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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Solar (shallow geothermal) energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_(shallow_geothermal)_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquifer-based_schemes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquifer-based_schemes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aquifer-based schemes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aquifer-based_schemes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aquifer-based schemes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aquifer-based_schemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southampton_District_Heating_Scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southampton_District_Heating_Scheme"> <div 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hot rock schemes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hot_rock_schemes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hot rock schemes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hot_rock_schemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deep_geothermal_energy_in_the_UK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deep_geothermal_energy_in_the_UK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Deep geothermal energy in the UK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deep_geothermal_energy_in_the_UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Downs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Downs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> 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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Memorandum_of_understanding_with_the_Icelandic_Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorandum_of_understanding_with_the_Icelandic_Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Memorandum of understanding with the Icelandic Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorandum_of_understanding_with_the_Icelandic_Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023_Renewable_Energy_Association_report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_Renewable_Energy_Association_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>2023 Renewable Energy Association report</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_Renewable_Energy_Association_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Current Status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_Potential" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_Potential"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Future Potential</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_Potential-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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.ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Geothermal+power+in+the+United+Kingdom%22">"Geothermal power in the United Kingdom"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Geothermal+power+in+the+United+Kingdom%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Geothermal+power+in+the+United+Kingdom%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Geothermal+power+in+the+United+Kingdom%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Geothermal+power+in+the+United+Kingdom%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Geothermal+power+in+the+United+Kingdom%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The potential for exploiting <b><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">geothermal energy</a> in the United Kingdom</b> on a commercial basis was initially examined by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a> in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>. Several regions of the country were identified, but interest in developing them was lost as <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> prices fell. Although the UK is not actively volcanic,<sup id="cite_ref-BGS2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGS2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a large heat resource is potentially available via shallow geothermal <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heat_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal heat pump">ground source heat pumps</a>, shallow aquifers and deep saline aquifers in the mesozoic basins of the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geothermal energy is plentiful beneath the UK, although it is not readily accessible currently except in specific locations.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geothermal energy in the United Kingdom, though underutilised, has significant potential.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country's geothermal resources could theoretically meet all of its heating demand for the next century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent developments, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Eden_Project" title="Eden Project">Eden Project</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Langarth_Garden_Village" title="Langarth Garden Village">Langarth Garden Village</a>, include geothermal heating plants and power projects, with plans to generate 12 MW of electricity by 2027. However, challenges such as lack of government support, financial incentives, and a clear regulatory framework hinder broader adoption.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With better policy, the UK could establish up to 360 plants by 2050, reducing carbon emissions and providing jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southampton_District_Energy_Scheme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Southampton_District_Energy_Scheme.jpg/250px-Southampton_District_Energy_Scheme.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Southampton_District_Energy_Scheme.jpg/375px-Southampton_District_Energy_Scheme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Southampton_District_Energy_Scheme.jpg/500px-Southampton_District_Energy_Scheme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3776" data-file-height="2520" /></a><figcaption>Southampton District Energy Scheme</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ancient legend credited the early Celtic kings with the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/UK_Geothermal_Springs" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Geothermal Springs">thermal springs</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_(Bath)" title="Roman Baths (Bath)">Roman Baths</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aquae_Sulis" title="Aquae Sulis">Aquae Sulis</a> (modern city of <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>) which then fell into disrepair during the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a> and were not rediscovered until the 18th century, along with the springs at <a href="/wiki/Buxton" title="Buxton">Buxton</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peak_District" title="Peak District">Peak District</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The geothermal potential of the UK was investigated by a program funded by the UK government and the European Commission that ran from 1977 until 1994,<sup id="cite_ref-Busby2010_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busby2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and saw a Hot Dry Rock experiment drilled in <a href="/wiki/Carnmenellis" title="Carnmenellis">Carnmenellis</a> granite of Cornwall. The project, which was never intended to produce electricity, was a rock mechanics experiment to research the hydraulic stimulation of fracture networks at temperatures below 100 °C (212 °F). Three wells were drilled to a total vertical depth of 2.6 km (1.6 miles) where the bottom-hole temperature was around 100<span class="nowrap"> </span>°C. In 1994, the Hot Dry Rock project was closed, and research effort was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_geothermal_system#European_Union" title="Enhanced geothermal system">European Geothermal Project</a> at <a href="/wiki/Soultz-sous-For%C3%AAts" title="Soultz-sous-Forêts">Soultz-sous-Forêts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Busby2010_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busby2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geothermal energy development in the UK has been limited, partly due to the lack of high <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">enthalpy</a> resources, but also due to the availability of cheap fossil fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-Busby2010_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busby2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when comparisons are made to countries in a similar tectonic setting, it is clear that the UK is underutilising this potential resource. The lack of geothermal development has largely been a result of the availability of North Sea natural gas during the 1980s and 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Busby2010_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busby2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interest in the geothermal energy resources of the UK rose again in the 2000s, as a potential way of addressing some of the <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#UK_.27energy_gap.27" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">UK's "energy gap"</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solar_(shallow_geothermal)_energy"><span id="Solar_.28shallow_geothermal.29_energy"></span>Solar (shallow geothermal) energy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Solar (shallow geothermal) energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is what may be mistakenly known as