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class="prev-nav"> <a href="https://www.sci.news/physics/laser-beam-shadow-13426.html">« Previous </a></div> | <div class="next-nav"> <a href="https://www.sci.news/physics/photon-shape-13438.html">Next »</a></div> <div class="cb"></div> </div> <div class="cb"></div> </div> </header> <section> <div id="single-heading-content">  <div class="single-right"> <article id="post-101812" class="post-101812 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-physics tag-atlas tag-atom tag-atomic-nucleus tag-cern tag-gluon tag-lead tag-lhc tag-quark tag-quark-gluon-plasma tag-top-quark"> <div class="entry-content"> <p><strong>Top-quark pair production has been <a href="https://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/HION-2022-10/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">observed</a> in lead-lead collisions at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) with the ATLAS detector, marking the first observation of this process in interactions between atomic nuclei.</strong></p> <div id="attachment_101813" style="width: 590px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://cdn.sci.news/images/enlarge12/image_13436e-Top-Quark-Pair.jpg"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-101813" class="wp-image-101813 size-full" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13436-Top-Quark-Pair.jpg" alt="Display of a lead-lead collision at 5.02 TeV per nucleon pair that resulted in a candidate pair of top quarks that decay into other particles. The event contains four particle jets (yellow cones), one electron (green line) and one muon (red line). The inlay shows an axial view of the event. Image credit: ATLAS / CERN." width="580" height="383" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13436-Top-Quark-Pair.jpg 580w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13436-Top-Quark-Pair-300x198.jpg 300w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13436-Top-Quark-Pair-84x55.jpg 84w" sizes="(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-101813" class="wp-caption-text">Display of a lead-lead collision at 5.02 TeV per nucleon pair that resulted in a candidate pair of top quarks that decay into other particles. The event contains four particle jets (yellow cones), one electron (green line) and one muon (red line). The inlay shows an axial view of the event. Image credit: ATLAS / CERN.</p></div> <p>In quark-gluon plasma, the fundamental components of protons and neutrons — quarks (matter particles) and gluons (strong force carriers) — are not bound within particles, but instead exist in a deconfined state of matter, forming an almost perfect dense fluid.</p> <p>Physicists believe that quark-gluon plasma filled the Universe briefly after the Big Bang and its study offers a glimpse into the conditions of that early epoch in the history of our Universe.</p> <p>However, the quark-gluon plasma’s extremely short lifetime when created in heavy-ion collisions — around 10<sup>-23</sup> seconds — means it cannot be observed directly.</p> <p>Instead, physicists study particles that are produced in these collisions and pass through quark-gluon plasma, using them as probes of the plasma’s properties.</p> <p>The top quark, in particular, is a very promising probe of the quark-gluon plasma’s evolution over time.</p> <p>As the heaviest known elementary particle, the top quark decays into other particles an order of magnitude faster than the time needed to form quark-gluon plasma.</p> <p>The delay between the collision and the top quark’s decay products interacting with quark-gluon plasma could serve as a ‘time marker,’ offering a unique opportunity to study the plasma’s temporal dynamics.</p> <p>Additionally, physicists could extract new information on nuclear parton distribution functions, which describe how the momentum of a nucleon (proton or neutron) is distributed among its constituent quarks and gluons.</p> <p>In the new study, physicists with the ATLAS Collaboration studied collisions of lead ions that took place at a collision energy of 5.02 teraelectronvolts (TeV) per nucleon pair during Run 2 of the LHC.</p> <p>They observed top-quark production in the dilepton channel where the top quarks decay into a bottom quark and a W boson, which subsequently decays into either an electron or a muon and an associated neutrino.</p> <p>The result has a statistical significance of 5.0 standard deviations, making it the first observation of top-quark-pair production in nucleus-nucleus collisions.</p> <p>“We measured the top-quark-pair production rate, or cross section, with a relative uncertainty of 35%,” the physicists said.</p> <p>“The total uncertainty is primarily driven by the data set size, meaning that new heavy-ion data from the ongoing Run 3 will enhance the precision of the measurement.”</p> <p>“The new result opens a window into the study of quark-gluon plasma,” they added.</p> <p>“In future studies, we will also consider the semi-leptonic decay channel of top-quark pairs in heavy-ion collisions, which may allow them to get a first glimpse of the evolution of quark-gluon plasma over time.”</p> </div> </article> </div> <div class="single-left"> <div class="postedby"> Published in </div> <div class="single-category"><ul class="post-categories"> <li><a href="https://www.sci.news/news/physics" >Physics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="postedby2"> <div class="postedby"> Tagged as </div></div> <div class="single-tags"> <a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/atlas" rel="tag">ATLAS</a><a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/atom" rel="tag">Atom</a><a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/atomic-nucleus" rel="tag">Atomic nucleus</a><a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/cern" rel="tag">CERN</a><a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/gluon" rel="tag">Gluon</a><a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/lead" rel="tag">Lead</a><a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/lhc" rel="tag">LHC</a><a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/quark" rel="tag">Quark</a><a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/quark-gluon-plasma" rel="tag">Quark-gluon plasma</a><a href="https://www.sci.news/tag/top-quark" rel="tag">Top quark</a></div> <div class="postedby3"></div> <div class="postedby3"></div> <div class="single-related"> <div class="postedby">You Might Like </div> <div class="related"> <div class="relatedpost"> <a href="https://www.sci.news/astronomy/primordial-black-holes-13471.html"><img width="104" height="75" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/12/image_13471-Primordial-Black-Holes-104x75.jpg" class="attachment-secondpostimg size-secondpostimg wp-post-image" alt="An artist’s impression of primordial black holes. 