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<div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Amsterdam</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Amsterdam" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Amsterdam" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Amsterdam" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Amsterdam (disambiguation)">Amsterdam (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Amsterdam (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈæmstərdæm/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">AM-stər-dam</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a> also <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌæmstərˈdæm/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">AM-stər-DAM</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-13">[13]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Dutch: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˌɑmstərˈdɑm]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cd\/Nl-Amsterdam.ogg\/Nl-Amsterdam.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Amsterdam.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/Nl-Amsterdam.ogg/Nl-Amsterdam.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-Amsterdam.ogg" title="File:Nl-Amsterdam.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> '<a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dam</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Amstel" title="Amstel">Amstel</a>')<a href="#cite_note-Amestelledamme1-14">[14]</a> is the capital<a href="#cite_note-15">[a]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">most populated city</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. It has a population of 921,402<a href="#cite_note-:8-16">[15]</a> within the city proper, 1,457,018 in the <a href="/wiki/City_Region_of_Amsterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="City Region of Amsterdam">urban area</a><a href="#cite_note-cbs_statline-9">[9]</a> and 2,480,394 in the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_metropolitan_area" title="Amsterdam metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-osamsterdam2015-17">[16]</a> Located in the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Dutch province</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-R2040-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Amsterdam is colloquially referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Venice_of_the_North" title="Venice of the North">Venice of the North</a>", for its <a href="/wiki/Canals_of_Amsterdam" title="Canals of Amsterdam">large number of canals</a>, now a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Amsterdam</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Netherlands" title="Capital of the Netherlands">Capital city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">municipality</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Imagen_de_los_canales_conc%C3%A9ntricos_en_%C3%81msterdam.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Amsterdam canals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Imagen_de_los_canales_conc%C3%A9ntricos_en_%C3%81msterdam.png/268px-Imagen_de_los_canales_conc%C3%A9ntricos_en_%C3%81msterdam.png" decoding="async" width="268" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Imagen_de_los_canales_conc%C3%A9ntricos_en_%C3%81msterdam.png/402px-Imagen_de_los_canales_conc%C3%A9ntricos_en_%C3%81msterdam.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Imagen_de_los_canales_conc%C3%A9ntricos_en_%C3%81msterdam.png/536px-Imagen_de_los_canales_conc%C3%A9ntricos_en_%C3%81msterdam.png 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1654"></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Aerial view of the <a href="/wiki/Canals_of_Amsterdam" title="Canals of Amsterdam">Canals of Amsterdam</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:KeizersgrachtReguliersgrachtAmsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Keizersgracht" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/KeizersgrachtReguliersgrachtAmsterdam.jpg/132px-KeizersgrachtReguliersgrachtAmsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/KeizersgrachtReguliersgrachtAmsterdam.jpg/198px-KeizersgrachtReguliersgrachtAmsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/KeizersgrachtReguliersgrachtAmsterdam.jpg/264px-KeizersgrachtReguliersgrachtAmsterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Keizersgracht" title="Keizersgracht">Keizersgracht</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Reguliersgracht,_Amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Reguliersgracht" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Reguliersgracht%2C_Amsterdam.jpg/132px-Reguliersgracht%2C_Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Reguliersgracht%2C_Amsterdam.jpg/198px-Reguliersgracht%2C_Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Reguliersgracht%2C_Amsterdam.jpg/264px-Reguliersgracht%2C_Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5456" data-file-height="3632"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Reguliersgracht" title="Reguliersgracht">Reguliersgracht</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Concertgebouw_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Royal Concertgebouw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Concertgebouw_04.jpg/138px-Concertgebouw_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Concertgebouw_04.jpg/207px-Concertgebouw_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Concertgebouw_04.jpg/276px-Concertgebouw_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5193" data-file-height="3467"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Concertgebouw,_Amsterdam" title="Concertgebouw, Amsterdam">Royal Concertgebouw</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:South_facade_of_the_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_(DSCF0528).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rijksmuseum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/South_facade_of_the_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_%28DSCF0528%29.jpg/126px-South_facade_of_the_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_%28DSCF0528%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/South_facade_of_the_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_%28DSCF0528%29.jpg/189px-South_facade_of_the_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_%28DSCF0528%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/South_facade_of_the_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_%28DSCF0528%29.jpg/252px-South_facade_of_the_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_%28DSCF0528%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4291" data-file-height="3123"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:116px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:ZuidasAmsterdamtheNetherlands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Zuidas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ZuidasAmsterdamtheNetherlands.jpg/268px-ZuidasAmsterdamtheNetherlands.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ZuidasAmsterdamtheNetherlands.jpg/402px-ZuidasAmsterdamtheNetherlands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ZuidasAmsterdamtheNetherlands.jpg/536px-ZuidasAmsterdamtheNetherlands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6069" data-file-height="2630"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Zuidas" title="Zuidas">Zuidas</a> business district</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Amsterdam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Amsterdam"><img alt="Flag of Amsterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Amsterdam.svg/100px-Flag_of_Amsterdam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Amsterdam.svg/150px-Flag_of_Amsterdam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Amsterdam.svg/200px-Flag_of_Amsterdam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Amsterdam" title="Flag of Amsterdam">Flag</a></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Amsterdam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Amsterdam"><img alt="Coat of arms of Amsterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coat_of_arms_of_Amsterdam.svg/97px-Coat_of_arms_of_Amsterdam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="97" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coat_of_arms_of_Amsterdam.svg/145px-Coat_of_arms_of_Amsterdam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coat_of_arms_of_Amsterdam.svg/193px-Coat_of_arms_of_Amsterdam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="679"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Amsterdam" title="Coat of arms of Amsterdam">Coat of arms</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_Gemeente_Amsterdam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Amsterdam"><img alt="Official logo of Amsterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Logo_of_Gemeente_Amsterdam.svg/100px-Logo_of_Gemeente_Amsterdam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Logo_of_Gemeente_Amsterdam.svg/150px-Logo_of_Gemeente_Amsterdam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Logo_of_Gemeente_Amsterdam.svg/200px-Logo_of_Gemeente_Amsterdam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="339"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Logo" title="Logo">Brandmark</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">The <a href="/wiki/Venice_of_the_North" title="Venice of the North">Venice of the North</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mokum" title="Mokum">Mokum</a>, Damsko</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Amsterdam" title="Coat of arms of Amsterdam">Heldhaftig, Vastberaden, Barmhartig</a> (Valiant, Steadfast, Compassionate)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Amsterdam municipality"><img alt="Location of Amsterdam municipality" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Amsterdam_location_map.svg/250px-Amsterdam_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Amsterdam_location_map.svg/375px-Amsterdam_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Amsterdam_location_map.svg/500px-Amsterdam_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="577"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Amsterdam municipality</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amsterdam is located in Netherlands"><img alt="Amsterdam is located in Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg/250px-Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg/375px-Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg/500px-Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1001"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.814%;left:40.764%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Amsterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Amsterdam</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the Netherlands</div>Show map of Netherlands</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amsterdam is located in Europe"><img alt="Amsterdam is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/250px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/375px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/500px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.817%;left:29.235%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Amsterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Amsterdam</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Europe</div>Show map of Europe</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Amsterdam&params=52_22_22_N_04_53_37_E_region:NL_type:city(933680)">52°22′22″N 04°53′37″E / 52.37278°N 4.89361°E / 52.37278; 4.89361</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Holland.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Holland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Holland.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Holland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Holland.