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mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Utumwa rootpage-Utumwa skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Nenda kwa yaliyomo</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tovuti"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menyu kuu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ficha</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Urambazaji </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mwanzo" title="Tembelea Mwanzo [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Mwanzo</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Jumuia" title="Kuhusu mradi, mambo unaweza kufanya, na mahali pa kugundua vitu"><span>Jumuiya</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Matukio_ya_hivi_karibuni" title="Maarifa kuhusu habari za siku hizi"><span>Matukio ya hivi karibuni</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:MabadalikoyaKaribuni" title="Orodha ya mabadiliko ya hivi karibuni katika Wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Mabadiliko ya karibuni</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:UkurasawaBahati" title="Onyesha ukurasa wa bahati [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ukurasa wa bahati</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Mahali pa kueleweshwa."><span>Msaada</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Mwanzo" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-sw.svg" width="117" height="10" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.625em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:Tafuta" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Tafuta Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Tafuta</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Tafuta Wikipedia" aria-label="Tafuta Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Tafuta Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Maalum:Tafuta"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Tafuta</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Zana binafsi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Mandhari"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Badilisha mandhari ya ukubwa, upana, na rangi ya fonti ya ukurasa" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mandhari" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mandhari</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sw.wikipedia.org&uselang=sw" class=""><span>Michango</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:SajiliAkaunti&returnto=Utumwa" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Unda akaunti</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:IngiaMtumiaji&returnto=Utumwa" title="Tunakushajiisha kuingia, lakini siyo lazima. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Ingia</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out user-links-collapsible-item" title="Chaguo zaidi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Zana binafsi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Zana binafsi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sw.wikipedia.org&uselang=sw"><span>Michango</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:SajiliAkaunti&returnto=Utumwa" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Unda akaunti</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:IngiaMtumiaji&returnto=Utumwa" title="Tunakushajiisha kuingia, lakini siyo lazima. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Ingia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tovuti"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Yaliyomo" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Yaliyomo</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">hamishia kwenye mwambaa upande</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ficha</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Mwanzo</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Utumwa_tofautitofauti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utumwa_tofautitofauti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Utumwa tofautitofauti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utumwa_tofautitofauti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chanzo_cha_utumwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chanzo_cha_utumwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Chanzo cha utumwa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chanzo_cha_utumwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uislamu_na_utumwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uislamu_na_utumwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Uislamu na utumwa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uislamu_na_utumwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukombozi_wa_watumwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukombozi_wa_watumwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ukombozi wa watumwa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukombozi_wa_watumwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukristo_na_utumwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukristo_na_utumwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ukristo na utumwa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukristo_na_utumwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tazama_pia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tazama_pia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tazama pia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tazama_pia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marejeo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marejeo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Marejeo</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marejeo-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Marejeo subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Marejeo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ya_jumla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ya_jumla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Ya jumla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ya_jumla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viungo_vya_nje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viungo_vya_nje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Viungo vya nje</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Viungo_vya_nje-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Viungo vya nje subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Viungo_vya_nje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zamani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zamani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Zamani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zamani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nyakati_zetu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nyakati_zetu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Nyakati zetu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nyakati_zetu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Yaliyomo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Geuza uonekanaji wa yaliyomo" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Geuza uonekanaji wa yaliyomo</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Utumwa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Nenda kwenye makala kwa lugha nyingine. Lugha 156 zinapatikana" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-156" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lugha 156</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slawerny" title="Slawerny – Kiafrikana" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slawerny" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Kiafrikana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaverei" title="Sklaverei – Kijerumani cha Uswisi" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sklaverei" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Kijerumani cha Uswisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="ባርነት – Kiamhari" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባርነት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Kiamhari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavitut" title="Esclavitut – Kiaragoni" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Esclavitut" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Kiaragoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C4%93owd%C5%8Dm" title="Þēowdōm – Kiingereza cha Kale" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þēowdōm" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Kiingereza cha Kale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عبودية – Kiarabu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عبودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Kiarabu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عبودية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عبودية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="عبوديه – Kiarabu cha Misri" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عبوديه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Kiarabu cha Misri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavit%C3%BA" title="Esclavitú – Kiasturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Esclavitú" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Kiasturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27aqisiy%C3%A4wi" title="T'aqisiyäwi – Kiaymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="T'aqisiyäwi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Kiaymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quldarl%C4%B1q" title="Quldarlıq – Kiazerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Quldarlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Kiazerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%82" title="قول ساخلاماق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قول ساخلاماق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%A1" title="Ҡоллоҡ – Kibashkiri" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡоллоҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Kibashkiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaverei" title="Sklaverei – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sklaverei" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verguob%C4%97" title="Verguobė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Verguobė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag-uripon" title="Pag-uripon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pag-uripon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Рабства – Kibelarusi" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рабства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Kibelarusi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Рабства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рабства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Робство – Kibulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Робство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Kibulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulun" title="Hulun – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Hulun" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="দাসত্ব – Kibengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দাসত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Kibengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="བྲན་གཡོག་རིང་ལུགས། – Kitibeti" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བྲན་གཡོག་རིང་ལུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Kitibeti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaverezh" title="Sklaverezh – Kibretoni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sklaverezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Kibretoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robovlasni%C5%A1tvo" title="Robovlasništvo – Kibosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Robovlasništvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Kibosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Богоолшолго – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Богоолшолго" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavitud" title="Esclavitud – Kikatalani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esclavitud" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Kikatalani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Лолла – Kichechenia" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лолла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Kichechenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="کۆیلایەتی – Kikurdi cha Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆیلایەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kikurdi cha Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qulluq" title="Qulluq – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qulluq" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otroctv%C3%AD" title="Otroctví – Kicheki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Otroctví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Kicheki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Чуралăх – Kichuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чуралăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Kichuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caethwasiaeth" title="Caethwasiaeth – Kiwelisi" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Caethwasiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Kiwelisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveri" title="Slaveri – Kidenmaki" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaveri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Kidenmaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaverei" title="Sklaverei – Kijerumani" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sklaverei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Kijerumani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%ABr%C3%ABk%C3%A4%C5%8B_loony" title="Wërëkäŋ loony – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Wërëkäŋ loony" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%B1ndestiye" title="Bındestiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bındestiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Δουλεία – Kigiriki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δουλεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Kigiriki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery – Kiingereza" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Slavery" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Kiingereza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaveco" title="Sklaveco – Kiesperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sklaveco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Kiesperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavitud" title="Esclavitud – Kihispania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esclavitud" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Kihispania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orjus" title="Orjus – Kiestonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Orjus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Kiestonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esklabotza" title="Esklabotza – Kibaski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Esklabotza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Kibaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavit%C3%BA" title="Esclavitú – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Esclavitú" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="برده‌داری – Kiajemi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برده‌داری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Kiajemi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C9%97o" title="Korɗo – Kifulani" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Korɗo" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Kifulani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orjuus" title="Orjuus – Kifini" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Orjuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Kifini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%27apid%C3%A4mine" title="Or'apidämine – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Or'apidämine" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A6lur" title="Trælur – Kifaroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Trælur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Kifaroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavage" title="Esclavage – Kifaransa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Esclavage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Kifaransa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaawerei" title="Slaawerei – Kifrisia cha Kaskazini" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Slaawerei" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Kifrisia cha Kaskazini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavernij" title="Slavernij – Kifrisia cha Magharibi" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Slavernij" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Kifrisia cha Magharibi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scl%C3%A1bha%C3%ADocht" title="Sclábhaíocht – Kiayalandi" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sclábhaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Kiayalandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katibaj" title="Katibaj – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Katibaj" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A0illeachd" title="Tràilleachd – Kigaeli cha Uskoti" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tràilleachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Kigaeli cha Uskoti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escravitude" title="Escravitude – Kigalisi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escravitude" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Kigalisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembigu%C3%A1i_reko" title="Tembiguái reko – Kiguarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tembiguái reko" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Kiguarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%BE" title="ગુલામી પ્રથા – Kigujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગુલામી પ્રથા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Kigujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauta" title="Bauta – Kihausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bauta" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Kihausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="עבדות – Kiebrania" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עבדות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Kiebrania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF)" title="दासप्रथा (पाश्चात्य) – Kihindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दासप्रथा (पाश्चात्य)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Kihindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulami" title="Gulami – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Gulami" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robovlasni%C5%A1tvo" title="Robovlasništvo – Kikorasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robovlasništvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kikorasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esklavaj" title="Esklavaj – Kihaiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Esklavaj" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kihaiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabszolgas%C3%A1g" title="Rabszolgaság – Kihungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rabszolgaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Kihungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ստրկություն – Kiarmenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստրկություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Kiarmenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclavitude" title="Sclavitude – Kiintalingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sclavitude" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Kiintalingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perbudakan" title="Perbudakan – Kiindonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perbudakan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Kiindonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannakaadipen" title="Pannakaadipen – Kiilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pannakaadipen" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Kiilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaveso" title="Sklaveso – Kiido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sklaveso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Kiido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%A6lahald" title="Þrælahald – Kiisilandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þrælahald" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Kiisilandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiavismo" title="Schiavismo – Kiitaliano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Schiavismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Kiitaliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B7%E5%88%B6" title="奴隷制 – Kijapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="奴隷制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Kijapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slievri" title="Slievri – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Slievri" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/selbaise%27u" title="selbaise'u – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="selbaise'u" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batur_tukon" title="Batur tukon – Kijava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Batur tukon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Kijava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მონათმფლობელობა – Kijojia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მონათმფლობელობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Kijojia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qulsh%C4%B1l%C4%B1q" title="Qulshılıq – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qulshılıq" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%89%D1%8B%D0%BB%D3%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%8D" title="ПщылӀыгъуэ – Kikabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ПщылӀыгъуэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kikabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwo" title="Khwo – Kityap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Khwo" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Kityap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumpika" title="Bumpika – Kikongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Bumpika" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kikongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A8kombo" title="Ũkombo – Kikikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ũkombo" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Құлдық – Kikazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құлдық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kikazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%96" title="ទាសភាព – Kikambodia" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទាសភាព" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Kikambodia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗುಲಾಮಗಿರಿ – Kikannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗುಲಾಮಗಿರಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kikannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EC%98%88%EC%A0%9C" title="노예제 – Kikorea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노예제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Kikorea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83" title="Къул тутуу – Kikarachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къул тутуу" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Kikarachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xulamt%C3%AE" title="Xulamtî – Kikurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xulamtî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kikurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Кулчулук – Kikyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кулчулук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kikyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servitus" title="Servitus – Kilatini" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Servitus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Kilatini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaverei" title="Sklaverei – Kilasembagi" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sklaverei" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Kilasembagi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavernie" title="Slavernie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Slavernie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%27ciavismo" title="S'ciavismo – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="S'ciavismo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%BAmbu" title="Boúmbu – Kilingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Boúmbu" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Kilingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergov%C4%97" title="Vergovė – Kilithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vergovė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Kilithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdz%C4%ABba" title="Verdzība – Kilatvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Verdzība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Kilatvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanandevozana" title="Fanandevozana – Kimalagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanandevozana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Kimalagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ропство – Kimacedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ропство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Kimacedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="അടിമത്തം – Kimalayalamu" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അടിമത്തം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Kimalayalamu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Боолчлол – Kimongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Боолчлол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Kimongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="गुलामगिरी – Kimarathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुलामगिरी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Kimarathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perhambaan" title="Perhambaan – Kimalei" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perhambaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Kimalei" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skjavit%C3%B9" title="Skjavitù – Kimalta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Skjavitù" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Kimalta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrabatura" title="Scrabatura – Kimirandi" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Scrabatura" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Kimirandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ကျွန်စနစ် – Kiburma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျွန်စနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Kiburma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveree" title="Slaveree – Kisaksoni" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Slaveree" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Kisaksoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="दासप्रथा – Kinepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दासप्रथा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Kinepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="दास – Kinewari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दास" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Kinewari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavernij" title="Slavernij – Kiholanzi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slavernij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Kiholanzi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveri" title="Slaveri – Kinorwe cha Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Slaveri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Kinorwe cha Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveri" title="Slaveri – Kinorwe cha Bokmal" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaveri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Kinorwe cha Bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavatge" title="Esclavatge – Kiokitani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Esclavatge" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Kiokitani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80" title="ਗ਼ੁਲਾਮੀ – Kipunjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗ਼ੁਲਾਮੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Kipunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklabitut" title="Sklabitut – Kipapiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sklabitut" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Kipapiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niewolnictwo" title="Niewolnictwo – Kipolandi" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niewolnictwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Kipolandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-ciavit%C3%B9" title="S-ciavitù – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="S-ciavitù" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="غلامي – Kipashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="غلامي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Kipashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escravatura" title="Escravatura – Kireno" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escravatura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Kireno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punqu" title="Punqu – Kikechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Punqu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Kikechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclavie" title="Sclavie – Kiromania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sclavie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Kiromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рабство – Kirusi" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рабство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Kirusi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рабство – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Рабство" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82" title="Кулут – Kisakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кулут" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Kisakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iscravidade" title="Iscravidade – Kisardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Iscravidade" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Kisardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiavismu" title="Schiavismu – Kisicilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Schiavismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Kisicilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="غلامي – Kisindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="غلامي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Kisindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropstvo" title="Ropstvo – Kiserbia-kroeshia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ropstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Kiserbia-kroeshia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="වහල් භාවය – Kisinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වහල් භාවය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Kisinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Slavery" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrok%C3%A1rstvo_(vyu%C5%BE%C3%ADvanie_otrokov)" title="Otrokárstvo (využívanie otrokov) – Kislovakia" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Otrokárstvo (využívanie otrokov)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Kislovakia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%BEenjstvo" title="Suženjstvo – Kislovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Suženjstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Kislovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muranda" title="Muranda – Kishona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Muranda" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Kishona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoon" title="Adoon – Kisomali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Adoon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Kisomali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skllav%C3%ABria" title="Skllavëria – Kialbania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Skllavëria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Kialbania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ропство – Kiserbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ропство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Kiserbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveri" title="Slaveri – Kiswidi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaveri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Kiswidi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="அடிமை முறை – Kitamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அடிமை முறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Kitamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="బానిసత్వం – Kitelugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బానిసత్వం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Kitelugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Ғуломдорӣ – Kitajiki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ғуломдорӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Kitajiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA" title="ทาส – Kithai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทาส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Kithai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang-aalipin" title="Pang-aalipin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pang-aalipin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lelik" title="Kölelik – Kituruki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kölelik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Kituruki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Коллык – Kitatari" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Коллык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Kitatari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukapolo" title="Ukapolo – Kitumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Ukapolo" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Kitumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%87%D9%84%D9%84%DB%87%D9%82_%D8%AA%DB%88%D8%B2%DB%88%D9%85" title="قۇللۇق تۈزۈم – Kiuyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قۇللۇق تۈزۈم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Kiuyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рабство – Kiukraini" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рабство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Kiukraini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="غلامی – Kiurdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="غلامی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Kiurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qullik" title="Qullik – Kiuzbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qullik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Kiuzbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-ciavit%C3%B9" title="S-ciavitù – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="S-ciavitù" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4_l%E1%BB%87" title="Nô lệ – Kivietinamu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nô lệ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Kivietinamu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-uuripon" title="Pan-uuripon – Kiwaray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pan-uuripon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Kiwaray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6" title="奴隶制 – Kichina cha Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奴隶制" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Kichina cha Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99" title="שקלאפעריי – Kiyiddi" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שקלאפעריי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Kiyiddi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oko%E1%BA%B9r%C3%BA" title="Okoẹrú – Kiyoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Okoẹrú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Kiyoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="奴隶制度 – Kichina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奴隶制度" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kichina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4%CD%98-l%C4%93_ch%C3%A8-t%C5%8D%CD%98" title="Lô͘-lē chè-tō͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lô͘-lē chè-tō͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8%E5%88%B6" title="奴隸制 – Kikantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奴隸制" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kikantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8463#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Hariri viungo vya lugha zingine" class="wbc-editpage">Hariri viungo</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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href="/w/index.php?title=Utumwa&action=edit" title="Ukurasa huu umelindwa. 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mandhari</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">hamishia kwenye mwambaa upande</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ficha</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Elekezwa kutoka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Watumwa&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Watumwa">Watumwa</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sw" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Slavezanzibar2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Slavezanzibar2.JPG/220px-Slavezanzibar2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Slavezanzibar2.JPG/330px-Slavezanzibar2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Slavezanzibar2.JPG/440px-Slavezanzibar2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Picha ya <a href="/wiki/Mvulana" title="Mvulana">mvulana</a> mtumwa huko <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>, <a href="/wiki/1890" title="1890">1890</a> hivi.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Utumwa</b> ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mfumo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mfumo (bado haujaandikwa)">mfumo</a> unaotoa fursa kwa <a href="/wiki/Binadamu" title="Binadamu">binadamu</a> kummiliki binadamu mwenzake kama <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">mali</a> yake. Binadamu anayemilikiwa anakuwa na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadhi (bado haujaandikwa)">hadhi</a> sawa na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chombo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chombo (bado haujaandikwa)">chombo</a> au <a href="/wiki/Kifaa" title="Kifaa">kifaa</a> chochote kinachoweza kuuzwa. </p><p>Mfumo huu ulianza kabla ya <a href="/wiki/Uandishi" title="Uandishi">uandishi</a> kubuniwa, ukawa maarufu hasa kabla ya harakati za <a href="/wiki/Ukoloni" title="Ukoloni">ukoloni</a> duniani, mathalani kuanzia <a href="/wiki/Karne_ya_15" title="Karne ya 15">karne ya 15</a>, ambapo watumwa walihitajika katika shughuli za <a href="/wiki/Kilimo" title="Kilimo">kilimo</a> na <a href="/wiki/Uchimbaji_madini" title="Uchimbaji madini">uchimbaji madini</a> katika sehemu mbalimbali za <a href="/wiki/Ulimwengu" title="Ulimwengu">ulimwengu</a>, hasa <a href="/wiki/Amerika" title="Amerika">Amerika</a>, ingawa katika sehemu nyingine, hasa <a href="/wiki/Uarabuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Uarabuni">Uarabuni</a>, walitafutwa hasa watumwa <a href="/wiki/Wanawake" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanawake">wanawake</a> kwa ajili ya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uasherati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uasherati (bado haujaandikwa)">uasherati</a>. </p><p>Mfumo huu huunda ma<a href="/wiki/Tabaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabaka">tabaka</a> ya "mabwana" ambao humiliki watumwa na "watwana" ambao ni watumwa wenyewe. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utumwa_tofautitofauti">Utumwa tofautitofauti</h2></div> <p>Katika <a href="/wiki/Historia" title="Historia">historia</a> zilitokea aina mbalimbali za utumwa. </p><p>Kulikuwa na utumwa wa muda (yaani mtu huwa mtumwa kwa miaka kadhaa) au kwa maisha yote. </p><p>Kulikuwa na utaratibu ambao watoto wa mtumwa walikuwa watumwa tena, hivyo kuzaliwa watumwa; kulikuwa pia na utaratibu wa kwamba watoto wa watumwa walitazamiwa kama watu huru. </p><p>Kulikuwa na <a href="/wiki/Jamii" title="Jamii">jamii</a> ambako watumwa hawakuwa na <a href="/wiki/Haki" title="Haki">haki</a> kabisa, yaani mabwana waliweza kuwatendea jinsi walivyotaka, hata kuwaua; lakini kulikuwa pia na jamii zilizojua haki fulani za watumwa: hapo watumwa waliweza kuwa na mali ya binafsi na kwa njia hii hata kununua <a href="/wiki/Uhuru" title="Uhuru">uhuru</a> wao kutoka kwa mabwana. </p><p>Watumwa katika utumishi wa watawala waliweza kupata nafasi muhimu katika jamii; mfano ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamameluki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wamameluki (bado haujaandikwa)">Wamameluki</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Misri" title="Misri">Misri</a> waliokuwa watumwa <a href="/wiki/Wanajeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanajeshi">wanajeshi</a> wakatawala nchi hiyo kwa <a href="/wiki/Karne" title="Karne">karne</a> kadhaa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chanzo_cha_utumwa">Chanzo cha utumwa</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Slavery_in_Brazil,_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret_(1768-1848).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Slavery_in_Brazil%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret_%281768-1848%29.jpg/200px-Slavery_in_Brazil%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret_%281768-1848%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Slavery_in_Brazil%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret_%281768-1848%29.jpg/300px-Slavery_in_Brazil%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret_%281768-1848%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Slavery_in_Brazil%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret_%281768-1848%29.jpg/400px-Slavery_in_Brazil%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret_%281768-1848%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3756" data-file-height="2717" /></a><figcaption>Mtumwa huko <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chanzo cha utumwa kilikuwa mara nyingi ama <a href="/wiki/Vita" title="Vita">vita</a> ama ma<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deni (bado haujaandikwa)">deni</a>. </p><p>Vitani waliotekwa wakauzwa kama watumwa wakihesabiwa kama sehemu ya uwindo wa washindi. </p><p>Sababu kuu nyingine ilikuwa madeni ya watu waliokamatwa na kuuzwa ili madeni yalipwe kwa njia hii. </p><p>Mahitaji ya kiuchumi ya kupata watumwa wengi yalisababisha <a href="/wiki/Biashara_ya_watumwa" title="Biashara ya watumwa">biashara ya watumwa</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Uchumi" title="Uchumi">Uchumi</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Roma_ya_Kale" title="Roma ya Kale">Roma ya Kale</a> ulitegemea watumwa waliokamatwa na kusafirishwa kutoka pande zote za <a href="/wiki/Mazingira" title="Mazingira">mazingira</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Bahari_Mediteranea" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahari Mediteranea">Bahari Mediteranea</a>. </p><p>Milki za ma<a href="/wiki/Khalifa" title="Khalifa">khalifa</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Uislamu" title="Uislamu">Uislamu</a> ziliendelea kutegemea watumwa. <a href="/wiki/Waosmani" class="mw-redirect" title="Waosmani">Waosmani</a> walichukua watoto wa <a href="/wiki/Ukristo" title="Ukristo">Kikristo</a>, hasa kutoka nchi za <a href="/wiki/Balkani" title="Balkani">Balkani</a>, na kuwapeleka kama watumwa katika sehemu za kusini za milki yao kama <a href="/wiki/Misri" title="Misri">Misri</a> walipofanya kazi kama <a href="/wiki/Wanajeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanajeshi">wanajeshi</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Biashara_ya_utumwa_kupitia_Bahari_ya_Hindi" title="Biashara ya utumwa kupitia Bahari ya Hindi">Biashara ya Waarabu kuhusu watumwa</a> ilidumu miaka 1,300, na kupeleka mamilioni ya Waafrika upande wa <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. </p><p>Mahitaji ya uchumi wa kimataifa tangu <a href="/wiki/Karne_ya_15" title="Karne ya 15">karne ya 15</a> yalisababisha kuongezeka kwa biashara ya watumwa hasa kutoka <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>; mamilioni walikamatwa na watawala wa milki kwenye pwani za Afrika au <a href="/wiki/Waarabu" title="Waarabu">Waarabu</a> na kuuzwa kwa wafanyabiashara <a href="/wiki/Wazungu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazungu">Wazungu</a> waliowapeleka <a href="/wiki/Amerika" title="Amerika">Amerika</a> walipohitajika kwa kazi kwenye ma<a href="/wiki/Shamba" title="Shamba">shamba</a> makubwa ya <a href="/wiki/Miwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Miwa">miwa</a> na <a href="/wiki/Pamba" title="Pamba">pamba</a>. </p><p>Biashara hii ilianza kupingwa zaidi tangu mwisho wa <a href="/wiki/Karne_ya_18" title="Karne ya 18">karne ya 18</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mkutano_wa_Vienna" title="Mkutano wa Vienna">Mkutano wa Vienna</a> (<a href="/wiki/1814" title="1814">1814</a>-<a href="/wiki/1815" title="1815">1815</a>) ulikuwa mapatano ya kwanza ya kimataifa yaliyolenga kukataza biashara ya watumwa kutoka Afrika. </p><p>Hata hivyo iliendelea kwa miaka kadhaa hasa upande wa <a href="/wiki/Bahari_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahari Hindi">bahari Hindi</a> ambako wanafayabiashara Waislamu kama <a href="/wiki/Tippu_Tip" class="mw-redirect" title="Tippu Tip">Tippu Tip</a> waliendelea kukamata watumwa na kuwapeleka pwani na <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> kulikokuwa na <a href="/wiki/Soko_la_watumwa" title="Soko la watumwa">soko la watumwa</a> kubwa kuliko yote. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ukoloni" title="Ukoloni">Ukoloni</a> ulimaliza kwa kiasi kikubwa biashara hiyo Afrika pia, ingawa <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> ilifanya utumwa kuwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosa_la_jinai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosa la jinai (bado haujaandikwa)">kosa la jinai</a> mwaka <a href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a> tu. </p><p>Tangu <a href="/wiki/Karne_ya_20" title="Karne ya 20">karne ya 20</a> utumwa na pia biashara ya watumwa zimepigwa marufuku katika mapatano ya kimataifa chini ya usimamizi wa <a href="/wiki/Umoja_wa_Mataifa" title="Umoja wa Mataifa">Umoja wa Mataifa</a>. </p><p>Lakini miaka ya hivi karibuni imeona biashara mpya inayotumia nafasi za usairi wa kisasa; hata kama duniani hakuna utumwa kisheria tena, ni hasa <a href="/wiki/Wanawake" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanawake">wanawake</a> na mabinti wanaouzwa kwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazi_haramu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazi haramu (bado haujaandikwa)">kazi haramu</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Ukahaba" title="Ukahaba">ukahaba</a> kati ya nchi na nchi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uislamu_na_utumwa">Uislamu na utumwa</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Uislamu" title="Uislamu">Uislamu</a> ulikubali utumwa, hivyo katika nchi zinazofuata <a href="/wiki/Dini" title="Dini">dini</a> hiyo utumwa ulichelewa zaidi kufutwa. </p><p>Lakini Waislamu walifundishwa masharti fulani kama kuwatendea watumwa vizuri. Walifundishwa pia kwamba ni tendo jema mbele ya <a href="/wiki/Mungu" title="Mungu">Mungu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>) kumwacha huru mtumwa.<span style="color:red"><sup><small><small>(Habari hii inatakiwa kuthibitishwa kwa kuonyesha vyanzo)</small></small></sup></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ukombozi_wa_watumwa">Ukombozi wa watumwa</h2></div> <p><sup>Tazama makala kuu <a href="/wiki/Wendo_wa_ukomeshaji_wa_utumwa" title="Wendo wa ukomeshaji wa utumwa">Wendo wa ukomeshaji wa utumwa</a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg/220px-Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg/330px-Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg/440px-Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Watawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Watawa">Watawa</a> <a href="/wiki/Wamersedari" title="Wamersedari">Wamersedari</a> walijitosa kukomboa watumwa (mchoro wa mwaka <a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Katika <a href="/wiki/Historia" title="Historia">historia</a> ndefu za utumwa, kulitokea juhudi za kukomboa waliotekwa, hasa kwa kuwanunua ili kuwaacha huru. </p><p>Kati ya <a href="/wiki/Wakatoliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Wakatoliki">Wakatoliki</a> yalianzishwa hata mashirika maalumu ya <a href="/wiki/Utawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Utawa">kitawa</a> kwa lengo hilo, kwa mfano <a href="/wiki/Watrinitari" title="Watrinitari">Watrinitari</a> na <a href="/wiki/Wamersedari" title="Wamersedari">Wamersedari</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ukristo_na_utumwa">Ukristo na utumwa</h2></div> <p>Kwa muda mrefu utumwa ulikuwa utaratibu wa kijamii katika sehemu nyingi za <a href="/wiki/Dunia" title="Dunia">dunia</a>. </p><p>Habari za kwanza za kimaandishi juu ya <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Mashariki" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrika Mashariki">Afrika Mashariki</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karne_ya_2_K.K." class="mw-redirect" title="Karne ya 2 K.K.">karne ya 2 K.K.