geothermal energy at shallow depths but it is technically solar energy; the upper 10 to 15 m (33 to 49 ft) of ground is heated by solar radiation and not (except in rare exceptions) geothermal energy. This acts a heat store and can be exploited in a number of different ways. This heat can be utilised by <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heat_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal heat pump">ground source heat pumps</a> that can substantially reduce heating bills and reduce the associated carbon footprint. The heat from the sun is conducted downwards into the ground. At a depth of about 15<span class="nowrap"> </span>m, ground temperatures are not influenced by seasonal air temperature changes and tend to remain stable all year around at about the mean annual air temperature (9 to 13 °C (48 to 55 °F) in the UK). Hence, the ground at this depth is cooler than the air in summer and warmer than the air in winter. This temperature difference is exploited by ground source heat pumps that are used for heating and/or cooling of homes and office buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-BGS_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aquifer-based_schemes">Aquifer-based schemes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aquifer-based schemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Groundwater in Permo-Triassic sandstones in the UK has the potential to provide an exploitable geothermal resource at depths of between 1 and 3 km (0.62 and 1.86 miles). Since 1979 the basins of principal interest are East Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, Wessex, Worcester, Cheshire, West Lancashire, Carlisle, and basins in Northern Ireland. In addition, some of these basins are in areas of elevated heat flow, or are overlain by less thermally conductive strata, providing in effect an insulating layer.<sup id="cite_ref-BGS_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following table lists the primary UK Geothermal aquifer resources<sup id="cite_ref-BGS_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for areas where the temperature is greater than 40 °C and the transmissivity is greater than 10 Dm, except as indicated: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#efefef; width:220px">Aquifer/Basin name </th> <th style="background:#efefef; width:150px">Geologiocal Formation </th> <th style="background:#efefef; width:100px">Geothermal<br /> resource<br />(<a href="/wiki/Exa" class="mw-redirect" title="Exa">Exa</a>-<a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joules</a>) </th> <th style="background:#efefef; width:100px">Identified<br /> resource<sup>(1)</sup><br />(Exa-joules) </th> <th style="background:#efefef; width:100px">Depth (m) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">East Yorkshire and Lincolnshire </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Sandstone_Group" title="Sherwood Sandstone Group">Sherwood Sandstone</a> </td> <td>99 </td> <td>6.7 </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Basal Permian Sands </td> <td>6.7 </td> <td>0.9<sup>(2)</sup> </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wessex </td> <td>Sherwood Sandstone </td> <td>22.9 </td> <td>3.2<sup>(3)</sup> </td> <td>1,700 to 2,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Worcester </td> <td>Permo-Triassic (undifferentiated) </td> <td>12 </td> <td>1.4 </td> <td>2,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Cheshire </td> <td>Sherwood Sandstone </td> <td>16.9 </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td>4,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Permian, including some Triassic </td> <td>27.9 </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td>4,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northern Ireland </td> <td>Sherwood Sandstone </td> <td>35.4 </td> <td>4.7 </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><sup>(1)</sup> Identified resource calculated assuming an end of process heat rejection temperature of 30 °C; direct use of the fluid, and re-injection of the fluid after use.<br /> <p><sup>(2)</sup> Transmissivity ≥5 Dm<br /> <sup>(3)</sup> In part of area transmissivity 5 to 10 Dm<br /> Note: 1 exa-joule=10<sup>18</sup>joules </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southampton_District_Heating_Scheme">Southampton District Heating Scheme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Southampton District Heating Scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southampton_District_Energy_Scheme" title="Southampton District Energy Scheme">Southampton District Energy Scheme</a></div> <p>In the 1980s, the United Kingdom Department of Energy undertook a research and development programme to examine the potential of geothermal aquifers in the UK. However, after some initial success drilling a well in the Wessex Basin in 1981, it was deemed too small to be commercially viable. The project was abandoned by the Department of Energy, but <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> City Council refused to let the project fall and took the decision to create the UK's first <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal power</a> scheme. This was undertaken as part of a plan to become a 'self sustaining city' in <a href="/wiki/Energy_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy generation">energy generation</a>, promoted by then leader of the city council <a href="/wiki/Alan_Whitehead" title="Alan Whitehead">Alan Whitehead</a>. The scheme was eventually developed in conjunction with French-owned company COFELY District Energy and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton_Geothermal_Heating_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southampton Geothermal Heating Company (page does not exist)">Southampton Geothermal Heating Company</a> was then established. <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a> started in 1987 on a <a href="/wiki/Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">well</a> to draw <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Wessex_Basin" title="Wessex Basin">Wessex Basin</a> <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a> at a depth of 1,800 m (5,900 ft) and a <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> of 76 °C (169 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scheme now heats a number of <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">buildings</a> in the <a href="/wiki/City_centre" title="City centre">city centre</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Civic_Centre,_Southampton" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic Centre, Southampton">Southampton Civic Centre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/WestQuay" class="mw-redirect" title="WestQuay">WestQuay</a> <a href="/wiki/Shopping_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Shopping centre">shopping centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_South_Hants_Hospital" title="Royal South Hants Hospital">Royal South Hants Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Solent_University" title="Southampton Solent University">Solent University</a> and the Carnival offices; and is part of an enlarged city centre <a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">district heating</a> system that includes other <a href="/wiki/Trigeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigeneration">combined heating, cooling and power</a> sources.<sup id="cite_ref-SWP_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWP-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2011 the district heating and cooling scheme provides annually 26<span class="nowrap"> </span>°CGWh of electricity and over 40<span class="nowrap"> </span>°CGWh of heat.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brine from the geothermal well provided 18% of the total district heating mix, with fuel oil (10%) and natural gas (70%) making up the rest. The electricity generated from the scheme is used by <a href="/wiki/Associated_British_Ports" title="Associated British Ports">Associated British Ports</a> via a private electrical connection to the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Southampton" title="Port of Southampton">Port of Southampton</a>, with any surplus electricity sold back to the <a href="/wiki/National_Grid_(Great_Britain)" title="National Grid (Great Britain)">grid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SWP_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWP-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2018)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stoke-on-Trent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a> City Council announced plans for a £52<span class="nowrap"> </span>million project to create a district heating network powered by geothermal energy.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This will provide heating, in the form of hot water, to local customers. Work started in 2017 and the first customers will be connected in early 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another area with great potential for geothermal energy is in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> is thin (less than 10 km [6.2 miles]). The <a href="/wiki/Offshore_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore platform">offshore platforms</a> extract <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> from this region, but each year the output falls by 5% and soon it will be uneconomic to continue using these platforms for <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> extraction. An alternate use could be geothermal power generation. A 1986 work on this was undertaken by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Total_Energy_Conservation_and_Management_Co._Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Total Energy Conservation and Management Co. Ltd (page does not exist)">Total Energy Conservation and Management Co. Ltd</a>. An overview document was produced called "Single Borehole Geothermal Energy Extraction System for Electrical Power Generation".