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Holland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of regions of the Netherlands">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_metropolitan_area" title="Amsterdam metropolitan area">Amsterdam metropolitan area</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1275; 749 years ago (1275)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_local_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Seat of local government">City Hall</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stopera" title="Stopera">Stopera</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Boroughs</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>7 <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_Amsterdam" title="Boroughs of Amsterdam">boroughs</a>, 1 urban area<a href="#cite_note-stadsdelen-1">[1]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-Centrum" title="Amsterdam-Centrum">Centrum</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Nieuw-West" title="Amsterdam Nieuw-West">Nieuw-West</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-Noord" title="Amsterdam-Noord">Noord</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-Oost" title="Amsterdam-Oost">Oost</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Weesp" title="Weesp">Weesp</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-West" title="Amsterdam-West">West</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-Zuid" title="Amsterdam-Zuid">Zuid</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-Zuidoost" title="Amsterdam-Zuidoost">Zuidoost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-mayor_now-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council_(Netherlands)" title="Municipal council (Netherlands)">Municipal council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Amsterdam" title="List of mayors of Amsterdam">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Femke_Halsema" title="Femke Halsema">Femke Halsema</a> (<a href="/wiki/GroenLinks" title="GroenLinks">GL</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-tno_randstad-4">[4]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">Municipality</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">219.32 km2 (84.68 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">165.76 km2 (64.00 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">53.56 km2 (20.68 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_metropolitan_area" title="Amsterdam metropolitan area">Metro region</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,580.26 km2 (996.24 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Randstad" title="Randstad">Randstad</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,296.91 km2 (2,431.25 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-AHN-5">[5]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−2 m (−7 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (July 2024)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">Municipality</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">933,680</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">5,277/km2 (13,670/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,477,213</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_metropolitan_area" title="Amsterdam metropolitan area"><abbr style="border-bottom: none;" title="Amsterdam metropolitan region">Metro region</abbr></a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,480,394</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Randstad" title="Randstad">Randstad</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,116,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Amsterdammer</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_metropolitan_area" title="Amsterdam metropolitan area">Metro region</a></th><td class="infobox-data">€201.100 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Randstad" title="Randstad">Randstad</a></th><td class="infobox-data">€510.181 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_the_Netherlands" title="Postal codes in the Netherlands">Postcode</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">1000–1183</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telephone numbers in the Netherlands">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">020</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/GeoTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="GeoTLD">GeoTLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.amsterdam" title=".amsterdam">.amsterdam</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amsterdam.nl/en/">www.amsterdam.nl</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-overlays='["_fe2b384942d134638b8d4355add02faa2af39c28"]'><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Amsterdam&revid=1258564209&groups=_fe2b384942d134638b8d4355add02faa2af39c28" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Amsterdam&revid=1258564209&groups=_fe2b384942d134638b8d4355add02faa2af39c28 2x" alt="Map"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Click on the map for a fullscreen view</td></tr></tbody></table> Amsterdam was founded at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Amstel" title="Amstel">Amstel</a> River, which was dammed to control flooding.<a href="#cite_note-:9-21">[20]</a> Originally a small fishing village in the 12th century, Amsterdam became a major world port during the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a> of the 17th century, when the Netherlands was an economic powerhouse. Amsterdam was the leading centre for finance and trade, as well as a hub of secular art production.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> In the 19th and 20th centuries, the city expanded and new neighborhoods and suburbs were built. The city has a long tradition of openness, liberalism, and tolerance.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cycling in the Netherlands">Cycling</a> is key to the city's modern character, and there are numerous <a href="/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">biking paths and lanes</a> spread throughout.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Amsterdam" title="List of tourist attractions in Amsterdam">Amsterdam's main attractions</a> include its <a href="/wiki/Canals_of_Amsterdam" title="Canals of Amsterdam">historic canals</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a>, the state museum with Dutch Golden Age art; the <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_Museum" title="Van Gogh Museum">Van Gogh Museum</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Dam_Square" title="Dam Square">Dam Square</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Amsterdam" title="Royal Palace of Amsterdam">Royal Palace of Amsterdam</a> and former city hall are located; the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Museum" title="Amsterdam Museum">Amsterdam Museum</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stedelijk_Museum_Amsterdam" title="Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam">Stedelijk Museum</a>, with modern art; the <a href="/wiki/Concertgebouw,_Amsterdam" title="Concertgebouw, Amsterdam">Concertgebouw</a> concert hall; the <a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank_House" title="Anne Frank House">Anne Frank House</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Het_Scheepvaartmuseum" title="Het Scheepvaartmuseum">Scheepvaartmuseum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Natura_Artis_Magistra" class="mw-redirect" title="Natura Artis Magistra">Natura Artis Magistra</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hortus_Botanicus_Amsterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam">Hortus Botanicus</a>, <a href="/wiki/NEMO_(museum)" title="NEMO (museum)">NEMO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">red-light district</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coffeeshop_(Netherlands)" title="Coffeeshop (Netherlands)">cannabis coffee shops</a>. The city is known for its nightlife and festival activity, with several nightclubs among the world's most famous. Its artistic heritage, canals and narrow canal houses with gabled <a href="/wiki/Facade" class="mw-redirect" title="Facade">façades</a>, well-preserved legacies of the city's 17th-century Golden Age, have attracted millions of visitors annually. The <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Stock Exchange">Amsterdam Stock Exchange</a>, founded in 1602, is considered the oldest "modern" securities market <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a> in the world. As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centres</a> in Europe, Amsterdam is considered an <a href="/wiki/Alpha-world_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-world city">alpha world city</a>. The city is the cultural capital of the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters in the city.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Many of the world's largest companies are based here or have established their European headquarters in the city, such as technology companies <a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> In 2022, Amsterdam was ranked the ninth-best city to live in by the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> and 12th on quality of living for environment and infrastructure by Mercer.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> The city was ranked 4th place globally as a top tech hub in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Amsterdam" title="Port of Amsterdam">Port of Amsterdam</a> is the fifth largest in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-RPA_Stat15-32">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/KLM" title="KLM">KLM</a> hub and Amsterdam's main airport, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol" title="Amsterdam Airport Schiphol">Schiphol</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of the busiest airports in the Netherlands">busiest airport in the Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Europe" title="List of the busiest airports in Europe">third in Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports" title="List of the busiest airports">11th in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BestGlobal-33">[32]</a> The Dutch capital is one of the most multicultural cities in the world, with about 180 nationalities represented.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Immigration and ethnic segregation in Amsterdam is a current issue.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Amsterdam's notable residents throughout <a href="/wiki/History_of_Amsterdam" title="History of Amsterdam">its history</a> include painters <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>, 17th-century philosophers <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> victim and diarist <a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank" title="Anne Frank">Anne Frank</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Prehistory">1.1 Prehistory</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Founding">1.2 Founding</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Middle_Ages">1.3 Middle Ages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Conflict_with_Spain">1.4 Conflict with Spain</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Centre_of_the_Dutch_Golden_Age">1.5 Centre of the Dutch Golden Age</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Decline_and_modernization">1.6 Decline and modernization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#20th_century_%E2%80%93_present">1.7 20th century – present</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Geography">2 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Water">2.1 Water</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Climate">2.2 Climate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Demographics">3 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Historical_population">3.1 Historical population</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Diversity_and_immigration">3.2 Diversity and immigration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Religion">3.3 Religion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Cityscape_and_architecture">4 Cityscape and architecture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Canals">4.1 Canals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Expansion">4.2 Expansion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Architecture">4.3 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Parks_and_recreational_areas">4.4 