</a>) zilisema: "wanaleta kutoka <a href="/wiki/Pwani" title="Pwani">pwani</a> ile <a href="/wiki/Ndovu" title="Ndovu">ndovu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhahabu" title="Dhahabu">dhahabu</a> na watumwa". </p><p>Kule <a href="/wiki/Ulaya" title="Ulaya">Ulaya</a> kuna kundi la mataifa linaloitwa tangu zamani "<a href="/wiki/Waslavi" title="Waslavi">Waslavi</a>" (kama vile <a href="/wiki/Warusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Warusi">Warusi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wapolandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wapolandi">Wapolandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waserbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Waserbia">Waserbia</a> n.k.). Kumbe neno "slavi" kiasili linamaanisha "watumwa": watu wa mataifa yale walikamatwa zamani na kuuzwa kama watumwa katika sehemu nyingine za Ulaya, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> na pia <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Kaskazini" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrika Kaskazini">Afrika Kaskazini</a>. </p><p>Hali hiyo ni mbaya sana, hailingani kabisa na <a href="/wiki/Utu" title="Utu">utu</a> na <a href="/wiki/Heshima" title="Heshima">heshima</a> ya kibinadamu, wala haipatani na <a href="/wiki/Ukristo" title="Ukristo">Ukristo</a> unaokiri na kulenga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Udugu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Udugu (bado haujaandikwa)">udugu</a> wa watu wote. Lakini watu walioishi zamani katika mazingira yenye utumwa walikuwa wamezoea hali hiyo. </p><p>Habari za watumwa tunaweza kuzisoma hata katika <a href="/wiki/Biblia" class="mw-disambig" title="Biblia">Biblia</a>. Ilikuwa jambo la kawaida katika mazingira ya <a href="/wiki/Israeli_ya_Kale" title="Israeli ya Kale">Israeli ya Kale</a>. Mtu aliweza kukamatwa na kuuzwa utumwani ili kulipia madeni yake. Mara nyingi watumwa walikuwa watu waliokamatwa vitani. Kwa mfano wakazi wote wa <a href="/wiki/Yerusalemu" title="Yerusalemu">Yerusalemu</a> walifanywa watumwa baada ya <a href="/wiki/Mji" title="Mji">mji</a> huo kutekwa na <a href="/wiki/Wanajeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanajeshi">wanajeshi</a> <a href="/wiki/Roma_ya_Kale" title="Roma ya Kale">Waroma</a> mwaka <a href="/wiki/70" title="70">70</a> <a href="/wiki/B.K." class="mw-redirect" title="B.K.">B.K.</a> Wakati wa Biblia <a href="/wiki/Asilimia" title="Asilimia">asilimia</a> 20 hivi za wakazi wa <a href="/wiki/Dola_la_Roma" title="Dola la Roma">Dola la Roma</a> walikuwa watumwa. Lakini katika nchi ya Israeli hali ilikuwa tofauti. <a href="/wiki/Torati" title="Torati">Sheria</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Musa" title="Musa">Musa</a> ilimwacha mtumwa awe huru baada ya miaka 7 (<a href="/wiki/Kut" class="mw-redirect" title="Kut">Kut</a> 21:2). Kwa sababu hiyo hawakuwapo watumwa wengi katika Israeli. Labda ndiyo sababu <a href="/wiki/Yesu" title="Yesu">Yesu</a> hakufundisha juu ya utumwa kwani walikuwa wachache sana katika mazingira yake. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mtume_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mtume Paulo">Mtume Paulo</a> aliishi zaidi nje ya eneo la Israeli. Katika miji mikubwa kama <a href="/wiki/Antiokia" title="Antiokia">Antiokia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korintho" title="Korintho">Korintho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Efeso" title="Efeso">Efeso</a> au <a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a> watumwa walikuwa wengi. Paulo alifundisha ni <a href="/wiki/Wajibu" title="Wajibu">wajibu</a> wa mabwana Wakristo kuwatendea watumwa wao vizuri. Kwa nini hakupinga utumwa? </p><p>Wataalamu wengi hudhani kwamba Paulo alitegemea <a href="/wiki/Ujio_wa_pili" title="Ujio wa pili">kurudi kwake Yesu</a> na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mwisho_wa_dunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mwisho wa dunia (bado haujaandikwa)">mwisho wa dunia</a> kuwa karibu sana, hivyo hakuona umuhimu wa kubadilisha taratibu za kijamii. Lakini alisititiza kwamba ndani ya <a href="/wiki/Kanisa" title="Kanisa">Kanisa</a> ni marufuku kutofautisha kati ya watumwa na walio huru. Ukristo uliweza kuvuta watumwa wengi, kwani uliwakubali kuwa binadamu wenye utu na heshima kamili. Wapinzani wa Ukristo waliuita "Dini ya watumwa". Walau mtumwa mmoja alichaguliwa kuwa <a href="/wiki/Askofu" title="Askofu">Askofu</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Kanisa_la_Roma" title="Kanisa la Roma">Roma</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kanisa_Katoliki" title="Kanisa Katoliki">Kanisa Katoliki</a> linamkumbuka kama <a href="/wiki/Mtakatifu" title="Mtakatifu">Mtakatifu</a> <a href="/wiki/Papa_Kalisti_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Papa Kalisti I">Papa Kalisti I</a>. </p><p>Baada ya uenezaji wa Ukristo utumwa ulipungua sana Ulaya. Vilevile walimu wengi Wakristo walipinga utumwa wenyewe. Hatimaye mabadiliko ya <a href="/wiki/Uchumi" title="Uchumi">uchumi</a> yaliondoa <a href="/wiki/Faida" title="Faida">faida</a> ya kutumia watumwa. </p><p>Hali hii ilibadilika baada ya kuanzishwa kwa <a href="/wiki/Ukoloni" title="Ukoloni">ukoloni</a> Amerika. <a href="/wiki/Wareno" class="mw-redirect" title="Wareno">Wareno</a> na <a href="/wiki/Wahispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahispania">Wahispania</a> walioteka nchi za huko walivutwa na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamaa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamaa (bado haujaandikwa)">tamaa</a> ya dhahabu. </p><p>Mataifa ya Ulaya yalipeleka ng'ambo mara kwa mara wafungwa wao kwa nia ya kusafisha <a href="/wiki/Jamii" title="Jamii">jamii</a> zao na kupunguza <a href="/wiki/Gharama" title="Gharama">gharama</a> za <a href="/wiki/Gereza" title="Gereza">magereza</a>. Watu waliona kule mbali hawawezi kusababisha hasara. Kumbe hawakujali hali ya wenyeji walioteswa na wale wakorofi walioona nafasi ya kujitajirisha. </p><p>Hata <a href="/wiki/Afisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Afisa">maafisa</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Serikali" title="Serikali">serikali</a> za kikoloni walishindwa kuwadhibiti vizuri kwani waliwategemea katika kuwatawala wenyeji ambao hawakunyamaza kwa <a href="/wiki/Hiari" title="Hiari">hiari</a>. Ndipo <a href="/wiki/Wamisionari" class="mw-redirect" title="Wamisionari">wamisionari</a> walipojitahidi kupambana na ukorofi uliokuwepo, lakini kiasi: jinsi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mapato (bado haujaandikwa)">mapato</a> kutoka makoloni yalivyokuwa muhimu kwa makisio ya serikali za Ulaya, haikuwa rahisi kupambana na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unyonyaji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unyonyaji (bado haujaandikwa)">unyonyaji</a> katika <a href="/wiki/Koloni" title="Koloni">makoloni</a> ya mbali. </p><p>Kanisa Katoliki halikukubali rasmi biashara ya watumwa, lakini Mapapa waliona hawana nguvu ya kuizuia. Walijaribu zaidi kuweka masharti jinsi ya kuwatendea watumwa. Mataifa kadhaa yalifuata mafundisho ya Kanisa: k.mf. <a href="/wiki/Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> na <a href="/wiki/Ufaransa" title="Ufaransa">Ufaransa</a> zilikataa kuwa na <a href="/wiki/Soko" title="Soko">soko</a> la watumwa lakini zilifunga macho <a href="/wiki/Raia" title="Raia">raia</a> wao wakiendesha biashara hiyo nje ya mipaka yao. Wengine kama Wareno hawakuona tatizo kufanya biashara hiyo. </p><p>Watumwa wa kwanza kutoka <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a> waliingia <a href="/wiki/Ureno" title="Ureno">Ureno</a> wakati <a href="/wiki/Mfalme" title="Mfalme">Mfalme</a> wa Ureno alipokubali kupokea kutoka kwa <a href="/wiki/Waarabu" title="Waarabu">Waarabu</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Moroko" title="Moroko">Moroko</a> watumwa kadhaa kama malipo ya madeni. <a href="/wiki/Wapelelezi" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Wapelelezi">Wapelelezi</a> Wareno walioanza kuzunguka pwani za Afrika walileta tena na tena wafungwa kama watumwa. Lakini mpaka wakati ule walikuwa wachache kwani Ulaya soko lilikuwa dogo. </p><p>Kumbe baada ya kuanzishwa kwa makoloni Amerika watumwa walitafutwa sana kwa ajili ya kulima mashamba makubwa na kuchimba <a href="/wiki/Madini" title="Madini">madini</a> kule. Hivyo ukoloni Amerika ulisababisha kukua kwa mahitaji ya watumwa. </p><p>Hapo utaratibu wa kale wa utumwa ulipanuka kuwa mbaya sana kuliko awali. Milioni nyingi za Waafrika waliuawa katika <a href="/wiki/Vita" title="Vita">vita</a> vya kukamata watumwa na nyingine nyingi wakapelekwa wamefungwa kule Amerika katika hali ya kutisha. </p><p>Vurugu iliyoharibu jamii nyingi za Kiafrika ndiyo iliyosababisha vilevile uharibifu wa <a href="/wiki/Misheni" title="Misheni">misheni</a> za Kikristo katika <a href="/wiki/Karne_ya_16" title="Karne ya 16">karne za 16</a>-<a href="/wiki/Karne_ya_18" title="Karne ya 18">18</a>. Uharibifu wa taratibu za kijamii ulikuwa mbaya zaidi katika maeneo ya pwani yaani kulekule walipoingia wamisionari. </p><p>Si ajabu kwamba <a href="/wiki/Waafrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Waafrika">Waafrika</a> wengi walishindwa kutambua tofauti kati ya wamisionari Wareno na <a href="/wiki/Wafanyabiashara" class="mw-redirect" title="Wafanyabiashara">wafanyabiashara</a> ya watumwa kutoka <a href="/wiki/Taifa" title="Taifa">taifa</a> lilelile. Hali ilikuwa mbaya zaidi wamisionari wenyewe walipojiingiza katika mambo ya utumwa kama walivyofanya wengine. </p><p>Kwa jumla ni aibu kubwa kwamba Wakristo wengi walitumia muda mrefu mno kutambua kwamba Ukristo na utumwa havipatani. </p><p>Mwanzoni awamu mpya ya utumwa haikuonekana kwa watu wengi kule Ulaya, maana uliendeshwa hasa Afrika na Amerika. Lakini habari zake zilienea. Mara walijitokeza waliopinga utumwa au waliojaribu kupunguza nguvu yake. Lakini wakati ule katika nchi mbalimbali za Ulaya hata <a href="/wiki/Wakulima" class="mw-redirect" title="Wakulima">wakulima</a> wengi hawakuwa huru kweli (ingawa si watumwa). </p><p>Katika <a href="/wiki/Karne_ya_17" title="Karne ya 17">karne ya 17</a> kule <a href="/wiki/Uingereza" title="Uingereza">Uingereza</a> Wakristo wa <a href="/wiki/Madhehebu" title="Madhehebu">madhehebu</a> ya "Marafiki" (waliitwa pia "<a href="/wiki/Quakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>") waliamua kwamba utumwa haupatani na Ukristo, hivyo mwenye watumwa anajitenga nayo. Polepole wengine wakaunga mkono hoja hiyo hata likajitokeza <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tapo (bado haujaandikwa)">tapo</a> la kufuta utumwa. </p><p>Wakristo wa tapo hilo walimshtaki Mwingereza <a href="/wiki/Mlowezi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mlowezi">mlowezi</a> katika <a href="/wiki/Visiwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Visiwa">Visiwa</a> vya <a href="/wiki/Karibi" class="mw-disambig" title="Karibi">Karibi</a> aliyetembelea Uingereza akiwa na mtumwa. Mwaka <a href="/wiki/1772" title="1772">1772</a> <a href="/wiki/Hakimu" title="Hakimu">hakimu</a> aliamua si halali kuwa na watumwa katika nchi hiyo. </p><p>Wapinzani wa utumwa wakaendelea kusukuma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunge_la_Uingereza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bunge la Uingereza (bado