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layout--hero-section -rgnWidth100 paneHero"><div class="section-inner"><div class="act-pane__content row"><div class="act-pane__region layout__region layout__region--col-1 col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12"><div class="mc-cardHero act-component -styleLanding -titleOnly -skinBlue -titleOnly -btnskinTeal -btnoutlineButtonDefaultInvert"><div class="mc-cardHero__rgnInner act-component-inner" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/2021-07/banner-default.png)"><div class="mc-cardHero__rgnMain"><div class="mc-cardHero__backLink" ><a class="af-link" href="/policy/intellectual-property" aria-label="Intellectual Property" >Intellectual Property</a></div><h1 class="mc-cardHero__title" ><div class="af-text">Patents</div></h1></div><div class="mc-cardHero__rgnShare"><div class="mc-a2aShare act-component -popLeft -skinLight"><div class="mc-a2aShare__rgnInner act-component-inner"><div class="mc-a2aShare__shareButton jsShareTrigger"><a><i class="fas fa-share-alt"></i></a></div><div 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src="/act-root/bio/assets/images/logo/bio-new-logo-color.svg" alt="logo" class="af-image"></div></div><div class="oc-orgSubNav__rgnMenu"><div class="oc-bsMenuNav act-component navbar-light"><div class="oc-bsMenuNav__rgnInner act-component-inner"><nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"><!-- hamburger icon --><div class="navbar-brand"></div><button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#s4al6x" aria-controls="s4al6x" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"><span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span></button><!-- menu --><div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="s4al6x"><div class="mc-bsDropDown act-component"><div class="mc-bsDropDown__rgnInner act-component-inner"><ul class="navbar-nav mr-auto"><li class="nav-item dropdown"><a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle menuL1 " href="/policy/human-health" id="mVLXrx" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Human Health</a><div class="dropdown-menu" 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class="dropdown-item menuL2 " id="jCD7n5" href="/policy/international/global-markets-trade">Global Markets & Trade</a><a class="dropdown-item menuL2 " id="bAssnC" href="/policy/international/multilateral-organizations">Multilateral Organizations</a><a class="dropdown-item menuL2 " id="zmtlFN" href="/policy/international/bio-launches-call-biotechnology-stories">BIO launches call for biotechnology stories</a></div></li><li class="nav-item dropdown"><a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle menuL1 " href="/policy/intellectual-property" id="mMrGrV" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Intellectual Property</a><div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="mMrGrV"><a class="dropdown-item menuL2 " id="eJ0bTy" href="/policy/intellectual-property">Overview</a><a class="dropdown-item menuL2 " id="kO9txi" href="/policy/intellectual-property/patents">Patents</a><a class="dropdown-item menuL2 " id="iIVYkt" href="/policy/intellectual-property/regulatory-data-protection">Regulatory Data Protection</a><a class="dropdown-item menuL2 " id="zh5y7h" href="/policy/intellectual-property/technology-transfer">Technology Transfer</a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></nav></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="act-layout act-pane layout layout--bs-columns layout--top -rgnWidth100 paneTop"><div class="section-inner"><div class="act-pane__content row"><div class="act-pane__region layout__region layout__region--col-1 col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12"></div></div></div></div><div class="act-layout act-pane layout layout--bs-columns layout--body -rgnWidth100 paneBody"><div class="section-inner"><div class="act-pane__content row"><div class="act-pane__region layout__region layout__region--col-1 col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12"><div class="mc-contentBasic act-component"><div class="mc-contentBasic__rgnInner act-component-inner"><div class="oc-compoList act-component"><div class="oc-compoList__rgnInner act-component-inner"><div class="oc-compoList__rgnSection"><div class="oc-widgetPane act-pane -rgnWidth80"><div class="oc-widgetPane__rgnInner section-inner act-pane-inner"><div class="act-pane__content"><div class="oc-widgetPane__rgnList row"><div class="oc-widgetPane__rgnCell rowFirst rowLast col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12"><div class="mc-contentBasic act-component"><div class="mc-contentBasic__rgnInner act-component-inner"><div class="mc-contentBasic__body" ><div class="af-text"><p>The value of patents to biotechnology innovation cannot be understated. They enable innovators time to recoup the massive development costs of a new biotech product. Strong intellectual property measures are necessary to advance biotechnology innovation, the creation of high-wage, high-value jobs, and the ability to bring life-saving treatments and cures to market.