Parks and recreational areas</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Port_of_Amsterdam">5.1 Port of Amsterdam</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Tourism">5.2 Tourism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#De_Wallen_(red-light_district)">5.2.1 De Wallen (red-light district)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Retail">5.3 Retail</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Fashion">5.4 Fashion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Culture">6 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Museums">6.1 Museums</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Music">6.2 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Performing_arts">6.3 Performing arts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Nightlife">6.4 Nightlife</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Festivals">6.5 Festivals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Sports">7 Sports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Politics">8 Politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#City_government">8.1 City government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Metropolitan_area">8.2 Metropolitan area</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#National_capital">8.3 National capital</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Symbols">8.4 Symbols</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Transport">9 Transport</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Metro,_tram_and_bus">9.1 Metro, tram and bus</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Car">9.2 Car</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#National_rail">9.3 National rail</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Airport">9.4 Airport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Cycling">9.5 Cycling</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#Education">10 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#Notable_people">11 Notable people</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#Media">12 Media</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#Housing">13 Housing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#Sister_cities">14 Sister cities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="#See_also">15 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#Notes">16 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="#References">17 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="#Sources">17.1 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="#Further_reading">18 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="#External_links">19 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Amsterdam" title="History of Amsterdam">History of Amsterdam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Amsterdam" title="Timeline of Amsterdam">Timeline of Amsterdam</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Due to its geographical location in what used to be wet <a href="/wiki/Mire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mire">peatland</a>, the founding of Amsterdam is later than other <a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_centers_in_the_Low_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="History of urban centers in the Low Countries">urban centres in the Low Countries</a>. However, around the area of what later became Amsterdam, farmers settled as early as three millennia ago. They lived along the prehistoric <a href="/wiki/IJ_(Amsterdam)" title="IJ (Amsterdam)">IJ</a> river and upstream of its <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributary</a> Amstel. The prehistoric IJ was a shallow and quiet stream in peatland behind <a href="/wiki/Beach_ridge" title="Beach ridge">beach ridges</a>. This secluded area was able to grow into an important local settlement centre, especially in the late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Age</a>. <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and Roman artefacts have also been found in the prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Amstel" title="Amstel">Amstel</a> bedding under Amsterdam's <a href="/wiki/Damrak" title="Damrak">Damrak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rokin" title="Rokin">Rokin</a>, such as shards of <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker culture</a> <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> (2200–2000 BC) and a granite grinding stone (2700–2750 BC),<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> but the location of these artefacts around the river banks of the Amstel probably point to a presence of a modest semi-permanent or seasonal settlement. Until water issues were controlled, a permanent settlement would not have been possible, since the river mouth and the banks of the Amstel in this period in time were too wet for permanent habitation.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding">Founding</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Founding" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also <a href="/wiki/Names_of_European_cities_in_different_languages:_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of European cities in different languages: A">Other names of Amsterdam</a></div> The origins of Amsterdam are linked to the development of a dam on the <a href="/wiki/Amstel" title="Amstel">Amstel</a> River called <a href="/wiki/Amstelland" title="Amstelland">Amestelle</a>, meaning 'watery area', from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Aa" class="extiw" title="wikt:Aa">Aa(m)</a> 'river' + <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stelling" class="extiw" title="wikt:stelling">stelle</a> 'site at a shoreline', 'river bank'.<a href="#cite_note-:6-40">[39]</a> In this area, <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">land reclamation</a> started as early as the late 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Amestelle was located along a side arm of the IJ. This side arm took the name from the eponymous land: Amstel. Amestelle was inhabited by farmers, who lived more inland and more upstream, where the land was not as wet as at the banks of the downstream river mouth. These farmers were starting the reclamation around upstream <a href="/wiki/Ouderkerk_aan_de_Amstel" title="Ouderkerk aan de Amstel">Ouderkerk aan de Amstel</a>, and later at the other side of the river at <a href="/wiki/Amstelveen" title="Amstelveen">Amstelveen</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Van_Amstel_family" title="Van Amstel family">Van Amstel family</a>, known in documents by this name since 1019,<a href="#cite_note-:6-40">[39]</a> held the stewardship in this northwestern nook of the ecclesiastical district of the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">bishop of Utrecht</a>. The family later served also under the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">count of Holland</a>. A major turning point in the development of the Amstel river mouth was the <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Flood_(1170)" title="All Saints' Flood (1170)">All Saint's Flood of 1170</a>. In an extremely short period of time, the shallow river IJ turned into a wide estuary, which from then on offered the Amstel an open connection to the <a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee" title="Zuiderzee">Zuiderzee</a>, <a href="/wiki/IJssel" title="IJssel">IJssel</a> and waterways further afield. This made the water flow of the Amstel more active, so excess water could be drained better. With drier banks, the downstream Amstel mouth became attractive for permanent habitation. Moreover, the river had grown from an insignificant peat stream into a junction of international waterways.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> A settlement was built here immediately after the landscape change of 1170. Right from the start of its foundation it focused on traffic, production and trade; not on farming, as opposed to how communities had lived further upstream for the past 200 years and northward for thousands of years.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> The construction of a dam at the mouth of the Amstel, eponymously named <a href="/wiki/Dam_Square" title="Dam Square">Dam</a>, is historically estimated to have occurred between 1264 and 1275. The settlement first appeared in a document from 1275, concerning a <a href="/wiki/Road_toll_(historical)" title="Road toll (historical)">road toll</a> granted by the <a href="/wiki/Floris_V,_Count_of_Holland" title="Floris V, Count of Holland">count of Holland Floris V</a> to the residents apud Amestelledamme 'at the dam in the Amstel' or 'at the dam of Amstelland'.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amestelledamme1-14">[14]</a> This allowed the inhabitants of the village to travel freely through the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">County of Holland</a>, paying no tolls at bridges, locks and dams.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> This was a move in a years-long struggle for power in the area between the count of Holland and the Amstel family who governed the area on behalf of the bishop of Utrecht.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> By 1327, the name had developed into Aemsterdam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernsDaan199391-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMak199418%E2%80%9320-48">[47]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Van_Dam" title="Van Dam">van Dam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_(6578772447).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Amsterdam_%286578772447%29.jpg/220px-Amsterdam_%286578772447%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Amsterdam_%286578772447%29.jpg/220px-Amsterdam_%286578772447%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Amsterdam_%286578772447%29.jpg/330px-Amsterdam_%286578772447%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Amsterdam_%286578772447%29.jpg/440px-Amsterdam_%286578772447%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Oude_Kerk,_Amsterdam" title="Oude Kerk, Amsterdam">Oude Kerk</a> was consecrated in 1306 AD.</figcaption></figure>The bishop of Utrecht granted Amsterdam zone <a href="/wiki/City_rights_in_the_Low_Countries" title="City rights in the Low Countries">rights</a> in either 1300 or 1306.<a href="#cite_note-amnlgeschedenis-49">[48]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirakel_van_Amsterdam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirakel van Amsterdam (page does not exist)">Mirakel van Amsterdam</a> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirakel_van_Amsterdam" class="extiw" title="nl:Mirakel van Amsterdam">nl</a>] in 1345 rendered the city an important place of <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a>. During the heyday of the <a href="/wiki/Stille_Omgang" title="Stille Omgang">Stille Omgang</a>, which became the expression of the pilgrimage after the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-stilleomgang-51">[50]</a> up to 90,000 pilgrims came to Amsterdam. From the 14th century on, Amsterdam flourished, largely from trade with the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>. From the 15th century on the city established an independent <a href="/wiki/Baltic_maritime_trade_(c._1400%E2%80%931800)" title="Baltic maritime trade (c. 1400–1800)">trade route with the Baltic Sea</a> in grain and timber, cutting out the Hanseatic League as middlemen. The city became the staple market of Europe for <a href="/wiki/Bulk_cargo" title="Bulk cargo">bulk cargo</a>. This was made possible due to innovations in the <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring fishery</a>, from which Amsterdam reaped great wealth.