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hot_rock_schemes">Hot rock schemes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hot rock schemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosemanowas_Geothermal_Energy_Plant_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1445883.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Rosemanowas_Geothermal_Energy_Plant_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1445883.jpg/220px-Rosemanowas_Geothermal_Energy_Plant_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1445883.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Rosemanowas_Geothermal_Energy_Plant_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1445883.jpg/330px-Rosemanowas_Geothermal_Energy_Plant_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1445883.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Rosemanowas_Geothermal_Energy_Plant_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1445883.jpg/440px-Rosemanowas_Geothermal_Energy_Plant_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1445883.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>Rosemanowes geothermal energy plant 1983</figcaption></figure> <p>The average geothermal gradient in the UK is 26 °C, 47 °F per kilometre (42 °C, 76 °F per mile) depth.<sup id="cite_ref-BGS_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no deep geothermal power generation in the UK. The granite regions of South West England, the Lake District and Weardale and the Eastern Highlands of Scotland are considered most likely to have the best prospects for power generation.<sup id="cite_ref-gov.uk_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov.uk-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to using geothermally heated aquifers, <a href="/wiki/Hot-Dry-Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-Dry-Rock">Hot-Dry-Rock</a> geothermal technology can be used to heat water pumped below ground onto geothermally heated rock. Starting in 1977, trials of the technology were undertaken at <a href="/wiki/Rosemanowes_Quarry" title="Rosemanowes Quarry">Rosemanowes Quarry</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Penryn,_Cornwall" title="Penryn, Cornwall">Penryn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>. </p><p>Heat-only projects are generally considered to have the greatest potential in the UK because the resource is more widespread and shallower. This includes the hot aquifers (i.e. subterranean bodies of water) in the North East, Wessex, Cheshire, and Northern Ireland.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Confusing organisation. The previous section is purportedly about 'Aquifer-based schemes', and this one is about 'Hot rock schemes'. So why are the aquifer schemes being mentioned again? (October 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The UK's only existing geothermal heat-generating station (heat only) is at Southampton, where an 1,800 m (5,900 ft) borehole taps into the edge of the aquifer under Wessex and provides heat to the <a href="/wiki/Southampton_District_Energy_Scheme" title="Southampton District Energy Scheme">Southampton District Energy Scheme</a>. The borehole is being refurbished.<sup id="cite_ref-gov.uk_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov.uk-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, a planning application was submitted for a hot rocks project on the site of a former <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a> works at <a href="/wiki/Eastgate,_County_Durham" title="Eastgate, County Durham">Eastgate</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Stanhope,_County_Durham" title="Stanhope, County Durham">Stanhope</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a>. The geothermal plant will heat the <a href="/wiki/Eastgate_Renewable_Energy_Village" title="Eastgate Renewable Energy Village">Eastgate Renewable Energy Village</a>, the UK's first geothermal energy <a href="/wiki/Model_village" title="Model village">model village</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However this was shelved in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-EastgateShelved_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EastgateShelved-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010 planning permission for a commercial-scale geothermal power plant was granted by <a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Council" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plant will be constructed on the <a href="/wiki/United_Downs" title="United Downs">United Downs</a> industrial estate near <a href="/wiki/Redruth" title="Redruth">Redruth</a> by Geothermal Engineering. The plant will produce 3<span class="nowrap"> </span>MW of renewable electricity. Drilling commenced at the site in November 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-RedruthDrillingStarts_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RedruthDrillingStarts-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2010, <a href="/wiki/Eden_Project" title="Eden Project">the Eden Project</a> in Cornwall was given permission to build a Hot Rock Geothermal Plant. Drilling was planned to start in 2011, but as of May 2018, funding is still being sought.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plant will be on the north side of the Eden Project, a showcase for environmental projects at Bodelva, near St Austell. It should produce 3-4<span class="nowrap"> </span>MW of electricity for use by Eden with a surplus, enough for about 3,500 houses, going into the National Grid.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deep_geothermal_energy_in_the_UK">Deep geothermal energy in the UK</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Deep geothermal energy in the UK"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Deep Geothermal Challenge Fund of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Energy_and_Climate_Change" title="Department of Energy and Climate Change">Department of Energy and Climate Change</a> has provided more than £4.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>million in grants to support the following projects:<sup id="cite_ref-gov.uk_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov.uk-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Power projects </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Downs" title="United Downs">United Downs</a> near Redruth, Cornwall – £1.475<span class="nowrap"> </span>million in 2009</li> <li>Eden Project near St Austell, Cornwall – £2.011<span class="nowrap"> </span>million in 2009</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geothermal_site,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne,_27_June_2011_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Geothermal_site%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne%2C_27_June_2011_%282%29.jpg/220px-Geothermal_site%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne%2C_27_June_2011_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Geothermal_site%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne%2C_27_June_2011_%282%29.jpg/330px-Geothermal_site%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne%2C_27_June_2011_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Geothermal_site%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne%2C_27_June_2011_%282%29.jpg/440px-Geothermal_site%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne%2C_27_June_2011_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1506" /></a><figcaption>Newcastle Science Central geothermal site</figcaption></figure> <p>Heat-only projects </p> <ul><li>Southampton City Centre – £200,000 in 2010.</li> <li>Eastgate in Weardale, County Durham – £461,000 in 2009</li> <li>Science Central site, Newcastle City Centre – £400,000 in 2010</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Downs">United Downs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United Downs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 2013, the government pulled a multimillion-pound grant from Geothermal Engineering Ltd for the £50<span class="nowrap"> </span>million <a href="/wiki/United_Downs_Deep_Geothermal_Power" title="United Downs Deep Geothermal Power">United Downs Deep Geothermal Power</a> project, after the company failed to secure the necessary additional investment to meet the terms of the grant.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2016, the company had managed to secure £30<span class="nowrap"> </span>million funding for the project from a combination of the <a href="/wiki/European_Regional_Development_Fund" title="European Regional Development Fund">European Regional Development Fund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Council" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall Council</a> and private investors, thus financing the UK's first commercial hot rocks power scheme. In 2019, the company had finished drilling the two geothermal wells; the production well to a depth of 5,275 m (17,306 ft) and the injection well to 2,393 m (7,851 ft). The hot water reaches 250 °C (482 °F), and can yield around 60<span class="nowrap"> </span>MW of heat and 10<span class="nowrap"> </span>MW electrical energy. In 2021, the power plant is expected to be commissioned.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newcastle_University">Newcastle University</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Newcastle University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a> Science Central Borehole Project, at 1,800 m (5,900 ft) is the deepest geothermal well drilled for nearly 30<span class="nowrap"> </span>years.