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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1923 United States Supreme Court case</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued January 11–12, 1923<br />Decided February 19, 1923</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">261 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/us/261/204/case.html">204</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_261" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 261">more</a></i>)<div>43 S. Ct. 338; 67 <a href="/wiki/L._Ed." class="mw-redirect" title="L. Ed.">L. Ed.</a> 616; 1923 <a href="/wiki/U.S._LEXIS" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. LEXIS">U.S. LEXIS</a> 2544</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>In re Bhagat Singh Thind</i>, 268 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reporter" title="Federal Reporter">F.</a> 683 (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Oregon" title="United States District Court for the District of Oregon">D. Or.</a> 1920)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">People of Indian descent are not white, and hence are not eligible for naturalization.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William H. Taft</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">Joseph McKenna</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver W. Holmes Jr.</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Willis_Van_Devanter" title="Willis Van Devanter">Willis Van Devanter</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">James C. McReynolds</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">George Sutherland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(justice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierce Butler (justice)">Pierce Butler</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Edward T. Sanford</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinion</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">Sutherland, joined by <i>unanimous</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color: #B60000; color: white; font-weight: bold">Superseded by</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Luce-Celler_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Luce-Celler Act">Luce-Celler Act</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind</b></i>, 261 U.S. 204 (1923), was a case in which the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> decided that <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh_Thind" title="Bhagat Singh Thind">Bhagat Singh Thind</a>, an <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a> man who identified himself as an <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a>, was ineligible for <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized citizenship</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1919, Thind filed a petition for naturalization under the <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1906" title="Naturalization Act of 1906">Naturalization Act of 1906</a> which allowed only "free white persons" and "aliens of African nativity and <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">persons of African descent</a>" to become United States citizens by naturalization. </p><p>After his petition was granted, government attorneys initiated a proceeding to cancel Thind's naturalization and a trial followed in which the government presented evidence of Thind's political activities as a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Party">Ghadar Party</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> headquartered in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-papers.ssrn.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papers.ssrn.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thind did not challenge the constitutionality of the racial restrictions. Instead, he attempted to be classified as a "free white person" within the meaning of the Naturalization Act based on the fact that <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">Europeans</a> share common descent from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a>. </p><p>Thind was represented by a fellow <a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakharam_Ganesh_Pandit" title="Sakharam Ganesh Pandit">Sakharam Ganesh Pandit</a>, a <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> attorney. </p><p>The Court unanimously rejected Thind's argument, adding that Thind did not meet a "common sense" definition of <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a>, ruling that Thind could not become a naturalized citizen. The Court concluded that "the term 'Aryan' has to do with linguistic, and not at all with physical characteristics, and it would seem reasonably clear that mere resemblance in language, indicating a common linguistic root buried in remotely ancient soil, is altogether inadequate to prove common racial origin."<sup id="cite_ref-Chi,_S._2012_pp._341_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chi,_S._2012_pp._341-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh_Thind" title="Bhagat Singh Thind">Bhagat Singh Thind</a> had come to the United States in 1913 for higher studies after obtaining a bachelor's degree in India. He enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>, became a Sergeant and served in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. He was discharged honorably with his character designated as "excellent". Thind was granted citizenship in the state of Washington in July 1918 but his citizenship was rescinded in just four days. Thind then applied for citizenship a second time while working in Oregon on May 6, 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received his citizenship in the state of Oregon in November 1920 after the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service">Bureau of Naturalization</a> was unsuccessful in its efforts to stall it in Oregon court. The case then reached the Supreme Court, where <a href="/wiki/Sakharam_Ganesh_Pandit" title="Sakharam Ganesh Pandit">Sakharam Ganesh Pandit</a>, a California attorney and fellow immigrant, represented Thind.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Argument">Argument</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Argument"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thind argued that <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> are indigenous to the Aryan part of India in the same way that Aryan languages are indigenous to Europe, highlighting the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language family">linguistic ties</a> between Indo-Aryan speakers and Europeans, as most European languages including <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> are similar to Indo-Aryan languages such as <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haney_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haney-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three months earlier, the <i><a href="/wiki/Ozawa_v._United_States" title="Ozawa v. United States">Ozawa v. United States</a></i> court case had decided that the meaning of white people for the purposes of the Court were people who were members of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasian race</a>. With this in mind, Thind argued that he was a white person by arguing that he was a member of the Caucasian race.