<a href="#cite_note-:7-13">[13]</a> Herring had demand in markets all around Europe. Inventions of on-board <a href="/wiki/Gibbing" title="Gibbing">gibbing</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Herring_buss" title="Herring buss">haringbuis</a> in 1415, made longer voyages feasible, and hence enabled Dutch fishermen to follow the herring <a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">shoals</a> far from the coasts, giving them a monopoly in the industry. The herring industry relied on international trade cooperation and large initial investments in ships. This required many highly skilled and unskilled workers cooperating, as well as the import of the necessary raw materials to turn an unfinished product into a marketable one. This required merchants to then sell it throughout the continent and book-keepers and accountants to divide the profit. In short, the herring industry was setting up the foundations for what would later become the transcontinental trade system and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a>, with Amsterdam at its centre,<a href="#cite_note-:8-16">[15]</a> hence the saying "Amsterdam is built on Herring bones".<a href="#cite_note-:9-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_with_Spain">Conflict with Spain</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conflict with Spain" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartholomeus_van_der_Helst,_Banquet_of_the_Amsterdam_Civic_Guard_in_Celebration_of_the_Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bartholomeus_van_der_Helst%2C_Banquet_of_the_Amsterdam_Civic_Guard_in_Celebration_of_the_Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster.jpg/330px-Bartholomeus_van_der_Helst%2C_Banquet_of_the_Amsterdam_Civic_Guard_in_Celebration_of_the_Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4025" data-file-height="1705"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bartholomeus_van_der_Helst%2C_Banquet_of_the_Amsterdam_Civic_Guard_in_Celebration_of_the_Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster.jpg/330px-Bartholomeus_van_der_Helst%2C_Banquet_of_the_Amsterdam_Civic_Guard_in_Celebration_of_the_Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster.jpg" data-width="330" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bartholomeus_van_der_Helst%2C_Banquet_of_the_Amsterdam_Civic_Guard_in_Celebration_of_the_Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster.jpg/495px-Bartholomeus_van_der_Helst%2C_Banquet_of_the_Amsterdam_Civic_Guard_in_Celebration_of_the_Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bartholomeus_van_der_Helst%2C_Banquet_of_the_Amsterdam_Civic_Guard_in_Celebration_of_the_Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster.jpg/660px-Bartholomeus_van_der_Helst%2C_Banquet_of_the_Amsterdam_Civic_Guard_in_Celebration_of_the_Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Amsterdam citizens celebrating the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Peace of Münster">Peace of Münster</a>, 30 January 1648. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Bartholomeus_van_der_Helst" title="Bartholomeus van der Helst">Bartholomeus van der Helst</a></figcaption></figure> The Low Countries were part of the Hapsburg inheritance and came under the Spanish monarchy in the early sixteenth century. The Dutch rebelled against <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, who led a defense of Catholicism during the Protestant Reformation. The main reasons for the uprising were the imposition of new taxes, the tenth penny, and the <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">religious persecution</a> of Protestants by the newly introduced <a href="/wiki/Inquisition_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Inquisition of the Netherlands">Inquisition</a>. The revolt escalated into the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>, which ultimately led to Dutch independence.<a href="#cite_note-80yearswar-52">[51]</a> Strongly pushed by <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a> leader <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> became known for its relative <a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of religion in the Netherlands">religious</a> tolerance. <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Jews</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, Protestant <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a> from France, prosperous merchants and printers from <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, and economic and religious refugees from the Spanish-controlled parts of the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> found safety in Amsterdam. The influx of Flemish printers and the city's intellectual tolerance made Amsterdam a centre for the European <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">free press</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centre_of_the_Dutch_Golden_Age">Centre of the Dutch Golden Age</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Centre of the Dutch Golden Age" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_courtyard_of_the_Beurs_in_Amsterdam,_by_Emanuel_de_Witte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_courtyard_of_the_Beurs_in_Amsterdam%2C_by_Emanuel_de_Witte.jpg/170px-The_courtyard_of_the_Beurs_in_Amsterdam%2C_by_Emanuel_de_Witte.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1748"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_courtyard_of_the_Beurs_in_Amsterdam%2C_by_Emanuel_de_Witte.jpg/170px-The_courtyard_of_the_Beurs_in_Amsterdam%2C_by_Emanuel_de_Witte.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_courtyard_of_the_Beurs_in_Amsterdam%2C_by_Emanuel_de_Witte.jpg/255px-The_courtyard_of_the_Beurs_in_Amsterdam%2C_by_Emanuel_de_Witte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_courtyard_of_the_Beurs_in_Amsterdam%2C_by_Emanuel_de_Witte.jpg/340px-The_courtyard_of_the_Beurs_in_Amsterdam%2C_by_Emanuel_de_Witte.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Courtyard of the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Stock Exchange">Amsterdam Stock Exchange</a> by <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_de_Witte" title="Emanuel de Witte">Emanuel de Witte</a>, 1653. The <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Stock Exchange">Amsterdam Stock Exchange</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a> to introduce continuous trade in the early 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-Braudel-54">[53]</a></figcaption></figure> During the 17th century, Amsterdam experienced what is considered its <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Golden Age</a>, during which it became the wealthiest city in the Western world.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Ships sailed from Amsterdam to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, the Caribbean, North America, and Africa, as well as present-day <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, India, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, forming the basis of a worldwide trading network. Amsterdam's merchants had the largest share in both the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC) and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a>. These companies acquired overseas possessions that later became <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch colonies</a>. Amsterdam was Europe's most important hub for the shipment of goods and was the leading <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a> of the Western world.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> In 1602, the Amsterdam office of the Dutch East India Company became the world's first <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a> by trading in its own shares.<a href="#cite_note-The_oldest_share-57">[56]</a> The Bank of Amsterdam started operations in 1609, acting as a full-service bank for Dutch merchant bankers and as a reserve bank. From the 17th century onwards, Amsterdam also became involved in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>. The city was a major destination port for Dutch <a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">slave ships</a> participating in the <a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">triangular trade</a>, which lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">United Netherlands</a> abolished the Netherlands' involvement in the trade in 1814 at the request of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a>. Amsterdam was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Suriname" title="Society of Suriname">Society of Suriname</a>, an organisation founded to oversee the management of the Dutch colony of <a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Surinam</a>, which was economically dependent on <a href="/wiki/Slave_plantation" title="Slave plantation">slave plantations</a>. On 1 July 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Amsterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Amsterdam">mayor of Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Femke_Halsema" title="Femke Halsema">Femke Halsema</a>, apologised for the city's involvement in the slave trade.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_modernization">Decline and modernization</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Decline and modernization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Amsterdam's prosperity declined during the 18th and early 19th centuries. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Wars" title="Anglo-Dutch Wars">wars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> (latterly, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>) and France took their toll on the city. During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, Amsterdam's significance reached its lowest point, with Holland being absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a>. However, the later establishment of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> in 1815 marked a turning point. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old-Amsterdam_1891-street-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Old-Amsterdam_1891-street-1.jpg/170px-Old-Amsterdam_1891-street-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="182" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="660"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 182px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Old-Amsterdam_1891-street-1.jpg/170px-Old-Amsterdam_1891-street-1.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="182" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Old-Amsterdam_1891-street-1.jpg/255px-Old-Amsterdam_1891-street-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Old-Amsterdam_1891-street-1.jpg/340px-Old-Amsterdam_1891-street-1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>View of Vijzelstraat looking towards the <a href="/wiki/Muntplein,_Amsterdam" title="Muntplein, Amsterdam">Muntplein</a>, 1891</figcaption></figure> The end of the 19th century is sometimes called Amsterdam's second Golden Age.<a href="#cite_note-Amsterdam_City_Walks-60">[59]</a> New museums, a railway station, and the <a href="/wiki/Concertgebouw,_Amsterdam" title="Concertgebouw, Amsterdam">Concertgebouw</a> were built; At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> reached the city. The <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam%E2%80%93Rhine_Canal" title="Amsterdam–Rhine Canal">Amsterdam–Rhine Canal</a> was dug to give Amsterdam a direct connection to the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Canal" title="North Sea Canal">North Sea Canal</a> was dug to give the port a shorter connection to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. Both projects dramatically improved commerce with the rest of Europe and the world. In 1906, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a> gave a brief description of Amsterdam as seen from the seaside, in The Mirror of the Sea. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_–_present">20th century – present</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century – present" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_photochrom2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Amsterdam_photochrom2.jpg/220px-Amsterdam_photochrom2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3288" data-file-height="2396"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Amsterdam_photochrom2.jpg/220px-Amsterdam_photochrom2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Amsterdam_photochrom2.jpg/330px-Amsterdam_photochrom2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Amsterdam_photochrom2.jpg/440px-Amsterdam_photochrom2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Photochrom of Amsterdam's <a href="/wiki/Dam_Square" title="Dam Square">Dam Square</a> at the beginning of the 20th century</figcaption></figure> Shortly before the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, the city started to expand again, and new suburbs were built. Even though the Netherlands remained neutral in this war, Amsterdam suffered a food shortage, and heating fuel became scarce. The shortages sparked riots in which several people were killed. These riots are known as the Aardappeloproer (Potato rebellion). People started looting stores and warehouses to get supplies, mainly food.