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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novellas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novellas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Novellas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novellas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Biography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autobiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autobiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Autobiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autobiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Non-fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crystallization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crystallization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Crystallization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crystallization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_appraisal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_appraisal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Critical appraisal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_appraisal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stendhal_syndrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stendhal_syndrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Stendhal syndrome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stendhal_syndrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stendhal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%8D" title="ስተንዳል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስተንዳል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ستندال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ستندال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendal" title="Stendal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Stendal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="استاندال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="استاندال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="স্টেনদাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্টেনদাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Стендаль – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Стендаль" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Стэндаль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стэндаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Стэндаль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Стэндаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Стендал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стендал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BB" title="Σταντάλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σταντάλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="استاندال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استاندال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%95%EB%8B%AC" title="스탕달 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스탕달" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Ստենդալ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստենդալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri-Marie_Beyle" title="Henri-Marie Beyle – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Henri-Marie Beyle" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C" title="סטנדל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטנדל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სტენდალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტენდალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Стендаль – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Стендаль" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stend%C4%81ls" title="Stendāls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stendāls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendalis" title="Stendalis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stendalis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Стендал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стендал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD" title="സ്റ്റെൻഡാൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്റ്റെൻഡാൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სტენდალი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სტენდალი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ستندال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ستندال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="スタンダール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スタンダール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendal" title="Stendal – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Stendal" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2" title="ਸਤੇਂਦਾਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਤੇਂਦਾਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Стендаль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стендаль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%B5" title="ستانداڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ستانداڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Стендал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стендал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5" title="สต็องดาล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สต็องดาล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Стендаль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стендаль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ستاں دال – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ستاں دال" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B1%A4%E8%BE%BE" title="司汤达 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="司汤达" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B9%AF%E9%81%94" title="司湯達 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="司湯達" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Stendhal" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B1%A4%E8%BE%BE" title="司汤达 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="司汤达" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q502#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French writer (1783–1842)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the writer. For the German city, see <a href="/wiki/Stendal" title="Stendal">Stendal</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Marie-Henri Beyle</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Stendhal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stendhal, by Olof Johan Södermark, 1840"><img alt="Stendhal, by Olof Johan Södermark, 1840" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Stendhal.jpg/220px-Stendhal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Stendhal.jpg/330px-Stendhal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Stendhal.jpg/440px-Stendhal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2197" data-file-height="2817" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Stendhal, by <a href="/wiki/Olof_Johan_S%C3%B6dermark" title="Olof Johan Södermark">Olof Johan Södermark</a>, 1840</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1783-01-23</span>)</span>23 January 1783<br /><a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">23 March 1842<span style="display:none">(1842-03-23)</span> (aged 59)<br /><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">Kingdom of France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Montmartre_Cemetery" title="Montmartre Cemetery">Montmartre Cemetery</a>, Paris</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Writer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">Realism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Marie-Henri Beyle</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[maʁi<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ̃ʁi<span class="wrap"> </span>bɛl]</a></span>; 23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842), better known by his <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a> <b>Stendhal</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɒ̃/: nasal 'an' in 'vin blanc'">ɒ̃</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span></span>-/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[stɛ̃dal,<span class="wrap"> </span>stɑ̃dal]</a></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a French writer. Best known for the novels <i>Le Rouge et le Noir</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Red_and_the_Black" title="The Red and the Black">The Red and the Black</a></i>, 1830) and <i>La Chartreuse de Parme</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Charterhouse_of_Parma" title="The Charterhouse of Parma">The Charterhouse of Parma</a></i>, 1839), he is highly regarded for the acute analysis of his characters' psychology and considered one of the early and foremost practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">realism</a>. A self-proclaimed egotist, he coined the same characteristic in his characters' "Beylism".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stendhal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marie-Henri Beyle was born in Grenoble, Isère, on 23 January 1783, into the family of the advocate and landowner Chérubin Beyle and his wife Henriette Gagnon. He was an unhappy child, disliking his "unimaginative" father and mourning his mother, whom he loved fervently, and who died in childbirth in 1790, when he was seven.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">He spent "the happiest years of his life" at the Beyle country house in <a href="/wiki/Claix,_Is%C3%A8re" title="Claix, Isère">Claix</a> near Grenoble.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His closest friend was his younger sister, Pauline, with whom he maintained a steady correspondence throughout the first decade of the 19th century. His family was part of the bourgeois class of the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Regime</a>, which explains his ambiguous attitude toward <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">the Bourbon Restoration</a>, and the monarchy later on.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_di_Stendhal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Casa_di_Stendhal.JPG/170px-Casa_di_Stendhal.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Casa_di_Stendhal.JPG/255px-Casa_di_Stendhal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Casa_di_Stendhal.JPG/340px-Casa_di_Stendhal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1574" data-file-height="1973" /></a><figcaption>A plaque on a house in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> where Stendhal stayed in December 1812 during <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s retreat from Russia.