CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="nb" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Pour le Mérite – Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )nowikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","januar","februar","mars","april","mai","juni","juli","august","september","oktober","november","desember"],"wgRequestId":"7c5c482f-d51e-4bb3-9ff6-2795892e422b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Pour_le_Mérite","wgTitle":"Pour le Mérite","wgCurRevisionId":24361269,"wgRevisionId":24361269,"wgArticleId":9282,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Artikler med døde eksterne lenker","Artikler med autoritetsdatalenker fra Wikidata","Pour le Mérite","Utmerkelser etablert i 1667"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"nb","wgPageContentLanguage":"nb","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Pour_le_Mérite","wgRelevantArticleId":9282,"wgTempUserName":null,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"nb","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"nb"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q156478","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={ "ext.gadget.InterProjectLinks":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.UkensKonkurranse","ext.gadget.link-missing-label","ext.gadget.new-section","ext.gadget.superinterwiki","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth", "ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","oojs-ui.styles.icons-media","oojs-ui-core.icons","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=nb&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=nb&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=nb&modules=ext.gadget.InterProjectLinks&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=nb&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Blue_Max.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1285"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Blue_Max.jpg/800px-Blue_Max.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="857"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Blue_Max.jpg/640px-Blue_Max.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="685"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Pour le Mérite – Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//no.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Rediger" href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (nb)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//no.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.no"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom-mating" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Siste_endringer&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Pour_le_Mérite rootpage-Pour_le_Mérite skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Hopp til innhold</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Nettsted"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hovedmeny" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hovedmeny</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hovedmeny</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasjon </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Forside" title="Gå til hovedsiden [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Forside</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Tilfeldig" title="Vis en tilfeldig side [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Tilfeldig side</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Portal" title="Stedet for å få hjelp"><span>Hjelp</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Siste_endringer" title="Liste over siste endringer på wikien. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Siste endringer</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-prosjekt" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-prosjekt" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Prosjekt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Prosjektportal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal"><span>Prosjektportal</span></a></li><li id="n-bidra" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bidra_til_Wikipedia"><span>Hvordan bidra?</span></a></li><li id="n-tinget" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tinget"><span>Tinget</span></a></li><li id="n-torget" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Torget"><span>Torget</span></a></li><li id="n-konkurranser" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Konkurranser"><span>Konkurranser</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-kontakt" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt"><span>Kontakt Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-wmno" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.no" rel="nofollow" title="Medlemsorganisasjon for wikipedianere"><span>Wikimedia Norge</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Forside" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-no.svg" width="121" height="14" style="width: 7.5625em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:S%C3%B8k" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Søk i Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Søk</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Søk i Wikipedia" aria-label="Søk i Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Søk i Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spesial:Søk"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Søk</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personlig"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Endre skriftstørrelse, bredde og farge på siden." > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Utseende" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Utseende</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb" class=""><span>Doner</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Pour+le+M%C3%A9rite" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk" class=""><span>Opprett konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Pour+le+M%C3%A9rite" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logg inn</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out user-links-collapsible-item" title="Flere alternativer" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personlig" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personlig</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Brukermeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb"><span>Doner</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Pour+le+M%C3%A9rite" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Opprett konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Pour+le+M%C3%A9rite" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logg inn</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Nettsted"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innhold" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Bakgrunn_og_utvikling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakgrunn_og_utvikling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Bakgrunn og utvikling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bakgrunn_og_utvikling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pour_le_Mérite_som_militær_fortjenstorden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pour_le_Mérite_som_militær_fortjenstorden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pour le Mérite som militær fortjenstorden</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pour_le_Mérite_som_militær_fortjenstorden-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Pour le Mérite som militær fortjenstorden</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pour_le_Mérite_som_militær_fortjenstorden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Insignier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insignier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Insignier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insignier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pour_le_Mérite_für_Wissenschaften_und_Künste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pour_le_Mérite_für_Wissenschaften_und_Künste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pour_le_Mérite_für_Wissenschaften_und_Künste-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pour_le_Mérite_für_Wissenschaften_und_Künste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fra_kongelig_orden_til_ordenssamfunn_som_forening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fra_kongelig_orden_til_ordenssamfunn_som_forening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fra kongelig orden til ordenssamfunn som forening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fra_kongelig_orden_til_ordenssamfunn_som_forening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Innstilling_av_utnevnelser_under_nasjonalsosialismen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innstilling_av_utnevnelser_under_nasjonalsosialismen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Innstilling av utnevnelser under nasjonalsosialismen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innstilling_av_utnevnelser_under_nasjonalsosialismen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forbundsrepublikken:_Andre_nyinnstiftelse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forbundsrepublikken:_Andre_nyinnstiftelse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Forbundsrepublikken: Andre nyinnstiftelse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forbundsrepublikken:_Andre_nyinnstiftelse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ordenstegn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordenstegn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ordenstegn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordenstegn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mottagere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mottagere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Mottagere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mottagere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pour le Mérite</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 40 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%82_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="وسام الاستحقاق (بروسيا) – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وسام الاستحقاق (بروسيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="پور لو مریت – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پور لو مریت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%B8%EB%A5%B4_%EB%A5%B4_%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8" title="푸르 르 메리트 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="푸르 르 메리트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98" title="פור לה מריט – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פור לה מריט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E5%8B%B2%E7%AB%A0" title="プール・ル・メリット勲章 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プール・ル・メリット勲章" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%B9" title="پور لی میرٹ – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پور لی میرٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5_(%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81)" title="Орден за заслуге (Плави Макс) – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Орден за заслуге (Плави Макс)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97" title="พัวร์เลอเมรีท – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พัวร์เลอเมรีท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Pour le Mérite" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%8B%8B%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" title="功勋勋章 (普鲁士) – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="功勋勋章 (普鲁士)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q156478#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" rel="discussion" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bytt språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">norsk bokmål</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&action=history" title="Tidligere sideversjoner av denne siden [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktøy" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktøy</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktøy</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere alternativer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&action=history"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Lenker_hit/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Liste over alle wikisider som lenker hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lenker hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringer/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" rel="nofollow" title="Siste endringer i sider som blir lenket fra denne siden [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=no" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Spesialsider" title="Liste over alle spesialsider [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesialsider</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&oldid=24361269" title="Permanent lenke til denne versjonen av siden"><span>Permanent lenke</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&action=info" title="Mer informasjon om denne siden"><span>Sideinformasjon</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Siteringshjelp&page=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&id=24361269&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasjon om hvordan denne siden kan siteres"><span>Siter denne siden</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPour_le_M%25C3%25A9rite"><span>Hent forkortet URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPour_le_M%25C3%25A9rite"><span>Last ned QR-kode</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut / eksporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&action=show-download-screen"><span>Last ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvennlig versjon av denne siden [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvennlig versjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q156478" title="Lenke til koblet dataregisterelement [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Blue_Max.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Blue_Max.jpg/250px-Blue_Max.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Blue_Max.jpg/375px-Blue_Max.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Blue_Max.jpg/500px-Blue_Max.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>Pour le Mérite</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Orden_Pour_le_Merite_Vredesklasse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Orden_Pour_le_Merite_Vredesklasse.jpg/250px-Orden_Pour_le_Merite_Vredesklasse.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Orden_Pour_le_Merite_Vredesklasse.jpg/375px-Orden_Pour_le_Merite_Vredesklasse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Orden_Pour_le_Merite_Vredesklasse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pour le Mérite</b> (<a href="/wiki/Fransk" title="Fransk">fransk</a> for «For fortjeneste»), også kjent som <i>Blauer Max</i>, er en tysk <a href="/wiki/Orden_(utmerkelse)" title="Orden (utmerkelse)">orden</a>, opprinnelig innstiftet i <a href="/wiki/1677" title="1677">1677</a>. Den var <a href="/wiki/Preussen" title="Preussen">Preussens</a> høyeste militære orden og ble særlig berømt under <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8rste_verdenskrig" title="Første verdenskrig">første verdenskrig</a>. I <a href="/wiki/1852" title="1852">1852</a> ble det innstiftet en fredsklasse av ordenen, særlig innrettet mot vitenskap og kunst. Mens den militære avdeling av ordenen ble avskaffet med <a href="/wiki/Tysklands_historie_(1871%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tysklands historie (1871–1918)">Det tyske keiserrikets</a> fall i <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a>, har avdelingen for vitenskap og kunst overlevd som et ordenssamfunn organisert som en fri forening av lærde og kunstnere. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bakgrunn_og_utvikling">Bakgrunn og utvikling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Bakgrunn og utvikling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Bakgrunn og utvikling"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ordenen ble innstiftet i <a href="/wiki/1667" title="1667">1667</a> under navnet <i>Orden de la générosité</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Volle2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volle2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I forbindelse med <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_II_av_Preussen" title="Fredrik II av Preussen">Fredrik II av Preussens</a> tronbestigelse i juni 1740 fikk ordenen navnet <i>Pour le Mérite</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Volle2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volle2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Fredrik II ble det foretatt 924 tildelinger.<sup id="cite_ref-H&G_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H&G-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den første tiden ble ordenen tildelt både sivile og militære, men utover 1700-tallet ble militære mottagere stadig mer dominerende.<sup id="cite_ref-Volle2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volle2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Vilhelm_II_av_Preussen" title="Fredrik Vilhelm II av Preussen">Fredrik Vilhelm II</a> ble omkring 1600 personer tildelt ordenen, og under etterfølgeren <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Vilhelm_III_av_Preussen" title="Fredrik Vilhelm III av Preussen">Fredrik Vilhelm III</a> ble det inntil 1812 utnevnt 924 riddere.<sup id="cite_ref-H&G_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H&G-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ordenen ble under Fredrik Vilhelm III også tildelt Preussens allierte, inkludert 240 russiske offiserer.<sup id="cite_ref-H&G_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H&G-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den <a href="/wiki/18._januar" title="18. januar">18. januar</a> <a href="/wiki/1810" title="1810">1810</a> kunngjorde kong <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Vilhelm_III_av_Preussen" title="Fredrik Vilhelm III av Preussen">Fredrik Vilhelm III</a> at ordenen heretter kun skulle tildeles tjenestegjørende militært personell for innsats i kamp mot fienden.