<a href="#cite_note-aardappeloproer-61">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Philip_Albach,_Afb_ANWH00199000048.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Jan_Philip_Albach%2C_Afb_ANWH00199000048.jpg/220px-Jan_Philip_Albach%2C_Afb_ANWH00199000048.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2062" data-file-height="1426"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Jan_Philip_Albach%2C_Afb_ANWH00199000048.jpg/220px-Jan_Philip_Albach%2C_Afb_ANWH00199000048.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Jan_Philip_Albach%2C_Afb_ANWH00199000048.jpg/330px-Jan_Philip_Albach%2C_Afb_ANWH00199000048.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Jan_Philip_Albach%2C_Afb_ANWH00199000048.jpg/440px-Jan_Philip_Albach%2C_Afb_ANWH00199000048.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The rebuilt <a href="/wiki/Magere_Brug" title="Magere Brug">Magere Brug</a>, around 1938.</figcaption></figure> On 1 January 1921, after a flood in 1916, the depleted municipalities of Durgerdam, Holysloot, Zunderdorp and <a href="/wiki/Schellingwoude" title="Schellingwoude">Schellingwoude</a>, all lying north of Amsterdam, were, at their own request, annexed to the city.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Between the wars, the city continued to expand, most notably to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Jordaan" title="Jordaan">Jordaan</a> district in the <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Hendrikbuurt" title="Frederik Hendrikbuurt">Frederik Hendrikbuurt</a> and surrounding neighbourhoods. <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Netherlands">invaded the Netherlands</a> on 10 May 1940 and took control of the country. Some Amsterdam citizens sheltered Jews, thereby exposing themselves and their families to a high risk of being imprisoned or sent to concentration camps. More than 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Jews">Dutch Jews</a> were deported to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>, of whom some 60,000 lived in Amsterdam. In response, the Dutch Communist Party organized the <a href="/wiki/February_strike" title="February strike">February strike</a> attended by 300,000 people to protest against the raids. The most famous deportee was the young Jewish girl <a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank" title="Anne Frank">Anne Frank</a>, who died in the <a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen concentration camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-deportation-64">[63]</a> At the end of the Second World War, communication with the rest of the country broke down, and food and fuel became scarce. Many citizens traveled to the countryside to forage. Dogs, cats, raw <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tulip" title="Tulip">tulip</a> bulbs—cooked to a pulp—were consumed to stay alive.<a href="#cite_note-hongerwinter-65">[64]</a> Many trees in Amsterdam were cut down for fuel, and wood was taken from the houses, apartments and other buildings of deported Jews. The city was finally liberated by Canadian forces on 5 May 1945, shortly before the end of the war in Europe. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enorme_menigte_op_de_Amstellaan_te_Amsterdam_Op_de_achtergrond_de_zgn_wolkenkrabber,_Bestanddeelnr_900-2830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Enorme_menigte_op_de_Amstellaan_te_Amsterdam_Op_de_achtergrond_de_zgn_wolkenkrabber%2C_Bestanddeelnr_900-2830.jpg/170px-Enorme_menigte_op_de_Amstellaan_te_Amsterdam_Op_de_achtergrond_de_zgn_wolkenkrabber%2C_Bestanddeelnr_900-2830.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2891" data-file-height="2869"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Enorme_menigte_op_de_Amstellaan_te_Amsterdam_Op_de_achtergrond_de_zgn_wolkenkrabber%2C_Bestanddeelnr_900-2830.jpg/170px-Enorme_menigte_op_de_Amstellaan_te_Amsterdam_Op_de_achtergrond_de_zgn_wolkenkrabber%2C_Bestanddeelnr_900-2830.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Enorme_menigte_op_de_Amstellaan_te_Amsterdam_Op_de_achtergrond_de_zgn_wolkenkrabber%2C_Bestanddeelnr_900-2830.jpg/255px-Enorme_menigte_op_de_Amstellaan_te_Amsterdam_Op_de_achtergrond_de_zgn_wolkenkrabber%2C_Bestanddeelnr_900-2830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Enorme_menigte_op_de_Amstellaan_te_Amsterdam_Op_de_achtergrond_de_zgn_wolkenkrabber%2C_Bestanddeelnr_900-2830.jpg/340px-Enorme_menigte_op_de_Amstellaan_te_Amsterdam_Op_de_achtergrond_de_zgn_wolkenkrabber%2C_Bestanddeelnr_900-2830.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>People celebrating the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Netherlands)" title="Liberation Day (Netherlands)">liberation of the Netherlands</a> at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> on 8 May 1945</figcaption></figure> Many new suburbs, such as <a href="/wiki/Osdorp" title="Osdorp">Osdorp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slotervaart_(neighborhood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slotervaart (neighborhood)">Slotervaart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slotermeer" title="Slotermeer">Slotermeer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geuzenveld" title="Geuzenveld">Geuzenveld</a>, were built in the years after the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-svgeschedenis-66">[65]</a> These suburbs contained many public parks and wide-open spaces, and the new buildings provided improved housing conditions with larger and brighter rooms, gardens, and balconies. Because of the war and other events of the 20th century, almost the entire city centre had fallen into disrepair. As society was changing,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] politicians and other influential figures made plans to redesign large parts of it. There was an increasing demand for office buildings, and also for new roads, as the automobile became available to most people.<a href="#cite_note-stadsherstel-67">[66]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Metro" title="Amsterdam Metro">metro</a> started operating in 1977 between the new suburb of <a href="/wiki/Bijlmermeer" title="Bijlmermeer">Bijlmermeer</a> in the city's <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-Zuidoost" title="Amsterdam-Zuidoost">Zuidoost</a> (southeast) exclave and the centre of Amsterdam. Further plans were to build a new highway above the metro to connect <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Centraal_station" title="Amsterdam Centraal station">Amsterdam Centraal</a> and the city centre with other parts of the city. The required large-scale demolitions began in Amsterdam's former Jewish neighborhood. Smaller streets, such as the Jodenbreestraat and Weesperstraat, were widened and almost all houses and buildings were demolished. At the peak of the demolition, the Nieuwmarktrellen (<a href="/wiki/Nieuwmarkt_riots" title="Nieuwmarkt riots">Nieuwmarkt riots</a>) broke out;<a href="#cite_note-metrostad-68">[67]</a> the rioters expressed their fury about the demolition caused by the restructuring of the city. As a result, the demolition was stopped and the highway into the city's centre was never fully built; only the metro was completed. Only a few streets remained widened. The new city hall was built on the almost completely demolished Waterlooplein. Meanwhile, large private organizations, such as Stadsherstel Amsterdam, were founded to restore the entire city centre. Although the success of this struggle is visible today, efforts for further restoration are still ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-stadsherstel-67">[66]</a> The entire city centre has reattained its former splendour and, as a whole, is now a <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">protected area</a>. Many of its buildings have become monuments, and in July 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Grachtengordel_(Amsterdam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grachtengordel (Amsterdam)">Grachtengordel</a> (the three concentric canals: Herengracht, Keizersgracht, and Prinsengracht) was added to the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage List</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unesco-69">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_Canal_Tour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Amsterdam_Canal_Tour.jpg/220px-Amsterdam_Canal_Tour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Amsterdam_Canal_Tour.jpg/220px-Amsterdam_Canal_Tour.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Amsterdam_Canal_Tour.jpg/330px-Amsterdam_Canal_Tour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Amsterdam_Canal_Tour.jpg/440px-Amsterdam_Canal_Tour.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Canals_of_Amsterdam" title="Canals of Amsterdam">Canals of Amsterdam</a> were listed as <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a> in 2010,<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> contributing to Amsterdam's fame as the "<a href="/wiki/Venice_of_the_North" title="Venice of the North">Venice of the North</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Venice1-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Venice3-72">[71]</a> Along with <a href="/wiki/De_Wallen" title="De Wallen">De Wallen</a>, the canals are the focal-point for tourists in the city.</figcaption></figure> In the 21st century, the Amsterdam city centre has attracted large numbers of tourists: between 2012 and 2015, the annual number of visitors rose from 10 to 17 million. Real estate prices have surged, and local shops are making way for tourist-oriented ones, making the centre unaffordable for the city's inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> These developments have evoked comparisons with <a href="/wiki/Venice_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venice (Italy)">Venice</a>, a city thought to be overwhelmed by the tourist influx.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Construction of a new metro line connecting the part of the city north of the <a href="/wiki/IJ_(Amsterdam)" title="IJ (Amsterdam)">IJ</a> to its southern part was started in 2003. The project was controversial because its cost had exceeded its budget by a factor of three by 2008,<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> because of fears of damage to buildings in the centre, and because construction had to be halted and restarted multiple times.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> The new metro line was completed in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Since 2014, renewed focus has been given to urban regeneration and renewal, especially in areas directly bordering the city centre, such as <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Hendrikbuurt" title="Frederik Hendrikbuurt">Frederik Hendrikbuurt</a>. This urban renewal and expansion of the traditional centre of the city—with the construction on artificial islands of the new eastern <a href="/wiki/IJburg" title="IJburg">IJburg</a> neighbourhood—is part of the Structural Vision Amsterdam 2040 initiative.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_Photo_2020_Copernicus_Sentinel-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Amsterdam_Photo_2020_Copernicus_Sentinel-2.jpg/220px-Amsterdam_Photo_2020_Copernicus_Sentinel-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2819" data-file-height="2289"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 179px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Amsterdam_Photo_2020_Copernicus_Sentinel-2.jpg/220px-Amsterdam_Photo_2020_Copernicus_Sentinel-2.