warrant_(law)" title="Warrant (law)">Warrant</a> requirement</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Johnson_v._United_States_(1948_Fourth_Amendment_case)" title="Johnson v. United States (1948 Fourth Amendment case)">Johnson v. United States</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Franks_v._Delaware" title="Franks v. Delaware">Franks v. Delaware</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ybarra_v._Illinois" title="Ybarra v. Illinois">Ybarra v. Illinois</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maryland_v._Garrison" title="Maryland v. Garrison">Maryland v. Garrison</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Grubbs" title="United States v. Grubbs">United States v. Grubbs</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2006_term_per_curiam_opinions_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States#Los_Angeles_County_v._Rettele" title="2006 term per curiam opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States">Los Angeles County v. Rettelle</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mere_evidence_rule" title="Mere evidence rule">Mere evidence rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Boyd_v._United_States" title="Boyd v. United States">Boyd v. United States</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hale_v._Henkel" title="Hale v. Henkel">Hale v. Henkel</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warden_v._Hayden" title="Warden v. Hayden">Warden v. Hayden</a></i> (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neutral and detached magistrate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coolidge_v._New_Hampshire" title="Coolidge v. New Hampshire">Coolidge v. New Hampshire</a></i> (1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Warrants directed at third parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zurcher_v._Stanford_Daily" title="Zurcher v. Stanford Daily">Zurcher v. Stanford Daily</a></i> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knock-and-announce" title="Knock-and-announce">Knock-and-announce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilson_v._Arkansas" title="Wilson v. Arkansas">Wilson v. Arkansas</a></i> (1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Exceptions_to_warrant_requirement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Warrantless_searches_in_the_United_States" title="Warrantless searches in the United States">Exceptions to warrant requirement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exigent circumstances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Warden_v._Hayden" title="Warden v. Hayden">Warden v. Hayden</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Chadwick" title="United States v. Chadwick">United States v. Chadwick</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Payton_v._New_York" title="Payton v. New York">Payton v. New York</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Welsh_v._Wisconsin" title="Welsh v. Wisconsin">Welsh v. Wisconsin</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brigham_City_v._Stuart" title="Brigham City v. Stuart">Brigham City v. Stuart</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_v._King" title="Kentucky v. King">Kentucky v. King</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caniglia_v._Strom" title="Caniglia v. Strom">Caniglia v. Strom</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lange_v._California" title="Lange v. California">Lange v. California</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consent searches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stoner_v._California" title="Stoner v. California">Stoner v. California</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schneckloth_v._Bustamonte" title="Schneckloth v. Bustamonte">Schneckloth v. Bustamonte</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Matlock" title="United States v. Matlock">United States v. Matlock</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_v._Rodriguez" title="Illinois v. Rodriguez">Illinois v. Rodriguez</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_v._Randolph" title="Georgia v. Randolph">Georgia v. Randolph</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fernandez_v._California" title="Fernandez v. California">Fernandez v. California</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plain_view_doctrine" title="Plain view doctrine">Plain view</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coolidge_v._New_Hampshire" title="Coolidge v. New Hampshire">Coolidge v. New Hampshire</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._Hicks" title="Arizona v. Hicks">Arizona v. Hicks</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horton_v._California" title="Horton v. California">Horton v. California</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_v._Dickerson" title="Minnesota v. Dickerson">Minnesota v. Dickerson</a></i> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_exception" title="Motor vehicle exception">Vehicle searches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carroll_v._United_States" title="Carroll v. United States">Carroll v. United States</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chambers_v._Maroney" title="Chambers v. Maroney">Chambers v. Maroney</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_v._Sanders" title="Arkansas v. Sanders">Arkansas v. Sanders</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Ross" title="United States v. Ross">United States v. Ross</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/California_v._Carney" title="California v. Carney">California v. Carney</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Jimeno" title="Florida v. Jimeno">Florida v. Jimeno</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/California_v._Acevedo" title="California v. Acevedo">California v. Acevedo</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_v._Houghton" title="Wyoming v. Houghton">Wyoming v. Houghton</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._White" title="Florida v. White">Florida v. White</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collins_v._Virginia" title="Collins v. Virginia">Collins v. Virginia</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Searches_incident_to_a_lawful_arrest" title="Searches incident to a lawful arrest">Searches incident to arrest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Trupiano_v._United_States" title="Trupiano v. United States">Trupiano v. United States</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Rabinowitz" title="United States v. Rabinowitz">United States v. Rabinowitz</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimel_v._California" title="Chimel v. California">Chimel v. California</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Robinson" title="United States v. Robinson">United States v. Robinson</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Chadwick" title="United States v. Chadwick">United States v. Chadwick</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_v._Belton" title="New York v. Belton">New York v. Belton</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knowles_v._Iowa" title="Knowles v. Iowa">Knowles v. Iowa</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thornton_v._United_States" title="Thornton