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class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Pierre Laval</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><table class="infobox vcard" style="width: 22em"> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="n" style="text-align: center; font-size: 132%;">Pierre Laval</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pierre_Laval_a_Meurisse_1931.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Pierre Laval a Meurisse 1931.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pierre_Laval_a_Meurisse_1931.jpg/225px-Pierre_Laval_a_Meurisse_1931.jpg" width="225" height="292" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pierre_Laval_a_Meurisse_1931.jpg/338px-Pierre_Laval_a_Meurisse_1931.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323053942im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pierre_Laval_a_Meurisse_1931.jpg/450px-Pierre_Laval_a_Meurisse_1931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2105" data-file-height="2728"/></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">(1931)</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center">101st <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:none; text-align:center">In office 27 January 1931 – 20 February 1932</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">President</th> <td><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Gaston Doumergue</a> <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Doumer" title="Paul Doumer">Paul Doumer</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Preceded by</th> <td><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Steeg" title="Théodore Steeg">Théodore Steeg</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Succeeded by</th> <td><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">André Tardieu</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center">112th <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:none; text-align:center">In office 7 June 1935 – 24 January 1936</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Preceded by</th> <td><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Bouisson" title="Fernand Bouisson">Fernand Bouisson</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Succeeded by</th> <td><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sarraut" title="Albert Sarraut">Albert Sarraut</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center">120th <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a> (as Vice-President of the Council) Head of State and nominal Head of Government: <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:none; text-align:center">In office 11 July 1940 – 13 December 1940</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Preceded by</th> <td><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Succeeded by</th> <td><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre Étienne Flandin" class="mw-redirect">Pierre Étienne Flandin</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center">123rd <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:none; text-align:center">In office 18 April 1942 – 20 August 1944</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Preceded by</th> <td><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Succeeded by</th> <td><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center">Personal details</th> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Born</th> <td>(1883-06-28)28 June 1883 <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teldon" title="Châteldon">Châteldon</a>, <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Died</th> <td>15 October 1945(1945-10-15) (aged 62) <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnes,_Val-de-Marne" title="Fresnes, Val-de-Marne">Fresnes</a>, <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">France</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Political party</th> <td>None</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Religion</th> <td><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic" title="Roman Catholic" class="mw-redirect">Roman Catholic</a></td> </tr> </table> Pierre Laval (French pronunciation: <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_French" title="Help:IPA for French">[pjɛʁ laval]</a>; 28 June 1883 – 15 October 1945) was a French politician. During the time of the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Republic_(France)" title="Third Republic (France)" class="mw-redirect">Third Republic</a>, he served as <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a> from 27 January 1931 and 20 February 1932, and also headed another government from 7 June 1935 to 24 January 1936. Laval began his career as a socialist, but over time drifted far to the right. Following France's surrender and <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Armistice_at_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Second Armistice at Compiègne" class="mw-redirect">armistice with Germany</a> in 1940, he also served in the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy Regime</a>. He served in a prominent role under <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> as the vice-president of Vichy's Council of Ministers from 11 July 1940 to 13 December 1940, and later as the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> from 18 April 1942 to 20 August 1944. After the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France" class="mw-redirect">liberation of France</a> in 1944, Laval was arrested by the French government under General <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>. In what some historians consider a flawed trial, Laval was found guilty of <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_treason" title="High treason">high treason</a>, and after a thwarted suicide attempt, he was executed by firing squad.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> His manifold political activities have left behind a complicated and controversial legacy, and more than a dozen biographies have been written about him. <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life">1 Early life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Marriage_and_family">2 Marriage and family</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Before_the_war">3 Before the war</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#During_the_First_World_War">4 During the First World War</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Socialist_Deputy_for_the_Seine">4.1 Socialist Deputy for the Seine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Stockholm.2C_the_.22polar_star.22">4.2 Stockholm, the "polar star"</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Initial_postwar_career">5 Initial postwar career</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#From_Socialist_to_Independent">5.1 From Socialist to Independent</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Mayor_of_Aubervilliers">5.2 Mayor of Aubervilliers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Independent_Deputy_for_the_Seine">5.3 Independent Deputy for the Seine</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#As_a_member_of_the_government">6 As a member of the government</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Minister_and_senator">6.1 Minister and senator</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Personal_investments">6.2 Personal investments</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Minister_of_Labour_and_Social_Insurance">6.3 Minister of Labour and Social Insurance</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#First_Laval_government">7 First Laval government</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Role_in_1931_Austrian_financial_crisis">7.1 Role in 1931 Austrian financial crisis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Hoover_Moratorium_.2820_June_1931.29">7.2 Hoover Moratorium (20 June 1931)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#1934.E2.80.9336">8 1934–36</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Under_Vichy_France">9 Under Vichy France</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Formation_of_the_Vichy_Government">9.1 Formation of the Vichy Government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Laval_in_the_Vichy_government.2C_1940.E2.80.931941">9.2 Laval in the Vichy government, 1940–1941</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Return_to_power.2C_1942">9.3 Return to power, 1942</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#1943.E2.80.931945">9.4 1943–1945</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Trial_and_execution">10 Trial and execution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Governments">11 Governments</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Laval.27s_First_Ministry.2C_27_January_1931_.E2.80.93_14_January_1932">11.1 Laval's First Ministry, 27 January 1931 – 14 January 1932</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Changes">11.1.1 Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Laval.27s_Second_Ministry.2C_14_January_.E2.80.93_20_February_1932">11.2 Laval's Second Ministry, 14 January – 20 February 1932</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Laval.27s_Third_Ministry.2C_7_June_1935_.E2.80.93_24_January_1936">11.3 Laval's Third Ministry, 7 June 1935 – 24 January 1936</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Changes_2">11.3.1 Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Laval.27s_Ministry_in_the_Vichy_Government.2C_18_April_1942_.E2.80.93_20_August_1944">11.4 Laval's Ministry in the Vichy Government, 18 April 1942 – 20 August 1944</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Changes_3">11.4.1 Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#References">12 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Further_reading">13 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Critical_of_Laval">13.1 Critical of Laval</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Post-war_defences_of_Laval">13.2 Post-war defences of Laval</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Books_by_Laval.27s_lawyers">13.3 Books by Laval's lawyers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Full_biographies">13.4 Full biographies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Other_biographical_material">13.5 Other biographical material</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#External_links">14 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Early life[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</h2> Laval was born 28 June 1883 at <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teldon" title="Châteldon">Châteldon</a>, Puy-de-Dôme, in the northern part of <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergne_(province)" title="Auvergne (province)">Auvergne</a>. His father worked in the village as a café proprietor, butcher and postman; he also owned a vineyard and horses. Laval was educated at the village school in Châteldon. At age 15, he was sent to a Paris <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e" title="Lycée" class="mw-redirect">lycée</a> to study for his <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at" title="Baccalauréat">baccalauréat</a>. Returning south to <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, he spent the next year reading for a degree in <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Laval joined the Socialists in 1903, when he was living in <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a>, 62 km southwest of Lyon. <blockquote> "I was never a very orthodox socialist", he said in 1945, "by which I mean that I was never much of a <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist" title="Marxist" class="mw-redirect">Marxist</a>. My socialism was much more a socialism of the heart than a doctrinal socialism... I was much more interested in men, their jobs, their misfortunes and their conflicts than in the digressions of the great German <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiff" title="Pontiff">pontiff</a>."<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </blockquote> Laval returned to Paris in 1907 at the age of 24. He was called up for <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a> and, after serving <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlisted_rank" title="Enlisted rank">in the ranks</a>, was <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discharge_(military)" title="Discharge (military)" class="mw-redirect">discharged</a> for <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicose_veins" title="Varicose veins">varicose veins</a>.[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In April 1913 he said: "Barrack-based armies are incapable of the slightest effort, because they are badly-trained and, above all, badly commanded." He favoured abolition of the army and replacement by a citizens' militia.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> During this period, Laval became familiar with the left-wing doctrines of <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Georges Sorel</a> and <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Lagardelle" title="Hubert Lagardelle">Hubert Lagardelle</a>. In 1909, he turned to the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Profession" title="Legal Profession" class="mw-redirect">law</a>. <h2>Marriage and family[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage and family">edit</a>]</h2> Shortly after <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admission_to_practice_law#France" title="Admission to practice law">becoming a member</a> of the Paris bar, he married the daughter of a Dr Claussat and set up a home in Paris with his new wife. Their only child, a daughter, was born in 1911. Although Laval's wife came from a political family, she never participated in politics. Laval was generally considered to be devoted to his family.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <h2>Before the war[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Before the war">edit</a>]</h2> The years before the First World War were characterised by labour unrest, and Laval defended strikers, trade unionists, and left-wing agitators against government attempts to prosecute them. At a trade union conference, Laval said: <blockquote class="templatequote"> I am a comrade among comrades, a worker among workers. I am not one of those lawyers who are mindful of their bourgeois origin even when attempting to deny it. I am not one of those high-brow attorneys who engage in academic controversies and pose as intellectuals. I am proud to be what I am. A lawyer in the service of manual laborers who are my comrades, a worker like them, I am their brother. Comrades, I am a manual lawyer.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </blockquote> <h2>During the First World War[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: During the First World War">edit</a>]</h2> <h3>Socialist Deputy for the Seine[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Socialist Deputy for the Seine">edit</a>]</h3> In April 1914, as fear of war swept the nation, the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialists</a> and <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radicals</a> geared up their electoral campaign in defence of peace. Their leaders were <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a> and <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Joseph Caillaux</a>. The Bloc des Gauches (Leftist Bloc) denounced the law passed in July 1913 extending <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_military_service" title="Compulsory military service" class="mw-redirect">compulsory military service</a> from two to three years. The <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_du_travail" title="Confédération générale du travail" class="mw-redirect">Confédération générale du travail</a> trade union sought Laval as Socialist candidate for the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a>, the district comprising Paris and its suburbs. He won. The Radicals, with the support of Socialists, held the majority in the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Chamber_of_Deputies" title="French Chamber of Deputies" class="mw-redirect">French Chamber of Deputies</a>. Together they hoped to avert war. The <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria</a> on 28 June 1914 and of Jaurès on 31 July 1914 shattered those hopes. Laval's brother, Jean, died in the first months of the war. Laval and 2,000 others were listed by the military in the Carnet B, a compilation of potentially subversive elements who might hinder mobilisation. In the name of national unity, <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior</a> <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Louis_Malvy" title="Jean-Louis Malvy" class="mw-redirect">Jean-Louis Malvy</a>, despite pressure from chiefs of staff, refused to have anyone apprehended. Laval remained true to his <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifist convictions</a> during the war. In December 1915, <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Longuet" title="Jean Longuet">Jean Longuet</a>, grandson of <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, proposed to Socialist parliamentarians that they communicate with socialists of other states, hoping to press governments into a negotiated peace. Laval signed on, but the motion was defeated. With France's resources geared for war, goods were scarce or overpriced. On 30 January 1917, in the National Assembly Laval called upon the Supply Minister <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Édouard Herriot</a> to deal with the inadequate coal supply in Paris. When Herriot said, "If I could, I would unload the barges myself", Laval retorted "Do not add ridicule to ineptitude."<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The words delighted the assembly and attracted the attention of <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clemenceau" title="George Clemenceau" class="mw-redirect">George Clemenceau</a>, but left the relationship between Laval and Herriot permanently strained. <h3>Stockholm, the "polar star"[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stockholm, the "polar star"">edit</a>]</h3> Laval scorned the conduct of the war and the poor supply of troops in the field. When mutinies broke out after General <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nivelle" title="Robert Nivelle">Robert Nivelle</a>'s offensive of April 1917 at <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemin_des_Dames" title="Chemin des Dames">Chemin des Dames</a>, he spoke in defence of the mutineers. When <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Cachin" title="Marcel Cachin">Marcel Cachin</a> and <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Moutet" title="Marius Moutet">Marius Moutet</a> returned from <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg" title="St. Petersburg" class="mw-redirect">St. Petersburg</a> in June 1917 with the invitation to a socialist convention in <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Laval saw a chance for peace. In an address to the Assembly, he urged the chamber to allow a delegation to go: "Yes, Stockholm, in response to the call of the Russian Revolution.... Yes, Stockholm, for peace.... Yes, Stockholm the polar star." The request was denied. The hope of peace in spring 1917 was overwhelmed by discovery of traitors, some real, some imagined, as with Malvy. Because he had refused to arrest Frenchmen on the Carnet B, Malvy became a suspect. Laval's "Stockholm, étoile polaire" speech had not been forgotten. Many of Laval's acquaintances, the publishers of the anarchist Bonnet rouge, and other pacifists were arrested or interrogated. Though Laval frequented pacifist circles – it was said that he was acquainted with <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> – the authorities did not pursue him. His status as a deputy, his caution, and his friendships protected him. In November 1917, Clemenceau offered him a post in government, but the Socialist Party had by then refused to enter any government. Laval toed the party line, but he questioned the wisdom of such a policy in a meeting of the Socialist members of parliament. <h2>Initial postwar career[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Initial postwar career">edit</a>]</h2> <h3>From Socialist to Independent[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: From Socialist to Independent">edit</a>]</h3> In 1919 a conservative wave swept the Bloc National into control. Laval was not re-elected. The Socialists' record of pacifism, their opposition to Clemenceau, and anxiety arising from the excesses of the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution" title="Bolshevik Revolution" class="mw-redirect">Bolshevik Revolution</a> in Russia contributed to their defeat. The <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France)" title="General Confederation of Labour (France)">General Confederation of Labour</a> (CGT), with 2,400,000 members, launched a general strike in 1920, which petered out as thousands of workers were laid off. In response, the government sought to dissolve the CGT. Laval, with <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Paul-Boncour" title="Joseph Paul-Boncour">Joseph Paul-Boncour</a> as chief counsel, defended the union's leaders, saving the union by appealing to the ministers <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Steeg" title="Théodore Steeg">Théodore Steeg</a> (interior) and <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auguste_Isaac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auguste Isaac (page does not exist)">Auguste Isaac</a> (<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(France)" title="Minister of Commerce and Industry (France)">commerce and industry</a>). Laval's relations with the Socialist Party drew to an end. The last years with the Socialist caucus in the chamber combined with the party's disciplinary policies eroded Laval's attachment to the cause. With the Bolshevik victory in Russia the party was changing; at the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Tours" title="Congress of Tours" class="mw-redirect">Congress of Tours</a> in December 1920, the Socialists split into two ideological components: the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> (SFIC later PCF), inspired by Moscow, and the more moderate <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">French Section of the Workers' International</a> (SFIO). Laval let his membership lapse, not taking sides as the two factions battled over the legacy of <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a>. <h3>Mayor of Aubervilliers[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mayor of Aubervilliers">edit</a>]</h3> In 1923 <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubervilliers" title="Aubervilliers">Aubervilliers</a> in northern Paris needed a mayor. As a former deputy of the constituency, Laval was an obvious candidate. To be eligible for election, Laval bought farmland, Les Bergeries. Few were aware of his defection from the Socialists. Laval was also asked by the local SFIO and Communist Party to head their lists. Laval chose to run under his own list, of former socialists he convinced to leave the party and work for him. This was an independent Socialist Party of sorts that existed only in Aubervilliers. In a four-way race, Laval won in the second round. He served as mayor of Aubervilliers until just before his death. Laval won over those he defeated by cultivating personal contacts. He developed a network among the humble and the well-to-do in Aubervilliers, and with mayors of neighbouring towns. He was the only independent politician in the suburb. He avoided entering the ideological war between socialists and communists. <h3>Independent Deputy for the Seine[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Independent Deputy for the Seine">edit</a>]</h3> In the 1924 legislative elections, the SFIO and the Radicals formed a national coalition known as the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel_des_Gauches" title="Cartel des Gauches">Cartel des Gauches</a>. Laval headed a list of independent socialists in the Seine. The cartel won and Laval regained a seat in the National Assembly. His first act was to bring back <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Joseph Caillaux</a>, former Prime Minister, Cabinet member and member of the National Assembly and once the star of the Radical Party. Clemenceau had had Caillaux arrested toward the end of the war for collusion with the enemy. He spent two years in prison and lost his civic rights. Laval stood for Caillaux's pardon and won. Caillaux became an influential patron. <h2>As a member of the government[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: As a member of the government">edit</a>]</h2> <h3>Minister and senator[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Minister and senator">edit</a>]</h3> Laval's reward for support of the cartel was appointment as <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Works_(France)" title="Minister of Public Works (France)">Minister of Public Works</a> in the government of <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé">Paul Painlevé</a> in April 1925. Six months later, the government collapsed. Laval from then on belonged to the club of former ministers from which new ministers were drawn. Between 1925 and 1926 Laval participated three more times in governments of <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a>, once as under-secretary to the premier and twice as Minister of Justice (garde des sceaux). When he first became Minister of Justice, Laval abandoned his law practice to avoid conflict of interest. Laval's momentum was frozen after 1926 through a reshuffling of the cartel majority orchestrated by the Radical-Socialist mayor and deputy of Lyon, <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Édouard Herriot</a>. Founded in 1901, the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radical Party</a> became the hinge faction of the Third Republic. Its support or defection often meant survival or collapse of governments. Through this latest swing, Laval was excluded from the direction of France for four years. Author Gaston Jacquemin suggested that Laval chose not to partake in a Herriot government, which he judged incapable of handling the financial crisis. 1926 marked the definitive break between Laval and the left, but he maintained friends on the left. In 1927 Laval was elected Senator for the Seine, withdrawing from and placing himself above the political battles for majorities in the National Assembly. He longed for a constitutional reform to strengthen the executive branch and eliminate political instability, the flaw of the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a>. On 2 March 1930 Laval returned as <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Labour_(France)" title="Minister of Labour (France)" class="mw-redirect">Minister of Labour</a> in the second <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">André Tardieu</a> government. Tardieu and Laval knew each other from the days of Clemenceau, which developed into mutual appreciation. Tardieu needed men he could trust: his previous government had collapsed a little over a week earlier because of the defection of the minister of Labor, <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Loucheur" title="Louis Loucheur">Louis Loucheur</a>. But, when the Radical Socialist <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Chautemps" title="Camille Chautemps">Camille Chautemps</a> failed to form a viable government, Tardieu was called back. <h3>Personal investments[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Personal investments">edit</a>]</h3> From 1927 to 1930, Laval began to accumulate a sizeable personal fortune; after the war his wealth resulted in charges that he had used his political position to line his own pockets. "I have always thought", he wrote to the examining magistrate on 11 September 1945, "that a soundly based material independence, if not indispensable, gives those statesmen who possess it a much greater political independence." Until 1927 his principal source of income had been his fees as a lawyer and in that year they totalled 113,350 <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_francs" title="French francs" class="mw-redirect">francs</a>, according to his income tax returns. Between August 1927 and June 1930, he undertook large-scale investments in various enterprises, totalling 51 million francs. Not all this money was his own; it came from a group of financiers who had the backing of an investment trust, the Union Syndicale et Financière and two banks, the Comptoir Lyon Allemand and the Banque Nationale de Crédit.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Two of the investments which Laval and his backers acquired were provincial newspapers, Le Moniteur du Puy-de-Dôme and its associated printing works at <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a>, and the Lyon Républicain. The circulation of the Moniteur stood at 27,000 in 1926 before Laval took it over. By 1933, it had more than doubled to 58,250. Thereafter circulation declined and never surpassed this peak. Profits varied, but during the seventeen years of his control, Laval earned some 39 million francs in income from the paper and the printing works combined. The renewed plant was valued at 50 million francs, which led the high court expert in 1945 to say with some justification that it had been "an excellent deal for him."<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <h3>Minister of Labour and Social Insurance[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Minister of Labour and Social Insurance">edit</a>]</h3> More than 150,000 textile workers were on strike, and violence was feared. As Minister of Public Works in 1925, Laval had ended the strike of mine workers. Tardieu hoped he could do the same as Minister of Labour. The conflict was settled without bloodshed. Socialist politician <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a>, never one of Laval's allies, conceded that Laval's "intervention was skillful, opportune and decisive."<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Social insurance had been on the agenda for ten years. It had passed the Chamber of Deputies, but not the Senate, in 1928. Tardieu gave Laval until May Day to get the project through. The date was chosen to stifle the agitation of Labour Day. Laval's first effort went into clarifying the muddled collection of texts. He then consulted employer and labour organisations. Laval had to reconcile the divergent views of Chamber and Senate. "Had it not been for Laval's unwearying patience", Laval's associate Tissier wrote, "an agreement would never have been achieved",<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In two months Laval presented the Assembly a text which overcame its original failure. It met the financial constraints, reduced the control of the government, and preserved the choice of doctors and their billing freedom. The Chamber and the Senate passed the law with an overwhelming majority. When the bill had passed its final stages, Tardieu described his Minister of Labour as "displaying at every moment of the discussion as much tenacity as restraint and ingenuity."<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <h2>First Laval government[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: First Laval government">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12339,_Berlin,_Reichskanzlei,_Besuch_franz%C3%B6sischer_Minister.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12339%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichskanzlei%2C_Besuch_franz%C3%B6sischer_Minister.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12339%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichskanzlei%2C_Besuch_franz%C3%B6sischer_Minister.jpg" width="220" height="157" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12339%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichskanzlei%2C_Besuch_franz%C3%B6sischer_Minister.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12339%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichskanzlei%2C_Besuch_franz%C3%B6sischer_Minister.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323053942im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12339%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichskanzlei%2C_Besuch_franz%C3%B6sischer_Minister.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12339%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichskanzlei%2C_Besuch_franz%C3%B6sischer_Minister.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="571"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12339,_Berlin,_Reichskanzlei,_Besuch_franz%C3%B6sischer_Minister.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Premier Laval is second from left, at a 1931 diplomatic function in Germany</div> </div> </div> Tardieu's government ultimately proved unable to weather the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oustric_Affair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oustric Affair (page does not exist)">Oustric Affair</a>. After the failure of the Oustric Bank, it appeared that members of the government had improper ties to it. The scandal involved <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Justice" title="Minister of Justice" class="mw-redirect">Minister of Justice</a> <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_P%C3%A9ret" title="Raoul Péret">Raoul Péret</a>, and Under-Secretaries <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri_Falcoz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Falcoz (page does not exist)">Henri Falcoz</a> and <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Lautier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugène Lautier (page does not exist)">Eugène Lautier</a>. Though Tardieu was not involved, on 4 December 1930, he lost his majority in the Senate. President <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Gaston Doumergue</a> called on <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Louis Barthou</a> to form a government, but Barthou failed. Doumergue turned to Laval, who fared no better. The following month the government formed by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Steeg" title="Théodore Steeg">Théodore Steeg</a> floundered. Doumergue renewed his offer to Laval. On 27 January 1931 Laval successfully formed his first government. In the words of <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a>, the Socialist opposition was amazed and disappointed that the ghost of Tardieu's government reappeared within a few weeks of being defeated with Laval at its head, "like a night bird surprised by the light." Laval's nomination as premier led to speculation that Tardieu, the new agriculture minister, held the real power in the Laval Government. Although Laval thought highly of Tardieu and Briand, and applied policies in line with theirs, Laval was not Tardieu's mouthpiece. Ministers who formed the Laval government were in great part those who had formed Tardieu governments but that was a function of the composite majority Laval could find at the National Assembly. <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a>, <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> and Tardieu before him had offered ministerial posts to Herriot's Radicals, but to no avail. Besides Briand, <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Maginot" title="André Maginot">André Maginot</a>, <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Pierre-Étienne Flandin</a>, <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Paul Reynaud</a>, Laval brought in as his advisors, friends such as Maurice Foulon from Aubervilliers, and Pierre Cathala, whom he knew from his days in <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a> and who had worked in Laval's Labour ministry. Cathala began as Under-Secretary of the Interior and was appointed as Minister of the Interior in January 1932. <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Diagne" title="Blaise Diagne">Blaise Diagne</a> of <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, the first African deputy, had been elected to the National Assembly at the same time as Laval in 1914. Laval invited Diagne to join his cabinet as under-secretary to the colonies; he was the first Black African appointed to a cabinet position in a French government. Laval also called on financial experts such as <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Rueff" title="Jacques Rueff">Jacques Rueff</a>, Charles Rist and Adéodat Boissard. <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7ois-Poncet" title="André François-Poncet">André François-Poncet</a> was appointed as under-secretary to the premier and then as ambassador to Germany. Laval's government included an economist, Claude-Joseph Gignoux, when economists in government service were rare. France in 1931 was unaffected by the world economic crisis. Laval declared on embarking for the United States on 16 October 1931, "France remained healthy thanks to work and savings." Agriculture, small industry, and protectionism were the bases of France's economy. With a conservative policy of contained wages and limited social services, France had accumulated the largest <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_reserves" title="Gold reserves" class="mw-redirect">gold reserves</a> in the world after the United States. France reaped the benefit of <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">devaluation</a> of the franc orchestrated by Poincaré, which made French products competitive on the world market. In the whole of France, 12,000 people were recorded as unemployed. Laval and his cabinet considered the economy and gold reserves as means to diplomatic ends. Laval left to visit <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>. He attended conferences on the world crisis, <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">war reparations</a> and debt, disarmament, and the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>. <h3>Role in 1931 Austrian financial crisis[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Role in 1931 Austrian financial crisis">edit</a>]</h3> In 1931, Austria underwent a banking crisis when its largest bank, the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creditanstalt" title="Creditanstalt">Creditanstalt</a>, was revealed to be nearly bankrupt, threatening a worldwide financial crisis. World leaders began negotiating the terms for an international loan to Austria's central government to sustain its financial system; however, Laval blocked the proposed package for nationalistic reasons. He demanded that France receive a series of diplomatic concessions in exchange for its support, including renunciation of a prospective German-Austrian customs union. This proved to be fatal for the negotiations, which ultimately fell through.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> As a result, the Creditanstalt declared bankruptcy on 11 May 1931, precipitating a crisis that quickly spread to other nations. Within four days, bank runs in <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> were underway, and the bank failures began spreading to Germany and Britain, among others.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <h3>Hoover Moratorium (20 June 1931)[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hoover Moratorium (20 June 1931)">edit</a>]</h3> The <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Moratorium" title="Hoover Moratorium">Hoover Moratorium</a> of 1931, a proposal made by American President <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> to freeze all intergovernmental debt for a one-year period, was, according to author and political advisor <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy">McGeorge Bundy</a>, "the most significant action taken by an American president for Europe since <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s administration."[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The United States had enormous stakes in Germany: long-term German borrowers owed the United States private sector more than $1.25 billion; the short-term debt neared $1 billion. By comparison, the entire United States <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_income" title="National income" class="mw-redirect">national income</a> in 1931 was just $54 billion. To put it into perspective, authors <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a> and William O. Scroggs stated in The United States in World Affairs, An Account of American Foreign Relations, that "the American stake in Germany's government and private obligations was equal to half that of all the rest of the world combined."