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Amsterdam_Photo_2020_Copernicus_Sentinel-2.jpg/330px-Amsterdam_Photo_2020_Copernicus_Sentinel-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Amsterdam_Photo_2020_Copernicus_Sentinel-2.jpg/440px-Amsterdam_Photo_2020_Copernicus_Sentinel-2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Satellite photo of Amsterdam, 2020</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gem-Amsterdam-OpenTopo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gem-Amsterdam-OpenTopo.jpg/220px-Gem-Amsterdam-OpenTopo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8820" data-file-height="6046"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gem-Amsterdam-OpenTopo.jpg/220px-Gem-Amsterdam-OpenTopo.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gem-Amsterdam-OpenTopo.jpg/330px-Gem-Amsterdam-OpenTopo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gem-Amsterdam-OpenTopo.jpg/440px-Gem-Amsterdam-OpenTopo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Topographic map of Amsterdam</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam-centrum-OpenTopo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Amsterdam-centrum-OpenTopo.jpg/220px-Amsterdam-centrum-OpenTopo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="10050" data-file-height="8825"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Amsterdam-centrum-OpenTopo.jpg/220px-Amsterdam-centrum-OpenTopo.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Amsterdam-centrum-OpenTopo.jpg/330px-Amsterdam-centrum-OpenTopo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Amsterdam-centrum-OpenTopo.jpg/440px-Amsterdam-centrum-OpenTopo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Large-scale map of the city centre of Amsterdam, including sightseeing markers, as of April 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit">[update]</a>.</figcaption></figure> Amsterdam is located in the Western Netherlands, in the province of <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a>, the capital of which is not Amsterdam, but rather <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a>. The river <a href="/wiki/Amstel" title="Amstel">Amstel</a> ends in the city centre and connects to a large number of canals that eventually terminate in the <a href="/wiki/IJ_(Amsterdam)" title="IJ (Amsterdam)">IJ</a>. Amsterdam's elevation is about −2 m (−6.6 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">below sea level</a>.<a href="#cite_note-elevation-80">[79]</a> The surrounding land is flat as it is formed of large <a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">polders</a>. An artificial forest, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdamse_Bos" title="Amsterdamse Bos">Amsterdamse Bos</a>, is in the southwest. Amsterdam is connected to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> through the long <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Canal" title="North Sea Canal">North Sea Canal</a>. Amsterdam is intensely urbanised, as is the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_metropolitan_area" title="Amsterdam metropolitan area">Amsterdam metropolitan area</a> surrounding the city. Comprising 219.4 km2 (84.7 sq mi) of land, the <a href="/wiki/City_limits" title="City limits">city proper</a> has 4,457 inhabitants per km2 and 2,275 houses per km2.<a href="#cite_note-density-81">[80]</a> Parks and <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserves</a> make up 12% of Amsterdam's land area.<a href="#cite_note-12percent-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Water" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Amsterdam has more than 100 km (60 mi) of <a href="/wiki/Canals_of_Amsterdam" title="Canals of Amsterdam">canals</a>, most of which are navigable by boat. The city's three main canals are the <a href="/wiki/Prinsengracht" title="Prinsengracht">Prinsengracht</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Herengracht" title="Herengracht">Herengracht</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Keizersgracht" title="Keizersgracht">Keizersgracht</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Amsterdam was surrounded by a moat, called the <a href="/wiki/Singel" title="Singel">Singel</a>, which now forms the innermost ring in the city, and gives the city centre a horseshoe shape. The city is also served by a <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Amsterdam" title="Port of Amsterdam">seaport</a>. It has been compared with <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, due to its division into about 90 islands, which are linked by more than 1,200 bridges.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nieuwendammerdijk,_Amsterdam,_North_Holland,_Netherlands_-_panoramio_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nieuwendammerdijk%2C_Amsterdam%2C_North_Holland%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/220px-Nieuwendammerdijk%2C_Amsterdam%2C_North_Holland%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nieuwendammerdijk%2C_Amsterdam%2C_North_Holland%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/220px-Nieuwendammerdijk%2C_Amsterdam%2C_North_Holland%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nieuwendammerdijk%2C_Amsterdam%2C_North_Holland%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/330px-Nieuwendammerdijk%2C_Amsterdam%2C_North_Holland%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nieuwendammerdijk%2C_Amsterdam%2C_North_Holland%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/440px-Nieuwendammerdijk%2C_Amsterdam%2C_North_Holland%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nieuwendammerdijk_en_Buiksloterdijk" title="Nieuwendammerdijk en Buiksloterdijk">Nieuwendammerdijk en Buiksloterdijk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-Noord" title="Amsterdam-Noord">Amsterdam-Noord</a>, winter 2010</figcaption></figure> Amsterdam has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Cfb)<a href="#cite_note-Weatherbase-84">[83]</a> strongly influenced by its proximity to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> to the west, with prevailing westerly winds. Amsterdam, as well as most of the North Holland province, lies in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">USDA</a> <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">Hardiness zone</a> 8b. Frosts mainly occur during spells of easterly or northeasterly winds from the inner European continent. Even then, because Amsterdam is surrounded on three sides by large bodies of water, as well as having a significant <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">heat-island effect</a>, nights rarely fall below −5 °C (23 °F), while it could easily be −12 °C (10 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Hilversum" title="Hilversum">Hilversum</a>, 25 km (16 mi) southeast. Summers are moderately warm with a number of hot and humid days with occasional rain every month. The average daily high in August is 22.1 °C (72 °F), and 30 °C (86 °F) or higher is only measured on average on 2.5 days, placing Amsterdam in AHS Heat Zone 2. The record extremes range from −19.7 °C (−3.5 °F) to 36.3 °C (97.3 °F).<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Extreme_temps-86">[85]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] Days with more than 1 mm (0.04 in) of <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> are common, on average 133 days per year. Amsterdam's average annual precipitation is 838 mm (33 in).<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> A large part of this precipitation falls as light rain or brief showers. Cloudy and damp days are common during the cooler months of October through March. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol" title="Amsterdam Airport Schiphol">Amsterdam Airport Schiphol</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0 (57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1 (75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0 (82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5 (88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2 (91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3 (97.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5 (94.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0 (87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2 (64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5 (59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.3 (97.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 (43.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 (44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 (50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3 (57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8 (64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3 (68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5 (72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4 (72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2 (66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7 (58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 (44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.3 (57.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 (38.8) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 (39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 (43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 (49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3 (55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0 (60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1 (64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1 (59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 (52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 (45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 (40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.7 (51.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 (34.2) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (33.8) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 (37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 (41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 (47.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 (52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5 (56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 (45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 (40.1) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 (34.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.8 (44.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.3 (2.7) </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−19.7 (−3.5) </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.7 (1.9) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.7 (23.5) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1 (30.0) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 (36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 (35.6) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.4 (25.9) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.1 (17.4) </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.8 (5.4) </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−19.7 (−3.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.5 (2.62) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.7 (2.15) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.8 (2.04) </td> <td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.6 (1.56) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.9 (2.12) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.8 (2.55) </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.3 (3.24) </td> <td style="background: #6CFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98.6 (3.88) </td> <td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.4 (3.32) </td> <td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.7 (3.41) </td> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.3 (3.36) </td> <td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.7 (3.22) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">850.3 (33.48) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (1.9) </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 (2.1) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 (1.1) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (0.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 (0.3) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 (1.5) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.9 (7.