<sup id="cite_ref-Volle2_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volle2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Da det i 1852 ble innstiftet en fredsklasse av ordenen, til anerkjennelse av fortjenester av vitenskap og kunst, fikk denne et ordenstegn som var helt forskjellig fra de militære ordenstegn. Mens tildeling av Pour le Mérite for militære fortjenester ble innstilt ved monarkiets fall i 1918, har Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste i 1924 og 1952 gjenoppstått som et fritt ordenssamfunn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pour_le_Mérite_som_militær_fortjenstorden"><span id="Pour_le_M.C3.A9rite_som_milit.C3.A6r_fortjenstorden"></span>Pour le Mérite som militær fortjenstorden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Pour le Mérite som militær fortjenstorden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Pour le Mérite som militær fortjenstorden"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13805,_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13805%2C_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13805%2C_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13805%2C_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring.jpg/375px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13805%2C_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13805%2C_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13805%2C_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption>Nasjonalsosialisten <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> i <a href="/wiki/NSDAP" title="NSDAP">NSDAPs</a> <a href="/wiki/Brunskjorter" title="Brunskjorter">partiuniform</a> og <i>Pour le Mérite</i>. Foto fra <a href="/wiki/1932" title="1932">1932</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fra 1810 av fungerte Pour le Mérite som en orden til belønning av innsats i strid. Ordenen ble tildelt under krigene Preussen var involvert i på 1800-tallet, men nøyaktige oppgaver over antall tildelinger er ikke kjent.<sup id="cite_ref-H&G_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H&G-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I 1866 innstiftet <a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_I_av_Preussen" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilhelm I av Preussen">Vilhelm I</a> en storkorsklasse av den ellers enklassige ordenen.<sup id="cite_ref-H&G_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H&G-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denne ble tildelt i meget begrenset omfang. Kronprinsen, den senere <a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_I_av_Tyskland" title="Vilhelm I av Tyskland">Vilhelm I</a>, og prins <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Karl_av_Preussen" title="Fredrik Karl av Preussen">Fredrik Karl av Preussen</a>, ble som de første utnevnt til storkors med stjerne av ordenen. I 1878 ble tsar <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_II_av_Russland" title="Aleksander II av Russland">Aleksander II av Russland</a> utnevnt til storkors med stjerne og året etter ble samme ære feltmarskalk <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Moltke_(1800-1891)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helmuth von Moltke (1800-1891)">Helmuth von Moltke</a> til del.<sup id="cite_ref-H&G_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H&G-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8rste_verdenskrig" title="Første verdenskrig">første verdenskrig</a> ble ordenen særlig berømt. Selv om den kunne tildeles alle militære, ble den særlig kjent som en orden for det nylig grunnlagte luftvåpenet, <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe_(Wehrmacht)" title="Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)">Luftwaffe</a>. I utgangspunktet ble den gitt til piloter som hadde skutt ned åtte fiendtlige fly. <a href="/wiki/Max_Immelmann" title="Max Immelmann">Max Immelmann</a> ble den første piloten som mottok den, og etter ham ble den kjent som den <i>blå Max</i> blant hans pilotkolleger. Antallet seire som ble krevet for å få ordenen øket i løpet av krigen, og ved slutten av krigen var kravet tyve. I løpet av første verdenskrig ble det utnevnt 687 riddere, og 122 personer mottok ordenstegnet med eikeløv, indikasjonen på tildeling for annen gang.<sup id="cite_ref-H&G_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H&G-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mottagere av ordenen var pålagt alltid å bære den når de var i uniform. </p><p>Den siste tildeling av den militære avdeling av ordenen fant sted 8. november 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-Volle2_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volle2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pour le Mérite ble da tildelt <a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Ernst Jünger</a>. Ordenen ble avskaffet med keiserens abdikasjon, som ble kunngjort av rikskansler <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_av_Baden" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian av Baden">Maximilian av Baden</a> den <a href="/wiki/9._november" title="9. november">9. november</a> <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a>, dagen etter den siste tildelingen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insignier">Insignier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Insignier" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Insignier"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ordenstegnet for den militære avdeling av Pour le Mérite består av et blåemaljert malteserkors i gull. Korset bærer ordenens navn samt en kronet F. I korsvinklene står prøyssiske ørner i gull. Ved gjentatt tildeling ble ordenstegnet hengt i båndet under i et ledd utformet som eikeløv. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pour_le_Mérite_für_Wissenschaften_und_Künste"><span id="Pour_le_M.C3.A9rite_f.C3.BCr_Wissenschaften_und_K.C3.BCnste"></span>Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F063272-0011,_Maria_Wimmer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F063272-0011%2C_Maria_Wimmer.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F063272-0011%2C_Maria_Wimmer.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F063272-0011%2C_Maria_Wimmer.jpg/375px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F063272-0011%2C_Maria_Wimmer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F063272-0011%2C_Maria_Wimmer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Skuespillerinnen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Wimmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Wimmer (ikke skrevet ennå)">Maria Wimmer</a> med ordenstegnet for <i>Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste</i> om halsen <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23957101">.mw-parser-output .byline{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .byline .hidden{display:none}</style><div class="byline"><span class="hidden"> </span>Foto: Bundesarchiv </div></figcaption></figure> <div class="utdypende-artikkel" style="padding-left:2em; font-style: italic;"> <p>Utdypende artikkel: <a href="/wiki/Liste_over_mottagere_av_Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite_f%C3%BCr_Wissenschaften_und_K%C3%BCnste_1842%E2%80%931917" title="Liste over mottagere av Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste 1842–1917">Liste over mottagere av Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste 1842–1917</a> </p> </div> <p>Den <a href="/wiki/31._mai" title="31. mai">31. mai</a> <a href="/wiki/1842" title="1842">1842</a> innstiftet <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Vilhelm_IV_av_Preussen" title="Fredrik Vilhelm IV av Preussen">Friedrich Wilhelm IV</a> den såkalte fredsklassen av ordenen, <i>Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste</i>, som en orden for vitenskapsmenn og kunstnere som hadde oppnådd utbredt anerkjennelse i sitt felt, likevel slik at teologer var eksplisitt forbudt medlemskap.