v. United States">Thornton v. United States</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._Gant" title="Arizona v. Gant">Arizona v. Gant</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riley_v._California" title="Riley v. California">Riley v. California</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathalyzers, blood samples, DNA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Schmerber_v._California" title="Schmerber v. California">Schmerber v. California</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupp_v._Murphy" title="Cupp v. Murphy">Cupp v. Murphy</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missouri_v._McNeely" title="Missouri v. McNeely">Missouri v. McNeely</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maryland_v._King" title="Maryland v. King">Maryland v. King</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Birchfield_v._North_Dakota" title="Birchfield v. North Dakota">Birchfield v. North Dakota</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_v._Wisconsin" title="Mitchell v. Wisconsin">Mitchell v. Wisconsin</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protective sweeps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Maryland_v._Buie" title="Maryland v. Buie">Maryland v. Buie</a></i> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventory searches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cady_v._Dombrowski" title="Cady v. Dombrowski">Cady v. Dombrowski</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_v._Opperman" title="South Dakota v. Opperman">South Dakota v. Opperman</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colorado_v._Bertine" title="Colorado v. Bertine">Colorado v. Bertine</a></i> (1987)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Border_search_exception" title="Border search exception">Border searches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Almeida-Sanchez_v._United_States" title="Almeida-Sanchez v. United States">Almeida-Sanchez v. United States</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Ortiz" title="United States v. Ortiz">United States v. Ortiz</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Martinez-Fuerte" title="United States v. Martinez-Fuerte">United States v. Martinez-Fuerte</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Ramsey_(1977)" title="United States v. Ramsey (1977)">United States v. Ramsey</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Montoya_De_Hernandez" title="United States v. Montoya De Hernandez">United States v. Montoya De Hernandez</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Flores-Montano" title="United States v. Flores-Montano">United States v. Flores-Montano</a></i> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Random_checkpoint" title="Random checkpoint">Checkpoints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_State_Police_v._Sitz" title="Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz">Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Indianapolis_v._Edmond" title="City of Indianapolis v. Edmond">City of Indianapolis v. Edmond</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_v._Lidster" title="Illinois v. Lidster">Illinois v. Lidster</a></i> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Students, employees, and patients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_v._T._L._O." title="New Jersey v. T. L. O.">New Jersey v. T. L. O.</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O%27Connor_v._Ortega" title="O'Connor v. Ortega">O'Connor v. Ortega</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skinner_v._Railway_Labor_Executives_Ass%27n" title="Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n">Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Treasury_Employees_Union_v._Von_Raab" title="National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab">National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vernonia_School_District_47J_v._Acton" title="Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton">Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandler_v._Miller" title="Chandler v. Miller">Chandler v. Miller</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ferguson_v._City_of_Charleston" title="Ferguson v. City of Charleston">Ferguson v. City of Charleston</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Education_v._Earls" title="Board of Education v. Earls">Board of Education v. Earls</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Safford_Unified_School_District_v._Redding" title="Safford Unified School District v. Redding">Safford Unified School District v. Redding</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Ontario_v._Quon" title="City of Ontario v. Quon">City of Ontario v. Quon</a></i> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Property of probationers and parolees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Samson_v._California" title="Samson v. California">Samson v. California</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative inspections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Frank_v._Maryland" title="Frank v. Maryland">Frank v. Maryland</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camara_v._Municipal_Court_of_City_and_County_of_San_Francisco" title="Camara v. Municipal Court of City and County of San Francisco">Camara v. Municipal Court</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Los_Angeles_v._Patel" title="City of Los Angeles v. Patel">City of Los Angeles v. Patel</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Searches in jails and prisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bell_v._Wolfish" title="Bell v. Wolfish">Bell v. Wolfish</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudson_v._Palmer" title="Hudson v. Palmer">Hudson v. Palmer</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florence_v._Board_of_Chosen_Freeholders" title="Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders">Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Warrantless arrests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Watson" title="United States v. Watson">United States v. Watson</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Payton_v._New_York" title="Payton v. New York">Payton v. New York</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Welsh_v._Wisconsin" title="Welsh v. Wisconsin">Welsh v. Wisconsin</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_of_Riverside_v._McLaughlin" title="County of Riverside v. McLaughlin">County of Riverside v. McLaughlin</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atwater_v._City_of_Lago_Vista" title="Atwater v. City of Lago Vista">Atwater v. City of Lago Vista</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._Moore" title="Virginia v. Moore">Virginia v. Moore</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Seizures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Seizures</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distinguishing stops and arrests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dunaway_v._New_York" title="Dunaway v. New York">Dunaway v. New York</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Royer" title="Florida v. Royer">Florida