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="oc-compoList__rgnSection"><div class="oc-widgetPane act-pane -rgnWidth80"><div class="oc-widgetPane__rgnInner section-inner act-pane-inner"><div class="act-pane__titleWrapper"><div class="act-pane__title" ><div class="af-text">BIO Toolkit Resources</div></div></div><div class="act-pane__content"><div class="oc-widgetPane__rgnList row"><div class="oc-widgetPane__rgnCell rowFirst col-lg-4 col-md-6 col-sm-12"><div class="mc-cardMediaTop act-component -mediaImage -sizeCompact -hasCTA"><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__rgnInner act-component-inner"><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__rgnMedia"><a class="mc-cardMediaTop__imageLink" href="https://archive.bio.org/sites/default/files/docs/toolkit/BIO_Patent-Evergreening_Final.pdf?_ga=2.135843702.634980288.1601300793-1098593072.1598889362"><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__image" ><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/bio_media_top_card_style/public/2020-09/innovation-drug.jpg?itok=FNYbLs4C" alt="innovation-drug" class="af-image"></div></a></div><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__rgnMain"><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__rgnInfo"><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__titleLink" ><a class="af-link" href="https://archive.bio.org/sites/default/files/docs/toolkit/BIO_Patent-Evergreening_Final.pdf?_ga=2.135843702.634980288.1601300793-1098593072.1598889362" aria-label="Patents Drive Innovation of both New and Improved Products" >Patents Drive Innovation of both New and Improved Products</a></div><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__summary" ><div class="af-text"><p>In the public debate over drug costs, there is a lot of discussion about so-called “evergreening.”&nbsp;</p></div></div></div><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__ctaLink" ><a class="af-link" href="https://archive.bio.org/sites/default/files/docs/toolkit/BIO_Patent-Evergreening_Final.pdf?_ga=2.135843702.634980288.1601300793-1098593072.1598889362" aria-label="Learn More" >Learn More</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="oc-widgetPane__rgnCell rowFirst col-lg-4 col-md-6 col-sm-12"><div class="mc-cardMediaTop act-component -mediaImage -sizeCompact -hasCTA"><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__rgnInner act-component-inner"><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__rgnMedia"><a class="mc-cardMediaTop__imageLink" href="https://archive.bio.org/sites/default/files/docs/toolkit/IGP18.pdf?_ga=2.156954236.634980288.1601300793-1098593072.1598889362"><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__image" ><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/bio_media_top_card_style/public/2020-09/drugs.jpg?itok=JLQxu9c5" alt="drugs" class="af-image"></div></a></div><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__rgnMain"><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__rgnInfo"><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__titleLink" ><a class="af-link" href="https://archive.bio.org/sites/default/files/docs/toolkit/IGP18.pdf?_ga=2.156954236.634980288.1601300793-1098593072.1598889362" aria-label="Hatch-Waxman: Carefully Balancing the Need for Innovation and Drug Competition" >Hatch-Waxman: Carefully Balancing the Need for Innovation and Drug Competition</a></div></div><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__ctaLink" ><a class="af-link" href="https://archive.bio.org/sites/default/files/docs/toolkit/IGP18.pdf?_ga=2.156954236.634980288.1601300793-1098593072.1598889362" aria-label="Learn More" >Learn More</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="oc-widgetPane__rgnCell rowFirst col-lg-4 col-md-6 col-sm-12"><div class="mc-cardMediaTop act-component -mediaImage -sizeCompact -hasCTA"><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__rgnInner act-component-inner"><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__rgnMedia"><a class="mc-cardMediaTop__imageLink" href="https://archive.bio.org/sites/default/files/Stronger_Patents_Act_02232018.pdf)?_ga=2.156954236.634980288.1601300793-1098593072.1598889362"><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__image" ><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/bio_media_top_card_style/public/2020-09/patendted.jpg?itok=9261j4kN" alt="patented" class="af-image"></div></a></div><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__rgnMain"><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__rgnInfo"><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__titleLink" ><a class="af-link" href="https://archive.bio.org/sites/default/files/Stronger_Patents_Act_02232018.pdf)?