</figcaption></figure> <p>The military and theatrical worlds of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> were a revelation to Beyle. As an assistant war commissioner, he served in the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Kingdom of Westphalia</a>, one of Napoleon's client states in Germany. From 1807 to 1808, Beyle lived in <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a> (Brunswick), where he fell in love with Wilhelmine von Griesheim, whom he called Minette, and for whose sake he remained in the city. "I have no inclination, now, except for Minette, for this blonde and charming Minette, this soul of the north, such as I have never seen in France or Italy."<sup id="cite_ref-JR_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JR-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was named an <a href="/wiki/Auditor" title="Auditor">auditor</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of State (France)">Conseil d'État</a> on 3 August 1810, and thereafter took part in the French administration and in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic wars">Napoleonic wars</a> in Italy. He travelled extensively in Germany and was part of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s army in the 1812 invasion of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalty2009p._228_"...the_novelist_Stendhal,_an_officer_in_the_commissariat,_who_was_still_among_the_luckiest_men_on_the_retreat,_having_preserved_his_carriage."_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalty2009p._228_"...the_novelist_Stendhal,_an_officer_in_the_commissariat,_who_was_still_among_the_luckiest_men_on_the_retreat,_having_preserved_his_carriage."-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon arriving, Stendhal witnessed the burning of Moscow from just outside the city as well as the army's winter retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was appointed Commissioner of War Supplies and sent to <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a> to prepare provisions for the returning army.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He crossed the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">Berezina River</a> by finding a usable ford rather than the overwhelmed pontoon bridge, which probably saved his life and those of his companions. He arrived in Paris in 1813, largely unaware of the general fiasco that the retreat had become.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stendhal became known, during the Russian campaign, for keeping his wits about him, and maintaining his "sang-froid and clear-headedness." He also maintained his daily routine, shaving each day during the retreat from Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 1814 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Treaty of Fontainebleau</a>, he left for Italy, where he settled in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1830, he was appointed as French <a href="/wiki/Consulate_general" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate general">consul</a> at Trieste and Civitavecchia.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He formed a particular attachment to Italy, where he spent much of the remainder of his career. His novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Charterhouse_of_Parma" title="The Charterhouse of Parma">The Charterhouse of Parma</a></i>, written in 52 days, is set in Italy, which he considered a more sincere and passionate country than Restoration France. An aside in that novel, referring to a character who contemplates suicide after being jilted, speaks about his attitude towards his home country: "To make this course of action clear to my French readers, I must explain that in Italy, a country very far away from us, people are still driven to despair by love." </p><p>Stendhal identified with the nascent <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> and his sojourn in Italy convinced him that <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> was essentially the literary counterpart of liberalism in politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2011158_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2011158-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Stendhal was appointed to a consular post in Trieste in 1830, <a href="/wiki/Metternich" class="mw-redirect" title="Metternich">Metternich</a> refused his <i><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">exequatur</a></i> on account of Stendhal's liberalism and anti-clericalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2011239_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2011239-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liste_des_femmes_aim%C3%A9es_par_Stendhal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Liste_des_femmes_aim%C3%A9es_par_Stendhal.jpg/220px-Liste_des_femmes_aim%C3%A9es_par_Stendhal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Liste_des_femmes_aim%C3%A9es_par_Stendhal.jpg/330px-Liste_des_femmes_aim%C3%A9es_par_Stendhal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Liste_des_femmes_aim%C3%A9es_par_Stendhal.jpg/440px-Liste_des_femmes_aim%C3%A9es_par_Stendhal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>List of the women that he had loved, inserted in <i>Life of Henry Brulard</i>, in 1835: "I dreamed deeply of these names, and of the astonishing stupidities and stupidities they did to me." (From left to right: Virginie Kubly, Angela Pietragrua, Adèle Rebuffel, Mina de Griesheim, Mélanie Guilbert, Angelina Bereyter, Alexandrine Daru, Angela Pietragrua,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matilde Dembowski, Clémentine Curial, Giulia Rinieri, Madame Azur-Alberthe de Rubempré)</figcaption></figure> <p>Stendhal was a dandy and wit about town in Paris, as well as an obsessive womaniser.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His genuine empathy towards women is evident in his books; <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> spoke highly of him in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She credited him for perceiving a woman as just a woman and simply a human being.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citing Stendhal's rebellious heroines, she maintained that he was a feminist writer.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his early works is <i>On Love</i>, a rational analysis of romantic passion that was based on his <a href="/wiki/Unrequited_love" title="Unrequited love">unrequited love</a> for Mathilde, Countess Dembowska,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whom he met while living at <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>. Later, he would also suffer "restlessness in spirit" when one of his childhood friends, Victorine got married. In a letter to Pauline, he described her as the woman of his dreams and wrote that he would have discovered happiness if he became her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fusion of, and tension between, clear-headed analysis and romantic feeling is typical of Stendhal's great novels; he could be considered a Romantic realist. </p><p>Stendhal suffered miserable physical disabilities in his final years as he continued to produce some of his most famous work. He contracted <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a> in December 1808.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he noted in his journal, he was taking iodide of <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">quicksilver</a> to treat his sexual disease, resulting in swollen armpits, difficulty swallowing, pains in his shrunken testicles, sleeplessness, giddiness, roaring in the ears, racing pulse and "tremors so bad he could scarcely hold a fork or a pen". Modern medicine has shown that his health problems were more attributable to his treatment than to his syphilis. He is said to have sought the best treatment in Paris, Vienna and Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stendhal died on 23 March 1842, a few hours after collapsing with a seizure in the street in Paris. He is interred in the <a href="/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Montmartre" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimetière de Montmartre">Cimetière de Montmartre</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pseudonyms">Pseudonyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stendhal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pseudonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before settling on the pen name Stendhal, he published under many <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen names</a>, including "Louis Alexandre Bombet" and "Anastasius Serpière". The only book that Stendhal published under his own name was <i>The History of Painting</i> (1817). From the publication of <i>Rome, Naples, Florence</i> (September 1817) onwards, he published his works under the pseudonym "M. de Stendhal, officier de <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalerie</a>". He borrowed this pen name from the German city of <a href="/wiki/Stendal" title="Stendal">Stendal</a>, birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Johann Joachim Winckelmann</a>, an art historian and archaeologist famous at the time. However, it is not clear whether he chose the name in honour of Winckelmann or simply knew the place as a centre of communications between Berlin and Hanover. Stendhal added an additional "H" to make the Germanic pronunciation more clear.<sup id="cite_ref-JR_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JR-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stendhal used many aliases in his autobiographical writings and correspondence, and often assigned pseudonyms to friends, some of whom adopted the names for themselves. Stendhal used more than a hundred pseudonyms, which were astonishingly diverse. Some he used no more than once, while others he returned to throughout his life. "Dominique" and "Salviati" served as intimate pet names. He coins comic names "that make him even more bourgeois than he really is: Cotonnet, Bombet, Chamier."<sup id="cite_ref-JSAG_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSAG-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 80">: 80 </span></sup> He uses many ridiculous names: "Don phlegm", "<a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a>", "William Crocodile", "Poverino", "Baron de Cutendre". One of his correspondents, <a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Prosper Mérimée</a>, said: "He never wrote a letter without signing a false name."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stendhal's <i>Journal</i> and autobiographical writings include many comments on masks and the pleasures of "feeling alive in many versions." "Look upon life as a masked ball," is the advice that Stendhal gives himself in his diary for 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-JSAG_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSAG-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85">: 85 </span></sup> In <i>Memoirs of an Egotist</i> he writes: "Will I be believed if I say I'd wear a mask with pleasure and be delighted to change my name?...for me the supreme happiness would be to change into a lanky, blonde German and to walk about like that in Paris."