[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The proposed moratorium would also benefit Great Britain's investment in Germany's private sector, making more likely the repayment of those loans while the public indebtedness was frozen. It was in Hoover's interest to offer aid to an ailing British economy in the light of the indebtedness of Great Britain to the United States. France, on the other hand, had a relatively small stake in Germany's private debt but a huge interest in <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">German reparations</a>; and payment to France would be compromised under Hoover's moratorium. The scheme was further complicated by ill timing, perceived collusion among the US, Great Britain and Germany, and the fact that it constituted a breach of the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Plan</a>. Such breach could only be approved in France by the National Assembly; the survival of the Laval Government rested on the legislative body's approval of the moratorium. Seventeen days elapsed between the proposal and the vote of confidence of the French legislators. That delay was blamed for the lack of success of the Hoover Moratorium. The <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">US Congress</a> did not approve it until December 1931. In support of the Hoover Moratorium Laval undertook a year of personal and direct diplomacy by which he traveled to London, Berlin and the United States. While he had considerable domestic achievements, his international efforts were short in results. <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British Premier</a> <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> and <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary" class="mw-redirect">Foreign Secretary</a> Arthur Anderson—preoccupied by internal political divisions and the collapse of the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a>—were unable to help. <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Chancellor" title="German Chancellor" class="mw-redirect">German Chancellor</a> <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning" title="Heinrich Brüning">Heinrich Brüning</a> and <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Foreign_Minister" title="German Foreign Minister" class="mw-redirect">Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Curtius" title="Julius Curtius">Julius Curtius</a>, both eager for <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="France–Germany relations">Franco-German reconciliation</a>, were under siege on all quarters: they faced a very weak economy which made meeting government payroll a weekly miracle. Private bankruptcies and constant layoffs had the communists on a short fuse. On the other end of the political spectrum, the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">German Army</a> was spying on the Brüning cabinet and feeding information to the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stahlhelm,_Bund_der_Frontsoldaten" title="Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten">Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten</a> and the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">National Socialists</a>, effectively freezing any overtures towards France. In the United States the conference between Hoover and Laval was an exercise in mutual frustration. Hoover's plan for a reduced military had been rebuffed—albeit gently. A solution to the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig_corridor" title="Danzig corridor" class="mw-redirect">Danzig corridor</a> had been retracted. The concept of introducing <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_standard" title="Silver standard">silver standard</a> for the countries that went off the gold standard was disregarded as a frivolous proposal by Laval and Albert-Buisson. Hoover thought it might have helped "<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India" title="British India" class="mw-redirect">India</a>, <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>", but Laval dismissed the silver solution as an inflationary proposition, adding that "it was cheaper to inflate paper."<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Laval did not get a security pact, without which the French would never consider disarmament, nor did he obtain an endorsement for the political moratorium. The promise to match any reduction of German reparations with a decrease of the French debt was not put in the communiqué. The joint statement declared the attachment of France and the United States to the gold standard. The two governments also agreed that the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_de_France" title="Banque de France">Banque de France</a> and the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve" class="mw-redirect">Federal Reserve</a> would consult each other before transfers of gold. This was welcome news after the run on American gold in the preceding weeks. In light of the financial crisis, the leaders agreed to review the economic situation of Germany before the Hoover moratorium ran its course. These were meagre political results. The Hoover–Laval encounter, however, had other effects, as it made Laval more widely known and raised his standing in the United States and France. The American and French press were smitten with Laval. His optimism was such a contrast to his grim-sounding international contemporaries that <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine named his as the 1931 <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Magazine_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Magazine Person of the Year" class="mw-redirect">Man of the Year</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> an honour never bestowed before on a Frenchman. He followed <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_K._Gandhi" title="Mohandas K. Gandhi" class="mw-redirect">Mohandas K. Gandhi</a> and preceded <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> in receiving that honor. <h2>1934–36[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1934–36">edit</a>]</h2> The second <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel_des_Gauches" title="Cartel des Gauches">Cartel des Gauches</a> (Left-Wing Cartel) was driven from power by the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_February_1934_crisis" title="6 February 1934 crisis">riots of 6 February 1934</a>, staged by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right_leagues" title="Far-right leagues">fascist, monarchist, and other far-right groups</a>. (These groups had contacts with some conservative politicians, among whom were Laval and Marshal <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a>.) Laval became <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Overseas_France" title="Minister of Overseas France" class="mw-redirect">Minister of Colonies</a> in the new right-wing government of <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Gaston Doumergue</a>. In October, <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)" class="mw-redirect">Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Louis Barthou</a> was assassinated; Laval succeeded him, holding that office until 1936. At this time, Laval was opposed to Germany, the "hereditary enemy" of France. He pursued anti-German alliances with <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s Italy and <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He met with Mussolini in Rome, and they signed the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Italian_Agreement" title="Franco-Italian Agreement" class="mw-redirect">Franco-Italian Agreement</a> of 1935 on 4 January. The agreement ceded parts of <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a> to Italy and allowed Italy a free hand in Abyssinia, in exchange for support against any German aggression.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Laval denied that he gave Mussolini a free hand in Abyssinia, he even wrote to Mussolini on the subject.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In April 1935, Laval persuaded Italy and Great Britain to join France in the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stresa_Front" title="Stresa Front">Stresa Front</a> against German ambitions in Austria. Laval's primary aim during the build-up to the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Italo-Abyssinian War</a> was to retain Italy as an anti-German power and not to drive Italy into Germany's hands by adopting a hostile attitude to its invasion of Abyssinia.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> According to the English historian <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlli_Barnett" title="Correlli Barnett">Correlli Barnett</a>, in Laval's view "all that really mattered was Nazi Germany. His eyes were on the demilitarised zone of the Rhineland; his thoughts on the Locarno guarantees. To estrange Italy, one of the Locarno powers, over such a question as Abyssinia did not appeal to Laval's Auvergnat peasant mind".<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In June 1935, he became Prime Minister as well. In October 1935, Laval and British foreign minister <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Samuel Hoare</a> proposed a "<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">realpolitik</a>" solution to the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Abyssinia Crisis</a>. When leaked to the media in December, the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoare%E2%80%93Laval_Pact" title="Hoare–Laval Pact">Hoare–Laval Pact</a> was widely denounced as appeasement to Mussolini. Laval was forced to resign on 22 January 1936, and was driven completely out of ministerial politics. The victory of the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_(France)" title="Popular Front (France)">Popular Front</a> in 1936 meant that Laval had a left-wing government as a target for his media. <h2>Under Vichy France[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Under Vichy France">edit</a>]</h2> <h3>Formation of the Vichy Government[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Formation of the Vichy Government">edit</a>]</h3> During the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoney_war" title="Phoney war" class="mw-redirect">phoney war</a>, Laval's attitude towards the conflict reflected a cautious ambivalence. He was on record as saying that although the war could have been avoided by diplomatic means, it was now up to the government to prosecute it with the utmost vigor.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> On 9 June 1940, the Germans were advancing on a front of more than 250 kilometres (160 mi) in length across the entire width of France. As far as General <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime_Weygand" title="Maxime Weygand">Maxime Weygand</a> was concerned, "if the Germans crossed the Seine and the Marne, it was the end."<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Simultaneously, Marshal <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> was increasing the pressure upon Prime Minister <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Paul Reynaud</a> to call for an armistice. During this time Laval was in Châteldon. On 10 June, in view of the German advance, the government left Paris for Tours. Weygand had informed Reynaud: "the final rupture of our lines may take place at any time." If that happened "our forces would continue to fight until their strength and resources were extinguished. But their disintegration would be no more than a matter of time."<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Weygand had avoided using the word armistice, but it was on the minds of all those involved. Only Reynaud was in opposition. During this time Laval had left Châteldon for <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, where his daughter nearly convinced him of the necessity of going to the United States. Instead, it was reported that he was sending "messengers and messengers" to Pétain.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> As the Germans occupied Paris, Pétain was asked to form a new government. To everyone's surprise, he produced a list of his ministers, convincing proof that he had been expecting the president's summons and he had prepared for it.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Laval's name was on the list as Minister of Justice. When informed of his proposed appointment, Laval's temper and ambitions became apparent as he ferociously demanded of Pétain, despite the objections of more experienced men of government, that he be made Minister of Foreign Affairs. Laval realised that only through this position could he effect a reversal of alliances and bring himself to favour with Nazi Germany, the military power he viewed as the inevitable victor. In the face of Laval's wrath, dissenting voices acquiesced and Laval became Minister of Foreign Affairs.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> One result of these events was that Laval was later able to claim that he was not part of the government that requested the armistice. His name did not appear in the chronicles of events until June when he began to assume a more active role in criticising the government's decision to leave France for North Africa. <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg/220px-France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg.png" width="220" height="209" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg/330px-France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323053942im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg/440px-France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="1894"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Vichy France</div> </div> </div> Although the final terms of the armistice were harsh, the French colonial empire was left untouched and the French government was allowed to administer the occupied and unoccupied zones. The concept of "collaboration" was written into the Armistice Convention, before Laval joined the government. The French representatives who affixed their signatures to the text accepted the term. <blockquote class="templatequote"> Article III. In the occupied areas of France, the German Reich is to exercise all the rights of an <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupying_power" title="Occupying power" class="mw-redirect">occupying power</a>. The French government promises to facilitate by all possible means the regulations relative to the exercise of this right, and to carry out these regulations with the participation of the French administration. The French government will immediately order all the French authorities and administrative services in the occupied zone to follow the regulations of the German military authorities and to collaborate with the latter in a correct manner. </blockquote> <h3>Laval in the Vichy government, 1940–1941[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Laval in the Vichy government, 1940–1941">edit</a>]</h3> When Laval was included in Pétain's cabinet as minister of state, he began the work for which he would be remembered: the emulation of the totalitarian regime of Germany, the taking up of the cause of fascism, the destruction of democracy, and the dismantling of the Third Republic.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In October 1940, Laval understood collaboration more or less in the same sense as Pétain. For both, to collaborate meant to give up the least possible to get the most.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Laval, in his role of go-between, was forced to be in constant touch with the German authorities, to shift ground, to be wily, to plan ahead. All this, under the circumstances, drew more attention to him than to the Marshal and made him appear to many Frenchmen as "the agent of collaboration"; to others, he was "the Germans' man".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The meetings between Pétain and <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, and between Laval and Hitler, are often used as showing the collaboration of the French leaders and the Nazis. In fact the results of <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montoire" title="Montoire" class="mw-redirect">Montoire</a> (24–26 October) were a disappointment for both sides. Hitler wanted France to declare war on the British, and the French wanted improved relations with her conqueror. Neither happened. Virtually the only concession the French obtained was the so-called 'Berlin protocol' of 16 November, which provided release of certain categories of French <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" title="Prisoners of war" class="mw-redirect">prisoners of war</a>. In November, Laval made a number of pro-German actions on his own, without consulting with his colleagues. The most notorious examples concerned turning over to the Germans the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTB_Bor" title="RTB Bor">RTB Bor</a> copper mines and the Belgian gold reserves. His post-war justification, apart from a denial that he acted unilaterally, was that the French were powerless to prevent the Germans from gaining something they were clearly so eager to obtain.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> These actions by Laval were a factor in his dismissal on 13 December, when Pétain asked all the ministers to sign a collective letter of resignation during a full cabinet meeting. Laval did so thinking it was a device to get rid of M. Belin, the Minister of Labor. He was therefore stunned when the Marshal announced, "the resignations of MM. Laval and Ripert are accepted."<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> That evening, Laval was arrested and driven by the police to his home in Châteldon. The following day, Pétain announced his decision to remove Laval from the government. The reason for Laval's dismissal lies in the fundamental incompatibility between him and Pétain. Laval's methods of working appeared slovenly to the Marshal's precise military mind, and he showed a marked lack of deference, instanced by his habit of blowing cigarette smoke in Pétain's face. By doing so he aroused not only Pétain's anger, but that of his cabinet colleagues as well.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> On 27 August 1941, several top Vichyites including Laval attended a review of the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_des_Volontaires_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Légion des Volontaires Français" class="mw-redirect">Légion des Volontaires Français</a> (LVF), a <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborationism" title="Collaborationism">collaborationist</a> militia. <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Collette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Collette (page does not exist)">Paul Collette</a>, a disgruntled ex-member of the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix-de-Feu" title="Croix-de-Feu">Croix-de-Feu</a>, attacked the reviewing stand; he shot and wounded Laval (and also <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a>, another prominent collaborationist). Laval soon recovered from the injury. <h3>Return to power, 1942[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Return to power, 1942">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laval-shot0038.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Laval-shot0038.png/220px-Laval-shot0038.png" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Laval-shot0038.png/330px-Laval-shot0038.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323053942im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Laval-shot0038.png/440px-Laval-shot0038.png 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="425"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laval-shot0038.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Laval and Pétain in <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a> documentary film <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divide_and_Conquer_(newsreel)" title="Divide and Conquer (newsreel)" class="mw-redirect">Divide and Conquer</a> (1943)</div> </div> </div> Laval returned to power in April 1942. Laval had been in power for a mere two months when he was faced with the decision of providing forced workers to Germany. Germany was short of skilled labour due to its need for troop replacements on the Russian front. Unlike the other occupied countries, France was technically protected by the armistice, and her workers could not be simply rounded up and transported to Germany. However, in the occupied zone, the Germans used intimidation and control of raw materials to create unemployment and thus reasons for French labourers to volunteer to work in Germany. German officials demanded from Laval that more than 300,000 skilled workers should be immediately sent to factories in Germany. Laval delayed and then countered by offering to send one worker for the return of one French soldier being held captive in Germany. The proposal was sent to Hitler, with a compromise being reached; one prisoner of war to be repatriated for every three workers arriving in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The role of Laval in the deportation of Jews to death camps has been hotly debated by both his accusers and defenders. When ordered to have all Jews in France rounded up to be transported to German-occupied Poland, Laval negotiated a compromise. He allowed only those Jews who were not French citizens to be forfeited to the control of Germany. It has been estimated that by the end of the war, the Germans had killed 90 percent of the Jewish population of the other occupied countries, but in France fifty per cent of the pre-war French and foreign Jewish population, with perhaps ninety per cent of the purely French Jewish population still remaining alive.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Laval went beyond the orders given to him by the Germans, as he included Jewish children under 16 in the deportations. The Germans had given him permission to spare children under 16. In his book Churches and the Holocaust, Mordecai Paldiel claims that when Protestant leader Martin Boegner visited Laval to remonstrate, Laval claimed that he had ordered children to be deported along with their parents because families should not be separated and "children should remain with their parents".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> According to Paldiel, when Boegner argued that the children would almost certainly die, Laval replied "not one [Jewish child] must remain in France". Yet, Sarah Fishman (in a reliably sourced book, but lacking citations) [<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Pierre_Laval" title="Talk:Pierre Laval">discuss</a>] claims that Laval also attempted to prevent Jewish children gaining visas to America, arranged by the American Friends Service Committee. Fishman asserts Laval was not so much committed to expelling Jewish children from France, as making sure they reached Nazi camps.