haujaandikwa)">Bunge la Uingereza</a>. Lakini ma<a href="/wiki/Tajiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajiri">tajiri</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> (waliofaidika na utumwa kama wenye <a href="/wiki/Meli" title="Meli">meli</a> au kwa sababu waliendesha biashara ya watumwa wenyewe) walitetea vikali hali halisi. Katika <a href="/wiki/Karne_ya_19" title="Karne ya 19">karne ya 19</a> polepole utumwa na biashara ya watumwa vilikomeshwa katika sehemu nyingi za dunia. </p><p>Mtawanyiko ndani ya Kanisa ulikuwa jambo wa kusikitisha sana. Kumbe hapa tumepata mfano jinsi Mungu alivyotumia vikundi vidogovidogo kuelimisha Wakristo wote. Maana madhehebu makubwa yalikosa nguvu ya kupinga vikali utumwa kwa kuwa karibu mno na serikali, tena matajiri. Ni Wakristo wa madhehebu madogo kama Marafiki au <a href="/wiki/Wamethodisti" title="Wamethodisti">Wamethodisti</a> waliotangulia na kusaidia Wakatoliki, <a href="/wiki/Waanglikana" title="Waanglikana">Waanglikana</a> na <a href="/wiki/Wareformati" title="Wareformati">Wareformati</a> kutambua ukweli. </p><p>Hali nyingine iliyosaidia kukomesha utumwa ni mabadiliko ya uchumi. Umuhimu wa kazi ya watumwa ulipungua sana kutokana na njia mpya za kuzalisha mali. Si tena wafanyabiashara ya "<a href="/wiki/Biashara_ya_utumwa_kupitia_Atlantiki" title="Biashara ya utumwa kupitia Atlantiki">Biashara kati ya Amerika, Ulaya na Afrika</a>" (Triangular trade) waliokuwa na <a href="/wiki/Pesa" title="Pesa">pesa</a> nyingi (hivyo na athari pia) katika jamii ya Uingereza. Waliopata uzito zaidi ni ma<a href="/wiki/Bepari" class="mw-redirect" title="Bepari">bepari</a> ambao waliendesha <a href="/wiki/Viwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Viwanda">viwanda</a> wakitumia wafanyakazi huru na si watumwa. Hivyo <a href="/wiki/Ubepari" title="Ubepari">ubepari</a> ulibadilisha mkazo ndani ya jamii mbalimbali. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tazama_pia">Tazama pia</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukomeshaji_wa_Biashara_ya_Watumwa" title="Ukomeshaji wa Biashara ya Watumwa">Ukomeshaji wa Biashara ya Watumwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Baartman" title="Sarah Baartman">Sarah Baartman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suema_Akumboke" title="Suema Akumboke">Suema Akumboke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosefina_Bakhita" title="Yosefina Bakhita">Yosefina Bakhita</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marejeo">Marejeo</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ya_jumla">Ya jumla</h3></div> <ul><li>Bales, Kevin, <i>Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy</i> (1999)</li> <li>Campbell, Gwyn, Suzanne Miers, and Joseph C. Miller, eds. <i>Women and Slavery. Volume 1: Africa, the Indian Ocean World, and the Medieval Atlantic</i>; <i>Women and Slavery. Volume 2: The Modern Atlantic</i> (2007)</li> <li><span class="citation book">Davies, Stephen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Slavery, World"</a>. In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Hamowy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald Hamowy (bado haujaandikwa)">Hamowy, Ronald</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE Publications (bado haujaandikwa)">SAGE</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cato_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cato Institute (bado haujaandikwa)">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 464–9. <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-1-4129-6580-4">978-1-4129-6580-4</a></span></span></li></ul> <pre> . <span class="noprint"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress_Control_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Library of Congress Control Number (bado haujaandikwa)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a> </span>. <span class="noprint"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Computer_Library_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Computer Library Center (bado haujaandikwa)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a> </span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">http://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC</a></span>. </pre> <ul><li>Davis, David Brion. <i>The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823</i> (1999)</li> <li>Davis, David Brion. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Problem_of_Slavery_in_Western_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture (bado haujaandikwa)">The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture</a></i> (1988)</li> <li>Drescher, Seymour. <i>Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery</i> (2009) highly regarded history of slavery and its abolition, worldwide</li> <li>Finkelman, Paul, ed. <i>Encyclopedia of Slavery</i> (1999)</li> <li>Gordon, M. <i>Slavery in the Arab World</i> (1989)</li> <li>Greene, Jacqueline. <i>Slavery in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia</i>, (2001), <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0531165388" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-531-16538-8</a></li> <li>Joseph, Celucien L. Race, Religion, and The Haitian Revolution: Essays on Faith, Freedom, and Decolonization (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012)</li> <li>Joseph, Celucien L. From Toussaint to Price-Mars: Rhetoric, Race, and Religion in Haitian Thought (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2013)</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1346650">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLal,_K._S.1994" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._S._Lal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K. S. Lal (bado haujaandikwa)">Lal, K. S.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512073030/http://voi.org/books/mssmi/">"Muslim Slave System in Medieval India"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/81-85689-67-9" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/81-85689-67-9"><bdi>81-85689-67-9</bdi></a>. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voi.org/books/mssmi/">chanzo</a> mnamo 2008-05-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslim+Slave+System+in+Medieval+India&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=81-85689-67-9&rft.au=Lal%2C+K.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voi.org%2Fbooks%2Fmssmi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUtumwa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Miers, Suzanne, and Igor Kopytoff, eds. <i>Slavery In Africa: Historical & Anthropological Perspectives</i> (1979)</li> <li>Morgan, Kenneth. <i>Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America</i> (2008)</li> <li>Postma, Johannes. <i>The Atlantic Slave Trade</i>, (2003)</li> <li>Rodriguez, Junius P., ed., <i>The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery</i> (1997)</li> <li>Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. <i>Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia</i> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Carl-Heinz_Shell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Carl-Heinz Shell (bado haujaandikwa)">Shell, Robert Carl-Heinz</a> <i>Children Of Bondage: A Social History Of The Slave Society At The Cape Of Good Hope, 1652–1813</i> (1994)</li> <li>Westermann, William Linn <i>The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity</i> (1955), <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0871690403" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-87169-040-3</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Vyanzo visivyotajwa</dt></dl> <ul><li>Hogendorn, Jan and Johnson Marion: The Shell Money of the Slave Trade. African Studies Series 49, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge University Press (bado haujaandikwa)">Cambridge University Press</a>, Cambridge, 1986.</li> <li><i>The Slavery Reader</i>, ed. by Rigas Doganis, Gad Heuman, James Walvin, Routledge 2003</li></ul> <dl><dt>Marekani</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_E._Baptist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward E. Baptist (bado haujaandikwa)">Baptist, Edward E.</a> <i>The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism.</i> Basic Books (2014). <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/046500296X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 046500296X</a></li> <li>Berlin, Ira. <i>Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America</i> (1999), most important recent survey</li> <li>Blackmon, Douglas A. <i>Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II</i> Doubleday (March 23, 2008), <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0385506252" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-385-50625-2</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/9780385506250" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-385-50625-0</a></li> <li>Boles, John. <i>Black Southerners: 1619–1869</i> (1983) brief survey</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=25779117">Engerman, Stanley L. <i>Terms of Labor: Slavery, Serfdom, and Free Labor</i> (1999)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20120625071233/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=25779117">Archived</a> 25 Juni 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_D._Genovese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene D. Genovese (bado haujaandikwa)">Genovese Eugene D.</a> <i>Roll, Jordan Roll</i> (1974), classic study <ul><li>Richard H. King, "Marxism and the Slave South", <i>American Quarterly</i> 29 (1977), 117–31, a critique of Genovese</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFMintz" class="citation web cs1">Mintz, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061106053657/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/slav_fact.cfm">"Slavery Facts & Myths"</a>. <i>Digital History</i>. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/slav_fact.cfm">chanzo</a> mnamo 2006-11-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+History&rft.atitle=Slavery+Facts+%26+Myths&rft.aulast=Mintz&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalhistory.uh.edu%2Fhistoryonline%2Fslav_fact.