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) </th> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.4 </td> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.4 </td> <td style="background: #5151FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.1 </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">133.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000B0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">87.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000B9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000DC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000E1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000DA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000D6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000D2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000C5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000B9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000AB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">88.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000AB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">88.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000C5; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">81.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #7E7E7E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.0 </td> <td style="background: #AEAE8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.3 </td> <td style="background: #C2C218; color:#000000;" class="notheme">146.0 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">197.7 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">230.7 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">217.2 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">225.4 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">203.5 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">154.2 </td> <td style="background: #B4B468; color:#000000;" class="notheme">116.9 </td> <td style="background: #7E7E7E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.8 </td> <td style="background: #6A6A6A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58.2 </td> <td style="background: #C4C40A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,779.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6 </td> <td style="background: #EDED08; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.6 </td> <td style="background: #FAFA28; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.4 </td> <td style="background: #FAFA28; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.4 </td> <td style="background: #F3F318; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.4 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.7 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.6 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.4 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.3 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute">Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute</a> (1991–2020 normals)<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> (1971–2000 extremes)<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> and Weather Atlas (UV index)<a href="#cite_note-Yu_Media_Group-90">[89]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_population_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Amsterdam_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Amsterdam_population_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="2104"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Amsterdam_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Amsterdam_population_pyramid.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Amsterdam_population_pyramid.svg/330px-Amsterdam_population_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Amsterdam_population_pyramid.svg/440px-Amsterdam_population_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Amsterdam population pyramid in 2022</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_population">Historical population</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Historical population" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:30em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Estimated population, 1300–1564</caption><tbody><tr valign="top"><td style="padding:0 0.5em"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1300</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">— </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1400</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,700</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.56%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1514</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">11,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.75%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1546</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">13,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.57%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1557</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">22,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+4.84%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1564</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">30,900</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.84%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: Bureau Monumentenzorg en Archeologie (1300)<a href="#cite_note-BMA_Gesch1-91">[90]</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamaer1921">Ramaer 1921</a>, pp. 11–12, 181 (1400 and 1564) <a href="#CITEREFVan_Dillen1929">Van Dillen 1929</a>, pp. xxv–xxvi (1514, 1546 and 1557)</td></tr></tbody></table> In 1300, Amsterdam's population was around 1,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-:0-92">[91]</a> While many towns in Holland experienced population decline during the 15th and 16th centuries, Amsterdam's population grew,<a href="#cite_note-:1-93">[92]</a> mainly due to the rise of the profitable <a href="/wiki/Baltic_maritime_trade_(c._1400%E2%80%931800)" title="Baltic maritime trade (c. 1400–1800)">Baltic maritime trade</a> especially in grain after the Burgundian victory in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Hanseatic_War" title="Dutch–Hanseatic War">Dutch–Hanseatic War</a> in 1441.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> The population of Amsterdam was only modest compared to the towns and cities of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a>, which comprised the most urbanized area of the Low Countries.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236656977"><table class="table-pale" style="width:30em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population in 10-year intervals, 1590–present</caption><tbody><tr valign="top"><td style="padding:0 0.5em"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1590</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">41,362</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">— </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1600</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">59,551</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+44.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1610</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">82,742</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+38.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1620</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">106,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+28.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1630</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">135,439</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+27.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1640</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">162,388</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1650</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">176,873</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1660</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">192,767</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1670</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">206,188</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1680</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">219,098</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+6.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1690</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">224,393</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1700</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">235,224</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1710</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">239,149</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1720</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">241,447</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1730</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">239,866</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−0.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1740</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">237,582</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1750</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">233,952</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1760</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">240,862</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1770</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">239,056</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1780</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">228,938</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−4.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1790</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">214,473</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−6.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1800</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">203,485</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−5.1%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1810</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">201,347</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1820</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">197,831</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1830</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">206,383</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+4.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1840</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">214,367</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1850</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">223,700</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1860</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">244,050</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1870</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">279,221</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1880</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">323,784</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+16.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1890</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">417,539</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+29.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">520,602</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1910</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">573,983</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1920</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">647,427</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1930</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">757,386</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+17.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1940</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">800,594</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">835,834</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">869,602</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">831,463</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">716,967</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−13.