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pierre_Laval_and_Carl_Oberg_in_Paris.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pierre_Laval_and_Carl_Oberg_in_Paris.png/220px-Pierre_Laval_and_Carl_Oberg_in_Paris.png" width="220" height="191" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pierre_Laval_and_Carl_Oberg_in_Paris.png/330px-Pierre_Laval_and_Carl_Oberg_in_Paris.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323053942im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pierre_Laval_and_Carl_Oberg_in_Paris.png/440px-Pierre_Laval_and_Carl_Oberg_in_Paris.png 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="533"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pierre_Laval_and_Carl_Oberg_in_Paris.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Laval with the head of German police units in France, <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Oberg" title="Carl Oberg">Carl Oberg</a></div> </div> </div> More and more the insoluble dilemma of collaboration faced Laval and his chief of staff, Jean Jardin. Laval had to maintain Vichy's authority to prevent Germany from installing a <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quisling" title="Quisling">Quisling</a> Government made up of French Nazis such as <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Jacques Doriot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <h3>1943–1945[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1943–1945">edit</a>]</h3> In 1943, Laval became the nominal leader of the newly created <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milice" title="Milice">Milice</a>, though its operational leader was Secretary General <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Joseph Darnand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> When <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>, the landings of Allied forces in North Africa, began, Germany occupied all of France. Hitler continued to ask whether the French government was prepared to fight at his side, wanting Vichy to declare war against Britain. Laval and Pétain agreed to maintain a firm refusal. During this time and the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a> in 1944, Laval was in a struggle against ultra-collaborationist ministers. In a speech broadcast on the Normandy landings' D-day, he appealed to the nation: <blockquote class="templatequote"> You are not in the war. You must not take part in the fighting. If you do not observe this rule, if you show proof of indiscipline, you will provoke reprisals the harshness of which the government would be powerless to moderate. You would suffer, both physically and materially, and you would add to your country's misfortunes. You will refuse to heed the insidious appeals, which will be addressed to you. Those who ask you to stop work or invite you to revolt are the enemies of our country. You will refuse to aggravate the foreign war on our soil with the horror of civil war.... At this moment fraught with drama, when the war has been carried on to our territory, show by your worthy and disciplined attitude that you are thinking of France and only of her."<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </blockquote> A few months later, he was arrested by the Germans and transported to <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfort" title="Belfort">Belfort</a>. In view of the speed of the Allied advance, on 7 September 1944 what was left of the Vichy government was moved from Belfort to the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave" title="Sigmaringen enclave" class="mw-redirect">Sigmaringen enclave</a> in Germany. Petain took residence at the Hohenzollern castle in Sigmaringen. First Laval also resided in this castle. In January 1945 Laval was assigned to the Stauffenberg castle of <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Juenger/Wilflingen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Juenger/Wilflingen (page does not exist)">Ernst Juenger/Wilflingen</a> 12 km outside the Sigmaringen enclave. By April 1945 US General <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a>'s army approached <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmaringen" title="Sigmaringen">Sigmaringen</a>, so the Vichy ministers were forced to seek their own refuge. Laval received permission to enter Spain and was flown to Barcelona by a German air force plane. With a lot of pressure from <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_de_Gaulle" title="General de Gaulle" class="mw-redirect">General de Gaulle</a>, the Spanish government sent Laval via the same German plane 90 days later to the American-occupied zone of Austria. The United States authorities immediately took Laval and his wife into custody, and turned them over to the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_French" title="Free French" class="mw-redirect">Free French</a>. They were flown to Paris to be imprisoned at <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnes,_Val-de-Marne" title="Fresnes, Val-de-Marne">Fresnes, Val-de-Marne</a>. Madame Laval was later released; Pierre Laval remained in prison to be tried as a traitor.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <h2>Trial and execution[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Trial and execution">edit</a>]</h2> Two trials were to be held. Although it had its faults, the Pétain trial permitted the presentation and examination of a vast amount of pertinent material.[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Pierre_Laval" title="Talk:Pierre Laval">discuss</a>] Scholars including <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Robert Paxton</a> and Geoffrey Warner believe that Laval's trial demonstrated the inadequacies of the judicial system and the poisonous political atmosphere of that purge-trial era.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> During his imprisonment pending the verdict of his treason trial, Laval wrote his only book, his posthumously published Diary (1948). His daughter, Josée de Chambrun, smuggled it out of the prison page by page.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Laval firmly believed that he would be able to convince his fellow-countrymen that he had been acting in their best interests all along. "Father-in-law wants a big trial which will illuminate everything", <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Chambrun" title="René de Chambrun">René de Chambrun</a> told Laval's lawyers: "If he is given time to prepare his defence, if he is allowed to speak, to call witnesses and to obtain from abroad the information and documents which he needs, he will confound his accusers."<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> "Do you want me to tell you the set-up?" Laval asked one of his lawyers on 4 August. "There will be no pre-trial hearings and no trial. I will be condemned – and got rid of – before the elections."<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Laval's trial began at 1:30 pm on Thursday, 4 October 1945. He was charged with plotting against the security of the State and intelligence (collaboration) with the enemy. He had three defence lawyers (Jaques Baraduc, Albert Naud, and Yves-Frédéric Jaffré). None of his lawyers had ever met him before. He saw most of Jaffré, who sat with him, talked, listened and took down notes that he wanted to dictate. Baraduc, who quickly became convinced of Laval's innocence, kept contact with the Chambruns and at first shared their conviction that Laval would be acquitted or at most receive a sentence of temporary exile. Naud, who had been a member of the Resistance, believed Laval to be guilty and urged him to plead that he had made grave errors but had acted under constraint. Laval would not listen to him; he was convinced that he was innocent and could prove it. "He acted", said Naud, "as if his career, not his life, was at stake."<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> All three of his lawyers declined to be in court to hear the reading of the formal charges, saying "We fear that the haste which has been employed to open the hearings is inspired, not by judicial preoccupations, but motivated by political considerations." In lieu of attending the hearing, they sent letters stating the shortcomings and asked to be discharged from the task of defending Laval.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The court carried on without them. The president of the court, <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Mongibeaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Mongibeaux (page does not exist)">Pierre Mongibeaux</a>, announced that the trial had to be completed before the general election scheduled for 21 October.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Mongibeaux and Mornet, the public prosecutor, were unable to control constant hostile outbursts from the jury. These occurred as increasingly heated exchanges between Mongibeaux and Laval became louder and louder. On the third day, Laval's three lawyers were with him as the President of the Bar Association had advised them to resume their duties.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> After the adjournment, Mongibeaux announced that the part of the interrogation dealing with the charge of plotting against the security of the state was concluded. He proposed to deal next with the charge of intelligence (collaboration) with the enemy. "Monsieur le Président", Laval replied, "the insulting way in which you questioned me earlier and the demonstrations in which some members of the jury indulged show me that I may be the victim of a judicial crime. I do not want to be an accomplice; I prefer to remain silent." Mongibeaux called the first of the prosecution witnesses, but they had not expected to give evidence so soon and none were present. Mongibeaux adjourned the hearing for the second time so that they could be located. When the court reassembled half an hour later, Laval was no longer in his place.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Although <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Henri_Teitgen" title="Pierre-Henri Teitgen">Pierre-Henri Teitgen</a>, the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Justice" title="Minister of Justice" class="mw-redirect">Minister of Justice</a> in <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>'s cabinet, personally appealed to Laval's lawyers to have him attend the hearings, he declined to do so. Teitgen freely confirmed the conduct of Mongibeaux and Mornet, professing he was unable to do anything to curb them. The trial continued without the accused, ending with Laval being sentenced to death. His lawyers were turned down when they requested a re-trial.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The execution was fixed for the morning of 15 October. Laval attempted to cheat the firing squad by taking poison from a phial which had been stitched inside the lining of his jacket since the war years. He did not intend, he explained in a suicide note, that French soldiers should become accomplices in a "judicial crime". The poison, however, was so old that it was ineffective, and repeated <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_lavage" title="Gastric lavage">stomach-pumpings</a> revived Laval.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Laval requested that his lawyers witness his execution. He was shot shouting "Vive la France!" Shouts of "Murderers!" and "Long live Laval!" were apparently heard from the prison.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Laval's widow declared: "It is not the French way to try a man without letting him speak", she told an English newspaper, "That's the way he always fought against – the German way."<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The High Court, which functioned until 1949, judged 108 cases; it pronounced eight death penalties, including one for Pétain but asking that it not be carried out because of his age. Only three of the death penalties were carried out: Pierre Laval; <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_de_Brinon" title="Fernand de Brinon">Fernand de Brinon</a>, Vichy's Ambassador in Paris to the German authorities; and <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Joseph Darnand</a>, head of the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milice" title="Milice">Milice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <h2>Governments[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Governments">edit</a>]</h2> <h3>Laval's First Ministry, 27 January 1931 – 14 January 1932[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Laval's First Ministry, 27 January 1931 – 14 January 1932">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li>Pierre Laval – President of the Council and Minister of the Interior</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_B%C3%A9rard" title="Léon Bérard">Léon Bérard</a> – Vice-President of the Council and Minister of Justice</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> – Minister of Foreign Affairs</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Maginot" title="André Maginot">André Maginot</a> – Minister of War</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dumont" title="Charles Dumont">Charles Dumont</a> – Minister of Marine</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques-Louis_Dumesnil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques-Louis Dumesnil (page does not exist)">Jacques-Louis Dumesnil</a> – Minister of Air</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mario_Roustan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mario Roustan (page does not exist)">Mario Roustan</a> – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre Étienne Flandin" class="mw-redirect">Pierre Étienne Flandin</a> – Minister of Finance</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pi%C3%A9tri" title="François Piétri">François Piétri</a> – Minister of Budget</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Deligne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Deligne (page does not exist)">Maurice Deligne</a> – Minister of Public Works</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Rollin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Rollin (page does not exist)">Louis Rollin</a> – Minister of Commerce and Industry</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">André Tardieu</a> – Minister of Agriculture</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_de_Chappedelaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles de Chappedelaine (page does not exist)">Charles de Chappedelaine</a> – Minister of Merchant Marine</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Champetier_de_Ribes" title="Auguste Champetier de Ribes">Auguste Champetier de Ribes</a> – Minister of Pensions</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolphe_Landry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolphe Landry (page does not exist)">Adolphe Landry</a> – Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Blaisot" title="Camille Blaisot">Camille Blaisot</a> – Minister of Public Health</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Guernier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Guernier (page does not exist)">Charles Guernier</a> – Minister of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Paul Reynaud</a> – Minister of Colonies</li> </ul> <h4>Changes[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Changes">edit</a>]</h4> A few changes after Aristide Briand's retirement and the death of André Maginot on 7 January 1932: <ul> <li>War: <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">André Tardieu</a></li> <li>Interieur: <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Cathala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Cathala (page does not exist)">Pierre Cathala</a></li> <li>Agriculture: <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Achille Fould</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7ois-Poncet" title="André François-Poncet">André François-Poncet</a> upon becoming ambassador to Germany was replaced by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C.J._Gignoux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C.J. Gignoux (page does not exist)">C.J. Gignoux</a>.</li> </ul> <h3>Laval's Second Ministry, 14 January – 20 February 1932[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Laval's Second Ministry, 14 January – 20 February 1932">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li>Pierre Laval – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">André Tardieu</a> – Minister of War</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Cathala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Cathala (page does not exist)">Pierre Cathala</a> – Minister of the Interior</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Pierre-Étienne Flandin</a> – Minister of Finance</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pi%C3%A9tri" title="François Piétri">François Piétri</a> – Minister of Budget</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolphe_Landry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolphe Landry (page does not exist)">Adolphe Landry</a> – Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_B%C3%A9rard" title="Léon Bérard">Léon Bérard</a> – Minister of Justice</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dumont" title="Charles Dumont">Charles Dumont</a> – Minister of Marine</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Chappedelaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis de Chappedelaine (page does not exist)">Louis de Chappedelaine</a> – Minister of Merchant Marine</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques-Louis_Dumesnil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques-Louis Dumesnil (page does not exist)">Jacques-Louis Dumesnil</a> – Minister of Air</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mario_Roustan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mario Roustan (page does not exist)">Mario Roustan</a> – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Champetier_de_Ribes" title="Auguste Champetier de Ribes">Auguste Champetier de Ribes</a> – Minister of Pensions</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Achille Fould</a> – Minister of Agriculture</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Paul Reynaud</a> – Minister of Colonies</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Deligne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Deligne (page does not exist)">Maurice Deligne</a> – Minister of Public Works</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Blaisot" title="Camille Blaisot">Camille Blaisot</a> – Minister of Public Health</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Guernier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Guernier (page does not exist)">Charles Guernier</a> – Minister of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Rollin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Rollin (page does not exist)">Louis Rollin</a> – Minister of Commerce and Industry</li> </ul> <h3>Laval's Third Ministry, 7 June 1935 – 24 January 1936[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Laval's Third Ministry, 7 June 1935 – 24 January 1936">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li>Pierre Laval – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Fabry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Fabry (page does not exist)">Jean Fabry</a> – Minister of War</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Paganon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Paganon (page does not exist)">Joseph Paganon</a> – Minister of the Interior</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcel_R%C3%A9gnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcel Régnier (page does not exist)">Marcel Régnier</a> – Minister of Finance</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovic-Oscar_Frossard" title="Ludovic-Oscar Frossard">Ludovic-Oscar Frossard</a> – Minister of Labour</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_B%C3%A9rard" title="Léon Bérard">Léon Bérard</a> – Minister of Justice</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pi%C3%A9tri" title="François Piétri">François Piétri</a> – Minister of Marine</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mario_Roustan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mario Roustan (page does not exist)">Mario Roustan</a> – Minister of Merchant Marine</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Denain" title="Victor Denain">Victor Denain</a> – Minister of Air</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippe_Marcombes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippe Marcombes (page does not exist)">Philippe Marcombes</a> – Minister of National Education</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri_Maupoil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Maupoil (page does not exist)">Henri Maupoil</a> – Minister of Pensions</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Cathala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Cathala (page does not exist)">Pierre Cathala</a> – Minister of Agriculture</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Rollin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Rollin (page does not exist)">Louis Rollin</a> – Minister of Colonies</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Eynac" title="Laurent Eynac">Laurent Eynac</a> – Minister of Public Works</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Lafont" title="Ernest Lafont">Ernest Lafont</a> – Minister of Public Health and Physical Education</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Mandel" title="Georges Mandel">Georges Mandel</a> – Minister of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bonnet" title="Georges Bonnet">Georges Bonnet</a> – Minister of Commerce and Industry</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Édouard Herriot</a> – Minister of State</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Marin" title="Louis Marin">Louis Marin</a> – Minister of State</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre Étienne Flandin" class="mw-redirect">Pierre Étienne Flandin</a> – Minister of State</li> </ul> <h4>Changes[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Changes">edit</a>]</h4> <ul> <li>17 June 1935 – <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mario_Roustan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mario Roustan (page does not exist)">Mario Roustan</a> succeeds Marcombes (d. 13 June) as Minister of National Education. <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Bertrand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Bertrand (page does not exist)">William Bertrand</a> succeeds Roustan as Minister of Merchant Marine.