<sup id="cite_ref-Warnke_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warnke-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thind argued using "a number of anthropological texts" that people in Punjab and other Northwestern Indian states belonged to the "Aryan race",<sup id="cite_ref-Haney_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haney-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Thind cited scientific authorities such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a> as classifying Aryans as belonging to the Caucasian race.<sup id="cite_ref-Warnke_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warnke-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thind argued that, although some racial mixing did indeed occur between the Indian castes, the caste system had largely succeeded in India at preventing race-mixing.<sup id="cite_ref-Haney_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haney-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thind argued that by being a "high-caste, of full Indian blood" he was a "Caucasian" according to the anthropological definitions of his day.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhao_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhao-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thind's lawyers argued that Thind had a revulsion to marrying an Indian woman of the "lower races" when they said, "The high-caste Hindu regards the aboriginal Indian <a href="/wiki/Mongoloid" title="Mongoloid">Mongoloid</a> in the same manner as the American regards the <a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">Negro</a>, speaking from a <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">matrimonial</a> standpoint."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thind's lawyers argued that Thind had a revulsion to marrying a woman of the Mongoloid race.<sup id="cite_ref-Haney_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haney-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would characterize Thind as being both white and someone who would be sympathetic to the existing <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States">anti-miscegenation laws in the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhao_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhao-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verdict">Verdict</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Verdict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">George Sutherland</a> said that authorities on the subject of race were in disagreement over which people were included in the scientific definition of the Caucasian race, so Sutherland instead chose to rely on the common understanding of race rather than the scientific understanding of race.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhao_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhao-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sutherland found that, while Thind may claim to have "purity of Aryan blood" due to being "born in Village <a href="/wiki/Taragarh_Talawa" title="Taragarh Talawa">Taragarh Talawa</a> near Jandiala Guru, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>", he was not Caucasian in the "common understanding", so he could not be included in the "statutory category as white persons".<sup id="cite_ref-Thind_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thind-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Court reiterated its holding in <i><a href="/wiki/Ozawa_v._United_States" title="Ozawa v. United States">Ozawa v. United States</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explaining that the words "free white person" in the naturalization act were "synonymous with the word 'Caucasian' only as that word is popularly understood," pointing out that the statutory language was to be interpreted as "words of common speech and not of scientific origin, ... written in the common speech, for common understanding, by unscientific men."<sup id="cite_ref-Zhao_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhao-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justice Sutherland wrote in his summary:<sup id="cite_ref-Thind_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thind-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The eligibility of this applicant for citizenship is based on the sole fact that he is of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Indian caste system">high caste Hindu</a> stock, born in village <a href="/wiki/Taragarh_Talawa" title="Taragarh Talawa">Taragarh Talawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> district, <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, one of the extreme north western districts of India, and classified by certain scientific authorities as of the Caucasian or <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan race</a> ... In the Punjab and <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajputana</a>, while the invaders seem to have met with more success in the effort to preserve their racial purity, intermarriages did occur producing an intermingling of the two and destroying to a greater or less degree the purity of the "Aryan" blood. The rules of caste, while calculated to prevent this intermixture, seem not to have been entirely successful ... the given group cannot be properly assigned to any of the enumerated grand racial divisions. The type may have been so changed by intermixture of blood as to justify an intermediate classification. Something very like this has actually taken place in India. Thus, in <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vidarbha" title="Vidarbha">Berar</a> there was such an intermixture of the "Aryan" invader with the dark-skinned <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian people">Dravidian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thind_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thind-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The 1910 <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> entry on "<a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>" that Justice Sutherland cites as his sole source for this history contradicts his conclusion about the Aryans of Thind's birthplace in the Punjab and explicitly refers to the Aryans of India as part of "the white race."<sup id="cite_ref-papers.ssrn.com_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papers.ssrn.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Court nonetheless also concluded that "the term 'Aryan' has to do with linguistic, and not at all with physical, characteristics, and it would seem reasonably clear that mere resemblance in language, indicating a common linguistic root buried in remotely ancient soil, is altogether inadequate to prove common racial origin."