<sup id="cite_ref-Volle_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kongen var ordenens høye beskytter, men ordenens avdeling for vitenskap og kunst fikk en autonomi som gjorde den til et selvrekrutterende ordensselskap. I motsetning til de fleste kongelige ridder- og fortjenstordener i samtiden, der kongen selv sto for utnevnelse, fikk medlemmene av Pour le Mérite selv frihet til å innvelge nye medlemmer.<sup id="cite_ref-PlM2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlM2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ordenssamfunnet fikk også frihet til å velge sin ordenskansler og visekansler. Ordenen fikk én klasse. Naturvitenskapsmannen <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> var den ledende akademiske kraft ved opprettelse av ordenen.<sup id="cite_ref-PlM3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlM3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han var også ordenens første ordenskansler.<sup id="cite_ref-Volle_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antallet medlemmer ble satt til maksimalt 30 medlemmer, som alle måtte være tyske.<sup id="cite_ref-PlM2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlM2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ut over dette kunne det også innvelges et tilsvarende antall medlemmer fra andre land, likevel slik at det aldri kunne være flere utenlandske enn tyske medlemmer. Ved valg av ordenens ledelse og ved innvalg av nye medlemmer hadde kun ordinære tyske medlemmer stemmerett.<sup id="cite_ref-PlM2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlM2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fra_kongelig_orden_til_ordenssamfunn_som_forening">Fra kongelig orden til ordenssamfunn som forening</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Fra kongelig orden til ordenssamfunn som forening" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Fra kongelig orden til ordenssamfunn som forening"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="utdypende-artikkel" style="padding-left:2em; font-style: italic;"> <p>Utdypende artikkel: <a href="/wiki/Liste_over_mottagere_av_Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite_f%C3%BCr_Wissenschaften_und_K%C3%BCnste_1923%E2%80%931933" title="Liste over mottagere av Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste 1923–1933">Liste over mottagere av Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste 1923–1933</a> </p> </div> <p>Etter det tyske keiserrikets fall i 1918 falt både den militære og sivile versjon av ordenen bort som kongelig prøyssisk orden. I Weimarrepublikkens forfatning av 11. august 1919 ble det i artikkel 109 punkt 4 nedfelt forbud mot tildeling av statlige ordener og ærestegn.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I 1923 tok imidlertid den sist utnevnte ordenskansler, teologen og kirkehistorikeren <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack">Adolf von Harnack</a>, initiativ til å omdanne ordenen til en fri forening av fremstående lærde og kunstnere.<sup id="cite_ref-PlM2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlM2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ordensforeningen kunne dermed fortsette å rekruttere nye medlemmer. I 1924 ble denne nyordningen akseptert av den prøyssiske regjering.<sup id="cite_ref-PlM2_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlM2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ordensforeningen fikk samtidig rett til å disponere de historiske ordenstegnene.<sup id="cite_ref-Volle_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innstilling_av_utnevnelser_under_nasjonalsosialismen">Innstilling av utnevnelser under nasjonalsosialismen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Innstilling av utnevnelser under nasjonalsosialismen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Innstilling av utnevnelser under nasjonalsosialismen"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Som fritt ordensselskap fortsatte ordenen å rekruttere nye medlemmer på fritt grunnlag. I 1929 ble den første kvinne, kunstneren <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Kollwitz" title="Käthe Kollwitz">Käthe Kollwitz</a>, innvalgt i ordenen.<sup id="cite_ref-PlM2_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlM2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I 1933 ble billedhuggeren <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Barlach" title="Ernst Barlach">Ernst Barlach</a> innvalgt som medlem. Begge utnevnelser ble mislikt av <a href="/wiki/Nasjonalsosialisme" title="Nasjonalsosialisme">nasjonalsosialistene</a>, og i 1935 fikk ordenskansleren, <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a>, beskjed om at videre utnevnelser burde innstilles.<sup id="cite_ref-PlM2_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlM2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selv om de nasjonalsosialtiske myndighetene vurderte å oppløse ordenen,<sup id="cite_ref-PlM2_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlM2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> skjedde dette likevel ikke. I stedet innstiftet Hitler <a href="/wiki/Tysk_nasjonal_pris_for_kunst_og_vitenskap" class="mw-redirect" title="Tysk nasjonal pris for kunst og vitenskap">Tysk nasjonal pris for kunst og vitenskap</a>, som var ment å skulle belønne samme personkrets.