_ga=2.156954236.634980288.1601300793-1098593072.1598889362" aria-label="Strong Patents Drive Innovation" >Strong Patents Drive Innovation</a></div></div><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__ctaLink" ><a class="af-link" href="https://archive.bio.org/sites/default/files/Stronger_Patents_Act_02232018.pdf)?_ga=2.156954236.634980288.1601300793-1098593072.1598889362" aria-label="Learn More" >Learn More</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="oc-widgetPane__rgnCell rowLast col-lg-4 col-md-6 col-sm-12"><div class="mc-cardMediaTop act-component -mediaImage -sizeCompact -hasCTA"><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__rgnInner act-component-inner"><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__rgnMedia"><a class="mc-cardMediaTop__imageLink" href="https://archive.bio.org/sites/default/files/docs/toolkit/BIO_HR3_FINAL.pdf?_ga=2.56830573.634980288.1601300793-1098593072.1598889362"><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__image" ><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/bio_media_top_card_style/public/2020-09/Foreign-Pricing.jpg?itok=C_bQBw3a" alt="Foreign Pricing" class="af-image"></div></a></div><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__rgnMain"><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__rgnInfo"><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__titleLink" ><a class="af-link" href="https://archive.bio.org/sites/default/files/docs/toolkit/BIO_HR3_FINAL.pdf?_ga=2.56830573.634980288.1601300793-1098593072.1598889362" aria-label="H.R. 3 Imports Risky Foreign Pricing Schemes" >H.R. 3 Imports Risky Foreign Pricing Schemes</a></div></div><div class="mc-cardMediaTop__ctaLink" ><a class="af-link" href="https://archive.bio.org/sites/default/files/docs/toolkit/BIO_HR3_FINAL.pdf?_ga=2.56830573.634980288.1601300793-1098593072.1598889362" aria-label="Learn More" >Learn More</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="oc-compoList__rgnSection"><div class="oc-widgetPane act-pane -rgnWidth80"><div class="oc-widgetPane__rgnInner section-inner act-pane-inner"><div class="act-pane__titleWrapper"><div class="act-pane__title" ><div class="af-text">BIO Comments on Patent Policy</div></div></div><div class="act-pane__content"><div class="oc-widgetPane__rgnList row"><div class="oc-widgetPane__rgnCell rowFirst rowLast col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12"><div class="mc-contentBasic act-component"><div class="mc-contentBasic__rgnInner act-component-inner"><div class="mc-contentBasic__body" ><div class="af-text"><ul><li><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="4d7ae978-cce7-47b0-ae07-ee31da2ea135" href="/letters-testimony-comments/bio-submits-comments-uspto-discretion-institute-trials-patent-trial-and" title="BIO Submits Comments to USPTO on Discretion to Institute Trials Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board">BIO Submits Comments to the USPTO on&nbsp;Discretion to Institute Trials Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board</a></li><li><meta charset="UTF-8"><a href="https://www.bio.org/sites/default/files/2020-09/06-26-20%20Biotechnology%20Innovation%20Organization.pdf">BIO’s Comments on PTAB Rules of Practice for Instituting on All Challenged&nbsp;Patent Claims and All Grounds and Eliminating the Presumption at&nbsp;Institution Favoring Petitioner as to Testimonial Evidence</a></li><li><meta charset="UTF-8"><a href="https://www.bio.org/sites/default/files/2020-09/12.23.2019%20Biotechnology%20Innovation%20Organization.pdf">BIO’s Comments on Improvements to Claim Amendment Process in inter&nbsp;partes and post-grant review proceedings</a></li><li><meta charset="UTF-8"><a href="https://www.bio.org/sites/default/files/2020-09/eligibility2019comments_e_bio_2019mar08.pdf">BIO’s Comments on Revised Patent Subject Matter Eligibility Guidance</a></li><li><meta charset="UTF-8"><a href="https://www.bio.org/sites/default/files/2020-09/comment-bio.pdf">BIO’s Comments on Claim Construction Standards in post-grant review&nbsp;proceedings</a></li><li><meta charset="UTF-8"><a href="https://www.bio.org/sites/default/files/2020-09/12.21.2018%20BIO.pdf">BIO’s Comments on Motion to Amend Practice and Procedures in AIA Trials</a></li><li><meta charset="UTF-8"><a href="https://www.bio.org/sites/default/files/2020-09/eligiblity2018comments_a_bio_20aug2018.pdf">BIO’s Comments on Determining Whether a Claim Element Is Well-Understood, Routine, Conventional for Purposes of Subject Matter Eligibility</a></li><li><meta charset="UTF-8"><a href="https://www.bio.org/sites/default/files/2020-09/rule56_e_bio_27dec2016.pdf">BIO’s Comments on the Revision of the Duty To Disclose Information in&nbsp;Patent