</li> </ul> <h3>Laval's Ministry in the Vichy Government, 18 April 1942 – 20 August 1944[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Laval's Ministry in the Vichy Government, 18 April 1942 – 20 August 1944">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li>Pierre Laval – President of the Council, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of the Interior, and Minister of Information</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Bridoux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugène Bridoux (page does not exist)">Eugène Bridoux</a> – Minister of War</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Cathala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Cathala (page does not exist)">Pierre Cathala</a> – Minister of Finance and National Economy</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bichelonne" title="Jean Bichelonne">Jean Bichelonne</a> – Minister of Industrial Production</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Lagardelle" title="Hubert Lagardelle">Hubert Lagardelle</a> – Minister of Labour</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Joseph Barthélemy">Joseph Barthélemy</a> – Minister of Justice</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Auphan" title="Gabriel Auphan">Gabriel Auphan</a> – Minister of Marine</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Jannekeyn" title="Jean-François Jannekeyn">Jean-François Jannekeyn</a> – Minister of Air</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Bonnard" title="Abel Bonnard">Abel Bonnard</a> – Minister of National Education</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Le_Roy_Ladurie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Le Roy Ladurie (page does not exist)">Jacques Le Roy Ladurie</a> – Minister of Agriculture</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Bonnafous&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Bonnafous (page does not exist)">Max Bonnafous</a> – Minister of Supply</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jules_Br%C3%A9vi%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Brévié (page does not exist)">Jules Brévié</a> – Minister of Colonies</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Grasset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Grasset (page does not exist)">Raymond Grasset</a> – Minister of Family and Health</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gibrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Gibrat (page does not exist)">Robert Gibrat</a> – Minister of Communication</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Romier" title="Lucien Romier">Lucien Romier</a> – Minister of State</li> </ul> <h4>Changes[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Changes">edit</a>]</h4> <ul> <li>11 September 1942 – <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Bonnafous&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Bonnafous (page does not exist)">Max Bonnafous</a> succeeds Le Roy Ladurie as Minister of Agriculture, remaining also Minister of Supply</li> <li>18 November 1942 – <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Charles_Abrial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Charles Abrial (page does not exist)">Jean-Charles Abrial</a> succeeds Auphan as Minister of Marine. <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bichelonne" title="Jean Bichelonne">Jean Bichelonne</a> succeeds Gibrat as Minister of Communication, remaining also Minister of Industrial Production.</li> <li>26 March 1943 – <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Gabolde" title="Maurice Gabolde">Maurice Gabolde</a> succeeds Barthélemy as Minister of Justice. <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri_Bl%C3%A9haut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Bléhaut (page does not exist)">Henri Bléhaut</a> succeeds Abrial as Minister of Marine and Brévié as Minister of Colonies.</li> <li>21 November 1943 – <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bichelonne" title="Jean Bichelonne">Jean Bichelonne</a> succeeds Lagardelle as Minister of Labour, remaining also Minister of Industrial Production and Communication.</li> <li>31 December 1943 – Minister of State Lucien Romier resigns from the government.</li> <li>6 January 1944 – <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Cathala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Cathala (page does not exist)">Pierre Cathala</a> succeeds Bonnafous as Minister of Agriculture and Supply, remaining also Minister of Finance and National Economy.</li> <li>3 March 1944 – The office of Minister of Supply is abolished. <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Cathala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Cathala (page does not exist)">Pierre Cathala</a> remains Minister of Finance, National Economy, and Agriculture.</li> <li>16 March 1944 – <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a> succeeds Bichelonne as Minister of Labour and National Solidarity. Bichelonne remains Minister of Industrial Production and Communication.</li> </ul> <h2>References[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/oct/16/fromthearchives">"Laval Execution"</a>, The Guardian, 16 October 2008</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Warner, Geoffrey, Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1968, p. 3</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Jaffré, Yves-Frédéric, Les: Derniers Propos de Pierre Laval, Paris: Andre Bonne, 1953, p. 55</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Privat, Maurice, Pierre Laval, Paris: Editions Les Documents secrets, 1931, pp. 67–8.</li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Warner, p.4</li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Torrés, Henry, Pierre Laval (Translated by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Guterman" title="Norbert Guterman">Norbert Guterman</a>), New York: <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1941, pp. 17–20. Torrés was a close associate of Laval. "His entire physique, his filthy hands, his unkempt mustache, his disheveled hair, one lock of which was always falling down over his forehead, his powerful shoulders and careless dress, strikingly supported this profession. Even his white tie inspired confidence" pp. 18–19.</li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> "Herriot gémit: 'Si je pouvais, j'irais décharger moi-même les péniches.' La voix rauque du jeune député de la Seine s'élève, implacable: 'N'ajoutez pas le ridicule à l'incapacité!' Mallet, Pierre Laval des Années obscures, 18–19.</li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Warner, Geoffrey, Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France, New York: The Macmillian Company, 1968, pp. 19–20.</li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Warner, p. 20</li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Léon Blum, L'Œuvre de Léon Blum, Réparations et Désarmement, Les Problèmes de la Paix, La Montée des Fascismes, 1918–1934 (Paris: <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albin_Michel" title="Albin Michel" class="mw-redirect">Albin Michel</a>, 1972), 263.</li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Tissier, Pierre, I worked with Laval, London: Harrap, 1942, p. 48.</li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Bonnefous, Georges and Edouard: Histoire Politique de la Troisiéme République, Vol. V, Paris: <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presses_Universitaires_de_France" title="Presses Universitaires de France">Presses Universitaires de France</a>, 1962, pp. 28–29.</li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://econ161.berkeley.edu/tceh/slouch_crash14.html">[1]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Eichengreen, Barry and Harold James. International Monetary Cooperation Since Bretton Woods, P268 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://books.google.com/books?id=Qk1flhynCD8C&pg=PA268&lpg=PA268&dq=creditanstalt+laval&source=bl&ots=OOYR49sm1T&sig=ItX659yPwU2I-BOiJ6fAFK9Vhko&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GwzsT76xCIiVswanirX3BQ&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=creditanstalt%20laval&f=false">[2]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Eichengreen and James, P270</li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> "Memorandum of Conference with Laval", <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a>, Diary, 23 October 1931.</li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19320104,00.html">Original Time article</a></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> André Larané, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://www.herodote.net/19350104.htm">4 janvier 1935: Laval rencontre Mussolini à Rome</a>, <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rodote" title="Hérodote">Hérodote</a> (French)</li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> For the only complete correspondence between Laval and Mussolini regarding this affair consult Benito Mussolini, Opera Omnia di Benito Mussolini, vol. XXVII, Dall'Inaugurazione Della Provincia Di Littoria Alla Proclamazione Dell'Impero (19 Dicembre 1934-9 Maggio 1936), eds. Edoardo and Duilio Susmel (Florence: La Fenice, 1951), 287.</li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> D. W. Brogan, The Development of Modern France (1870-1939) (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1945), pp. 692-693.</li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Correlli Barnett, The Collapse of British Power (London: Methuen, 1972), p. 353.</li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> "Laval...was very reluctant to lose the fruits of his diplomacy, the separation of Italy and Germany, for such trivial reasons...He believed that to risk the loss of so important a stabilizing force in Europe as Italy, merely because of formal obligations to Abyssinia, was absurd". Brogan, p. 693.</li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Warner, p. 149</li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Weygand, General Maxime, Mémoirs, Vol. III, Paris: Flammarion, 1950, pp. 168–88.</li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Warner, pp.189–90.</li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Baudouin, Paul, Neuf Mois au Gouvernement, Paris: La Table Ronde, 1948, p. 166.</li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Lebrun, Albert, Témoignages, Paris: Plon, 1945. p. 85.</li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Churchill, Winston S., "The Second World War, Vol. 2", p. 216.</li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Darkness in Paris: The Allies and the eclipse of France 1940, Scribe Publications, Melbourne, Australia 2005, page 277</li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> *<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Chambrun" title="René de Chambrun">Chambrun, René de</a>, Pierre Laval, Traitor or Patriot? (Translated by Elly Stein), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1984, p. 50.</li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Chambrun, pp 49–50</li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Warner, p. 246.</li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Warner, p. 255.</li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Jaffré, Yves-Frédéric, Les Derniers Propos de Pierre Laval, Paris: Andre Bonne, 1953, p. 164.</li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Warner, pp. 307–10, 364.</li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Cole, Hubert, Laval, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1963, pp. 210–11.</li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Paldiel, Mordecai. Churches and the Holocaust: Unholy Teaching, Good samaritans, and Reconciliation, p. 82</li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Fishman, Sarah. The Battle for Children: World War II, Youth Crime, and Juvenile Justice in Twentieth-century France (Harvard University Press; 2002), p. 73</li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Warner, p. 303</li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Warner, p. 387</li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Warner, pp. 396–7.</li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Warner, pp. 404–407.</li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Paxton, Robert O., Vichy France, Old Guard and New Order 1940–1944, New York: <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, 1972 (1982) p.425</li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Warner, p.408</li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Laval, Pierre, The Diary of Pierre Laval (With a Preface by his daughter, Josée Laval), New York: <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Scribner's Sons" class="mw-redirect">Scribner's Sons</a>, 1948.</li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Naud, Albert. Pourquoi je n'ai pas défendu Pierre Laval, Paris: <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayard" title="Fayard">Fayard</a>, 1948</li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Baraduc, Jaques, Dans la Cellule de Pierre Laval, Paris: Editions Self, 1948, p. 31.</li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Cole, Hubert, Laval, New York: <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">G. P. Putnam's Sons</a>, 1963,pp. 280–1.</li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Naud, p.249; Baraduc, p.143; Jaffré, p.263.</li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Laval Parle, Notes et Mémoires Rediges par Pierre Laval dans sa cellule, avec une préface de sa fille et de Nombreux Documents Inédits, Constant Bourquin (Editor), pp. 13–15</li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Le Procès Laval: Compte-rendu sténographique, <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Gar%C3%A7on" title="Maurice Garçon">Maurice Garçon</a> (Editor), Paris: <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albin_Michel" title="Albin Michel" class="mw-redirect">Albin Michel</a>, 1946, pp. 91.</li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Le Proces Laval, pp. 207–209.</li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Naud, pp. 249–57; Baraduc, pp. 143–6; Jaffré, pp. 263–7.</li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Warner. p. 415-6. For detailed accounts of Laval's execution, see Naud, pp. 276–84; Baraduc, pp. 188–200; Jaffré, pp. 308–18.</li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Chambrun, René de, Mission and Betrayal 1949-1945, London: <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Deutch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Deutch (page does not exist)">André Deutch</a>, 1993, p. 134.</li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard" class="mw-redirect">Evening Standard</a>, 16 October 1945 (cover page).</li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Curtis, Michael, Verdict on Vichy, New York: Arcade Publishing, 2002, p.346-7</li> </ol> </div> <h2>Further reading[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 60em; -webkit-column-width: 60em; column-width: 60em;"> <h3>Critical of Laval[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Critical of Laval">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li>Tissier, Pierre, I worked with Laval, London: George Harrap & Co, 1942</li> <li>Torrés, Henry, Pierre Laval (Translated by Norbert Guterman), New York: Oxford University Press, 1941</li> <li>Bois, Elie J., Truth on the Tragedy of France, (London, 1941)</li> <li>Pétain-Laval The Conspiracy, With a Foreword by Viscount Cecil, London: Constable, 1942</li> <li>Marrus, Michael & Paxton, Robert O. Vichy France and the Jews, New York: Basic Books New York 1981,</li> </ul> <h3>Post-war defences of Laval[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Post-war defences of Laval">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li>Julien Clermont (pseudonym for Georges Hilaire), L'Homme qu'il fallait tuer (Paris, 1949)</li> <li>Jacques Guerard, Criminel de Paix (Paris, 1953)</li> <li>Michel Letan, Pierre Laval de l'armistice au poteau (Paris, 1947)</li> <li>Alfred Mallet, Pierre Laval (Paris, 1955)</li> <li>Maurice Privat, Pierre Laval, cet inconnu (Paris, 1948)</li> <li>René de Chambrun, Pierre Laval, Traitor or Patriot?, (New York) 1984; and Mission and Betrayal, (London, 1993).</li> <li>Whitcomb, Philip W., France During The German Occupation 1940–1944, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1957, In three vol.</li> </ul> <h3>Books by Laval's lawyers[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Books by Laval's lawyers">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li>Baraduc, Jaques, Dans la Cellule de Pierre Laval, Paris: Editions Self, 1948</li> <li>Jaffré, Yves-Frédéric, Les Derniers Propos de Pierre Laval, Paris: Andre Bonne, 1953</li> <li>Naud, Albert, Pourquoi je n'ai pas défendu Pierre Laval, Paris: Fayard 1948</li> </ul> <h3>Full biographies[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Full biographies">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li>Cointet, Jean-Paul, Pierre Laval, Paris: Fayard, 1993</li> <li>Cole, Hubert, Laval, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1963</li> <li>Kupferman, Fred, Laval 1883–1945, Paris: Flammarion, 1988</li> <li>Pourcher, Yves, Pierre Laval vu par sa fille, Paris: Le Grande Livre du Mois, 2002</li> <li>Warner, Geoffrey, Pierre Laval and the eclipse of France, New York: The Macmillian Company, 1968</li> </ul> <h3>Other biographical material[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Other biographical material">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://www.time.com/time/subscriber/personoftheyear/archive/stories/1931.html">"Man of the Year"</a>, Time (profile), 4 January 1932<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.atitle=Man+of+the+Year&rft.date=4+January+1932&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Fpersonoftheyear%2Farchive%2Fstories%2F1931.html&rft.jtitle=Time&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,795762,00.html">"France: That Flabby Hand, That Evil Lip"</a>, Time (cover story), 27 April 1942<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.atitle=France%3A+That+Flabby+Hand%2C+That+Evil+Lip&rft.date=27+April+1942&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C795762%2C00.html&rft.jtitle=Time&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,792423,00.html">"Devil's Advocate"</a>. Time magazine. 15 October 1945. Retrieved 10 August 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.atitle=Devil%27s+Advocate&rft.date=15+October+1945&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C792423%2C00.html&rft.jtitle=Time+magazine&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  on the Laval treason trial, 15 Oct 1945.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,792273,00.html?iid=chix-sphere">"What Is Honor?"</a>. Time. 13 August 1945. Retrieved 10 August 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.atitle=What+Is+Honor%3F&rft.date=13+August+1945&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C792273%2C00.html%3Fiid%3Dchix-sphere&rft.jtitle=Time&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  on Laval's testimony in Petain's trial, 13 Aug 1945.