<sup id="cite_ref-Volle_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ved slutten av <a href="/wiki/Andre_verdenskrig" title="Andre verdenskrig">andre verdenskrig</a> var det tilbake bare et fåtall av ordenens medlemmer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forbundsrepublikken:_Andre_nyinnstiftelse">Forbundsrepublikken: Andre nyinnstiftelse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Forbundsrepublikken: Andre nyinnstiftelse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Forbundsrepublikken: Andre nyinnstiftelse"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="utdypende-artikkel" style="padding-left:2em; font-style: italic;"> <p>Utdypende artikkel: <a href="/wiki/Liste_over_mottagere_av_Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite_f%C3%BCr_Wissenschaften_und_K%C3%BCnste_1952%E2%80%93" title="Liste over mottagere av Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste 1952–">Liste over mottagere av Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste 1952–</a> </p> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Stamps_of_Germany_(Berlin)_1981,_MiNr_648.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Stamps_of_Germany_%28Berlin%29_1981%2C_MiNr_648.jpg/250px-Stamps_of_Germany_%28Berlin%29_1981%2C_MiNr_648.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Stamps_of_Germany_%28Berlin%29_1981%2C_MiNr_648.jpg/375px-Stamps_of_Germany_%28Berlin%29_1981%2C_MiNr_648.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Stamps_of_Germany_%28Berlin%29_1981%2C_MiNr_648.jpg/500px-Stamps_of_Germany_%28Berlin%29_1981%2C_MiNr_648.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>Ordenstegnet for <i>Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste</i> gjengitt på et frimerke fra 1981</figcaption></figure> <p>I 1952 tok forbundspresident <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss">Theodor Heuss</a> initiativ til å gjenopprette ordenen,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> men også denne gang som et ordenssamfunn av lærde og kunstnere innenfor en rettslig fri forening. Ordenen ble innstiftet som fri forening på den historiske innstiftelsesdatoen 31. mai 1952. Det var på det tidspunkt kun tre gjenlevende tyske medlemmer av ordenen i dens tidligere form, orientalisten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enno_Littmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enno Littmann (ikke skrevet ennå)">Enno Littmann</a>, dirigenten <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Wilhelm Furtwängler">Wilhelm Furtwängler</a> og militærhistorikeren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_von_Kuhl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann von Kuhl (ikke skrevet ennå)">Hermann von Kuhl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PlM2_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlM2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Littmann ble ved gjeninnstiftelsen i 1952 ordenskansler. Forbundsrepublikkens president påtok seg å være ordenens beskytter.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ordenen styres og organiseres etter statutter som sist ble endret i 1990 med nye valgregler fra 2006. <sup id="cite_ref-PlM1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlM1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ordenssamfunnets rett til fritt velge sin egen ledelse fortsatte og ordenen er som tidligere selvrekrutterende, ved at ledige poster fylles gjennom medlemmenes innvalg av nye medlemmer. Alle medlemmer, også utenlandske, har rett til å nominere ved innvalg av nye medlemmer. Det opprinnelige maksimale antallet medlemmer er hevet fra 30 til 40, både for ordinære tyske medlemmer og utlendinger.<sup id="cite_ref-PlM3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlM3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det skal velges inn et omtrent likt antall medlemmer fra de tre sektorene naturvitenskap, humaniora og samfunnsvitenskap og kunst.<sup id="cite_ref-PlM3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlM3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ordensmedlemmene velger en ordenskansler og to visekanslere. Ordenesmedlemmene møtes to ganger i året, omkring innstiftelsesdatoen 31. mai, samt en gang om høsten.<sup id="cite_ref-PlM3_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlM3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det holdes i den anledning offentlige foredrag, såkalt festforedrag, i tillegg til innvalg og utnevnelse av nye medlemmer. </p><p>Selv om ordenen formelt og juridisk er en forening, har ordenen Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste et halvoffisielt preg. Forbundspresidenten har overtatt rollen som beskytter for ordenen, og dens sekretariat er lagt til innenriksdepartementet.<sup id="cite_ref-Volle_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ordensinsigniene er offentlig eiendom.<sup id="cite_ref-Volle_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fra 2009 er <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_J%C3%BCngel" title="Eberhard Jüngel">Eberhard Jüngel</a> ordenskansler, mens <a href="/wiki/Hubertus_von_Pilgrim" title="Hubertus von Pilgrim">Hubertus von Pilgrim</a> og <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a> er visekanslere.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ordenstegn">Ordenstegn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Ordenstegn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Ordenstegn"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ordenstegnet for Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste består av en midtmedaljong i gull med den prøyssiske ørn som motiv. Medaljongen er omgitt av fire speilmonogrammer dannet av bokstaven F og fire romertall II, for Frederik II, også dette i gull. Dette er igjen omgitt av et blåemaljert bånd med omskriften POUR LE MERITE. På utsiden av borden er det satt fire kongekroner i gull. Ordenstegnet er opphengt i et svart bånd med sølvhvite kanter. Svart og hvitt er <a href="/wiki/Preussen" title="Preussen">Preussens</a> våpen- og flaggfarger. </p><p>Ordenstegnet er Forbundsrepublikken Tysklands eiendom og skal tilbakeleveres til Innenriksdepartementet ved et medlems død. <sup id="cite_ref-PlM1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlM1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mottagere">Mottagere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Rediger avsnitt: Mottagere" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&action=edit&section=9" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Mottagere"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Personer som har mottatt ordenen inkluderer kunsthistorikeren <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Panofsky" title="Erwin Panofsky">Erwin Panofsky</a>, forfatteren <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a> og legen <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a>. </p><p>En rekke skandinaver er gjennom tidene tildelt ordenen. To nordmenn er blitt hedret med ordenen, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hansteen_(astronom)" title="Christopher Hansteen (astronom)">Christopher Hansteen</a> og <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ludvig_Meidell_Sylow" title="Peter Ludvig Meidell Sylow">Peter Sylow</a>. Blant skandinaviske mottagere finnes dansker som <a href="/wiki/Bertel_Thorvaldsen" title="Bertel Thorvaldsen">Bertel Thorvaldsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Adam Oehlenschläger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johan_Nicolai_Madvig" title="Johan Nicolai Madvig">Johan Nicolai Madvig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niels_W._Gade" title="Niels W. Gade">Niels W. Gade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_Thomsen" title="Vilhelm Thomsen">Vilhelm Thomsen</a> og <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>, samt svensker som <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Montelius" title="Oscar Montelius">Oscar Montelius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Karlgren" title="Bernhard Karlgren">Bernhard Karlgren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stig_Str%C3%B6mholm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stig Strömholm (ikke skrevet ennå)">Stig Strömholm</a> og <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Rediger avsnitt: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&action=edit&section=10" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Se også"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Kategori:Pour le Mérite">Oversikt over artikler om mottakere av Pour le Mérite</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&action=edit&section=11" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Volle2-1"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Volle2_1-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volle2_1-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volle2_1-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volle2_1-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volle2_1-4"><sup>e</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Henning Volle: <i>Die Sammlung des Wehrgeschichtlichen Museums im Schloss Rastatt; 1 Orden und Ehrenzeichen</i>, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1977, s. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H&G-2"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-H&G_2-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H&G_2-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H&G_2-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H&G_2-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H&G_2-4"><sup>e</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H&G_2-5"><sup>f</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H&G_2-6"><sup>g</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">«Ordre Pour le Mérite», i <i>Honneur & Gloire. Les trésors de la collection Spada</i>, Paris: Musée national de la Légion d’honneur et des ordres de chevalerie, 2008, s. 228-230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volle-3"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Volle_3-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volle_3-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volle_3-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volle_3-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volle_3-4"><sup>e</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volle_3-5"><sup>f</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Henning Volle: <i>Die Sammlung des Wehrgeschichtlichen Museums im Schloss Rastatt; 1 Orden und Ehrenzeichen</i>, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1977, s. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PlM2-4"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-PlM2_4-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlM2_4-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlM2_4-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlM2_4-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlM2_4-4"><sup>e</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlM2_4-5"><sup>f</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlM2_4-6"><sup>g</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlM2_4-7"><sup>h</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlM2_4-8"><sup>i</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orden-pourlemerite.de/geschichte.htm">Geschichte des Ordens</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071228081346/http://www.orden-pourlemerite.de/geschichte.htm">Arkivert</a> 28. desember 2007 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Informationsseite des Ordens Pour le mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste, besøkt, 8. desember 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PlM3-5"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-PlM3_5-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlM3_5-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlM3_5-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlM3_5-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orden-pourlemerite.de/beschreibung.htm">Beschreibung des Ordens</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050407031341/http://www.orden-pourlemerite.de/beschreibung.htm">Arkivert</a> 7. april 2005 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Informationsseite des Ordens Pour le mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste, besøkt, 8. desember 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentarchiv.de/wr/wrv.html"><i>Die Verfassung des Deutschen Reichs</i></a>, av 11. august 1919, besøkt, 8. desember 2009: «Orden und Ehrenzeichen dürfen vom Staat nicht verliehen werden». Det ble også nedlagt forbud for tyskere mot å motta titler og ordener fra andre lands regjeringer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Hans Rothfels: «Theodor Heuss, Die Frage der Kriegsorden und die Friedensklasse des Pour le mérite», <i>Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte</i>, årg. 17, hefte 4, 1969, s. 414-422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundespraesident.de/en/dokumente/-,5.600371/Artikel/dokument.htm">The Federal President as patron</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" siden august 2017" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:D%C3%B8de_eksterne_lenker" title="Wikipedia:Døde eksterne lenker">død lenke</a></i>]</span></sup>, Bundespräsidialamt, besøkt, 8. desember 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PlM1-9"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-PlM1_9-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlM1_9-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orden-pourlemerite.de/">Satzung und Wahlordnung</a>, Informationsseite des Ordens Pour le mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste, besøkt, 8. desember 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orden-pourlemerite.de/">Kanzler und Vizekanzler</a>, Informationsseite des Ordens Pour le mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste, besøkt, 8. desember 2009.