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Image credit: Pelton et al., doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0313610." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13462-La-Prele-Needles-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13462-La-Prele-Needles-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px" /></a></div> <div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href='https://www.sci.news/archaeology/la-prele-needles-13462.html' title='Early North Americans Made Needles from Bones of Canids, Felids and Hares, Archaeologists Say'>Early North Americans Made Needles from Bones of Canids, Felids and Hares, Archaeologists Say</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Nov 27, 2024 | Archaeology</span> </div> </div> <div class="block-item-small"> <div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/paleontology/fossilized-digestive-contents-rise-dinosaurs-13461.html" title="Fossilized Digestive Contents Shed Light on Rise of Dinosaurs"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13461-Smok-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="Fossil feces of the bone-crushing archosaur Smok, with a Smok reconstruction in the background. Image credit: Grzegorz Niedzwiedzki." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13461-Smok-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13461-Smok-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px" /></a></div> <div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href='https://www.sci.news/paleontology/fossilized-digestive-contents-rise-dinosaurs-13461.html' title='Fossilized Digestive Contents Shed Light on Rise of Dinosaurs'>Fossilized Digestive Contents Shed Light on Rise of Dinosaurs</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Nov 27, 2024 | Paleontology</span> </div> </div> <div class="block-item-small"> <div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/space/europa-clipper-instruments-13460.html" title="NASA’s Europa Clipper Spacecraft Deploying Its Instruments"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13460-Europa-Clipper-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="An artist’s concept of NASA’s Europa Clipper shows the spacecraft in silhouette against the surface of Jupiter’s icy moon Europa, with the magnetometer boom fully deployed at top and the antennas for the radar instrument extending out from the solar arrays. Image credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13460-Europa-Clipper-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13460-Europa-Clipper-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px" /></a></div> <div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href='https://www.sci.news/space/europa-clipper-instruments-13460.html' title='NASA’s Europa Clipper Spacecraft Deploying Its Instruments'>NASA’s Europa Clipper Spacecraft Deploying Its Instruments</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Nov 27, 2024 | Space Exploration</span> </div> </div> <div class="block-item-small"> <div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/space/meteorite-hydrothermal-activity-ancient-mars-13459.html" title="Meteorite Provides Evidence for Hydrothermal Activity on Ancient Mars"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2015/02/image_2455-NWA-7034-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="Northwest Africa 7034. Image credit: NASA." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2015/02/image_2455-NWA-7034-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2015/02/image_2455-NWA-7034-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px" /></a></div> <div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href='https://www.sci.news/space/meteorite-hydrothermal-activity-ancient-mars-13459.html' title='Meteorite Provides Evidence for Hydrothermal Activity on Ancient Mars'>Meteorite Provides Evidence for Hydrothermal Activity on Ancient Mars</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Nov 27, 2024 | Planetary Science</span> </div> </div> <div class="block-item-small"> <div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/archaeology/athribis-temple-13458.html" title="Archaeologists May Have Discovered 2,100-Year-Old Temple in Egypt"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13458-Athribis-Temple-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="The south tower of the pylon at Athribis and the hill behind it, where a sanctuary is believed to be located. Image credit; Marcus Müller, Athribis Project." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13458-Athribis-Temple-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13458-Athribis-Temple-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px" /></a></div> <div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href='https://www.sci.news/archaeology/athribis-temple-13458.html' title='Archaeologists May Have Discovered 2,100-Year-Old Temple in Egypt'>Archaeologists May Have Discovered 2,100-Year-Old Temple in Egypt</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Nov 26, 2024 | Archaeology</span> </div> </div> <div class="block-item-small"> <div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/biology/crustacean-nociceptors-13457.html" title="Do Crustaceans Feel Pain? Study Demonstrates Existence of Nociceptive Responses in Shore Crabs"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13457f-Carcinus-maenas-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="Carcinus maenas. Image credit: Luis Miguel Bugallo Sánchez / CC BY-SA 3.0." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13457f-Carcinus-maenas-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13457f-Carcinus-maenas-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px" /></a></div> <div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href='https://www.sci.news/biology/crustacean-nociceptors-13457.html' title='Do Crustaceans Feel Pain? Study Demonstrates Existence of Nociceptive Responses in Shore Crabs'>Do Crustaceans Feel Pain? Study Demonstrates Existence of Nociceptive Responses in Shore Crabs</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Nov 26, 2024 | Biology</span> </div> </div> <div class="block-item-small"> <div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/space/uranian-moons-subsurface-oceans-13456.html" title="NASA to Search for Subsurface Oceans within Uranian Moons"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/05/image_11892-Uranian-Oceans-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="Castillo-Rogez et al. show that there likely is an ocean layer in four of Uranus’ major moons: Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon; salty -- or briny -- oceans lie under the ice and atop layers of water-rich rock and dry rock; Miranda is too small to retain enough heat for an ocean layer. Image credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/05/image_11892-Uranian-Oceans-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2023/05/image_11892-Uranian-Oceans-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px" /></a></div> <div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href='https://www.sci.news/space/uranian-moons-subsurface-oceans-13456.html' title='NASA to Search for Subsurface Oceans within Uranian Moons'>NASA to Search for Subsurface Oceans within Uranian Moons</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Nov 26, 2024 | Planetary Science</span> </div> </div> <div class="block-item-small"> <div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/paleontology/ninumbeehan-dookoodukah-13455.html" title="Triassic Amphibian Had Unique Adaptations for Seasonal Estivation"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13455-Ninumbeehan-dookoodukah-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="Life reconstruction of Ninumbeehan dookoodukah in a palaeoenvironment reconstruction depicting its life and burrowing across seasons: (left) Ninumbeehan dookoodukah is resting on the edge of a river with a low water table as the wet season ends; (center) a small community of Ninumbeehan dookoodukah are in their estivation burrows at the apex of the arid season; (right) the onset of the humid season brings rain, triggering a mass emergence of Ninumbeehan dookoodukah from their estivation burrows. Some individuals expire before the incoming rains, leaving them to be preserved as fossils. Image credit: Gabriel N. Ugueto." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13455-Ninumbeehan-dookoodukah-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13455-Ninumbeehan-dookoodukah-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px" /></a></div> <div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href='https://www.sci.news/paleontology/ninumbeehan-dookoodukah-13455.html' title='Triassic Amphibian Had Unique Adaptations for Seasonal Estivation'>Triassic Amphibian Had Unique Adaptations for Seasonal Estivation</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Nov 26, 2024 | Paleontology</span> </div> </div> <div class="block-item-small"> <div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/astronomy/456p-panstarrs-main-belt-comet-13454.html" title="Recently-Discovered Active Asteroid is in Fact Main-Belt Comet, Astronomers Say"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13454-456P-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="Images of 456P/PANSTARRS taken with the Magellan-Baade telescope in Chile on October 3, 2024, and the Lowell Discovery Telescope in Arizona on October 26, 2024, where the head, or nucleus, of the comet is at the center of each image, and the tail extends to the right. Image credit: Scott S. Sheppard / Carnegie Institution for Science / Audrey Thirouin, Lowell Observatory / Henry H. Hsieh, Planetary Science Institute." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13454-456P-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13454-456P-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px" /></a></div> <div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href='https://www.sci.news/astronomy/456p-panstarrs-main-belt-comet-13454.html' title='Recently-Discovered Active Asteroid is in Fact Main-Belt Comet, Astronomers Say'>Recently-Discovered Active Asteroid is in Fact Main-Belt Comet, Astronomers Say</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Nov 26, 2024 | Astronomy</span> </div> </div> <div class="block-item-small"> <div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/paleontology/nipponopterus-mifunensis-13453.html" title="New Pterosaur Species Discovered in Japan"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13453f-Nipponopterus-mifunensis-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="Life restoration of a group of giant azhdarchids, Quetzalcoatlus northropi, foraging on a Cretaceous fern prairie. Image credit: Mark Witton / Darren Naish." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13453f-Nipponopterus-mifunensis-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13453f-Nipponopterus-mifunensis-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px" /></a></div> <div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href='https://www.sci.news/paleontology/nipponopterus-mifunensis-13453.html' title='New Pterosaur Species Discovered in Japan'>New Pterosaur Species Discovered in Japan</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Nov 25, 2024 | Paleontology</span> </div> </div> <div class="block-item-small"> <div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/astronomy/webb-image-sombrero-galaxy-13452.html" title="Webb Captures New Image of Sombrero Galaxy"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13452f-Messier-104-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="This Webb image shows the Sombrero galaxy. Image credit: NASA / ESA / CSA / STScI." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13452f-Messier-104-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13452f-Messier-104-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px" /></a></div> <div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href='https://www.sci.news/astronomy/webb-image-sombrero-galaxy-13452.html' title='Webb Captures New Image of Sombrero Galaxy'>Webb Captures New Image of Sombrero Galaxy</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Nov 25, 2024 | Astronomy</span> </div> </div> <div class="block-item-small"> <div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/genetics/faroe-islands-colonization-13451.html" title="Viking Expansion into North Atlantic Was More Complex than Previously Thought"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2021/10/image_10195f-Vikings-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="Kuitems et al. provide evidence that the Norse were active on the North American continent in the year 1021 CE. Image credit: Oscar C.R." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2021/10/image_10195f-Vikings-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2021/10/image_10195f-Vikings-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px" /></a></div> <div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href='https://www.sci.news/genetics/faroe-islands-colonization-13451.html' title='Viking Expansion into North Atlantic Was More Complex than Previously Thought'>Viking Expansion into North Atlantic Was More Complex than Previously Thought</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Nov 25, 2024 | Archaeology</span> </div> </div> <div class="block-item-small"> <div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/othersciences/nanotechnologies/nanopasta-13450.html" title="World’s Thinnest Spaghetti Created: Nanopasta"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13450-Nanopasta-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="Britton et al. used a scanning electron microscope, scanning the mat with a focused beam of electrons and creating an image based on the pattern of electrons that are deflected or knocked-off; each individual strand is too narrow to be clearly captured by any form of visible light camera or microscope. Image credit: Beatrice Britton / Adam Clancy." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13450-Nanopasta-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13450-Nanopasta-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px" /></a></div> <div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href='https://www.sci.news/othersciences/nanotechnologies/nanopasta-13450.html' title='World’s Thinnest Spaghetti Created: Nanopasta'>World’s Thinnest Spaghetti Created: Nanopasta</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Nov 25, 2024 | Materials Science</span> </div> </div> <div class="block-item-small"> <div class="block-image"><a href="https://www.sci.news/astronomy/hubble-flocculent-spiral-ngc-2090-13449.html" title="Hubble Space Telescope Looks at Flocculent Spiral: NGC 2090"><img width="50" height="50" src="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13449-NGC-2090-50x50.jpg" class="attachment-sidebar-thumb size-sidebar-thumb wp-post-image" alt="This Hubble image shows NGC 2090, a spiral galaxy some 40 million light-years away in the southern constellation of Columba. The color image was made from separate exposures taken in the ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared regions of the spectrum with Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3). It is based on data obtained through six filters. The color results from assigning different hues to each monochromatic image associated with an individual filter. Image credit: NASA / ESA / Hubble / D. Thilker." loading="lazy" srcset="https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13449-NGC-2090-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/11/image_13449-NGC-2090-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px" /></a></div> <div class="block-image-r"> <h2><a href='https://www.sci.news/astronomy/hubble-flocculent-spiral-ngc-2090-13449.html' title='Hubble Space Telescope Looks at Flocculent Spiral: NGC 2090'>Hubble Space Telescope Looks at Flocculent Spiral: NGC 2090</a></h2><span class="block-meta">Nov 25, 2024 | Astronomy</span> </div> </div> </div>  </div></aside><div class="adspace-widget widget"> <div class="postedby"></div> <br/></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cb"></div> </div></div></div> </section> <footer class="footer"> <div class="footer-holder"> <div class="container"> <div class="topsearch-wrapper2"> <form method="get" id="footersearch1" action="https://www.sci.news/"> <input type="text" name="s" value=" " onblur="if(this.value=='') this.value=' ';" onfocus="if(this.value==' ') this.value='';" id="s2" /> <input type="submit" value=" " id="searchsubmit" /> </form> </div> <nav class="nav"> <div id="fotnav" class="ddsmoothmenu1"><ul id="menu-menu-4" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-9173" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-9173"><a href="https://www.sci.news">Home</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9174" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9174"><a href="https://www.sci.news/about-us">About Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9175" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9175"><a href="https://www.sci.news/archive">News Archive</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9176" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9176"><a href="https://www.sci.news/copyright">Copyright</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9177" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9177"><a href="https://www.sci.news/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9179" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-9179"><a href="https://www.sci.news/feed">RSS</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9180" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9180"><a href="https://www.sci.news/contact">Contact Us</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> <div class="cb"></div> </div> </div> </footer> <div class="footer"> <div class="footer2-wrapper"> <div class="footer2-area"> <div id="footerwrapper1"> <div class="box-hold footerwrapper"> <div class="box footer1"> <div class="cb"></div> </div> <div class="box footer2"> <div class="cb"></div> </div> <div class="box footer3"> <div class="cb"></div> </div> <div class="box footer4"> <div class="cb"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer"> <div class="copy"> <div id="bottomfooter"> <div class="site-footer"> © 2011-2024. 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