<sup id="cite_ref-Chi,_S._2012_pp._341_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chi,_S._2012_pp._341-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Court argued that the exclusion of non-whites was based on the idea of racial difference rather than the idea that one race is superior or inferior to another race. The Court argued that the racial difference between Indians and whites was so great that the "great body of our people" would reject assimilation with Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhao_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhao-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In conclusion, the Court also noted that "Congress, by the Act of February 5, 1917, 39 Stat. 874, c. 29, § 3, has now excluded from admission into this country all natives of Asia within designated limits of latitude and longitude, including the whole of India," suggesting its intention that natives of India also be excluded from eligibility for naturalized citizenship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of the U.S. Supreme Court decision finding that no person of Indian origin could become a naturalized American, the first person from the Indian subcontinent to become an American citizen, <a href="/wiki/A._K._Mozumdar" title="A. K. Mozumdar">A. K. Mozumdar</a>, had his citizenship revoked. A decision on his appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Circuit_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals">Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> upheld that revocation. </p><p>Not only were new applicants from India denied the privilege of naturalization, but the new racial classification suggested that the retroactive revocation of United States citizenship granted to Asian Indian Americans, of which there were many, might be supported by the Court's decision, a point that some courts upheld when United States attorneys petitioned to cancel the citizenship previously granted to many Asian Indian Americans. Up to fifty Indian Americans had their citizenship revoked between 1923 and 1927 as a consequence of the Thind ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As they had given up citizenship elsewhere to become naturalized United States citizens, when their United States citizenship was revoked, these Indian Americans became stateless.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even Thind's own lawyer, <a href="/wiki/Sakharam_Ganesh_Pandit" title="Sakharam Ganesh Pandit">Sakharam Ganesh Pandit</a>, was targeted for denaturalization. However, Pandit successfully argued before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">Ninth Circuit</a> that revoking his citizenship would do him and his wife unfair harm under the <a href="/wiki/Equitable_estoppel" class="mw-redirect" title="Equitable estoppel">equitable estoppel</a> doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His citizenship was upheld, and the Bureau of Naturalization subsequently cancelled its pending <a href="/wiki/Denaturalization" title="Denaturalization">denaturalization</a> cases against Indian American citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the consequences of revoked naturalized status are illustrated by the example of some Indian American naturalized citizen landowners living in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> who found themselves under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/California_Alien_Land_Law_of_1913" title="California Alien Land Law of 1913">California Alien Land Law of 1913</a>. Specifically, Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Webb" title="Ulysses S. Webb">Ulysses S. Webb</a> was very active in revoking their land purchases; in a bid to strengthen the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Exclusion_League" title="Asiatic Exclusion League">Asiatic Exclusion League</a>, he promised to prevent Indian Americans from buying or leasing land. Under intense pressure, and with <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act of 1917</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> preventing fresh immigration to strengthen the fledgling Indian American community, many Indian Americans left the United States, leaving only half their original American population, 2,405, by 1940. </p><p>Thind petitioned for naturalization a third time in 1935 after the Congress passed the Nye-Lea Act, which made World War I veterans eligible for naturalization regardless of race. Based on his status as a veteran of the United States military during World War I, he was finally granted United States citizenship nearly two decades after he first petitioned for naturalization.<sup id="cite_ref-papers.ssrn.com_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papers.ssrn.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As public support for Asian Indians grew throughout <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and as India's independence came closer to reality, Indians argued for an end to their legislative discrimination. The repeal of Chinese exclusion laws in 1943 and the granting of naturalization privileges to Chinese encouraged Asian Indians to hope for similar gains. Hurdling over many members of Congress and the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a>, which vehemently opposed removing legislative measures barricading Indian immigration and naturalization, the Asian Indian community finally succeeded in gaining support among several prominent congressmen, as well as President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>. The support culminated in the signing into law by President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> on July 2, 1946, of the <a href="/wiki/Luce%E2%80%93Celler_Act" title="Luce–Celler Act">Luce–Celler Act</a>. This Act reversed the Thind decision by explicitly extending racial eligibility for naturalization to natives of India, and set a token quota for their immigration at 100 per year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_261" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 261">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_classification_of_Indian_Americans" title="Racial classification of Indian Americans">Racial classification of Indian Americans</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark">United States v. Wong Kim Ark</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_261" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 261">261</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/261/204/">204</a> (1923). <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material from this U.S government document</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-papers.ssrn.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-papers.ssrn.com_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-papers.ssrn.com_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-papers.ssrn.com_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCoulson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Coulson, Doug (2015). "British Imperialism, the Indian Independence Movement, and the Racial Eligibility Provisions of the Naturalization Act: United States v. 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USA: Greenwood. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-354-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-354-5">978-1-59884-354-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeol" class="citation web cs1">Deol, Amrit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A760822130/AONE?u=nysl_we_caniscl&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=6721d5e9">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Gilded Cages": Race, Labor, Citizenship, and the Fabrication of the "Hindu" in the American West"</a>. <i>Gale Academic OneFile</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1996). <i>White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race</i>. New York and London: New York University Press. p. 149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+by+Law%3A+The+Legal+Construction+of+Race&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Haney+L%C3%B3pez&rft.aufirst=I.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+v.+Bhagat+Singh+Thind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warnke-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warnke_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warnke_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Warnke, G. (2007). After Identity: Rethinking Race, Sex, and Gender. 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Argued January 11, 12, 1923.—Decided February 19, 1923, United States Reports, v. 261, The Supreme Court, October Term, 1922, 204–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunshi" class="citation web cs1">Munshi, Sherally. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A760822135/AONE?u=nysl_we_caniscl&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=59aa8698">"Remembering Thind"</a>. <i>Gale Academic OneFile</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Johnston, Robert D. (ed.). <i>Indian Americans</i>. New York: Chelsea House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0712-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0712-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-0712-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/228654847">228654847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Americans&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Chelsea+House&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F228654847&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0712-7&rft.au=Rangaswamy%2C+Padma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+v.+Bhagat+Singh+Thind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaider" class="citation web cs1">Haider, Janna E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A760822131/AONE?u=nysl_we_caniscl&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=85bc50c3">"The Afterlives of Thind: Denaturalizations and the Changing Legal Definitions of Whiteness"</a>. <i>Gale Academic OneFile</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gale+Academic+OneFile&rft.atitle=The+Afterlives+of+Thind%3A+Denaturalizations+and+the+Changing+Legal+Definitions+of+Whiteness.&rft.aulast=Haider&rft.aufirst=Janna+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FA760822131%2FAONE%3Fu%3Dnysl_we_caniscl%26sid%3Dbookmark-AONE%26xid%3D85bc50c3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+v.+Bhagat+Singh+Thind" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind">United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind</a> at Wikisource</li> <li>Text of <i>United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_261" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 261">261</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 204 (1923) is available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/100137/united-states-v-thind/">CourtListener</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/261/204.html">Findlaw</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=971300999506440453">Google Scholar</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/261/204/case.html">Justia</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep261/usrep261204/usrep261204.pdf">Library of Congress</a> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/collection/bhagat-singh-thind">Bhagat Singh Thind materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.pbs.org/rootsinthesand/i_bhagat2.html">https://www.pbs.org/rootsinthesand/i_bhagat2.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/echoes/chapter10/chapter10.html">http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/echoes/chapter10/chapter10.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5076/">Caucasian but not White: Article on Court Case at GMU</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Template:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_the_United_States_and_related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration to the United States</a> and related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Relevant colonial era,<br />United States and<br />international laws</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonial era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_in_the_American_Colonies" title="Nationality law in the American Colonies">Nationality law in the American Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Act_1740" title="Plantation Act 1740">Plantation Act 1740</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">Naturalization Act 1790</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1795" title="Naturalization Act of 1795">1795</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1798" title="Naturalization Act of 1798">1798</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Law_of_1802" title="Naturalization Law of 1802">Naturalization Law 1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_to_Encourage_Immigration" title="An Act to Encourage Immigration">Act to Encourage Immigration (1864)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" title="Naturalization Act of 1870">Naturalization Act 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" title="Page Act of 1875">Page Act (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1882" title="Immigration Act of 1882">Immigration Act of 1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion (1882)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Act_(1888)" title="Scott Act (1888)">Scott Act (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1891" title="Immigration Act of 1891">Immigration Act of 1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geary_Act" title="Geary Act">Geary Act (1892)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1900–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1903" title="Immigration Act of 1903">Immigration Act 1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1906" title="Naturalization Act of 1906">Naturalization Act 1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1907" title="Immigration Act of 1907">Immigration Act 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1918" title="Immigration Act of 1918">Immigration Act 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act" title="Emergency Quota Act">Emergency Quota Act (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Act" title="Cable Act">Cable Act (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Repatriation_Act" title="Filipino Repatriation Act">Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_Act_of_1940" title="Nationality Act of 1940">Nationality Act of 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_Program" title="Bracero Program">Bracero Program (1942–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson_Act" title="Magnuson Act">Magnuson Act (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Brides_Act" title="War Brides Act">War Brides Act (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Fianc%C3%A9es_and_Fianc%C3%A9s_Act" title="Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act">Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce%E2%80%93Celler_Act" title="Luce–Celler Act">Luce–Celler Act (1946)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1950–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention relating to the Status of Refugees">UN Refugee Convention (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act 1952</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_212(f)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 212(f)">Section 212(f)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_287(g)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g)">Section 287(g)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_Act" title="Refugee Act">Refugee Act (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986" title="Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986">Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Homecoming_Act" title="American Homecoming Act">American Homecoming Act (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1990" title="Immigration Act of 1990">Immigration Act 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Technical_Corrections_Act_of_1994" title="Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act of 