v. Royer</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Place" title="United States v. Place">United States v. Place</a></i> (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seizure of premises awaiting warrant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_v._McArthur" title="Illinois v. McArthur">Illinois v. McArthur</a></i> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Detention incident to search</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_v._Summers" title="Michigan v. Summers">Michigan v. Summers</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muehler_v._Mena" title="Muehler v. Mena">Muehler v. Mena</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bailey_v._United_States_(2013)" title="Bailey v. United States (2013)">Bailey v. United States</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Detention during vehicle stop</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_v._Mimms" title="Pennsylvania v. Mimms">Pennsylvania v. Mimms</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rodriguez_v._United_States" title="Rodriguez v. United States">Rodriguez v. United States</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Use_of_force#U.S._case_law" title="Use of force">Excessive force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_v._Garner" title="Tennessee v. Garner">Tennessee v. Garner</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graham_v._Connor" title="Graham v. Connor">Graham v. Connor</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scott_v._Harris" title="Scott v. Harris">Scott v. Harris</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plumhoff_v._Rickard" title="Plumhoff v. Rickard">Plumhoff v. Rickard</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mullenix_v._Luna" title="Mullenix v. Luna">Mullenix v. Luna</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barnes_v._Felix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barnes v. Felix (page does not exist)">Barnes v. Felix</a></i> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Remedies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Remedies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exclusionary_rule" title="Exclusionary rule">Exclusionary rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Origins" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Weeks_v._United_States" title="Weeks v. United States">Weeks v. United States</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silverthorne_Lumber_Co._v._United_States" title="Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States">Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States</a></i> (1920)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Witness_impeachment" title="Witness impeachment">Impeachment exception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/James_v._Illinois" title="James v. Illinois">James v. Illinois</a></i> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Good-faith_exception" title="Good-faith exception">Good-faith exception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Leon" title="United States v. Leon">United States v. Leon</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herring_v._United_States" title="Herring v. United States">Herring v. United States</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._United_States_(2011)" title="Davis v. United States (2011)">Davis v. United States</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Murray v. United States</a></i> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inevitable_discovery" title="Inevitable discovery">Inevitable discovery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nix_v._Williams" title="Nix v. Williams">Nix v. Williams</a></i> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attenuation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wong_Sun_v._United_States" title="Wong Sun v. United States">Wong Sun v. United States</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Utah_v._Strieff" title="Utah v. Strieff">Utah v. Strieff</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">No-knock searches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudson_v._Michigan" title="Hudson v. Michigan">Hudson v. Michigan</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus_in_the_United_States" title="Habeas corpus in the United States">Habeas corpus</a></i> review</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stone_v._Powell" title="Stone v. Powell">Stone v. Powell</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimmelman_v._Morrison" title="Kimmelman v. Morrison">Kimmelman v. Morrison</a></i> (1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil suit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bivens_v._Six_Unknown_Named_Agents" title="Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents">Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Egbert_v._Boule" title="Egbert v. Boule">Egbert v. Boule</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1871_(third_act)#As_later_amended_and_codified_as_section_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="Enforcement Act of 1871 (third act)">42 U.S.C. § 1983</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monroe_v._Pape" title="Monroe v. Pape">Monroe v. Pape</a></i> (1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Incorporation_against_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Incorporation against States</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unreasonable search and seizure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wolf_v._Colorado" title="Wolf v. Colorado">Wolf v. Colorado</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rochin_v._California" title="Rochin v. California">Rochin v. California</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elkins_v._United_States" title="Elkins v. United States">Elkins v. United States</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mapp_v._Ohio" title="Mapp v. Ohio">Mapp v. Ohio</a></i> (1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Warrant requirements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ker_v._California" title="Ker v. California">Ker v. California</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aguilar_v._Texas" title="Aguilar v. Texas">Aguilar v. Texas</a></i> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murray_v._United_States&oldid=1175147364">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murray_v._United_States&oldid=1175147364</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1988_in_United_States_case_law" title="Category:1988 in United States case law">1988 in United States case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_evidence_case_law" title="Category:United States evidence case law">United States evidence case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_cases" title="Category:United States Supreme Court cases">United States Supreme Court cases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court">United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2023">Use mdy dates from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 September 2023, at 02:46<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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