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> built on the former <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Brown_Ale#Tyne_Brewery.2C_Newcastle" title="Newcastle Brown Ale">Tyne Brewery</a> in the city. The temperature profile of 3.9 °C (7.0 °F) per 100<span class="nowrap"> </span>m is higher than that found in Weardale.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project failed as flow rates of hot water from the borehole were not great enough to be exploitable, leaving the development to be heated by conventional sources.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential">Potential</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Potential"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A report for the <a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable Energy Association">Renewable Energy Association</a> prepared by the engineering consultants <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Knight_Merz" title="Sinclair Knight Merz">Sinclair Knight Merz</a> in 2012 identified the following key findings:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The resource is widely spread around the UK with 'hotspots' in Cornwall, Weardale, Lake District, East Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Cheshire, Worcester, Dorset, Hampshire, Northern Ireland and Scotland;</li> <li>Cost reduction potential is exceptionally high;</li> <li>Deep geothermal resources could provide 9.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>GW of baseload renewable electricity – equivalent to nearly nine nuclear power stations – which could generate 20% of the UK's current annual electricity consumption;</li> <li>Deep geothermal resources could provide over 100<span class="nowrap"> </span>GW of heat, which could supply sufficient heat to meet the space heating demand in the UK;</li> <li>Despite this significant potential, the UK support regime is uncompetitive with other European countries.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorandum_of_understanding_with_the_Icelandic_Government">Memorandum of understanding with the Icelandic Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Memorandum of understanding with the Icelandic Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 30 May 2012, the UK government signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Icelandic government on a number of energy issues, including supporting the development of deep geothermal energy in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-gov.uk_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov.uk-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>To exchange information on the development of the deep geothermal sector in the UK, including in the supply of heat to district heating networks;</li> <li>To explore the possibility of developing electricity interconnection between Iceland and the UK, including relevant legal and regulatory issues;</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023_Renewable_Energy_Association_report">2023 Renewable Energy Association report</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2023 Renewable Energy Association report"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The REA published a new report in 2023 reporting on the nature, current status, future potential, and challenges for the development of geothermal energy infrastructure in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report set out the following conclusions: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Current_Status">Current Status</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Current Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Geothermal energy, produced from the Earth's core, is a low-carbon renewable resource for heating, cooling, and power generation. The UK is significantly behind other European countries like <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in developing geothermal energy.</li> <li>Only a few deep geothermal projects exist in the UK due to a lack of government support and viable market routes. Key recent developments include the opening of a geothermal heating plant at the <a href="/wiki/Eden_Project" title="Eden Project">Eden Project</a> in Cornwall in 2023, three geothermal power projects clearing the <a href="/wiki/Contracts_for_Difference_(UK_electricity_market_support)" class="mw-redirect" title="Contracts for Difference (UK electricity market support)">Contracts for Difference</a> auction (set to deliver 12 MW by 2027), and the granting of Green Heat Network Funding for the <a href="/wiki/Langarth_Garden_Village" title="Langarth Garden Village">Langarth Garden Village</a> project.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Future_Potential">Future Potential</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Future Potential"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The UK has deep geothermal resources in various regions, including <a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Yorkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. It is estimated that geothermal energy could supply the UK's heating needs for the next 100 years.</li> <li>By 2050, the UK could host 360 <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal plants</a> producing 15,000 GWh of heat annually, enough to heat over 2 million homes. These plants could also generate 400 GWh of electricity, powering about 150,000 homes.</li> <li>Geothermal energy offers many benefits, including decarbonization of heat, energy security, reliable 24/7 availability, job creation, and an opportunity for transitioning oil and gas workers to the green economy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Challenges">Challenges</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Key barriers to geothermal development in the UK include limited financial support and unclear regulation. Currently, there are no coordinated regulatory bodies or licensing systems for geothermal energy.</li> <li>Support mechanisms like better financial incentives, a national geothermal strategy, and streamlined regulations are needed to encourage investment and deployment. The government is encouraged to develop a deep geothermal strategy, including setting national targets and offering incentives such as a Geothermal Development Incentive to support heat projects.</li></ul> <p>In summary, while the potential for geothermal energy in the UK is considerable, especially for heating, it remains underdeveloped due to policy and regulatory challenges. Addressing these issues could help the country capitalise on its geothermal resources for a greener energy future. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">Wind power in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">Solar power in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_topics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of renewable energy topics by country">List of renewable energy topics by country</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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.cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgs.ac.uk/research/energy/geothermal/">"Geothermal energy — what is it?"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Giant+2km+borehole+project+fails+to+bring+hot+water+to+Newcastle+businesses&rft.date=2014-11-28&rft.aulast=Proctor&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chroniclelive.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnorth-east-news%2Fgiant-2km-borehole-project-fails-8189518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+power+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120530173051/http://www.r-e-a.net/news/deep-geothermal-resource-has-potential-to-produce-up-to-20-of-uk-electricity-and-heat-for-millions">"Deep geothermal resource has potential to produce up to 20% of UK electricity and heat for millions"</a>. Renewable Energy Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.r-e-a.net/news/deep-geothermal-resource-has-potential-to-produce-up-to-20-of-uk-electricity-and-heat-for-millions">the original</a> on 30 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deep+geothermal+resource+has+potential+to+produce+up+to+20%25+of+UK+electricity+and+heat+for+millions&rft.pub=Renewable+Energy+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.r-e-a.net%2Fnews%2Fdeep-geothermal-resource-has-potential-to-produce-up-to-20-of-uk-electricity-and-heat-for-millions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeothermal+power+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/template.cfm?name=geoevents_abstracts&eventId=PG20&abstractId=cwcc_ab24">The Geological Society: Low enthalpy geothermal options for the UK</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051024212901/http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/photos/cwcc/rollin4.jpg">The Geological Society: Map of geothermal potential in England and Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.therenewableenergycentre.co.uk/ground-and-air-source-heating/">Geothermal Power Generation in the UK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stop-global-warming.co.uk/geothermal.htm">Geothermal Implications in the UK by Gresham Clacy, Geophysicist</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iahs.info/redbooks/a154/iahs_154_04_0012.pdf">EVALUATION OF THE PERMO-TRIASSIC SANDSTONES OF THE UK AS GEOTHERMAL AQUIFERS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.groundwateruk.org/downloads/4%20Busby.pdf">Deep Geothermal Energy and Groundwater in the UK, Jon Busby BGS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://b-dig.iie.org.mx/BibDig/P10-0464/pdf/1638.pdf">Geothermal