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUtumwa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6641514">Parish, Peter J. <i>Slavery: History and Historians</i> (1989)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20120525054948/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6641514">Archived</a> 25 Mei 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Bonnell_Phillips&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulrich Bonnell Phillips (bado haujaandikwa)">Phillips, Ulrich B.</a> <i>American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the Plantation Regime</i> (1918; paperback reprint 1966), southern white perspective</li> <li>Phillips, Ulrich B. <i>Life and Labor in the Old South</i> (1929)</li> <li>Sellers, James B. <i>Slavery in Alabama</i> (1950).</li> <li>Sydnor, Charles S. <i>Slavery in Mississippi</i> (1933)</li> <li>Stamp, Kenneth M. <i>The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South</i> (1956), a rebuttal of U B Philipps</li> <li><span class="citation book">Trenchard, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Slavery in America"</a>. In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Hamowy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald Hamowy (bado haujaandikwa)">Hamowy, Ronald</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE Publications (bado haujaandikwa)">SAGE</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cato_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cato Institute (bado haujaandikwa)">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 469–70. <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-1-4129-6580-4">978-1-4129-6580-4</a></span></span></li></ul> <pre> . <span class="noprint"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress_Control_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Library of Congress Control Number (bado haujaandikwa)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a> </span>. <span class="noprint"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Computer_Library_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Computer Library Center (bado haujaandikwa)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a> </span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">http://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC</a></span>. </pre> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=105900244">Vorenberg, Michael. <i>Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment</i> (2001)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20120525054940/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=105900244">Archived</a> 25 Mei 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Weinstein, Allen, Frank O. Gatell, and Lewis Sarasohn, eds., <i>American Negro Slavery: A Modern Reader</i>, third ed. (1978)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Nyakati zetu</dt></dl> <ul><li>Jesse Sage and Liora Kasten, <i>Enslaved: True Stories of Modern Day Slavery</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008 <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/9781403974938" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4039-7493-8</a></li> <li>Tom Brass, Marcel van der Linden, and Jan Lucassen, <i>Free and Unfree Labour</i>. Amsterdam: International Institute for Social History, 1993</li> <li>Tom Brass, <i>Towards a Comparative Political Economy of Unfree Labour: Case Studies and Debates</i>, London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass Publishers, 1999. 400 pages.</li> <li>Tom Brass and Marcel van der Linden, eds., <i>Free and Unfree Labour: The Debate Continues</i>, Bern: Peter Lang AG, 1997. 600 pages. A volume containing contributions by all the most important writers on modern forms of unfree labour.</li> <li>Kevin Bales, <i>Disposable People. New Slavery in the Global Economy</i>, Revised Edition, <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_California_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of California Press (bado haujaandikwa)">University of California Press</a> 2004, <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0520243846" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-520-24384-6</a></li> <li>Kevin Bales (ed.), <i>Understanding Global Slavery Today. A Reader</i>, University of California Press 2005, <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0520245075" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-520-24507-5</a></li> <li>Kevin Bales, <i>Ending Slavery: How We Free Today's Slaves</i>, University of California Press 2007, <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/9780520254701" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-520-25470-1</a>.</li> <li>Mende Nazer and Damien Lewis, <i>Slave: My True Story</i>, <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/1586482122" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-58648-212-2</a>. Mende is a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuba (bado haujaandikwa)">Nuba</a>, captured at 12 years old. She was granted <a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_of_asylum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Right of asylum (bado haujaandikwa)">political asylum</a> by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government of the United Kingdom (bado haujaandikwa)">British government</a> in 2003.</li> <li>Gary Craig, Aline Gaus, Mick Wilkinson, Klara Skrivankova and Aidan McQ e (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jrf.org.uk/bookshop/eBooks/2016-contemporary-slavery-UK.pdf">Contemporary slavery in the UK: Overview and key issues</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20070614012656/http://www.jrf.org.uk/bookshop/eBooks/2016-contemporary-slavery-UK.pdf">Archived</a> 14 Juni 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowntree_trusts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rowntree trusts (bado haujaandikwa)">Joseph Rowntree Foundation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/9781859355732" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-85935-573-2</a>.</li> <li>David Hawk, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf">The Hidden Gulag - Slave Labor Camps in North Korea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20150313045221/http://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf">Archived</a> 13 Machi 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</i>, Washington DC: Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, 2012, <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0615623670" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-615-62367-0</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.somalymamfoundation.org/">Somaly Mam Foundation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20170208134138/http://www.somalymamfoundation.org/">Archived</a> 8 Februari 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Thomas Sowell, <i>The Real History of Slavery</i>, in: <i>Black Rednecks and White Liberals</i>, San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2005. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/9781594030864" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-59403-086-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viungo_vya_nje">Viungo vya nje</h2></div> <div class="infobox sisterproject"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/75px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/100px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"> <i><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Slavery?uselang=sw">Utumwa</a></b></i></div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zamani">Zamani</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/slavery/">Slavery Resource Guide, from the Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.uncg.edu/slavery/">Digital Library on American Slavery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20140903122312/http://library.uncg.edu/slavery/">Archived</a> 3 Septemba 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africanholocaust.net/">African Holocaust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marial.emory.edu/exhibitions/dream/intro.html">Emory and Oxford College</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20110718224733/http://www.marial.emory.edu/exhibitions/dream/intro.html">Archived</a> 18 Julai 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209215003/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/slav_fact.cfm">"Slavery Fact Sheets"</a>. <i>Digital History</i>. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/slav_fact.cfm">chanzo</a> mnamo 2014-02-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+History&rft.atitle=Slavery+Fact+Sheets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalhistory.uh.edu%2Fhistoryonline%2Fslav_fact.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUtumwa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdavis.nl/Background.htm#WAS">The West African Sqron and slave trade</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/">Slavery – PBS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://school.discoveryeducation.com/schooladventures/slavery/">Understanding Slavery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20100326073920/http://school.discoveryeducation.com/schooladventures/slavery/">Archived</a> 26 Machi 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ull.ac.uk/specialcollections/archives/slaveryarchivesources.shtml">http://www.ull.ac.uk/specialcollections/archives/slaveryarchivesources.shtml</a> Archives on slavery held by the University of London] (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105064224/http://www.ull.ac.uk/specialcollections/archives/slaveryarchivesources.shtml">archive</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?miview=inv2&mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=239&micode=20&milang=nl#inv3t0">Archives of the Middelburgsche Commercie Compagnie (MCC) 'Trade Company of Middelburg'</a> (Inventory of the archives of the Dutch slave trade across the Atlantic)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nyakati_zetu">Nyakati zetu</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/">Slavery – PBS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/">Walk Free Foundation – Global Slavery Index 2013 | Explore the Index</a></li></ul> <table class="metadata plainlinks stub" style="background: transparent;"><tbody><tr> <td><i>Makala bado ni <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mbegu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Mbegu">mbegu</a>. 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