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stendhal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_rouge_et_le_noir_1831.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Le_rouge_et_le_noir_1831.JPG/180px-Le_rouge_et_le_noir_1831.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Le_rouge_et_le_noir_1831.JPG/270px-Le_rouge_et_le_noir_1831.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Le_rouge_et_le_noir_1831.JPG/360px-Le_rouge_et_le_noir_1831.JPG 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>The second volume of the 1831 edition of <i>The Red and the Black</i>, considered to be Stendhal's most notable and well-known work.</figcaption></figure> <p>Contemporary readers did not fully appreciate Stendhal's realistic style during the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic period in which he lived</a>. He was not fully appreciated until the beginning of the 20th century. He dedicated his writing to "the Happy Few" (in English in the original). This can be interpreted as a reference to Canto 11 of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(poem)" title="Don Juan (poem)">Don Juan</a></i>, which refers to "the thousand happy few" who enjoy high society, or to the "we few, we happy few, we band of brothers" line of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(play)" title="Henry V (play)">Henry V</a></i>, but Stendhal's use more likely refers to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vicar_of_Wakefield" title="The Vicar of Wakefield">The Vicar of Wakefield</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith" title="Oliver Goldsmith">Oliver Goldsmith</a>, parts of which he had memorized in the course of teaching himself English.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2011123_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2011123-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>The Vicar of Wakefield</i>, "the happy few" refers ironically to the small number of people who read the title character's obscure and pedantic treatise on monogamy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2011123_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2011123-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a literary critic, such as in <i>Racine and Shakespeare</i>, Stendhal championed the Romantic aesthetic by unfavorably comparing the rules and strictures of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Racine" title="Jean Racine">Jean Racine</a>'s classicism to the freer verse and settings of Shakespeare, and supporting the writing of plays in prose. </p><p>According to the literary theorist Kornelije Kvas: "In his novel <i>The Red and the Black</i>, Stendhal refers to a novel as a mirror being carried in a basket. The metaphor of the realistic novel as a mirror of contemporary reality, accessible to the narrator, has certain limitations, which the artist is aware of. A valuable realistic work exceeds the Platonic meaning of art as a copy of reality. A mirror does not reflect reality in its entirety, nor is the artist's aim to document it fully. In <i>The Red and the Black</i>, the writer emphasizes the significance of selection when it comes to describing reality, with a view to realizing the cognitive function of a work of art, achieved through the categories of unity, coherence and typicality".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stendhal was an admirer of Napoleon and his novel <i>Le Rouge et le Noir</i> is considered his literary tribute to the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, Stendhal's works attract attention for their <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_fiction" title="Psychological fiction">psychological</a> and historical dimensions. Stendhal was an avid fan of music, particularly the works of the composers <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Cimarosa" title="Domenico Cimarosa">Domenico Cimarosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gioacchino_Rossini" class="mw-redirect" title="Gioacchino Rossini">Gioacchino Rossini</a>. He wrote a biography of Rossini, <i>Vie de Rossini</i> (1824), now more valued for its wide-ranging musical criticism than for its historical content. He also idealized aristocracy, noting its antiegalitarianism but appreciating how it is liberal in its love of liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his works, Stendhal <a href="/wiki/Reprise" title="Reprise">reprised</a> excerpts <a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">appropriated</a> from <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Carpani" title="Giuseppe Carpani">Giuseppe Carpani</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9ophile_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Winckler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Théophile Frédéric Winckler (page does not exist)">Théophile Frédéric Winckler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sismondi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sismondi">Sismondi</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stendhal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Armance_(novel)" title="Armance (novel)">Armance</a></i> (1827)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Red_and_the_Black" title="The Red and the Black">Le Rouge et le Noir</a></i> (<i>The Red and the Black</i>, 1830)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Leuwen" title="Lucien Leuwen">Lucien Leuwen</a></i> (1835, unfinished, published 1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pink_and_the_Green" title="The Pink and the Green">The Pink and the Green</a></i> (1837, unfinished)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Charterhouse_of_Parma" title="The Charterhouse of Parma">La Chartreuse de Parme</a></i> (1839) (<i>The Charterhouse of Parma</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamiel_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamiel (novel) (page does not exist)">Lamiel</a></i> (1839–1842, unfinished, published 1889)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stendhal_par_Ducis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Stendhal_par_Ducis.jpg/220px-Stendhal_par_Ducis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Stendhal_par_Ducis.jpg/330px-Stendhal_par_Ducis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Stendhal_par_Ducis.jpg/440px-Stendhal_par_Ducis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption>Melancholy portrait of Stendhal by Ducis, 1835, in Milan.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novellas">Novellas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stendhal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Novellas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vanina_Vanini" title="Vanina Vanini">Vanina Vanini</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><i>Mina de Vanghel</i> (1830, later published in the Paris periodical <i><a href="/wiki/La_Revue_des_Deux_Mondes" class="mw-redirect" title="La Revue des Deux Mondes">La Revue des Deux Mondes</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Chroniques&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italian Chroniques (page does not exist)">Italian Chroniques</a></i>, 1837–1839 <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vittoria_Accoramboni_(novella)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vittoria Accoramboni (novella) (page does not exist)">Vittoria Accoramboni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cenci_(Stendhal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Cenci (Stendhal) (page does not exist)">The Cenci</a></i> (<i>Les Cenci</i>, 1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Duchess_of_Palliano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Duchess of Palliano (page does not exist)">The Duchess of Palliano</a></i> (<i>La Duchesse de Palliano</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Abbess_of_Castro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Abbess of Castro (page does not exist)">The Abbess of Castro</a></i> (<i>L'Abbesse de Castro</i>, 1832)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biography">Biography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stendhal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Life_of_Napoleon" title="A Life of Napoleon">A Life of Napoleon</a></i> (1817–1818, published 1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Life_of_Rossini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Life of Rossini (page does not exist)">A Life of Rossini</a></i> (1824)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autobiography">Autobiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stendhal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Autobiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stendhal's brief memoir, <i>Souvenirs d'Égotisme</i> (<i>Memoirs of an Egotist</i>), was published posthumously in 1892. Also published was a more extended autobiographical work, thinly disguised as the <i>Life of Henry Brulard</i>. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Henry_Brulard" title="The Life of Henry Brulard">The Life of Henry Brulard</a></i> (1835–1836, published 1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_an_Egotist" title="Memoirs of an Egotist">Souvenirs d'égotisme</a></i> (written in 1832 and published in 1892)</li> <li><i>Journal (1801–1817)</i> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Private_Diaries_of_Stendhal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Private Diaries of Stendhal (page does not exist)">The Private Diaries of Stendhal</a></i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stendhal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Non-fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Rome, Naples et Florence</i> (1817)</li> <li><i>De L'Amour</i> (1822) (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_Love&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On Love (page does not exist)">On Love</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_l%27amour_(Stendhal)" class="extiw" title="fr:De l'amour (Stendhal)">fr</a>]</sup></i>)</li> <li><i>Racine et Shakespéare</i> (1823–1825) (<i>Racine and Shakespeare</i>)</li> <li><i>Voyage dans le midi de la France</i> (1838; though first published posthumously in 1930) (<i>Travels in the South of France</i>)</li></ul> <p>His other works include short stories, journalism, travel books (<i>A Roman Journal</i>), a famous collection of essays on Italian painting, and biographies of several prominent figures of his time, including <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Haydn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metastasio" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastasio">Metastasio</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crystallization">Crystallization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stendhal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Crystallization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crystallization_(love)" title="Crystallization (love)">Crystallization (love)</a></div> <p>In Stendhal's 1822 classic <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_Love&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On Love (page does not exist)">On Love</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_l%27amour_(Stendhal)" class="extiw" title="fr:De l'amour (Stendhal)">fr</a>]</sup></i> he describes or compares the "birth of love", in which the love object is 'crystallized' in the mind, as being a process similar or analogous to a trip to Rome. In the analogy, the city of <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> represents <i>indifference</i> and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> represents <i>perfect love</i>: </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystallization.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Crystallization.jpg/400px-Crystallization.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Crystallization.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="202" /></a><figcaption>Stendhal's depiction of "crystallization" in the process of falling in love.</figcaption></figure> <p>When we are in Bologna, we are entirely indifferent; we are not concerned to admire in any particular way the person with whom we shall perhaps one day be madly in love; even less is our imagination inclined to overrate their worth. In a word, in Bologna "crystallization" has not yet begun. When the journey begins, love departs. One leaves Bologna, climbs the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a>, and takes the road to Rome. The departure, according to Stendhal, has nothing to do with one's will; it is an instinctive moment. This transformative process actuates in terms of four steps along a journey: </p> <ol><li>Admiration – one marvels at the qualities of the loved one.</li> <li>Acknowledgement – one acknowledges the pleasantness of having gained the loved one's interest.</li> <li>Hope – one envisions gaining the love of the loved one.</li> <li>Delight – one delights in overrating the beauty and merit of the person whose love one hopes to win.</li></ol> <p>This journey or crystallization process (shown above) was detailed by Stendhal on the back of a playing card while speaking to Madame Gherardi, during his trip to the Salzburg salt mine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_appraisal">Critical appraisal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stendhal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Critical appraisal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Hippolyte Taine</a> considered the psychological portraits of Stendhal's characters to be "real, because they are complex, many-sided, particular and original, like living human beings." <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a> concurred with Taine's assessment of Stendhal's skills as a "psychologist", and although emphatic in his praise of Stendhal's psychological accuracy and rejection of convention, he deplored the various implausibilities of the novels and Stendhal's clear authorial intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> refers to Stendhal as "France's last great psychologist" in <i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_Good_and_Evil" title="Beyond Good and Evil">Beyond Good and Evil</a></i> (1886).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1973187_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1973187-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also mentions Stendhal in the <i><a href="/wiki/Twilight_of_the_Idols" title="Twilight of the Idols">Twilight of the Idols</a></i> (1889) during a discussion of Dostoevsky as a psychologist, saying that encountering <a href="/wiki/Dostoevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a> was "the most beautiful accident of my life, more so than even my discovery of Stendhal".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche200446_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche200446-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford Madox Ford</a>, in <i>The English Novel</i>, asserts that to <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a> and Stendhal "the Novel owes its next great step forward...At that point it became suddenly evident that the Novel as such was capable of being regarded as a means of profoundly serious and many-sided discussion and therefore as a medium of profoundly serious investigation into the human case."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Erich_Auerbach" title="Erich Auerbach">Erich Auerbach</a> considers modern "serious realism" to have begun with Stendhal and <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Balzac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Mimesis:_The_Representation_of_Reality_in_Western_Literature" title="Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature">Mimesis</a></i>, he remarks of a scene in <i>The Red and the Black</i> that "it would be almost incomprehensible without a most accurate and detailed knowledge of the political situation, the social stratification, and the economic circumstances of a perfectly definite historical moment, namely, that in which France found itself just before the July Revolution."<sup id="cite_ref-A454_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A454-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Auerbach's view, in Stendhal's novels "characters, attitudes, and relationships of the <i><a href="/wiki/Dramatis_person%C3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatis personæ">dramatis personæ</a></i>, then, are very closely connected with contemporary historical circumstances; contemporary political and social conditions are woven into the action in a manner more detailed and more real than had been exhibited in any earlier novel, and indeed in any works of literary art except those expressly purporting to be politico-satirical tracts."<sup id="cite_ref-A454_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A454-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> uses Stendhal as an example of a feminist author. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> de Beauvoir writes "Stendhal never describes his heroines as a function of his heroes: he provides them with their own destinies."<sup id="cite_ref-The_Second_Sex_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Second_Sex-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She furthermore points out that it "is remarkable that Stendhal is both so profoundly romantic and so decidedly feminist; feminists are usually rational minds that adopt a universal point of view in all things; but it is not only in the name of freedom in general but also in the name of individual happiness that Stendhal calls for women's emancipation."<sup id="cite_ref-The_Second_Sex_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Second_Sex-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, Beauvoir criticises Stendhal for, although wanting a woman to be his equal, her only destiny he envisions for her remains a man.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Second_Sex_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Second_Sex-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even Stendhal's autobiographical works, such as <i>The Life of Henry Brulard</i> or <i>Memoirs of an Egotist</i>, are "far more closely, essentially, and concretely connected with the politics, sociology, and economics of the period than are, for example, the corresponding works of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a> or <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>; one feels that the great events of contemporary history affected Stendhal much more directly than they did the other two; Rousseau did not live to see them, and Goethe had managed to keep aloof from them." Auerbach goes on to say: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> We may ask ourselves how it came about that modern consciousness of reality began to find literary form for the first time precisely in Henri Beyle of Grenoble. Beyle-Stendhal was a man of keen intelligence, quick and alive, mentally independent and courageous, but not quite a great figure. His ideas are often forceful and inspired, but they are erratic, arbitrarily advanced, and, despite all their show of boldness, lacking in inward certainty and continuity. There is something unsettled about his whole nature: his fluctuation between realistic candor in general and silly mystification in particulars, between cold self-control, rapturous abandonment to sensual pleasures, and insecure and sometimes sentimental vaingloriousness, is not always easy to put up with; his literary style is very impressive and unmistakably original, but it is short-winded, not uniformly successful, and only seldom wholly takes possession of and fixes the subject. But, such as he was, he offered himself to the moment; circumstances seized him, tossed him about, and laid upon him a unique and unexpected destiny; they formed him so that he was compelled to come to terms with reality in a way which no one had done before him.<sup id="cite_ref-A454_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A454-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a> was dismissive of Stendhal, in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strong_Opinions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strong Opinions (page does not exist)">Strong Opinions</a></i> calling him "that pet of all those who like their French plain". In the notes to his translation of <i><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Onegin" title="Eugene Onegin">Eugene Onegin</a></i>, he asserts that <i>Le Rouge et le Noir</i> is "much overrated", and that Stendhal has a "paltry style". In <i><a href="/wiki/Pnin_(novel)" title="Pnin (novel)">Pnin</a></i> Nabokov wrote satirically, "Literary departments still labored under the impression that Stendhal, <a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">Galsworthy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dreiser" title="Theodore Dreiser">Dreiser</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a> were great writers."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dirda" title="Michael Dirda">Michael Dirda</a> considers Stendhal "the greatest all round French writer – author of two of the top 20 French novels, author of a highly original autobiography (<i>Vie de Henry Brulard</i>), a superb travel writer, and as inimitable a presence on the page as any writer you'll ever meet."