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Authorization | GraphQL
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Give us feedback →</a><a class="_text-xs _font-medium _text-gray-500 hover:_text-gray-900 dark:_text-gray-400 dark:hover:_text-gray-100 contrast-more:_text-gray-800 contrast-more:dark:_text-gray-50" href="https://github.com/graphql/graphql.github.io/tree/source/src/pages/learn/authorization.mdx">Edit this page</a><button aria-hidden="true" disabled="" class="_flex _items-center _gap-1.5 _transition _opacity-100 disabled:_opacity-0 _text-xs _font-medium _text-gray-500 hover:_text-gray-900 dark:_text-gray-400 dark:hover:_text-gray-100 contrast-more:_text-gray-800 contrast-more:dark:_text-gray-50">Scroll to top<svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="_-rotate-90 _size-4 _border _rounded-full _border-current"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M9 5l7 7-7 7"></path></svg></button></div></div></nav><div id="reach-skip-nav"></div><article class="_w-full _break-words nextra-content _flex _min-h-[calc(100vh-var(--nextra-navbar-height))] _min-w-0 _justify-center _pb-8 _pr-[calc(env(safe-area-inset-right)-1.5rem)]"><main class="_w-full _min-w-0 _max-w-6xl _px-6 _pt-4 md:_px-12"><div class="nextra-breadcrumb _mt-1.5 _flex _items-center _gap-1 _overflow-hidden _text-sm _text-gray-500 dark:_text-gray-400 contrast-more:_text-current"><div class="_whitespace-nowrap _transition-colors _min-w-[24px] _overflow-hidden _text-ellipsis" title="Learn">Learn</div><svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="_w-3.5 _shrink-0"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M9 5l7 7-7 7"></path></svg><div class="_whitespace-nowrap _transition-colors _font-medium _text-gray-700 contrast-more:_font-bold contrast-more:_text-current dark:_text-gray-100 contrast-more:dark:_text-current" title="Authorization">Authorization</div></div><h1 class="_mt-2 _text-4xl _font-bold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100">Authorization</h1> <blockquote class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _border-gray-300 _italic _text-gray-700 dark:_border-gray-700 dark:_text-gray-400 ltr:_border-l-2 ltr:_pl-6 rtl:_border-r-2 rtl:_pr-6"> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Delegate authorization logic to the business logic layer</p> </blockquote> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Authorization is a type of business logic that describes whether a given user/session/context has permission to perform an action or see a piece of data. For example:</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7"><em>“Only authors can see their drafts”</em></p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Enforcing this kind of behavior should happen in the <a class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]" href="/learn/thinking-in-graphs/#business-logic-layer">business logic layer</a>. It is tempting to place authorization logic in the GraphQL layer like so:</p> <div class="nextra-code _relative [&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6"><pre class="_overflow-x-auto _subpixel-antialiased _text-[.9em] _bg-white dark:_bg-black _py-4 _ring-1 _ring-inset _ring-gray-300 dark:_ring-neutral-700 contrast-more:_ring-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:_ring-gray-50 contrast-more:_contrast-150 _rounded-md" tabindex="0"><code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr"><span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583">const</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF"> postType</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583"> =</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583"> new</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0"> GraphQLObjectType</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">({</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> name: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF">'Post'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">,</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> fields: {</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> body: {</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> type: GraphQLString,</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0"> resolve</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70">post</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70">args</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70">context</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">, { </span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70">rootValue</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> }) {</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D"> // return the post body only if the user is the post's author</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583"> if</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> (context.user </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583">&&</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> (context.user.id </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583">===</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> post.authorId)) {</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> post.body</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> }</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF"> null</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> }</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> }</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> }</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">})</span></span></code></pre><div class="_opacity-0 _transition [div:hover>&]:_opacity-100 focus-within:_opacity-100 _flex _gap-1 _absolute _right-4 _top-2"><button class="_transition _rounded-md _p-1.5 _border _border-gray-300 dark:_border-neutral-700 contrast-more:_border-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:_border-gray-50 md:_hidden" title="Toggle word wrap"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" class="_h-4 _w-auto"><path