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Rediger avsnitt: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&action=edit&section=12" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Litteratur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>«Order 'Pour le Mérite' for Science and the Arts» i Guy Stair Sainty og Rafal Heydel-Mankoo: <i>World Orders of Knighthood and Merit</i>, andre bind, Buckingham: Burke's Peerage, 2006, s. 1153–1154</li> <li>Henning Volle: <i>Die Sammlung des Wehrgeschichtlichen Museums im Schloss Rastatt; 1 Orden und Ehrenzeichen</i>, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1977, s. 33–35</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&action=edit&section=13" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orden-pourlemerite.de/">Orden Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24561737">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oppslagsverk/autoritetsdata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Oppslagsverk/autoritetsdata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Autoritetsdata" title="Hjelp:Autoritetsdata">Oppslagsverk/autoritetsdata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/Pour_le_Mérite">Store norske leksikon</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/Pour_le_mérite">Store norske leksikon</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Pour_le_mérite">Store Danske Encyklopædi</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pour-le-Merite">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/155420044/">VIAF</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4133445-0">GND</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50002784">LCCN</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85095349">LCCN</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12349276r">BNF</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12349276r">BNF (data)</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032468326">SUDOC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hentet fra «<a dir="ltr" href="https://no.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_Mérite&oldid=24361269">https://no.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_Mérite&oldid=24361269</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kategorier" title="Kategori:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Kategori:Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Utmerkelser_etablert_i_1667" title="Kategori:Utmerkelser etablert i 1667">Utmerkelser etablert i 1667</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Skjulte kategorier: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikler_med_d%C3%B8de_eksterne_lenker" title="Kategori:Artikler med døde eksterne lenker">Artikler med døde eksterne lenker</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikler_med_autoritetsdatalenker_fra_Wikidata" title="Kategori:Artikler med autoritetsdatalenker fra Wikidata">Artikler med autoritetsdatalenker fra Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Denne siden ble sist redigert 28. mar. 2024 kl. 12:03.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Innholdet er tilgjengelig under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.no">Creative Commons-lisensen Navngivelse-DelPåSammeVilkår</a>, men ytterligere betingelser kan gjelde. Se <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">bruksvilkårene</a> for detaljer.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Personvern</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Om">Om Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Generelle_forbehold">Forbehold</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Atferdsnorm</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Utviklere</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/no.wikipedia.org">Statistikk</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Erklæring om informasjonskapsler</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//no.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobilvisning</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-d8f47","wgBackendResponseTime":206,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.219","walltime":"0.289","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1404,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":11841,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1892,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":10,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":15901,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":7,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 237.826 1 -total"," 78.61% 186.943 1 Mal:Autoritetsdata"," 33.29% 79.183 1 Mal:Navboks"," 31.83% 75.702 1 Mal:Navbox"," 5.54% 13.177 2 Mal:Wayback"," 3.94% 9.364 1 Mal:Død_lenke"," 3.22% 7.661 1 Mal:Byline"," 2.92% 6.943 1 Mal:Fix"," 2.48% 5.895 3 Mal:Utdypende"," 0.98% 2.330 1 Mal:Ifsubst"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.135","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5252995,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-hbx8z","timestamp":"20241124154654","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Pour le M\u00e9rite","url":"https:\/\/no.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q156478","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q156478","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Bidragsytere til Wikimedia-prosjektene"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-06-05T15:59:47Z","dateModified":"2024-03-28T11:03:29Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0c\/Blue_Max.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>