Prospects in the United Kingdom, Jon Busby BGS</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/publications/doc2/EN/SOUTH_EN.PDF">Geothermal Energy District heating scheme Southampton, Energie-Cités in collaboration with the City of Southampton</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.gov.uk/s-environment/energy/Geothermal/">Southampton City Council Geothermal and CHP scheme</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131217021027/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/s-environment/energy/Geothermal/">Archived</a> 17 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/POST-PB-0046/POST-PB-0046.pdf">POSTbrief 46 Geothermal energy UK Parliament</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Companies350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Energy companies of the United Kingdom">Companies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal companies of the United Kingdom">Coal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_plc" title="Anglo American plc">Anglo American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Natural_Resources_Corporation" title="Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation">ENRC</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GCM_Resources" title="GCM Resources">GCM Resources</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Coal" title="UK Coal">UK Coal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_and_gas_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil and gas companies of the United Kingdom">Oil and <br />gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Integrated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Exploration<br />and production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Afren" title="Afren">Afren</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capricorn_Energy" title="Capricorn Energy">Capricorn Energy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrica" title="Centrica">Centrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_Petroleum" title="Dana Petroleum">Dana Petroleum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desire_Petroleum" title="Desire Petroleum">Desire Petroleum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Energy" title="Emerald Energy">Emerald Energy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnQuest" title="EnQuest">EnQuest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essar_Energy" title="Essar Energy">Essar Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbour_Energy" title="Harbour Energy">Harbour Energy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hardy_Oil_and_Gas" title="Hardy Oil and Gas">Hardy Oil and Gas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/JKX_Oil_%26_Gas" title="JKX Oil & Gas">JKX Oil & Gas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melrose_Resources" title="Melrose Resources">Melrose Resources</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ophir_Energy" title="Ophir Energy">Ophir Energy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perenco" title="Perenco">Perenco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pharos_Energy" title="Pharos Energy">Pharos Energy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regal_Petroleum" title="Regal Petroleum">Regal Petroleum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rockhopper_Exploration" title="Rockhopper Exploration">Rockhopper Exploration</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Energy" title="Star Energy">Star Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullow_Oil" title="Tullow Oil">Tullow Oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenergy" title="Greenergy">Greenergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murco_Petroleum" title="Murco Petroleum">Murco Petroleum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot_Group" title="Abbot Group">Abbot Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amec_Foster_Wheeler" title="Amec Foster Wheeler">Amec Foster Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expro" title="Expro">Expro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_plc" title="Hunting plc">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wood_Group" title="John Wood Group">John Wood Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofac" title="Petrofac">Petrofac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qserv" title="Qserv">Qserv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weir_Group" title="Weir Group">Weir Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WesternGeco" title="WesternGeco">WesternGeco</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Electric power companies of the United Kingdom">Utilities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Integrated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrica" title="Centrica">Centrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.ON_UK" title="E.ON UK">E.ON UK</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDF_Energy" title="EDF Energy">EDF Energy</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Npower_(United_Kingdom)" title="Npower (United Kingdom)">Npower</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower" title="ScottishPower">ScottishPower</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc" title="SSE plc">SSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Generation<br />and supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">Generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drax_Group" title="Drax Group">Drax Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engie_Energy_International" title="Engie Energy International">Engie Energy International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_Nuclear_Power" title="Horizon Nuclear Power">Horizon Nuclear Power</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renantis" title="Renantis">Renantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattenfall_UK" title="Vattenfall UK">Vattenfall UK</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Resources" title="Vedanta Resources">Vedanta Resources</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_supply" title="Energy supply">Supply</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100Green" title="100Green">100Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Energy" title="Bristol Energy">Bristol Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-op_Energy" title="Co-op Energy">Co-op Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotricity" title="Ecotricity">Ecotricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESB_Group" title="ESB Group">ESB Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmus_Energy" title="Firmus Energy">Firmus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Energy" title="Good Energy">Good Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_Energy" title="Octopus Energy">Octopus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Energy" title="Opus Energy">Opus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outfox_the_Market" title="Outfox the Market">Outfox the Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OVO_Energy" title="OVO Energy">OVO Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Natural_Gas" title="Phoenix Natural Gas">Phoenix Natural Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_Energy" title="Shell Energy">Shell Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies_Gas_%26_Power" title="TotalEnergies Gas & Power">TotalEnergies Gas & Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilita_Energy" title="Utilita Energy">Utilita Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_Warehouse" title="Utility Warehouse">Utility Warehouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">Distribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Distribution_network_operator" title="Distribution network operator">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_North_West" title="Electricity North West">Electricity North West</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Powergrid" title="Northern Powergrid">Northern Powergrid</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower#Energy_Networks" title="ScottishPower">SP Energy Networks</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc#Operations" title="SSE plc">SSE Power Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Power_Networks" title="UK Power Networks">UK Power Networks</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Power_Distribution" title="Western Power Distribution">Western Power Distribution</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadent_Gas" title="Cadent Gas">Cadent Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmus_Energy" title="Firmus Energy">Firmus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Gas_Networks" title="Northern Gas Networks">Northern Gas Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Natural_Gas" title="Phoenix Natural Gas">Phoenix Natural Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGN_(company)" title="SGN (company)">SGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_%26_West_Utilities" title="Wales & West Utilities">Wales & West Utilities</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Transmission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_(Great_Britain)" title="National Grid (Great Britain)">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc#Operations" title="SSE plc">Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower#Energy_Networks" title="ScottishPower">SP Energy Networks</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/National_Transmission_System" title="National Transmission System">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggreko" title="Aggreko">Aggreko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APX_Group" title="APX