</li> <li>Abrahamsen, David (1945), Men, Mind, and Power, New York: Columbia University Press<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.au=Abrahamsen%2C+David&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Abrahamsen&rft.btitle=Men%2C+Mind%2C+and+Power&rft.date=1945&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>Bonnefous, Georges; Bonnefous, Edouard (1962), Histoire Politque de la Troisième République [Political History of the Third Republic] (in French) V, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.au=Bonnefous%2C+Edouard&rft.au=Bonnefous%2C+Georges&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.aulast=Bonnefous&rft.btitle=Histoire+Politque+de+la+Troisi%C3%A8me+R%C3%A9publique&rft.date=1962&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.volume=V" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>Brody, J Kenneth (2000), The Avoidable War: Pierre Laval & Politics of Reality 1935–1936 2, New Brunswick: Transaction<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.au=Brody%2C+J+Kenneth&rft.aufirst=J+Kenneth&rft.aulast=Brody&rft.btitle=The+Avoidable+War%3A+Pierre+Laval+%26+Politics+of+Reality+1935%E2%80%931936&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pub=Transaction&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.volume=2" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>Bechtel, Guy (1963), Laval, vingt ans après [Laval, twenty years later] (in French), Paris: Robert Laffont<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.au=Bechtel%2C+Guy&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft.aulast=Bechtel&rft.btitle=Laval%2C+vingt+ans+apr%C3%A8s&rft.date=1963&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Robert+Laffont&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>de Chambrun, René (1983), Laval, Devant L'History [Laval before History] (in French), Paris: France‐empire<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.au=de+Chambrun%2C+Ren%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft.aulast=de+Chambrun&rft.btitle=Laval%2C+Devant+L%27History&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=France%E2%80%90empire&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>——— (1993), Mission and Betrayal 1939–1945, London: André Deutch<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.au=de+Chambrun%2C+Ren%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft.aulast=de+Chambrun&rft.btitle=Mission+and+Betrayal+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Andr%C3%A9+Deutch&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>Clermont, Julien (1949), L'homme qu'il Fallait Tuer – Pierre Laval [The Man that had to die – Pierre Laval] (in French), Paris: Les Actes des Apôtres<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.au=Clermont%2C+Julien&rft.aufirst=Julien&rft.aulast=Clermont&rft.btitle=L%27homme+qu%27il+Fallait+Tuer+%E2%80%93+Pierre+Laval&rft.date=1949&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Les+Actes+des+Ap%C3%B4tres&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>Curtis, Michael, Verdict on Vichy, New York: Arcade, 2002</li> <li>De Gaulle, Charles (1959), Mémoires de Guerre [War memories] (in French), III, Le Salut 1944–46, Paris: Plon<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.au=De+Gaulle%2C+Charles&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.aulast=De+Gaulle&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires+de+Guerre&rft.date=1959&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Plon&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.volume=III%2C+Le+Salut+1944%E2%80%9346" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>Farmer, Paul, Vichy – Political Dilemma, London: Oxford University Press, 1955</li> <li>Gounelle, Claude (1969), Le Dossier Laval [The Laval dossier] (in French), Paris: Plon<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft.au=Gounelle%2C+Claude&rft.aulast=Gounelle&rft.btitle=Le+Dossier+Laval&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Plon&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>Gun, Nerin E (1979), Les secrets des archives américaines, Pétain, Laval, De Gaulle [The American files secrets: Pétain, Laval, de Gaulle] (in French), Paris: Albin Michel<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.aufirst=Nerin+E&rft.au=Gun%2C+Nerin+E&rft.aulast=Gun&rft.btitle=Les+secrets+des+archives+am%C3%A9ricaines%2C+P%C3%A9tain%2C+Laval%2C+De+Gaulle&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Albin+Michel&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>Jacquemin, Gason (1973), La vie publique de Pierre Laval [The public life of Pierre Laval] (in French), Paris: Plon<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.aufirst=Gason&rft.au=Jacquemin%2C+Gason&rft.aulast=Jacquemin&rft.btitle=La+vie+publique+de+Pierre+Laval&rft.date=1973&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Plon&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>Laval, Pierre (1947), Bourquin, Constant, ed., Laval Parle, Notes et Mémoires Rédigées par Pierre Laval dans sa cellule, avec une préface de sa fille et de Nombreux Documents Inédits [Laval speaks: notes & memories written in his cell, with a preface by his daughter and many unseen documents] (in French), Geneva: Cheval Ailé<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.aulast=Laval&rft.au=Laval%2C+Pierre&rft.btitle=Laval+Parle%2C+Notes+et+M%C3%A9moires+R%C3%A9dig%C3%A9es+par+Pierre+Laval+dans+sa+cellule%2C+avec+une+pr%C3%A9face+de+sa+fille+et+de+Nombreux+Documents+In%C3%A9dits&rft.date=1947&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=Cheval+Ail%C3%A9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>——— (1948), The Unpublished Diary, London: Falcon<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.aulast=Laval&rft.au=Laval%2C+Pierre&rft.btitle=The+Unpublished+Diary&rft.date=1948&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Falcon&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>——— (1948), The Diary (With a Preface by his daughter, Josée Laval), New York: Scribner's Sons<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.aulast=Laval&rft.au=Laval%2C+Pierre&rft.btitle=The+Diary+%28With+a+Preface+by+his+daughter%2C+Jos%C3%A9e+Laval%29&rft.date=1948&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner%27s+Sons&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>Garçon, Maurice, ed. (1946), Le Procés Laval: Compte-rendu sténographique [The Laval process: stenographic acts] (in French), Paris: Albin Michel<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.btitle=Le+Proc%C3%A9s+Laval%3A+Compte-rendu+st%C3%A9nographique&rft.date=1946&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Albin+Michel&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>Letan, Michel (1947), Pierre Laval – de l'armistice au Poteau [Pierre Laval – from the armistice to Poteau] (in French), Paris: La Couronne<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.aulast=Letan&rft.au=Letan%2C+Michel&rft.btitle=Pierre+Laval+%E2%80%93+de+l%27armistice+au+Poteau&rft.date=1947&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=La+Couronne&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>Mallet (1955), Pierre Laval, I & II, Paris: Amiot Dumont<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.aulast=Mallet&rft.au=Mallet&rft.btitle=Pierre+Laval&rft.date=1955&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Amiot+Dumont&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.volume=I+%26+II" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>Pannetier, Odette (1936), Pierre Laval, Paris: Denoél & Steele<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.aufirst=Odette&rft.aulast=Pannetier&rft.au=Pannetier%2C+Odette&rft.btitle=Pierre+Laval&rft.date=1936&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Deno%C3%A9l+%26+Steele&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>Paxton, Robert O (1982) [1972], Vichy France, Old Guard and New Order 1940–1944, New York: Columbia University Press<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.aufirst=Robert+O&rft.aulast=Paxton&rft.au=Paxton%2C+Robert+O&rft.btitle=Vichy+France%2C+Old+Guard+and+New+Order+1940%E2%80%931944&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>Pertinax (1944), The Gravediggers of France, New York: Doubleday, Doran & Co<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.aulast=Pertinax&rft.au=Pertinax&rft.btitle=The+Gravediggers+of+France&rft.date=1944&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Doran+%26+Co&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>Privat, Maurice (1931), Pierre Laval, Paris: Les Documents secrets<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.aulast=Privat&rft.au=Privat%2C+Maurice&rft.btitle=Pierre+Laval&rft.date=1931&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Les+Documents+secrets&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>——— (1948), Pierre Laval, cet inconnu [Pierre Laval, this unknown] (in French), Paris: Fourner-Valdés<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.aulast=Privat&rft.au=Privat%2C+Maurice&rft.btitle=Pierre+Laval%2C+cet+inconnu&rft.date=1948&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Fourner-Vald%C3%A9s&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>Saurel, Louis (1965), La Fin de Pierre Laval [The end of Pierre Laval] (in French), Paris: Rouff<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.aulast=Saurel&rft.au=Saurel%2C+Louis&rft.btitle=La+Fin+de+Pierre+Laval&rft.date=1965&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Rouff&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>Thompson, David (1951), Two Frenchmen: Pierre Laval and Charles de Gaulle, London: Cresset<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.au=Thompson%2C+David&rft.btitle=Two+Frenchmen%3A+Pierre+Laval+and+Charles+de+Gaulle&rft.date=1951&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cresset&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>Volcker, Sebastian (1998), Laval 1931, A Diplomatic Study (thesis), University of Richmond<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft.aulast=Volcker&rft.au=Volcker%2C+Sebastian&rft.btitle=Laval+1931%2C+A+Diplomatic+Study&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=University+of+Richmond&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>Weygand, Général Maxime (1950), Mémoires [Memoirs] (in French) III, Paris: Flammarion<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+Maxime&rft.aulast=Weygand&rft.au=Weygand%2C+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+Maxime&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires&rft.date=1950&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.volume=III" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>The London Evening Standard, 15–17 October 1945: 1<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.date=15-17+October+1945&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Evening+Standard&rft.pages=1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  Missing or empty <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>).</li> <li>"The Donald Prell Pierre Laval Collection", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://scotty.ucr.edu/search/a?searchtype=Y&searcharg=Pierre+Laval+Collection&SORT=D&searchscope=5&submit=Go!">The Special Collections Library</a> (collection containing all of the books and other reference material listed in the Notes and References as well as many other items concerning Pierre Laval), The <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Riverside" title="University of California Riverside" class="mw-redirect">University of California Riverside</a><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.atitle=The+Donald+Prell+Pierre+Laval+Collection&rft.btitle=The+Special+Collections+Library&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscotty.ucr.edu%2Fsearch%2Fa%3Fsearchtype%3DY%26searcharg%3DPierre%2BLaval%2BCollection%26SORT%3DD%26searchscope%3D5%26submit%3DGo%21&rft.pub=The+University+of+California+Riverside&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> </ul> </div> <h2>External links[<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</h2> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323053942im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" class="extiw" title="commons:Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a>.</td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li>"Nazi diplomacy: Vichy, 1940", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://histclo.com/essay/war/ww2/camp/eur/ger/dip/nd40m.html">World War</a> (essay), Hist clo<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.atitle=Nazi+diplomacy%3A+Vichy%2C+1940&rft.btitle=World+War&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistclo.com%2Fessay%2Fwar%2Fww2%2Fcamp%2Feur%2Fger%2Fdip%2Fnd40m.html&rft.pub=Hist+clo&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//BHC_RTV/1944/12/11/BGU409220018/">View auction of Laval's possessions in 1944</a>, ITN source<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.btitle=View+auction+of+Laval%27s+possessions+in+1944&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itnsource.com%2Fshotlist%2F%2FBHC_RTV%2F1944%2F12%2F11%2FBGU409220018%2F%3F&rft.pub=ITN+source&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.39086">A German is tried for murder [&c</a> (1945)] is available for free download at the <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>"Pierre Laval: Devil's Advocate", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://www.duhaime.org/LawMuseum/LawArticle-1556/Pierre-Laval-1883-1945.aspx">Learn Law, Law's Hall of Shame</a>, Duhaime<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Laval&rft.atitle=Pierre+Laval%3A+Devil%27s+Advocate&rft.btitle=Learn+Law%2C+Law%27s+Hall+of+Shame&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duhaime.org%2FLawMuseum%2FLawArticle-1556%2FPierre-Laval-1883-1945.aspx&rft.pub=Duhaime&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> .</li> </ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;"> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices</th> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Peytral" title="Victor Peytral">Victor Peytral</a></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Transportation_(France)" title="Minister of Transportation (France)" class="mw-redirect">Minister of Transportation</a> 1925</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole_de_Monzie" title="Anatole de Monzie">Anatole de Monzie</a></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Renoult" title="René Renoult">René Renoult</a></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(France)" title="Minister of Justice (France)" class="mw-redirect">Minister of Justice</a> 1926</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Colrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Colrat (page does not exist)">Maurice Colrat</a></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Loucheur" title="Louis Loucheur">Louis Loucheur</a></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Labour_(France)" title="Minister of Labour (France)" class="mw-redirect">Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions</a> 1930</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Grinda" title="Édouard Grinda">Édouard Grinda</a></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Steeg" title="Théodore Steeg">Théodore Steeg</a></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">President of the Council</a> 1931–32</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">André Tardieu</a></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Leygues" title="Georges Leygues">Georges Leygues</a></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior</a> 1931–32</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Cathala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Cathala (page does not exist)">Pierre Cathala</a></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)" class="mw-redirect">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> 1932</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">André Tardieu</a></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolphe_Landry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolphe Landry (page does not exist)">Adolphe Landry</a></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Labour_(France)" title="Minister of Labour (France)" class="mw-redirect">Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions</a> 1932</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Dalimier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Dalimier (page does not exist)">Albert Dalimier</a></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Jouvenel" title="Henry de Jouvenel">Henry de Jouvenel</a></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Colonies_(France)" title="Minister of Colonies (France)" class="mw-redirect">Minister of Colonies</a> 1934</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Rollin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Rollin (page does not exist)">Louis Rollin</a></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Louis Barthou</a></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)" class="mw-redirect">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> 1934–36</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre Étienne Flandin" class="mw-redirect">Pierre Étienne Flandin</a></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Bouisson" title="Fernand Bouisson">Fernand Bouisson</a></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">President of the Council</a> 1935–36</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sarraut" title="Albert Sarraut">Albert Sarraut</a></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deputy Prime Minister of France (page does not exist)">Vice-President of the Council</a> 1940</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by —</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baudoin" title="Paul Baudoin" class="mw-redirect">Paul Baudoin</a></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)" class="mw-redirect">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> 1940</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre Étienne Flandin" class="mw-redirect">Pierre Étienne Flandin</a></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">President of the Council</a> 1942–44</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)" class="mw-redirect">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> 1942–44</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Georges Bidault</a></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Pucheu" title="Pierre Pucheu">Pierre Pucheu</a></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior</a> 1942–44</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Tixier" title="Adrien Tixier">Adrien Tixier</a></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Marion_(politician)" title="Paul Marion (politician)">Paul Marion</a></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Information_(France)" title="Minister of Information (France)">Minister of Information</a> 1942–44</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Henri_Teitgen" title="Pierre-Henri Teitgen">Pierre-Henri Teitgen</a></td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Heads_of_government_of_France" title="Template:Heads of government of France">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_government_of_France" title="Template talk:Heads of government of France">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Heads_of_government_of_France&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Heads of government</a> of <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_France" title="List of Prime Ministers of France">list</a>)</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration" title="Bourbon Restoration">Restoration</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu">Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Joseph,_Marquis_Dessolles" title="Jean-Joseph, Marquis Dessolles">Dessolles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie,_duc_Decazes" title="Élie, duc Decazes">Decazes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu">Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Jean-Baptiste de Villèle">Villèle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Gay,_vicomte_de_Martignac" title="Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac">Martignac</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Polignac</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">V. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Laffitte" title="Jacques Laffitte">Laffitte</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_Pierre_P%C3%A9rier" title="Casimir Pierre Périer">Perier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Maurice_G%C3%A9rard" title="Étienne Maurice Gérard">Gérard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugues-Bernard_Maret,_duc_de_Bassano" title="Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano">Maret</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Adolphe_Casimir_Joseph_Mortier" title="Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier" class="mw-redirect">Mortier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">V. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Molé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Molé</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Charles_Dupont_de_l%27Eure" title="Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure">Dupont de l'Eure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">Arago</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Eug%C3%A8ne_Cavaignac" title="Louis-Eugène Cavaignac">Cavaignac</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odilon_Barrot" title="Odilon Barrot">Barrot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Henri,_comte_d%27Hautpoul" title="Alphonse Henri, comte d'Hautpoul" class="mw-redirect">Hautpoul</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Faucher" title="Léon Faucher">Faucher</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Ollivier" title="Émile Ollivier">Ollivier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cousin-Montauban,_Comte_de_Palikao" title="Charles Cousin-Montauban, Comte de Palikao">Cousin-Montauban</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;">Interregnum</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Jules_Trochu" title="Louis Jules Trochu" class="mw-redirect">Trochu</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure" title="Jules Armand Dufaure">Dufaure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_4th_duc_de_Broglie" title="Albert, 4th duc de Broglie">A. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Courtot_de_Cissey" title="Ernest Courtot de Cissey">Cissey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Buffet" title="Louis Buffet">Buffet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure" title="Jules Armand Dufaure">Dufaure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Simon" title="Jules Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_4th_duc_de_Broglie" title="Albert, 4th duc de Broglie">A. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%ABtan_de_Rochebou%C3%ABt" title="Gaëtan de Rochebouët">Rochebouët</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure" title="Jules Armand Dufaure">Dufaure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Waddington" title="William Henry Waddington" class="mw-redirect">Waddington</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Duclerc" title="Charles Duclerc">Duclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Falli%C3%A8res" title="Armand Fallières">Fallières</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Brisson" title="Henri Brisson">Brisson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goblet" title="René Goblet">Goblet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Floquet" title="Charles Floquet">Floquet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Tirard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Loubet" title="Émile Loubet">Loubet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dupuy" title="Charles Dupuy">Dupuy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Casimir-Perier" title="Jean Casimir-Perier">Casimir-Perier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dupuy" title="Charles Dupuy">Dupuy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_M%C3%A9line" title="Jules Méline">Méline</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Brisson" title="Henri Brisson">Brisson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dupuy" title="Charles Dupuy">Dupuy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Waldeck-Rousseau" title="Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau">Waldeck-Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Combes" title="Émile Combes">Combes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Sarrien" title="Ferdinand Sarrien">Sarrien</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Monis" title="Ernest Monis">Monis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Barthou</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Doumergue</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Viviani" title="René Viviani">Viviani</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé">Painlevé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand" title="Alexandre Millerand">Millerand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Leygues" title="Georges Leygues">Leygues</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marsal" title="Frédéric François-Marsal">François-Marsal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé">Painlevé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Chautemps" title="Camille Chautemps">Chautemps</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Steeg" title="Théodore Steeg">Steeg</a></li> <li>Laval</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Paul-Boncour" title="Joseph Paul-Boncour">Paul-Boncour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sarraut" title="Albert Sarraut">Sarraut</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Chautemps" title="Camille Chautemps">Chautemps</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Doumergue</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Bouisson" title="Fernand Bouisson">Bouisson</a></li> <li>Laval</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sarraut" title="Albert Sarraut">Sarraut</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Chautemps" title="Camille Chautemps">Chautemps</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li>Laval</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_de_Brinon" title="Fernand de Brinon">Brinon</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gouin" title="Félix Gouin">Gouin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ramadier" title="Paul Ramadier">Ramadier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Marie" title="André Marie">Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Queuille</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Queuille</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Queuille</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Pinay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Mayer" title="René Mayer">Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Laniel" title="Joseph Laniel">Laniel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France" title="Pierre Mendès France">Mendès France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Mollet" title="Guy Mollet">Mollet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Bourg%C3%A8s-Maunoury" title="Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury">Bourgès-Maunoury</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gaillard" title="Félix Gaillard">Gaillard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Pflimlin" title="Pierre Pflimlin">Pflimlin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Debré</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Pompidou</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chaban-Delmas" title="Jacques Chaban-Delmas">Chaban-Delmas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Messmer" title="Pierre Messmer">Messmer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Chirac</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Barre" title="Raymond Barre">Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mauroy" title="Pierre Mauroy">Mauroy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Fabius</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Chirac</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Rocard" title="Michel Rocard">Rocard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dith_Cresson" title="Édith Cresson">Cresson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9r%C3%A9govoy" title="Pierre Bérégovoy">Bérégovoy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Balladur" title="Édouard Balladur">Balladur</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Jospin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Raffarin" title="Jean-Pierre Raffarin">Raffarin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Villepin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon" title="François Fillon">Fillon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marc_Ayrault" title="Jean-Marc Ayrault">Ayrault</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Valls" title="Manuel Valls">Valls</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Foreign_Ministers_of_France" title="Template:Foreign Ministers of France">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_Ministers_of_France" title="Template talk:Foreign Ministers of France">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Foreign_Ministers_of_France&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_and_European_Affairs_(France)" title="Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (France)" class="mw-redirect">Foreign Ministers</a> of <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime_in_France" title="Ancien Régime in France" class="mw-redirect">Ancien régime</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Revol" title="Louis de Revol">Revol</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_de_Neufville,_seigneur_de_Villeroy" title="Nicolas de Neufville, seigneur de Villeroy">Villeroy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">A. J. Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Br%C3%BBlart,_marquis_de_Sillery" title="Pierre Brûlart, marquis de Sillery">Sillery</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux" title="Raymond Phélypeaux">R. Phélypeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Bouthillier" title="Claude Bouthillier">Bouthillier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bouthillier,_comte_de_Chavigny" title="Léon Bouthillier, comte de Chavigny">Chavigny</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri-Auguste_de_Lom%C3%A9nie,_comte_de_Brienne" title="Henri-Auguste de Loménie, comte de Brienne">Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugues_de_Lionne" title="Hugues de Lionne">Lionne</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Arnauld,_Marquis_de_Pomponne" title="Simon Arnauld, Marquis de Pomponne">Pomponne</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Colbert,_marquis_de_Croissy" title="Charles Colbert, marquis de Croissy">Croissy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert,_marquis_de_Torcy" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert, marquis de Torcy">Torcy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Chalon_du_Bl%C3%A9" title="Nicolas Chalon du Blé">Huxelles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Dubois" title="Guillaume Dubois">Dubois</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jean-Baptiste_Fleuriau" title="Charles Jean-Baptiste Fleuriau">Morville</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germain_Louis_Chauvelin" title="Germain Louis Chauvelin">Chauvelin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Amelot_de_Chaillou" title="Jean-Jacques Amelot de Chaillou">Chaillou</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Maurice_de_Noailles" title="Adrien Maurice de Noailles">Noailles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson">Argenson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philog%C3%A8ne_Br%C3%BBlart,_vicomte_de_Puisieulx" title="Louis Philogène Brûlart, vicomte de Puisieulx">Puisieulx</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Dominique_de_Barberie_de_Saint-Contest" title="François Dominique de Barberie de Saint-Contest">Saint-Contest</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Louis_Rouill%C3%A9" title="Antoine Louis Rouillé">Rouillé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joachim_de_Pierre_de_Bernis" title="François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis">Bernis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois,_duc_de_Choiseul" title="Étienne François, duc de Choiseul">E. Choiseul</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Gabriel_de_Choiseul" title="César Gabriel de Choiseul">C. Choiseul</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois,_duc_de_Choiseul" title="Étienne François, duc de Choiseul">E. Choiseul</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_comte_de_Saint-Florentin" title="Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Saint-Florentin">L. Phélypeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel-Armand_de_Richelieu,_duc_d%27Aiguillon" title="Emmanuel-Armand de Richelieu, duc d'Aiguillon">Aiguillon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_L%C3%A9onard_Jean_Baptiste_Bertin" title="Henri Léonard Jean Baptiste Bertin">Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Marc,_comte_de_Montmorin" title="Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin">Montmorin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Quelen_de_la_Vauguyon" title="Paul François de Quelen de la Vauguyon">Vauguyon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Marc,_comte_de_Montmorin" title="Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin">Montmorin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Antoine_de_Valdec_de_Lessart" title="Claude Antoine de Valdec de Lessart">Lessart</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Dumouriez</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Paul_de_M%C3%A9redieu,_baron_de_Naillac" title="Pierre Paul de Méredieu, baron de Naillac">Naillac</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Scipion_Charles_Auguste_de_La_Garde_de_Chambonas" title="Victor Scipion Charles Auguste de La Garde de Chambonas">Chambonas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_de_Gratet,_vicomte_Dubouchage" title="François Joseph de Gratet, vicomte Dubouchage">Dubouchage</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Bigot_de_Sainte-Croix" title="Claude Bigot de Sainte-Croix">Sainte-Croix</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Henri_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Marie_Lebrun-Tondu" title="Pierre Henri Hélène Marie Lebrun-Tondu">Lebrun</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Henri_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Marie_Lebrun-Tondu" title="Pierre Henri Hélène Marie Lebrun-Tondu">Lebrun</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis_Michel_Chemin_Deforgues" title="François Louis Michel Chemin Deforgues">Deforgues</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie_Claude_Alexandre_Goujon" title="Jean-Marie Claude Alexandre Goujon">Goujon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_Joseph_Armand_Herman" title="Martial Joseph Armand Herman">Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Delacroix" title="Charles-François Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Reinhard" title="Charles-Frédéric Reinhard">Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Nomp%C3%A8re_de_Champagny" title="Jean-Baptiste de Nompère de Champagny">Champagny</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugues-Bernard_Maret,_duc_de_Bassano" title="Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano">Bassano</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Augustin_Louis_de_Caulaincourt" title="Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt">Caulaincourt</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration" title="Bourbon Restoration">First Restoration</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_de_Lafor%C3%AAt" title="Antoine de Laforêt">Laforest</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Augustin_Louis_de_Caulaincourt" title="Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt">Caulaincourt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pierre_%C3%89douard,_Baron_Bignon" title="Louis Pierre Édouard, Baron Bignon">Bignon</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration" title="Bourbon Restoration">Second Restoration</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu">A. E. Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Joseph,_Marquis_Dessolles" title="Jean-Joseph, Marquis Dessolles">Dessolles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Denis_Pasquier" title="Étienne-Denis Pasquier">Pasquier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_de_Montmorency" title="Mathieu de Montmorency">M. Montmorency</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ange_Hyacinthe_Maxence,_baron_de_Damas" title="Ange Hyacinthe Maxence, baron de Damas">Damas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste,_comte_de_La_Ferronays" title="Auguste, comte de La Ferronays">La Ferronays</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Adrien-Pierre_de_Montmorency-Laval" title="Anne-Adrien-Pierre de Montmorency-Laval">Montmorency-Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Marie,_comte_Portalis" title="Joseph-Marie, comte Portalis">Portalis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Polignac</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir-Louis-Victurnien_de_Rochechouart_de_Mortemart" title="Casimir-Louis-Victurnien de Rochechouart de Mortemart">Mortemart</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pierre_%C3%89douard,_Baron_Bignon" title="Louis Pierre Édouard, Baron Bignon">Bignon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jourdan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Molé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Joseph_Maison" title="Nicolas Joseph Maison">Maison</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Fran%C3%A7ois_Bastien_S%C3%A9bastiani_de_La_Porta" title="Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta">Sébastiani</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">V. Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Rigny" title="Henri de Rigny">Rigny</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Joseph,_comte_Bresson" title="Charles Joseph, comte Bresson">Bresson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Rigny" title="Henri de Rigny">Rigny</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">V. Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Molé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Napol%C3%A9on_Lannes" title="Louis Napoléon Lannes">Montebello</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Bastide" title="Jules Bastide">Bastide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Alphonse_Bedeau" title="Marie Alphonse Bedeau">Bedeau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Bastide" title="Jules Bastide">Bastide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_de_Rayneval" title="Alphonse de Rayneval">Rayneval</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Ernest_Ducos_de_La_Hitte" title="Jean-Ernest Ducos de La Hitte">La Hitte</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole,_baron_Br%C3%A9nier_de_Renaudi%C3%A8re" title="Anatole, baron Brénier de Renaudière">Brénier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Baroche" title="Jules Baroche">Baroche</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_F%C3%A9lix_%C3%89tienne,_marquis_de_Turgot" title="Louis Félix Étienne, marquis de Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Colonna-Walewski" title="Alexandre Colonna-Walewski">Walewski</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Baroche" title="Jules Baroche">Baroche</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Thouvenel" title="Édouard Thouvenel">Thouvenel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_marquis_de_La_Valette" title="Charles, marquis de La Valette">La Valette</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_de_Moustier" title="Lionel de Moustier">Moustier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_marquis_de_La_Valette" title="Charles, marquis de La Valette">La Valette</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri,_prince_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne" title="Henri, prince de La Tour d'Auvergne">La Tour Auvergne</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on,_comte_Daru" title="Napoléon, comte Daru">Daru</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Ollivier" title="Émile Ollivier">Ollivier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenor,_duc_de_Gramont" title="Agenor, duc de Gramont">Gramont</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri,_prince_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne" title="Henri, prince de La Tour d'Auvergne">La Tour d'Auvergne</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Favre" title="Jules Favre">Favre</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_R%C3%A9musat" title="Charles de Rémusat">Rémusat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_4th_duc_de_Broglie" title="Albert, 4th duc de Broglie">A. Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_duc_de_Decazes" title="Louis, duc de Decazes" class="mw-redirect">Decazes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston-Robert,_Marquis_de_Banneville" title="Gaston-Robert, Marquis de Banneville">Banneville</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Waddington" title="William Waddington">Waddington</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Barth%C3%A9lemy-Saint-Hilaire" title="Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire">Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Duclerc" title="Charles Duclerc">Duclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Falli%C3%A8res" title="Armand Fallières">Fallières</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-Armand_Challemel-Lacour" title="Paul-Armand Challemel-Lacour">Challemel-Lacour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Flourens" title="Émile Flourens">Flourens</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goblet" title="René Goblet">Goblet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Spuller" title="Eugène Spuller">Spuller</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Develle" title="Jules Develle">Develle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Casimir-Perier" title="Jean Casimir-Perier">Casimir-Perier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Hanotaux" title="Gabriel Hanotaux">Hanotaux</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Berthelot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Hanotaux" title="Gabriel Hanotaux">Hanotaux</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Delcass%C3%A9" title="Théophile Delcassé">Delcassé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phen_Pichon" title="Stéphen Pichon">Pichon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Cruppi" title="Jean Cruppi">Cruppi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_de_Selves" title="Justin de Selves">Selves</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jonnart" title="Charles Jonnart">Jonnart</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phen_Pichon" title="Stéphen Pichon">Pichon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Doumergue</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Viviani" title="René Viviani">Viviani</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Doumergue</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Delcass%C3%A9" title="Théophile Delcassé">Delcassé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Viviani" title="René Viviani">Viviani</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Barthou</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phen_Pichon" title="Stéphen Pichon">Pichon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand" title="Alexandre Millerand">Millerand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Leygues" title="Georges Leygues">Leygues</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Lefebvre_du_Prey" title="Edmond Lefebvre du Prey">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li>Laval</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Paul-Boncour" title="Joseph Paul-Boncour">Paul-Boncour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Barthou</a></li> <li>Laval</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvon_Delbos" title="Yvon Delbos">Delbos</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Paul-Boncour" title="Joseph Paul-Boncour">Paul-Boncour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bonnet" title="Georges Bonnet">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baudouin" title="Paul Baudouin">Baudouin</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baudouin" title="Paul Baudouin">Baudouin</a></li> <li>Laval</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">Darlan</a></li> <li>Laval</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France" title="Pierre Mendès France">Mendès France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Pinay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Pineau" title="Christian Pineau">Pineau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Debré</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Schumann" title="Maurice Schumann">Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bettencourt" title="André Bettencourt">Bettencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Jobert" title="Michel Jobert">Jobert</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sauvagnargues" title="Jean Sauvagnargues">Sauvagnargues</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Guiringaud" title="Louis de Guiringaud">Guiringaud</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois-Poncet" title="Jean François-Poncet">François-Poncet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Cheysson" title="Claude Cheysson">Cheysson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Dumas" title="Roland Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Bernard_Raimond" title="Jean-Bernard Raimond">Raimond</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Dumas" title="Roland Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_de_Charette" title="Hervé de Charette">Charette</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_V%C3%A9drine" title="Hubert Védrine">Védrine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Villepin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Barnier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Douste-Blazy" title="Philippe Douste-Blazy">Douste-Blazy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Kouchner" title="Bernard Kouchner">Kouchner</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Alliot-Marie" title="Michèle Alliot-Marie">Alliot-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Fabius</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Time Persons of the Year</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">  <div style="font-size:110%">1927–1950</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> (1930)</li> <li>Pierre Laval (1931)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Samuel_Johnson" title="Hugh Samuel Johnson" class="mw-redirect">Hugh Samuel Johnson</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong_May-ling" title="Soong May-ling">Soong May-ling</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">  <div style="font-size:110%">1951–1975</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">U.S. Scientists</a>: <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wells_Beadle" title="George Wells Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_G._Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio G. Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes" class="mw-redirect">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr." class="mw-redirect">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_boomer" title="Baby boomer" class="mw-redirect">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">American Women</a>: <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_T._Grasso" title="Ella T. Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Sutton" title="Carol Sutton">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> (1975)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">  <div style="font-size:110%">1976–2000</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</li> <li>The Peacemakers: <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ho_(scientist)" title="David Ho (scientist)">David Ho</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeffrey P. Bezos</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";">  <div style="font-size:110%">2001–present</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower" title="Whistleblower">The Whistleblowers</a>: <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable_of_the_Good_Samaritan" title="Parable of the Good Samaritan">The Good Samaritans</a>: <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melinda_Gates" title="Melinda Gates">Melinda Gates</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_Ebola_virus_epidemic_in_West_Africa" title="Responses to the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karmah (2014)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323053942im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/> <a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Book:Time Persons of the Year">Book:Time Persons of the Year</a></div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Holocaust_France" title="Template:Holocaust France">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_France" title="Template talk:Holocaust France">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Holocaust_France&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">The Holocaust in France</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <dl> <dt>Main article</dt> <dd><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></dd> <dt>Related articles by country</dt> <dd><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></dd> </dl> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Crimes</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv Roundup</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izieu" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulle_murders" title="Tulle murders">Tulle murders</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oradour-sur-Glane" title="Oradour-sur-Glane">Oradour-sur-Glane</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_camps_in_France" title="Concentration camps in France">Camps</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_des_Milles" title="Camp des Milles">Camp des Milles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_de_Rivesaltes" title="Camp de Rivesaltes">Camp de Rivesaltes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_de_Romainville" title="Fort de Romainville">Fort de Romainville</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Vernet" title="Camp Vernet">Vernet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof" title="Natzweiler-Struthof">Natzweiler-Struthof</a> (<a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Natzweiler-Struthof" title="List of subcamps of Natzweiler-Struthof">subcamps</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royallieu-Compi%C3%A8gne_internment_camp" title="Royallieu-Compiègne internment camp">Royallieu-Compiègne</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithiviers_internment_camp" title="Pithiviers internment camp">Pithiviers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaune-la-Rolande_internment_camp" title="Beaune-la-Rolande internment camp">Beaune-la-Rolande</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Documentation</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutes_on_Jews" title="Statutes on Jews">Statutes on Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_deportations_of_French_Jews_to_death_camps" title="Timeline of deportations of French Jews to death camps">Timeline of deportations to death camps</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Perpetrators</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Abetz" title="Otto Abetz">Otto Abetz</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Achenbach" title="Ernst Achenbach">Ernst Achenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ahnert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horst Ahnert (page does not exist)">Horst Ahnert</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Barbie" title="Klaus Barbie">Klaus Barbie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Best" title="Werner Best">Werner Best</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Blanke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Blanke (page does not exist)">Kurt Blanke</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6melburg" title="Karl Bömelburg">Karl Bömelburg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Alois Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Dannecker" title="Theodor Dannecker">Theodor Dannecker</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Dietrich_Ernst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Dietrich Ernst (page does not exist)">Hans-Dietrich Ernst</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Hagen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Hagen (page does not exist)">Herbert Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Heinrichsohn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Heinrichsohn (page does not exist)">Ernst Heinrichsohn</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Knochen" title="Helmut Knochen">Helmut Knochen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Lischka" title="Kurt Lischka">Kurt Lischka</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Oberg" title="Carl Oberg">Carl Oberg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_R%C3%B6thke" title="Heinz Röthke">Heinz Röthke</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carltheo_Zeitschel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carltheo Zeitschel (page does not exist)">Carltheo Zeitschel</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Nazi occupation and organizations</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezen_Perrot" title="Bezen Perrot">Bezen Perrot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devisenschutzkommando" title="Devisenschutzkommando">Devisenschutzkommando</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">Parti Populaire Français</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeunesse_Populaire_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Jeunesse Populaire Française">Jeunesse Populaire Française</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Bousquet" title="René Bousquet">René Bousquet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Darquier_de_Pellepoix" title="Louis Darquier de Pellepoix">Louis Darquier de Pellepoix</a></li> <li>Pierre Laval</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tulard" title="André Tulard">André Tulard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Xavier Vallat</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration_with_the_Axis_Powers_during_World_War_II#France" title="Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II">Collaborators</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Coroller-Danio" title="Jeanne Coroller-Danio">Jeanne Coroller-Danio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Debeauvais" title="François Debeauvais">François Debeauvais</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lestin_Lain%C3%A9" title="Célestin Lainé">Célestin Lainé</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olier_Mordrel" title="Olier Mordrel">Olier Mordrel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Papon" title="Maurice Papon">Maurice Papon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Touvier" title="Paul Touvier">Paul Touvier</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Victims</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Bloch" title="Marc Bloch">Marc Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Blum_(ballet)" title="René Blum (ballet)">René Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e_Borrel" title="Andrée Borrel">Andrée Borrel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Fondane" title="Benjamin Fondane">Benjamin Fondane</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Halbwachs" title="Maurice Halbwachs">Maurice Halbwachs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Max Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Leigh" title="Vera Leigh">Vera Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Mandel" title="Georges Mandel">Georges Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Natan" title="Bernard Natan">Bernard Natan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_Njaa" title="Tor Njaa">Tor Njaa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonya_Olschanezky" title="Sonya Olschanezky">Sonya Olschanezky</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Rayman" title="Marcel Rayman">Marcel Rayman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_de_Rothschild" title="Élisabeth de Rothschild">Élisabeth de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Rowden" title="Diana Rowden">Diana Rowden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Wajsbrot" title="Wolf Wajsbrot">Wolf Wajsbrot</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Survivors</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Faramus" title="Anthony Faramus">Anthony Faramus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoinette_Feuerwerker" title="Antoinette Feuerwerker">Antoinette Feuerwerker</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Feuerwerker" title="David Feuerwerker">David Feuerwerker</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Grindrud" title="Alf Grindrud">Alf Grindrud</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gu%C3%A9risse" title="Albert Guérisse">Albert Guérisse</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbj%C3%B8rn_Halvorsen" title="Asbjørn Halvorsen">Asbjørn Halvorsen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne_Brun_Lie" title="Arne Brun Lie">Arne Brun Lie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ol%C3%A8re" title="David Olère">David Olère</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristian_Ottosen" title="Kristian Ottosen">Kristian Ottosen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Pahor" title="Boris Pahor">Boris Pahor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon_S%C3%B8rbye" title="Haakon Sørbye">Haakon Sørbye</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Stonehouse" title="Brian Stonehouse">Brian Stonehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Warfman" title="Rose Warfman">Rose Warfman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Xavier_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma">Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bedane" title="Albert Bedane">Albert Bedane</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Boegner" title="Marc Boegner">Marc Boegner</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Chambon-sur-Lignon" title="Le Chambon-sur-Lignon">Le Chambon-sur-Lignon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chabannes" title="Château de Chabannes">Château de Chabannes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Jacques Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Marie_Gerlier" title="Pierre-Marie Gerlier">Pierre-Marie Gerlier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Godart" title="Justin Godart">Justin Godart</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Jacques" title="Père Jacques">Père Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Marie-Beno%C3%AEt" title="Père Marie-Benoît">Père Marie-Benoît</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Naurois" title="René de Naurois">René de Naurois</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ramadier" title="Paul Ramadier">Paul Ramadier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Ribi%C3%A8re" title="Germaine Ribière">Germaine Ribière</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules-G%C3%A9raud_Sali%C3%A8ge" title="Jules-Géraud Saliège">Jules-Géraud Saliège</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Marie_Th%C3%A9as" title="Pierre-Marie Théas">Pierre-Marie Théas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_and_Magda_Trocm%C3%A9" title="André and Magda Trocmé">André and Magda Trocmé</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Memorials</th> <td class="navbox-list 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title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12215354z">cb12215354z</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12215354z">(data)</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table id="persondata" class="persondata noprint" style="border:1px solid #aaa; display:none; speak:none;"> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Persondata" title="Wikipedia:Persondata">Persondata</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Name</td> <td>Laval, Pierre</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Alternative names</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Short description</td> <td>French politician</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of birth</td> <td>28 June 1883</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of birth</td> <td><a href="/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teldon" title="Châteldon">Châteldon</a>, Puy-de-Dôme, France</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of death</td> <td>15 October 1945</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of death</td> <td>Paris, France</td> </tr> </table>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942im_/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&oldid=652965138">http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laval&oldid=652965138</a>" </div> <div 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href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بيير لافال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%27%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="П'ер Лаваль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Пиер Лавал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BB" title="Πιερ Λαβάλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="پی‌یر لاوال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4_%EB%9D%BC%EB%B0%9C" title="피에르 라발 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C" title="פייר לאוואל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="პიერ ლავალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Laval" title="Petrus Laval – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pj%C4%93rs_Lavals" title="Pjērs Lavals – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="पिएर लव्हाल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB" title="ピエール・ラヴァル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Лаваль, Пьер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%27%D1%94%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="П'єр Лаваль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323053942/http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B5%96%E4%BC%90%E5%B0%94" title="皮埃尔·赖伐尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> <li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a action="edit" 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