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stendhal_syndrome">Stendhal syndrome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stendhal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Stendhal syndrome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stendhal_syndrome" title="Stendhal syndrome">Stendhal syndrome</a></div> <p>In 1817 Stendhal was reportedly overcome by the cultural richness of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> he encountered when he first visited the Tuscan city. As he described in his book<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Naples_and_Florence:_A_Journey_from_Milan_to_Reggio" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples and Florence: A Journey from Milan to Reggio">Naples and Florence: A Journey from Milan to Reggio</a></i>: </p> <blockquote> <p>As I emerged from the porch of Santa Croce, I was seized with a fierce palpitation of the heart (that same symptom which, in Berlin, is referred to as an attack of the nerves); the well-spring of life was dried up within me, and I walked in constant fear of falling to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The condition was diagnosed and named in 1979 by Italian <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">psychiatrist</a> <a href="/wiki/Graziella_Magherini" title="Graziella Magherini">Graziella Magherini</a>, who had noticed similar <a href="/wiki/Psychosomatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychosomatic">psychosomatic</a> conditions (racing heart beat, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>) amongst first-time visitors to the city. </p><p>In homage to Stendhal, <a href="/wiki/Trenitalia" title="Trenitalia">Trenitalia</a> named their overnight train service from <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> to <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> the Stendhal Express, though there is no physical distress connected to it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stendhal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mononym" title="Mononym">Mononym</a> - name composed of only one word. An individual who is known and addressed by a mononym is a mononymous person.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stendhal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The pronunciation <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[stɛ̃dal]</a></span> is the most common in France today, as shown by the entry <i>stendhalien</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[stɛ̃daljɛ̃]</a></span>) in the Petit Robert dictionary and by the pronunciation recorded on the authoritative website <i>Pronny the pronouncer</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is run by a professor of linguistics and records the pronunciations of highly educated native speakers. The pronunciation <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[stɑ̃dal]</a></span> is less common in France today, but was presumably the most common one in 19th-century France and perhaps the one preferred by Stendhal, as shown by the at the time well-known phrase "Stendhal, c'est un scandale" as explained on page 88 of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHaig1989" class="citation book cs1">Haig, Stirling (22 June 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KjC041e87qkC&q=scandale"><i>Stendhal: The Red and the Black</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521349826" title="Special:BookSources/9780521349826"><bdi>9780521349826</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stendhal%3A+The+Red+and+the+Black&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989-06-22&rft.isbn=9780521349826&rft.aulast=Haig&rft.aufirst=Stirling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKjC041e87qkC%26q%3Dscandale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span> by Stirling Haig. On the other hand, many obituaries used the spelling <i>Styndal</i>, which clearly indicates that the pronunciation <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[stɛ̃dal]</a></span> was also already common at the time of his death (see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PNcqAAAAMAAJ&q=stendal"><i>Literaturblatt für germanische und romanische Philologie</i></a> (in German). Vol. 57 to 58. 1936. p. 175).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literaturblatt+f%C3%BCr+germanische+und+romanische+Philologie&rft.pages=175&rft.date=1936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPNcqAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dstendal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span> Since Stendhal had lived and traveled extensively in Germany, it is of course also possible that he in fact pronounced his name as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʃtɛndaːl]</a></span> (as the German city of <a href="/wiki/Stendal" title="Stendal">Stendal</a>), using <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛn/</span> instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ̃/</span> (and perhaps also with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>), and that some French speakers approximated this but that most used one of the two common French pronunciations of the spelling <i>-en-</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɑ̃]</a></span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɛ̃]</a></span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angela Pietragrua is cited twice: during their first meeting in 1800; and when he fell in love with her in 1811.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stendhal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130925145446/http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/Stendhal">"Stendhal: definition of Stendhal in Oxford dictionary (British & World English) (US)"</a>. Oxforddictionaries.com. 2014-01-23. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/Stendhal">the original</a> on September 25, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stendhal%3A+definition+of+Stendhal+in+Oxford+dictionary+%28British+%26+World+English%29+%28US%29&rft.pub=Oxforddictionaries.com&rft.date=2014-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2FStendhal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130326131735/http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Stendhal">"Stendhal: definition of Stendhal in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)"</a>. Oxforddictionaries.com. 2014-01-23. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Stendhal">the original</a> on March 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stendhal%3A+definition+of+Stendhal+in+Oxford+dictionary+%28American+English%29+%28US%29&rft.pub=Oxforddictionaries.com&rft.date=2014-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2FStendhal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stendhal">"Stendhal - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary"</a>. Merriam-webster.com. 2012-08-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stendhal+-+Definition+and+More+from+the+Free+Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.pub=Merriam-webster.com&rft.date=2012-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fstendhal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308151457/http://rightpronunciation.com/details.asp?id=3491&id2=30">"Stendhal"</a>. <i>Pronny the pronouncer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rightpronunciation.com/details.asp?id=3491&id2=30">the original</a> on 2016-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pronny+the+pronouncer&rft.atitle=Stendhal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rightpronunciation.com%2Fdetails.asp%3Fid%3D3491%26id2%3D30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimes2011" class="citation book cs1">Times, The New York (2011). <i>The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind</i>. New York: St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 1334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-64302-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-64302-7"><bdi>978-0-312-64302-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Times+Guide+to+Essential+Knowledge%3A+A+Desk+Reference+for+the+Curious+Mind&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1334&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-312-64302-7&rft.aulast=Times&rft.aufirst=The+New+York&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemo2020" class="citation book cs1">Nemo, August (2020). <i>Essential Novelists - Stendhal: modern consciousness of reality</i>. Tacet Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96799-211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-96799-211-3"><bdi>978-3-96799-211-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Novelists+-+Stendhal%3A+modern+consciousness+of+reality&rft.pub=Tacet+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-96799-211-3&rft.aulast=Nemo&rft.aufirst=August&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=4209">"Literary Encyclopedia – Stendhal"</a>. litencyc.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Literary+Encyclopedia+%E2%80%93+Stendhal&rft.pub=litencyc.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.litencyc.com%2Fphp%2Fspeople.php%3Frec%3Dtrue%26UID%3D4209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrombert2018" class="citation book cs1">Brombert, Victor (2018). <i>Stendhal: Fiction and the Themes of Freedom</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53829-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53829-7"><bdi>978-0-226-53829-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stendhal%3A+Fiction+and+the+Themes+of+Freedom&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-226-53829-7&rft.aulast=Brombert&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JR-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JR_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JR_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1974" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Joanna (1974). <i>Stendhal</i>. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stendhal&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Coward%2C+McCann+%26+Geoghegan&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference "JR" was defined multiple times with different content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>).</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalty2009p._228_"...the_novelist_Stendhal,_an_officer_in_the_commissariat,_who_was_still_among_the_luckiest_men_on_the_retreat,_having_preserved_his_carriage."-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalty2009p._228_"...the_novelist_Stendhal,_an_officer_in_the_commissariat,_who_was_still_among_the_luckiest_men_on_the_retreat,_having_preserved_his_carriage."