Group">APX Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_Power" title="Aquamarine Power">Aquamarine Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnServe" title="EnServe">EnServe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-Gen_Power" title="Hi-Gen Power">Hi-Gen Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Group" title="Mark Group">Mark Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Downs_Deep_Geothermal_Power" title="United Downs Deep Geothermal Power">United Downs Deep Geothermal Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavegen" title="Wavegen">Wavegen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>Companies with headquarters and/or registered office in the UK but no applicable energy operations within the country shown in <i>italics</i> <sup>1</sup>Ultimate parent company is not UK-based <sup>2</sup>Integrated in the United States, no generation or supply activities in the UK</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy_sources350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Energy sources</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">Coal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal Authority">Coal Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal-fired_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal-fired power stations in the United Kingdom">Coal-fired power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mines_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal mines in the United Kingdom">Coal mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mining_regions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal mining regions in the United Kingdom">Coal mining regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_UK_Coal_Producers" title="Confederation of UK Coal Producers">Confederation of UK Coal Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike" title="1984–1985 United Kingdom miners' strike">miners' strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-pit_coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Open-pit coal mining in the United Kingdom">Open-pit coal mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity sector in the United Kingdom">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Electricity_Producers" title="Association of Electricity Producers">Association of Electricity Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BritNed" title="BritNed">BritNed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Interconnector" title="East–West Interconnector">East–West Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_7" title="Economy 7">Economy 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_10" title="Economy 10">Economy 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_billing_in_the_UK" title="Electricity billing in the UK">Electricity billing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_switching_services_in_the_UK" title="Energy switching services in the UK">Energy switching services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_electricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Green electricity in the United Kingdom">Green electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_Trade_Master_Agreement" title="Grid Trade Master Agreement">Grid Trade Master Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gridlink_Interconnector" title="Gridlink Interconnector">Gridlink Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVDC_Cross-Channel" title="HVDC Cross-Channel">HVDC Cross-Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_to_England_Interconnector" title="Isle of Man to England Interconnector">Isle of Man to England Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyle_Interconnector" title="Moyle Interconnector">Moyle Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_(Great_Britain)" title="National Grid (Great Britain)">National Grid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_the_National_Grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Control of the National Grid">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_Reserve_Service" title="National Grid Reserve Service">Reserve Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Electricity_Trading_Arrangements" title="New Electricity Trading Arrangements">New Electricity Trading Arrangements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Link" title="North Sea Link">North Sea Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Power stations in the United Kingdom">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_UK_electricity_supply_industry" title="Timeline of the UK electricity supply industry">Timeline of the electricity supply industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nuclear power in the United Kingdom">Nuclear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Gas-cooled_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor">Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-British_Nuclear_Forum" title="Franco-British Nuclear Forum">Franco-British Nuclear Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Decommissioning_Authority" title="Nuclear Decommissioning Authority">Nuclear Decommissioning Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Liabilities_Fund" title="Nuclear Liabilities Fund">Nuclear Liabilities Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Nuclear power stations in the United Kingdom">Nuclear power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Nuclear_Regulation" title="Office for Nuclear Regulation">Office for Nuclear Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Atomic_Energy_Authority" title="United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority">United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Nuclear_Laboratory" title="National Nuclear Laboratory">United Kingdom National Nuclear Laboratory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Oil and gas industry in the United Kingdom">Oil and gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBL_Pipeline" title="BBL Pipeline">BBL Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dash_for_Gas" title="Dash for Gas">Dash for Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forties_pipeline_system" title="Forties pipeline system">Forties pipeline system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fuel protests in the United Kingdom">Fuel protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_infrastructure_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Natural gas infrastructure in the United Kingdom">Gas infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_Oil_Duty" title="Hydrocarbon Oil Duty">Hydrocarbon Oil Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Transmission_System" title="National Transmission System">National Transmission System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_fields_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Natural gas fields in the United Kingdom">Natural gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas-fired_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Natural gas-fired power stations in the United Kingdom">Natural gas-fired power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Transition_Authority" title="North Sea Transition Authority">North Sea Transition Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_Energies_UK" title="Offshore Energies UK">Offshore Energies UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_fields_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil fields of the United Kingdom">Oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil-fired_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil-fired power stations in the United Kingdom">Oil-fired power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroleum_infrastructure_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Petroleum infrastructure in the United Kingdom">Oil infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_refineries_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil refineries in the United Kingdom">Oil refineries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_Revenue_Tax" title="Petroleum Revenue Tax">Petroleum Revenue Tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewables</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Biofuel in the United Kingdom">Biofuels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biofuel_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Biofuel power stations in the United Kingdom">Biofuel power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNFCC" title="NNFCC">NNFCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Fuels_Agency" title="Renewable Fuels Agency">Renewable Fuels Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Transport_Fuel_Obligation" title="Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation">Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geothermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geothermal_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Geothermal power stations in the United Kingdom">Geothermal power stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">Hydroelectricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hydroelectric_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Hydroelectric power stations in the United Kingdom">Hydroelectric power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersey_Barrage" title="Mersey Barrage">Mersey Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severn_Barrage" title="Severn Barrage">Severn Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wave_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Wave farms in the United Kingdom">Wave farms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">Solar