Applications and Reexamination Proceedings</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="oc-compoList__rgnSection"><div class="oc-widgetPane act-pane -rgnWidth80"><div class="oc-widgetPane__rgnInner section-inner act-pane-inner"><div class="act-pane__content"><div class="oc-widgetPane__rgnList row"><div class="oc-widgetPane__rgnCell rowFirst col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12"><div class="mc-contentBasic act-component"><div class="mc-contentBasic__rgnInner act-component-inner"><div class="mc-contentBasic__body" ><div class="af-text"><div class="oc-itemList act-pane -linkBelow -headerLarge"><div class="oc-itemList__rgnInner section-inner act-pane-inner"><div class="act-pane__titleWrapper"><div class="act-pane__title" ><div class="af-text">Amicus Briefs</div></div></div><div class="act-pane__header"><div class="act-pane__moreLink" ><a class="af-link" href="/amicus-briefs" aria-label="Browse all Amicus Briefs" >Browse all Amicus Briefs</a></div></div><div class="act-pane__content"><div class="oc-itemList__rgnList"><div class="mc-teaserBasic act-component -fontMedium -textOnly"><div class="mc-teaserBasic__rgnInner act-component-inner"><div class="mc-teaserBasic__rgnMain"><div class="mc-teaserBasic__titleLink" ><a class="af-link" href="/amicus-briefs/bio-files-amicus-brief-continuing-effort-preserve-fdas-expert-scientific-authority" aria-label="BIO Files Amicus Brief in Continuing Effort to Preserve FDA’s Expert, Scientific Authority on Drug Approvals" >BIO Files Amicus Brief in Continuing Effort to Preserve FDA’s Expert, Scientific Authority on Drug Approvals</a></div><div class="mc-teaserBasic__summary" ><div class="af-text">October 12, 2023</div></div><div class="mc-teaserBasic__description" ><div class="af-text">BIO filed an amicus brief in a continuing effort to challenge courts' decisions that undermine FDA authority and hinder patient access to medications.The brief was filed in the Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS), following the August 2023 ruling of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth…</div></div></div></div></div><div class="mc-teaserBasic act-component -fontMedium -textOnly"><div class="mc-teaserBasic__rgnInner act-component-inner"><div class="mc-teaserBasic__rgnMain"><div class="mc-teaserBasic__titleLink" ><a class="af-link" href="/amicus-briefs/bio-files-amicus-brief-supporting-reversal-court-decision-regarding-sec-regulations" aria-label="BIO Files Amicus Brief Supporting Reversal of Court Decision Regarding SEC Regulations on Proxy Advisory Firms" >BIO Files Amicus Brief Supporting Reversal of Court Decision Regarding SEC Regulations on Proxy Advisory Firms</a></div><div class="mc-teaserBasic__summary" ><div class="af-text">June 27, 2023</div></div><div class="mc-teaserBasic__description" ><div class="af-text">BIO filed an amicus brief in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, seeking the reversal of a lower court's ruling that would set aside the 2022 rescission of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 2020 Rule regulating proxy advisory firms.Proxy advisory firms are firms that provide…</div></div></div></div></div><div class="mc-teaserBasic act-component -fontMedium -textOnly"><div class="mc-teaserBasic__rgnInner act-component-inner"><div class="mc-teaserBasic__rgnMain"><div class="mc-teaserBasic__titleLink" ><a class="af-link" href="/amicus-briefs/bio-files-amicus-brief-supporting-supreme-court-review-provisions-protect-patent" aria-label="BIO Files Amicus Brief Supporting Supreme Court Review of Provisions that Protect Patent Owners in PTAB Review Proceedings" >BIO Files Amicus Brief Supporting Supreme Court Review of Provisions that Protect Patent Owners in PTAB Review Proceedings</a></div><div class="mc-teaserBasic__summary" ><div class="af-text">October 25, 2023</div></div><div class="mc-teaserBasic__description" ><div class="af-text">BIO filed an amicus brief supporting Supreme Court review of the time-bar and joinder provisions governing patent review proceedings in the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB). BIO’s brief argues that time-barred patent challengers, who themselves would be precluded from seeking administrative…</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="oc-widgetPane__rgnCell rowLast col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12"><div class="mc-contentBasic act-component"><div class="mc-contentBasic__rgnInner act-component-inner"><div class="mc-contentBasic__body" ><div class="af-text"><div class="oc-itemList act-pane -linkBelow -headerLarge"><div class="oc-itemList__rgnInner section-inner act-pane-inner"><div class="act-pane__titleWrapper"><div class="act-pane__title" ><div class="af-text">Letters, Comments & Testimony</div></div></div><div class="act-pane__header"><div class="act-pane__moreLink" ><a