_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalty2009">Talty 2009</a>, p. 228 "...the novelist Stendhal, an officer in the commissariat, who was still among the luckiest men on the retreat, having preserved his carriage.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaig1989" class="citation book cs1">Haig, Stirling (1989). <i>Stendhal: The Red and the Black</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34189-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34189-2"><bdi>0-521-34189-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stendhal%3A+The+Red+and+the+Black&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-521-34189-2&rft.aulast=Haig&rft.aufirst=Stirling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkham1997" class="citation journal cs1">Markham, J. David (April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/ins/scholarship97/c_stendhal.html">"Following in the Footsteps of Glory: Stendhal's Napoleonic Career"</a>. <i>Napoleonic Scholarship: The Journal of the International Napoleonic Society</i>. <b>1</b> (1)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Napoleonic+Scholarship%3A+The+Journal+of+the+International+Napoleonic+Society&rft.atitle=Following+in+the+Footsteps+of+Glory%3A+Stendhal%27s+Napoleonic+Career&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1997-04&rft.aulast=Markham&rft.aufirst=J.+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleon-series.org%2Fins%2Fscholarship97%2Fc_stendhal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSartre2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sartre, Jean-Paul (September–October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/II/59/jean-paul-sartre-war-diary">"War Diary"</a>. <i>New Left Review</i> (59): 88–120<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=War+Diary&rft.issue=59&rft.pages=88-120&rft.date=2009-09%2F2009-10&rft.aulast=Sartre&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FII%2F59%2Fjean-paul-sartre-war-diary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamforth2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bamforth, Iain (2010-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2991758">"Stendhal's Syndrome"</a>. <i>The British Journal of General Practice</i>. <b>60</b> (581): 945–946. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3399%2Fbjgp10X544780">10.3399/bjgp10X544780</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-1643">0960-1643</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2991758">2991758</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+General+Practice&rft.atitle=Stendhal%27s+Syndrome&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=581&rft.pages=945-946&rft.date=2010-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2991758%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0960-1643&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3399%2Fbjgp10X544780&rft.aulast=Bamforth&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2991758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2011158-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2011158_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen2011">Green 2011</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2011239-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2011239_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen2011">Green 2011</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaPointe2012" class="citation book cs1">LaPointe, Leonard L. (2012). <i>Paul Broca and the Origins of Language in the Brain</i>. San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59756-604-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59756-604-9"><bdi>978-1-59756-604-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Broca+and+the+Origins+of+Language+in+the+Brain&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+CA&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Plural+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59756-604-9&rft.aulast=LaPointe&rft.aufirst=Leonard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeighton1975" class="citation book cs1">Leighton, Jean (1975). <i>Simone de Beauvoir on Woman</i>. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-1504-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-1504-1"><bdi>978-0-8386-1504-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simone+de+Beauvoir+on+Woman&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-1504-1&rft.aulast=Leighton&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRass2020" class="citation book cs1">Rass, Rebecca (2020). <i>Study Guide to The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir</i>. Nashville: Influence Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64542-393-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64542-393-5"><bdi>978-1-64542-393-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Study+Guide+to+The+Second+Sex+by+Simone+de+Beauvoir&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pub=Influence+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-64542-393-5&rft.aulast=Rass&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson2014" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Roger (2014). <i>Stendhal: The Red and the Black and The Charterhouse of Parma</i>. Oxon: Routledge. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-09616-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-09616-5"><bdi>978-0-582-09616-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stendhal%3A+The+Red+and+the+Black+and+The+Charterhouse+of+Parma&rft.place=Oxon&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-582-09616-5&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Fortnightly Review</i>. Suffolk: Chapman and Hall. 1913. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fortnightly+Review&rft.place=Suffolk&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1939" class="citation book cs1">Green, F. C. (1939). <i>An Amharic Reader</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-60072-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-60072-0"><bdi>978-1-107-60072-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Amharic+Reader&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1939&rft.isbn=978-1-107-60072-0&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=F.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1939" class="citation book cs1">Green, F. C. (1939). <i>Stendhal</i>. Cambridge: CUP Archive. p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stendhal&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=F.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JSAG-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JSAG_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JSAG_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarobinski1989" class="citation book cs1">Starobinski, Jean (1989). "Pseudononimous Stendhal". <i>The Living Eye</i>. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-53664-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-53664-9"><bdi>0-674-53664-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pseudononimous+Stendhal&rft.btitle=The+Living+Eye&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-674-53664-9&rft.aulast=Starobinski&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_Maio2011" class="citation book cs1">Di Maio, Mariella (2011). "Preface". <i>Aux âmes sensibles, Lettres choisies</i>. Gallimard. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=Aux+%C3%A2mes+sensibles%2C+Lettres+choisies&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Di+Maio&rft.aufirst=Mariella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStendhal1975" class="citation book cs1">Stendhal (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsofegotist00sten/page/63">"Chapter V"</a>. <i>Memoirs of an Egotist</i>. Translated by Ellis, David. Horizon. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsofegotist00sten/page/63">63</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780818002243" title="Special:BookSources/9780818002243"><bdi>9780818002243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+V&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+an+Egotist&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Horizon&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780818002243&rft.au=Stendhal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirsofegotist00sten%2Fpage%2F63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2011123-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2011123_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2011123_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2011">Martin 2011</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKvas2020" class="citation book cs1">Kvas, Kornelije (2020). <i>The Boundaries of Realism in World Literature</i>. Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Lexington Books. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-0910-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-0910-6"><bdi>978-1-7936-0910-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boundaries+of+Realism+in+World+Literature&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Boulder%2C+New+York%2C+London&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-7936-0910-6&rft.aulast=Kvas&rft.aufirst=Kornelije&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2015" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Stephen (2015). <i>How the French Won Waterloo - or Think They Did</i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4735-0636-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4735-0636-7"><bdi>978-1-4735-0636-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+French+Won+Waterloo+-+or+Think+They+Did&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4735-0636-7&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodheart2018" class="citation book cs1">Goodheart, Eugene (2018). <i>Modernism and the Critical Spirit</i>. Oxon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-30910-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-30910-3"><bdi>978-1-351-30910-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernism+and+the+Critical+Spirit&rft.place=Oxon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-351-30910-3&rft.aulast=Goodheart&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall2001" class="citation book cs1">Randall, Marilyn (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pragmaticplagiar0000rand"><i>Pragmatic plagiarism: authorship, profit, and power</i></a></span>. University of Toronto Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pragmaticplagiar0000rand/page/199">199</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802048141" title="Special:BookSources/9780802048141"><bdi>9780802048141</bdi></a>. <q>If the plagiarisms of Stendhal are legion, many are virtually translations: that is, cross-border plagiarism. Maurevert reports that Goethe, commenting enthusiastically on Stendhal's <i>Rome, Naples et Florence</i>, notes in a letter to a friend: 'he knows very well how to use what one reports to him, and, above all, he knows well how to appropriate foreign works. He translates passages from my <i>Italian Journey</i> and claims to have heard the anecdote recounted by a marchesina.