1994">Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996" title="Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996">Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Adjustment_and_Central_American_Relief_Act" title="Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act">Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_and_Workforce_Improvement_Act" title="American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act">American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_in_the_21st_Century_Act" title="American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act">American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Immigration_Family_Equity_Act" title="Legal Immigration Family Equity Act">Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-1B_Visa_Reform_Act_of_2004" title="H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004">H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_ID_Act" title="Real ID Act">Real ID Act (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Fence_Act_of_2006" title="Secure Fence Act of 2006">Secure Fence Act (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">DACA (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">Executive Order 13769 (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780" title="Executive Order 13780">Executive Order 13780 (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ending_Discriminatory_Bans_on_Entry_to_The_United_States" title="Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States">Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visas and policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Visa policy of the United States">Visa policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_residence_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent residence (United States)">Permanent residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_Waiver_Program" title="Visa Waiver Program">Visa Waiver Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_protected_status" title="Temporary protected status">Temporary protected status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_the_United_States" title="Asylum in the United States">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_Immigrant_Visa" title="Diversity Immigrant Visa">Green Card Lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Minors_Program" title="Central American Minors Program">Central American Minors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-VISIT" class="mw-redirect" title="US-VISIT">US-VISIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Advisory_Opinion" title="Security Advisory Opinion">Security Advisory Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Verify" title="E-Verify">E-Verify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Origins_Formula" title="National Origins Formula">National Origins Formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedited_removal" title="Expedited removal">Expedited removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration detention in the United States">Detention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Family immigration detention in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaccompanied_Alien_Children" title="Unaccompanied Alien Children">Unaccompanied children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">Trump administration family separation policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Government<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Border_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Border Patrol">U.S. Border Patrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/BORTAC" title="BORTAC">BORTAC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service">Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_for_Immigration_Review" title="Executive Office for Immigration Review">Executive Office for Immigration Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Immigration_Appeals" title="Board of Immigration Appeals">Board of Immigration Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Refugee_Resettlement" title="Office of Refugee Resettlement">Office of Refugee Resettlement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_immigration_and_naturalization_case_law" title="Category:United States immigration and naturalization case law">Supreme Court cases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark"><i>US v. Wong Kim Ark</i> (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozawa_v._United_States" title="Ozawa v. United States"><i>Ozawa v. US</i> (1922)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>US v. Bhagat Singh Thind</i> (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Brignoni-Ponce" title="United States v. Brignoni-Ponce"><i>US v. Brignoni-Ponce</i> (1975)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zadvydas_v._Davis" title="Zadvydas v. Davis">Zadvydas v. Davis</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce_v._Whiting" title="Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting"><i>Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting</i> (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_v._Barr" title="Barton v. Barr"><i>Barton v. Barr</i> (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California"><i>DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.</i></a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Wolf_v._Vidal" title="Wolf v. Vidal">Wolf v. Vidal</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niz-Chavez_v._Garland" title="Niz-Chavez v. Garland"><i>Niz-Chavez v. Garland</i> (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanchez_v._Mayorkas" title="Sanchez v. Mayorkas"><i>Sanchez v. Mayorkas</i> (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_v._Mu%C3%B1oz" title="Department of State v. Muñoz"><i>Department of State v. Muñoz (2024)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related issues<br />and events</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests" title="2006 United States immigration reform protests">2006 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_County,_Texas" title="Brooks County, Texas">Brooks County, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_migrant_caravans" title="Central American migrant caravans">Central American migrant caravans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_illegal_immigrants_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic impact of illegal immigrants in the United States">Economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Effects of immigration to the United States">Effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">Eugenics in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_worker_program" title="Guest worker program">Guest worker program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_smuggling" title="People smuggling">Human smuggling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coyotaje" class="mw-redirect" title="Coyotaje">Coyotaje</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reform" title="Immigration reform">Immigration reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_deported_or_removed_from_the_United_States" title="List of people deported or removed from the United States">List of people deported from the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Mexico–United States border crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_wall" title="Mexico–United States border wall">Mexico–United States border wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortage#add_Labor_shortage" title="Shortage">Labor shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_America" title="March for America">March for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrant_population_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrant population of the United States">Illegal immigrant population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_immigration_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse immigration in the United States">Reverse immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_American_immigration_crisis" title="2014 American immigration crisis">Unaccompanied minors from Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration to the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol_interior_checkpoints" title="United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints">United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DREAM_Act" title="DREAM Act">DREAM Act (2001–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Protection,_Anti-terrorism_and_Illegal_Immigration_Control_Act_of_2005" title="Border Protection, Anti-terrorism and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005">H.R. 4437 (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_America_and_Orderly_Immigration_Act" title="Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act">McCain–Kennedy (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2006" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Through_Regularized_Immigration_and_a_Vibrant_Economy_Act_of_2007" title="Security Through Regularized Immigration and a Vibrant Economy Act of 2007">STRIVE Act (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2007" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_American_Families_Act" title="Uniting American Families Act">Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security,_Economic_Opportunity,_and_Immigration_Modernization_Act_of_2013" title="Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013">Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_SAFE_Act_of_2015" title="American SAFE Act of 2015">SAFE Act (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAISE_Act" title="RAISE Act">RAISE Act (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Citizenship_Act_of_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="US Citizenship Act of 2021">US Citizenship Act of 2021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigration stations<br />and points of entry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Island_Immigration_Station" title="Angel Island Immigration Station">Angel Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Clinton" title="Castle Clinton">Castle Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Boston_Immigration_Station" title="East Boston Immigration Station">East Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otay_Mesa_Port_of_Entry" title="Otay Mesa Port of Entry">Otay Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro_Port_of_Entry" title="San Ysidro Port of Entry">San Ysidro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan%27s_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Sullivan's Island, South Carolina">Sullivan's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Avenue_Immigration_Station" title="Washington Avenue Immigration Station">Washington Avenue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wetback" title="Operation Wetback">"Wetback" (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peter_Pan" title="Operation Peter Pan">"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Babylift" title="Operation Babylift">"Babylift" (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gatekeeper" title="Operation Gatekeeper">"Gatekeeper" (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Endgame" title="Operation Endgame">"Endgame" (2003–2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Front_Line" title="Operation Front Line">"Front Line" (2004–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Streamline" title="Operation Streamline">"Streamline" (2005–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Return_to_Sender" title="Operation Return to Sender">"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jump_Start" title="Operation Jump Start">"Jump Start" (2006–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phalanx_(2010-2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Phalanx (2010-2016)">"Phalanx" (2010–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faithful_Patriot" title="Operation Faithful Patriot">"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_DREAM_Act" title="California DREAM Act">California DREAM Act (2006–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_SB_1070" title="Arizona SB 1070">Arizona SB 1070 (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_HB_56" title="Alabama HB 56">Alabama HB 56 (2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Non-governmental<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Border_Recon" title="Arizona Border Recon">Arizona Border Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Coalition_for_Immigration_Reform" title="California Coalition for Immigration Reform">California Coalition for Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CASA_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="CASA of Maryland">CASA of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">Center for Immigration Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Migration_Studies_of_New_York" title="Center for Migration Studies of New York">Center for Migration Studies of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Humane_Immigrant_Rights_of_Los_Angeles" title="Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles">Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform" title="Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform">Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Change" title="Community Change">Community Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">Federation for American Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improve_The_Dream" title="Improve The Dream">Improve The Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexica_Movement" title="Mexica Movement">Mexica Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_Without_Borders" title="Mexicans Without Borders">Mexicans Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Policy_Institute" title="Migration Policy Institute">Migration Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Civil_Defense_Corps" title="Minuteman Civil Defense Corps">Minuteman Civil Defense Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Project" title="Minuteman Project">Minuteman Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Forum" title="National Immigration Forum">National Immigration Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Korean_American_Service_%26_Education_Consortium" title="National Korean American Service & Education Consortium">National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_Population_Growth" title="Negative Population Growth">Negative Population Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_More_Deaths" title="No More Deaths">No More Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Our_State" title="Save Our State">Save Our State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Compact" title="Utah Compact">Utah Compact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borderland_(TV_series)" title="Borderland (TV series)">Borderland (TV series)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missing_in_Brooks_County" title="Missing in Brooks County">Missing in Brooks County</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind&oldid=1224891886">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind&oldid=1224891886</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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