class="af-link" href="/letters-testimony-comments" aria-label="Browse all Letters, Comments &amp; Testimony" >Browse all Letters, Comments & Testimony</a></div></div><div class="act-pane__content"><div class="oc-itemList__rgnList"><div class="mc-teaserBasic act-component -fontMedium -textOnly"><div class="mc-teaserBasic__rgnInner act-component-inner"><div class="mc-teaserBasic__rgnMain"><div class="mc-teaserBasic__titleLink" ><a class="af-link" href="/letters-testimony-comments/bio-comments-usptos-may-10-2024-proposed-rulemaking-terminal-disclaimer" aria-label="BIO Comments to the USPTO’s MAY 10, 2024 Proposed Rulemaking on Terminal Disclaimer Practice, 89 Fed. Reg. 40439, Docket No. PTO-P-2024-0003" >BIO Comments to the USPTO’s MAY 10, 2024 Proposed Rulemaking on Terminal Disclaimer Practice, 89 Fed. Reg. 40439, Docket No. PTO-P-2024-0003</a></div><div class="mc-teaserBasic__summary" ><div class="af-text">May 10, 2024</div></div><div class="mc-teaserBasic__description" ><div class="af-text">BIO submitted these&nbsp;comments in response to the United States Patent and Trademark Office’s May 10, 2024, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking regarding Terminal Disclaimer Practice to Obviate Nonstatutory Double Patenting. </div></div></div></div></div><div class="mc-teaserBasic act-component -fontMedium -textOnly"><div class="mc-teaserBasic__rgnInner act-component-inner"><div class="mc-teaserBasic__rgnMain"><div class="mc-teaserBasic__titleLink" ><a class="af-link" href="/letters-testimony-comments/bio-submits-comments-uspto-discretion-institute-trials-patent-trial-and" aria-label="BIO Submits Comments to the USPTO on Discretion to Institute Trials Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board" >BIO Submits Comments to the USPTO on Discretion to Institute Trials Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board</a></div><div class="mc-teaserBasic__summary" ><div class="af-text">August 6, 2021</div></div><div class="mc-teaserBasic__description" ><div class="af-text">BIO submitted comments to the United States Patent and Trademark Office in response to the USPTO's consideration of “the codification of its current policies and practices, or the modification thereof,” relating to the exercise of its discretion under 35 U.S.C. §§ 314(a), 324(a), 315(d), and 325(d)…</div></div></div></div></div><div class="mc-teaserBasic act-component -fontMedium -textOnly"><div class="mc-teaserBasic__rgnInner act-component-inner"><div class="mc-teaserBasic__rgnMain"><div class="mc-teaserBasic__titleLink" ><a class="af-link" href="/letters-testimony-comments/bio-comments-proposed-nist-rule" aria-label="BIO Comments on Proposed NIST Rule " >BIO Comments on Proposed NIST Rule </a></div><div class="mc-teaserBasic__summary" ><div class="af-text">April 9, 2021</div></div><div class="mc-teaserBasic__description" ><div class="af-text">The Biotechnology Innovation Organization (BIO) submitted the below comments to the National Institute of Standards and Technology&nbsp;on proposed revisions to regulations that would further the Return on Investment (ROI) Initiative for Unleashing American Innovation. </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="oc-compoList__rgnSection"><div class="oc-widgetPane act-pane -rgnWidth80"><div class="oc-widgetPane__rgnInner section-inner act-pane-inner"><div class="act-pane__content"><div class="oc-widgetPane__rgnList row"><div class="oc-widgetPane__rgnCell rowFirst rowLast col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12"><div class="embedGeneralSectionPane"><div class="oc-widgetPane act-pane -rgnWidth100"><div class="oc-widgetPane__rgnInner section-inner act-pane-inner"><div class="act-pane__content"><div class="oc-widgetPane__rgnList row"><div class="oc-widgetPane__rgnCell rowFirst rowLast col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12"><div class="mc-cardMediaSide act-component -mediaImage -imageLeft -heightFixed -btnskinPurple -btnsolidButtonDefault"><div class="mc-cardMediaSide__rgnInner act-component-inner"><div class="mc-cardMediaSide__rgnMain row"><div class="col-lg-6 col-md-12 col-sm-12"><div class="mc-cardMediaSide__rgnMedia"><div class="mc-cardMediaSide__image" ><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/bio_media_side_card_auto/public/2024-03/bio-action-patient-advocacy-alliances-2.png?itok=OEy7dzQ9" alt="Become an Advocate for Biotechnology" class="af-image"></div></div></div><div class="col-lg-6 col-md-12 col-sm-12"><div class="mc-cardMediaSide__rgnContent"><div class="mc-cardMediaSide__info"><div class="mc-cardMediaSide__title" ><div class="af-text">Become an Advocate for Biotechnology</div></div><div class="mc-cardMediaSide__description" ><div class="af-text"><p>Sign-up to join BIOAction, BIO's grassroots advocacy program. 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