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pragmatic+plagiarism%3A+authorship%2C+profit%2C+and+power&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780802048141&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpragmaticplagiar0000rand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor Del Litto in <i>Stendhal</i> (1986) p.500, quote (translation by Randall 2001 p.199): "used the texts of Carpani, Winckler, Sismondi et 'tutti quanti', as an ensemble of materials that he fashioned in his own way. In other words, by isolating his personal contribution, one arrives at the conclusion that the work, far from being a cento, is highly structured such that even the borrowed parts finally melt into a whole <i>a l'allure bien stendhalienne</i>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazard1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hazard" title="Paul Hazard">Hazard, Paul</a> (1921). <i>Les plagiats de Stendhal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+plagiats+de+Stendhal&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Hazard&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDousteyssier-KhozePlace-Verghnes2006" class="citation book cs1">Dousteyssier-Khoze, Catherine; Place-Verghnes, Floriane (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g9h9fbAXMUIC"><i>Poétiques de la parodie et du pastiche de 1850 à nos jours</i></a>. Peter Lang. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783039107438" title="Special:BookSources/9783039107438"><bdi>9783039107438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Po%C3%A9tiques+de+la+parodie+et+du+pastiche+de+1850+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783039107438&rft.aulast=Dousteyssier-Khoze&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Place-Verghnes%2C+Floriane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg9h9fbAXMUIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson2014" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Roger (2014). <i>Stendhal: "The Red and the Black" and "The Charterhouse of Parma"</i>. Routledge. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582096165" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582096165"><bdi>978-0582096165</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stendhal%3A+%22The+Red+and+the+Black%22+and+%22The+Charterhouse+of+Parma%22&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0582096165&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche1973187-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche1973187_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNietzsche1973">Nietzsche 1973</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche200446-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche200446_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNietzsche2004">Nietzsche 2004</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2008" class="citation book cs1">Wood, James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howfictionworks00wood/page/165"><i>How Fiction Works</i></a>. Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howfictionworks00wood/page/165">165</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374173401" title="Special:BookSources/9780374173401"><bdi>9780374173401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Fiction+Works&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780374173401&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowfictionworks00wood%2Fpage%2F165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Michael (March 5, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v37/n05/michael-wood/what-is-concrete">"What is concrete?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="The London Review of Books">The London Review of Books</a></i>. <b>37</b> (5): 19–21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=What+is+concrete%3F&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=19-21&rft.date=2015-03-05&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv37%2Fn05%2Fmichael-wood%2Fwhat-is-concrete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A454-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A454_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A454_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A454_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuerbach2003" class="citation book cs1">Auerbach, Erich (May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mimesisrepresent00auer_0/page/454"><i>Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature</i></a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mimesisrepresent00auer_0/page/454">454–464</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/069111336X" title="Special:BookSources/069111336X"><bdi>069111336X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mimesis%3A+The+Representation+of+Reality+in+Western+Literature&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=454-464&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003-05&rft.isbn=069111336X&rft.aulast=Auerbach&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmimesisrepresent00auer_0%2Fpage%2F454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Second_Sex-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Second_Sex_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Second_Sex_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Second_Sex_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Beauvoir1997" class="citation book cs1">De Beauvoir, Simone (1997). <i>The Second Sex</i>. London: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780099744214" title="Special:BookSources/9780099744214"><bdi>9780099744214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Sex&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780099744214&rft.aulast=De+Beauvoir&rft.aufirst=Simone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1965" class="citation magazine cs1">Wilson, Edmund (July 15, 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1965/jul/15/the-strange-case-of-pushkin-and-nabokov/">"The Strange Case of Pushkin and Nabokov"</a>. <i>nybooks.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=nybooks.com&rft.atitle=The+Strange+Case+of+Pushkin+and+Nabokov&rft.date=1965-07-15&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F1965%2Fjul%2F15%2Fthe-strange-case-of-pushkin-and-nabokov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirda2005" class="citation news cs1">Dirda, Michael (June 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2005/05/26/DI2005052601132.html">"Dirda on Books"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Dirda+on+Books&rft.date=2005-06-01&rft.aulast=Dirda&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Fdiscussion%2F2005%2F05%2F26%2FDI2005052601132.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStendhal" class="citation book cs1">Stendhal. <i>Naples and Florence: A Journey from Milan to Reggio</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naples+and+Florence%3A+A+Journey+from+Milan+to+Reggio&rft.au=Stendhal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stendhal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2011" class="citation book cs1">Green, F. C. (16 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMkEyU6l7Q4C"><i>Stendhal</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-60072-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-60072-0"><bdi>978-1-107-60072-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stendhal&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-06-16&rft.isbn=978-1-107-60072-0&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=F.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfMkEyU6l7Q4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2011" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Brian Joseph (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=igAPPhM8VakC"><i>Napoleonic Friendship: Military Fraternity, Intimacy, and Sexuality in Nineteenth-century France</i></a>. UPNE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-944-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-944-0"><bdi>978-1-58465-944-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleonic+Friendship%3A+Military+Fraternity%2C+Intimacy%2C+and+Sexuality+in+Nineteenth-century+France&rft.pub=UPNE&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58465-944-0&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Brian+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DigAPPhM8VakC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNietzsche1973" class="citation book cs1">Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xl4lAQAAIAAJ"><i>Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future</i></a>. Translated by Hollingdale, R. J. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044267-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044267-0"><bdi>978-0-14-044267-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Good+and+Evil%3A+Prelude+to+a+Philosophy+of+the+Future&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044267-0&rft.aulast=Nietzsche&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXl4lAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNietzsche2004" class="citation book cs1">Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WuTGU6Z674IC"><i>Twilight of the Idols and the Antichrist</i></a>. Translated by Common, Thomas. Courier Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43460-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43460-5"><bdi>978-0-486-43460-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twilight+of+the+Idols+and+the+Antichrist&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-486-43460-5&rft.aulast=Nietzsche&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWuTGU6Z674IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalty2009" class="citation book cs1">Talty, Stephan (2 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y9loFIiwe-oC"><i>The Illustrious Dead: The Terrifying Story of How Typhus Killed Napoleon's Greatest Army</i></a>. Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-45975-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-45975-6"><bdi>978-0-307-45975-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrious+Dead%3A+The+Terrifying+Story+of+How+Typhus+Killed+Napoleon%27s+Greatest+Army&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2009-06-02&rft.isbn=978-0-307-45975-6&rft.aulast=Talty&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy9loFIiwe-oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stendhal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStendhalDel_LittoAbravanel1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stendhal; Del Litto, Victor; Abravanel, Ernest (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xolcAAAAMAAJ"><i>Vies de Haydn, de Mozart et de Métastase</i></a> (in French). Vol. 41. le Cercle du bibliophile.