power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">Wind power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Offshore wind power in the United Kingdom">Offshore wind power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">List of offshore wind farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_onshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of onshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">List of onshore wind farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Seas_Energy_Cooperation" title="North Seas Energy Cooperation">North Seas Energy Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Scotland" title="Wind power in Scotland">Wind power in Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Government_and_regulation350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government and regulation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Trust" title="Carbon Trust">Carbon Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenex" title="Cenex">Cenex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Committee" title="Climate Change Committee">Climate Change Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Energy_Security_and_Net_Zero" title="Department for Energy Security and Net Zero">Department for Energy Security and Net Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Saving_Trust" title="Energy Saving Trust">Energy Saving Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_Agency" title="Environment Agency">Environment Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Gas_and_Electricity_Markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Gas and Electricity Markets">Office of Gas and Electricity Markets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy policy of the United Kingdom">Legislation and<br />initiatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Emission_Reduction_Target" title="Carbon Emission Reduction Target">Carbon Emission Reduction Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Act_2008" title="Climate Change Act 2008">Climate Change Act 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Agreement_(UK)" title="Climate Change Agreement (UK)">Climate Change Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_and_Sustainable_Energy_Act_2006" title="Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006">Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Levy" title="Climate Change Levy">Climate Change Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRC_Energy_Efficiency_Scheme" title="CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme">CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decarbonisation_measures_in_proposed_UK_electricity_market_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform">Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_Energy_Certificate" title="Display Energy Certificate">Display Energy Certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Act_2013" title="Energy Act 2013">Energy Act 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_performance_certificate" title="Energy performance certificate">Energy performance certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Fuel_Levy" title="Fossil Fuel Levy">Fossil Fuel Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Carbon_Building_Programme" title="Low Carbon Building Programme">Low Carbon Building Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Fossil_Fuel_Obligation" title="Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation">Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Act_2008" title="Planning Act 2008">Planning Act 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Heat_Incentive" title="Renewable Heat Incentive">Renewable Heat Incentive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewables_Obligation_(United_Kingdom)" title="Renewables Obligation (United Kingdom)">Renewables Obligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Climate_Change_Programme" title="United Kingdom Climate Change Programme">United Kingdom Climate Change Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-governmental_organisations350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-governmental organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Charities and<br />pressure groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashden_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashden Award">Ashden Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioregional" title="Bioregional">Bioregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_against_Climate_Change" title="Campaign against Climate Change">Campaign against Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Alternative_Technology" title="Centre for Alternative Technology">Centre for Alternative Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Action" title="National Energy Action">National Energy Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Climate_Chaos" title="Stop Climate Chaos">Stop Climate Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndall_Centre" title="Tyndall Centre">Tyndall Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Industry bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Decentralised_Energy" title="Association for Decentralised Energy">Association for Decentralised Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Institute" title="Energy Institute">Energy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Networks_Association_(United_Kingdom)" title="Energy Networks Association (United Kingdom)">Energy Networks Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Retail_Association" title="Energy Retail Association">Energy Retail Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Power_Forum" title="Green Power Forum">Green Power Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RenewableUK" title="RenewableUK">RenewableUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilities_Intermediaries_Association" title="Utilities Intermediaries Association">Utilities Intermediaries Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Renewable_Energy_Systems_Technology" title="Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology">Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Technologies_Institute" title="Energy Technologies Institute">Energy Technologies Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met_Office_Hadley_Centre" title="Met Office Hadley Centre">Met Office Hadley Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narec" title="Narec">Narec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Depletion_Analysis_Centre" title="Oil Depletion Analysis Centre">Oil Depletion Analysis Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbury_Research_Centre" title="Sunbury Research Centre">Sunbury Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Energy_Research_Centre" title="UK Energy Research Centre">UK Energy Research Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy_conservation350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy conservation in the United Kingdom">Energy conservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Energy_Efficiency_Federation" title="British Energy Efficiency Federation">British Energy Efficiency Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_the_Door_campaign" title="Close the Door campaign">Close the Door campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_for_Sustainable_Homes" title="Code for Sustainable Homes">Code for Sustainable Homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Glazing_%26_Conservatory_Ombudsman_Scheme" title="Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme">Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EcoHomes" title="EcoHomes">EcoHomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_British_housing" title="Energy efficiency in British housing">Energy efficiency in British housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Saving_Trust" title="Energy Saving Trust">Energy Saving Trust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Saving_Trust_Recommended" title="Energy Saving Trust Recommended">Energy Saving Trust Recommended</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_loss_due_to_linear_thermal_bridging" title="Heat loss due to linear thermal bridging">HTB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Home_Energy_Rating" title="National Home Energy Rating">National Home Energy Rating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Energy in the United Kingdom"><b>Category</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geothermal_energy426" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geothermal_power" title="Template:Geothermal power"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geothermal_power" title="Template talk:Geothermal power"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geothermal_power" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geothermal power"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geothermal_energy426" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal energy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geothermal energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_gradient" title="Geothermal gradient">Geothermal gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heating" title="Geothermal heating">Geothermal heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal power</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/120px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/180px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/240px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Armenia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Australia" title="Geothermal power in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Canada" title="Geothermal power