fill="currentColor" d="M4 19h6v-2H4v2zM20 5H4v2h16V5zm-3 6H4v2h13.25c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2H15v-2l-3 3l3 3v-2h2c2.21 0 4-1.79 4-4s-1.79-4-4-4z"></path></svg></button></div></div> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Notice that we define “author owns a post” by checking whether the post’s <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">authorId</code> field equals the current user’s <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">id</code>. Can you spot the problem? We would need to duplicate this code for each entry point into the service. Then if the authorization logic is not kept perfectly in sync, users could see different data depending on which API they use. Yikes! We can avoid that by having a <a class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]" href="/learn/thinking-in-graphs/#business-logic-layer">single source of truth</a> for authorization.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Defining authorization logic inside the resolver is fine when learning GraphQL or prototyping. However, for a production codebase, delegate authorization logic to the business logic layer. Here’s an example:</p> <div class="nextra-code _relative [&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6"><pre class="_overflow-x-auto _subpixel-antialiased _text-[.9em] _bg-white dark:_bg-black _py-4 _ring-1 _ring-inset _ring-gray-300 dark:_ring-neutral-700 contrast-more:_ring-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:_ring-gray-50 contrast-more:_contrast-150 _rounded-md" tabindex="0"><code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr"><span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D">// Authorization logic lives inside postRepository</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583">const</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF"> postRepository</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583"> =</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0"> require</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF">'postRepository'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">);</span></span> <span> </span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583">const</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF"> postType</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583"> =</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583"> new</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0"> GraphQLObjectType</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">({</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> name: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF">'Post'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">,</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> fields: {</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> body: {</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> type: GraphQLString,</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0"> resolve</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70">post</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70">args</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70">context</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">, { </span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70">rootValue</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> }) {</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> postRepository.</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0">getBody</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">(context.user, post)</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> }</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> }</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8"> }</span></span> <span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8">})</span></span></code></pre><div class="_opacity-0 _transition [div:hover>&]:_opacity-100 focus-within:_opacity-100 _flex _gap-1 _absolute _right-4 _top-2"><button class="_transition _rounded-md _p-1.5 _border _border-gray-300 dark:_border-neutral-700 contrast-more:_border-gray-900 contrast-more:dark:_border-gray-50 md:_hidden" title="Toggle word wrap"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" class="_h-4 _w-auto"><path fill="currentColor" d="M4 19h6v-2H4v2zM20 5H4v2h16V5zm-3 6H4v2h13.25c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2H15v-2l-3 3l3 3v-2h2c2.21 0 4-1.79 4-4s-1.79-4-4-4z"></path></svg></button></div></div> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">In the example above, we see that the business logic layer requires the caller to provide a user object. If you are using GraphQL.js, the User object should be populated on the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">context</code> argument or <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">rootValue</code> in the fourth argument of the resolver.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">We recommend passing a fully-hydrated User object instead of an opaque token or API key to your business logic layer. This way, we can handle the distinct concerns of <a class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]" href="/graphql-js/authentication-and-express-middleware/">authentication</a> and authorization in different stages of the request processing pipeline.</p><div class="_mt-16"></div><div class="_mb-8 _flex _items-center _border-t _pt-8 dark:_border-neutral-800 contrast-more:_border-neutral-400 dark:contrast-more:_border-neutral-400 print:_hidden"><a title="Serving over HTTP" class="_flex _max-w-[50%] _items-center _gap-1 _py-4 _text-base _font-medium _text-gray-600 _transition-colors [word-break:break-word] hover:_text-primary-600 dark:_text-gray-300 md:_text-lg ltr:_pr-4 rtl:_pl-4" href="/learn/serving-over-http/"><svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="_inline _h-5 _shrink-0 ltr:_rotate-180"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M9 5l7 7-7 7"></path></svg>Serving over HTTP</a><a 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