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vies+de+Haydn%2C+de+Mozart+et+de+M%C3%A9tastase&rft.pub=le+Cercle+du+bibliophile&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Stendhal&rft.au=Del+Litto%2C+Victor&rft.au=Abravanel%2C+Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxolcAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Adams, Robert M., <i>Stendhal: Notes on a Novelist</i>. New York, Noonday Press, 1959.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Alter" title="Robert Alter">Alter, Robert</a>, <i>A Lion for Love: A Critical Biography of Stendhal</i>. Basic Books, 1979 (USA); <i>Stendhal. A Biography</i>. George Allen & Unwin, 1980 (UK). written in collaboration with Carol Cosman.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum, Léon</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stendhaletlebeyl00blum">Stendhal et le beylisme</a></i>. Paris, Paul Ollendorf, 1914.</li> <li>Dieter, Anna-Lisa, <i>Eros - Wunde - Restauration. Stendhal und die Entstehung des Realismus, </i>Paderborn: Wilhelm Fink, 2019 (Periplous. Münchener Studien zur Literaturwissenschaft).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Jefferson" title="Ann Jefferson">Jefferson, Ann</a>. <i>Reading Realism in Stendhal (Cambridge Studies in French)</i>. Cambridge University Press, 1988.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keates,_Jonathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Keates, Jonathan">Keates, Jonathan</a>. <i>Stendhal</i>. London, Sinclair-Stevenson, 1994.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Levin" title="Harry Levin">Levin, Harry</a>. <i>Toward Stendhal</i>. New York, 1945.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Richardson" title="Joanna Richardson">Richardson, Joanna</a>. <i>Stendhal</i>. London, Victor Gollancz, 1974.</li> <li>Tillett, Margaret. <i>Stendhal: The Background to the Novels</i>. Oxford University Press, 1971.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stendhal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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.sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Stendhal</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span 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class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Marie-Henri_Beyle" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Marie-Henri Beyle">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502" class="extiw" title="d:Q502">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">French <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="fr" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Stendhal" class="extiw" title="s:fr:Stendhal">Stendhal</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/418">Works by Stendhal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Stendhal%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Stendhal%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Stendhal%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Stendhal%22%29%20OR%20%28%221783-1842%22%20AND%20Stendhal%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Stendhal</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/3042">Works by Stendhal</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stendhalforever.com/">StendhalForever.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT354.HTM">Stendhal's works</a>: text, concordances and frequency list</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060105025426/http://www.incipitblog.com/index.php/2005/11/11/stendhal-le-rouge-et-le-noir-1830/">Audio Book (mp3) of</a> <i>The Red and the Black</i> incipit</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armance.com/">French site on Stendhal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitami.it/stendhal">Centro Stendhaliano di Milano</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221224056/http://www.digitami.it/stendhal">Archived</a> 2021-12-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Digital version of Stendhal's shoulder-notes on his own books.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Beyle, Marie Henri"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Beyle,_Marie_Henri">"Beyle, Marie Henri" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beyle%2C+Marie+Henri&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStendhal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stendhal" title="Template:Stendhal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stendhal" title="Template talk:Stendhal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stendhal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stendhal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_by_Stendhal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stendhal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Life_of_Napoleon" title="A Life of Napoleon">A Life of Napoleon</a></i> (1818)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Armance_(novel)" title="Armance (novel)">Armance</a></i> (1827)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vanina_Vanini" title="Vanina Vanini">Vanina Vanini</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Red_and_the_Black" title="The Red and the Black">The Red and the Black</a></i> (1830)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_an_Egotist" title="Memoirs of an Egotist">Memoirs of an Egotist</a></i> (1832)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Leuwen" title="Lucien Leuwen">Lucien Leuwen</a></i> (1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Henry_Brulard" title="The Life of Henry Brulard">The Life of Henry Brulard</a></i> (1836)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pink_and_the_Green" title="The Pink and the Green">The Pink and the Green</a></i> (1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Charterhouse_of_Parma" title="The Charterhouse of Parma">The Charterhouse of Parma</a></i> (1839)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stendhal&#039;s_The_Red_and_the_Black_(1830)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Red_and_the_Black" title="Template:The Red and the Black"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Red_and_the_Black" title="Template talk:The Red and the Black"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Red_and_the_Black" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Red and the Black"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stendhal&#039;s_The_Red_and_the_Black_(1830)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stendhal</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Red_and_the_Black" title="The Red and the Black">The Red and the Black</a></i> (1830)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Courier" title="The Secret Courier">The Secret Courier</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Courier_of_the_King" title="The Courier of the King">The Courier of the King</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Red_and_the_Black_(1954_film)" title="The Red and the Black (1954 film)">The Red and the Black</a></i> (1954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_and_Black_(TV_series)" title="Scarlet and Black (TV series)">Scarlet and Black</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great<br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a></b> →</div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtcBbhGXv7B3pGt7D6HYP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118617648">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78095494">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119255047">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119255047">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00457608">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Stendhal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV011630">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36553879">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990008232&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX899941">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/58213">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068582870">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90065449">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000024853&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000046448&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000035711">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=62648">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000024757">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199626409">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75kmn44r4v68j6q">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810646507105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/55638">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007268577105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000059677">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523433606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/19895525">Belgium</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14145228">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00813188?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500256080">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/417c25a7-3ec4-4ccc-9cda-6258240a8b9e">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/439822">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1289055">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118617648.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118617648">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027148351">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/041439">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sg3k6n">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64q8044">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stendhal&oldid=1247816984">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stendhal&oldid=1247816984</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stendhal" title="Category:Stendhal">Stendhal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1783_births" title="Category:1783 births">1783 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1842_deaths" title="Category:1842 deaths">1842 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_French_novelists" title="Category:19th-century French novelists">19th-century French novelists</a></li><li><a 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