in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Chile" title="Geothermal power in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_China" title="Geothermal power in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Denmark" title="Geothermal power in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_El_Salvador" title="Geothermal power in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal power in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Germany" title="Geothermal power in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal power in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Iceland" title="Geothermal power in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Indonesia" title="Geothermal power in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Italy" title="Geothermal power in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Japan" title="Geothermal power in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Kenya" title="Geothermal power in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_Lebanon" title="Geothermal energy in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Geothermal_Demonstration_Plant" title="Klaipėda Geothermal Demonstration Plant">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Mexico#Geothermal_power" title="Energy in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_New_Zealand" title="Geothermal power in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_Philippines" title="Geothermal power in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Portugal" title="Geothermal power in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Romania" title="Geothermal power in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Russia" title="Geothermal power in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_Turkey" title="Geothermal energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal power in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Geothermal energy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_cycle" title="Binary cycle">Binary cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_desalination" title="Geothermal desalination">Desalination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_geothermal_system" title="Enhanced geothermal system">Enhanced geothermal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_dry_rock_geothermal_energy" title="Hot dry rock geothermal energy">Hot dry rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Energy concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_load" title="Base load">Base load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">Capacity factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">Energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_subsidy" title="Energy subsidy">Energy subsidy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Geothermal_energy" title="Category:Geothermal energy">Category</a></b></li> <li><b>Portals:</b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory446" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Template:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Template talk:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory446" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_topics_by_country_and_territory" title="List of renewable energy topics by country and territory">Renewable energy by country and territory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Africa" title="Renewable energy in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Ethiopia" title="Renewable energy in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kenya" title="Renewable energy in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Morocco" title="Renewable energy in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Seychelles" title="Renewable energy in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa" title="Renewable energy in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Asia" title="Renewable energy in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Renewable energy in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bangladesh" title="Renewable energy in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bhutan" title="Renewable energy in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brunei" title="Renewable energy in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_India" title="Renewable energy in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Renewable energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Nepal" title="Renewable energy in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Pakistan" title="Renewable energy in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Palestine" title="Renewable energy in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Renewable energy in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Taiwan" title="Renewable energy in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Thailand" title="Renewable energy in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Vietnam" title="Renewable energy in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_European_Union" title="Renewable energy in the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Austria" title="Renewable energy in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Renewable energy in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cyprus#Renewable_energy" title="Energy in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Denmark" title="Renewable energy in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Finland" title="Renewable energy in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_France" title="Renewable energy in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Germany" title="Renewable energy in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Greece" title="Renewable energy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Hungary" title="Renewable energy in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Renewable energy in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Italy" title="Renewable energy in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Lithuania" title="Renewable energy in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Renewable energy in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Portugal" title="Renewable energy in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Spain" title="Renewable energy in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania" title="Renewable energy in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Armenia" title="Renewable energy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Belarus" title="Renewable energy in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Norway" title="Renewable energy in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Russia" title="Renewable energy in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland#Renewable_energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Ukraine" title="Renewable energy in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Canada" title="Renewable energy in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Costa_Rica" title="Renewable energy in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Honduras" title="Renewable energy in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Mexico" title="Renewable energy in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Renewable energy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Australia" title="Renewable energy in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Renewable energy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_French_Polynesia" title="Renewable energy in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Renewable energy in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Tuvalu" title="Renewable energy in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brazil" title="Renewable energy in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Chile" title="Renewable energy in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Colombia" title="Renewable energy in Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Renewable_energy_by_country" title="Category:Renewable energy by country">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geothermal_energy_in_Europe127" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geothermal_energy_in_Europe127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geothermal energy in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Finland (page does not exist)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Greece (page does not exist)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_Italy" title="Geothermal energy in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Norway (page does not exist)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Poland (page does not exist)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Spain (page does not exist)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Sweden (page does not exist)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Switzerland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Switzerland (page does not exist)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_Turkey" title="Geothermal energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_Ukraine" title="Geothermal energy in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geothermal energy in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=1274605381">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=1274605381</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geothermal_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Geothermal energy in the United Kingdom">Geothermal energy in the United 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