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">695,221</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">731,289</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">767,773</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">872,380</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.6%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="#CITEREFNusteling1985">Nusteling 1985</a>, p. 240 (1590–1670) <a href="#CITEREFVan_LeeuwenOeppen1993">Van Leeuwen & Oeppen 1993</a>, p. 87 (1680–1880) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.data.amsterdam.nl/dcatd/datasets/bx_HyaOipADV-Q/purls/12">Department for Research, Information and Statistics</a> (1890–present)</td></tr></tbody></table> This changed when, during the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a>, many people from the Southern Netherlands fled to the North, especially after <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp fell to Spanish forces</a> in 1585. Jews from Spain, Portugal and Eastern Europe similarly settled in Amsterdam, as did Germans and Scandinavians.<a href="#cite_note-:1-93">[92]</a> In thirty years, Amsterdam's population more than doubled between 1585 and 1610.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> By 1600, its population was around 50,000.<a href="#cite_note-:0-92">[91]</a> During the 1660s, Amsterdam's population reached 200,000.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> The city's growth levelled off and the population stabilized around 240,000 for most of the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> In 1750, Amsterdam was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_European_cities_in_history" title="List of largest European cities in history">fourth largest city in Western Europe</a>, behind London (676,000), Paris (560,000) and Naples (324,000).<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> This was all the more remarkable as Amsterdam was neither the capital city nor the seat of government of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, which itself was a much smaller state than Great Britain, France or the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. In contrast to those other metropolises, Amsterdam was also surrounded by large towns such as <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> (about 67,000), <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> (45,000), <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a> (38,000) and <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a> (30,000).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrijhoffPrak20059-100">[99]</a> The city's population declined in the early 19th century,<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> dipping under 200,000 in 1820.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> By the second half of the 19th century, industrialization spurred renewed growth.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Amsterdam's population hit an all-time high of 872,000 in 1959,<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> before declining in the following decades due to government-sponsored suburbanisation to so-called groeikernen (growth centres) such as <a href="/wiki/Purmerend" title="Purmerend">Purmerend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Almere" title="Almere">Almere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-107">[106]</a> Between 1970 and 1980, Amsterdam experienced a sharp population decline, peaking at a net loss of 25,000 people in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-:2-107">[106]</a> By 1985 the city had only 675,570 residents.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> This was soon followed by <a href="/wiki/Reurbanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Reurbanization">reurbanization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a>,<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-107">[106]</a> leading to renewed population growth in the 2010s. Also in the 2010s, much of Amsterdam's population growth was due to immigration to the city.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diversity_and_immigration">Diversity and immigration</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Diversity and immigration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the 16th and 17th century, non-Dutch immigrants to Amsterdam were mostly Protestant <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalians</a>. Huguenots came after the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau" title="Edict of Fontainebleau">Edict of Fontainebleau</a> in 1685, while the Flemish Protestants came during the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> against Catholic Spain. The Westphalians came to Amsterdam mostly for economic reasons; their influx continued through the 18th and 19th centuries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Before the Second World War, 10% of the city population was <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Amsterdam" title="History of the Jews in Amsterdam">Jewish</a>. Just twenty percent of them survived the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> Amsterdam experienced an influx of religions and cultures after the Second World War. With 180 different nationalities,<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Amsterdam is home to one of the widest varieties of nationalities of any city in the world.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> The proportion of the population of immigrant origin in the city proper is about 50%<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> and 88% of the population are Dutch citizens.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> The first mass immigration in the 20th century was by people from Indonesia, who came to Amsterdam after the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> in the 1940s and 1950s. In the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Foreign_worker" title="Foreign worker">guest workers</a> from Turkey, Morocco, Italy, and Spain immigrated to Amsterdam. After the independence of Suriname in 1975, a large wave of Surinamese settled in Amsterdam, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Bijlmermeer" title="Bijlmermeer">Bijlmer</a> area. Other immigrants, including refugees <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">asylum seekers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">undocumented immigrants</a>, came from Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. In the 1970s and 1980s, many 'old' Amsterdammers moved to 'new' cities like <a href="/wiki/Almere" title="Almere">Almere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Purmerend" title="Purmerend">Purmerend</a>, prompted by the third <a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a> bill of the Dutch Government. This bill promoted suburbanization and arranged for new developments in so-called "groeikernen", literally cores of growth. Young professionals and artists moved into neighborhoods <a href="/wiki/De_Pijp" title="De Pijp">De Pijp</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jordaan" title="Jordaan">Jordaan</a> abandoned by these Amsterdammers. The non-Western immigrants settled mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">social housing</a> projects in Amsterdam-West and the Bijlmer. Today, people of non-Western origin make up approximately one-fifth of the population of Amsterdam, and more than 30% of the city's children.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-OS_4351-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> A slight majority of the residents of Amsterdam have at least one parent who was born outside the country. However, a much larger majority has at least one parent who was born inside the country (intercultural marriages are common in the city). Only a third of inhabitants under 15 are <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">autochthons</a> (person with two parents of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> origin).<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-120">[119]</a> In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">autochthons</a> were a minority in 40% of Amsterdam's neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-:10-120">[119]</a> Segregation along ethnic lines is clearly visible, with people of non-Western origin, considered a separate group by <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands" title="Statistics Netherlands">Statistics Netherlands</a>, concentrating in specific neighborhoods especially in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Nieuw-West" title="Amsterdam Nieuw-West">Nieuw-West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeeburg" title="Zeeburg">Zeeburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bijlmermeer" title="Bijlmermeer">Bijlmer</a> and in certain areas of <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-Noord" title="Amsterdam-Noord">Amsterdam-Noord</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption>Residents of Amsterdam with a recent migration background, by country of birth of parent (mother – or if mother is Dutch – father) (2024)<a href="#cite_note-auto-123">[122]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country or territory</th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">79,157 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/23px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/23px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/35px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/45px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">62,132 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,814 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">23,242 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">21,179 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,028 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,696 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,427 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,857 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (former)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,849 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles"><noscript><img alt="Netherlands Antilles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles_%281986%E2%80%932010%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles_%281986%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles_%281986%E2%80%932010%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles_%281986%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png" data-alt="Netherlands Antilles" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles_%281986%E2%80%932010%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles_%281986%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles_%281986%E2%80%932010%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles_%281986%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Dutch Antilles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,201 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,972 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,428 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,330 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others</td> <td style="text-align:right;">165,629 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td style="text-align:right;">524,963 </td></tr></tbody></table> In 2000, Christians formed the largest <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">religious group</a> in the city (28% of the population). The next largest religion was Islam (8%), most of whose followers were <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-religion-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> In 2015, Christians formed the largest <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">religious group</a> in the city (28% of the population). The next largest religion was Islam (7.1%), most of whose followers were <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-123">[122]</a> Amsterdam has been one of the municipalities in the Netherlands which provided immigrants with extensive and free <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch-language</a> courses, which have benefited many immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Blue; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Yellow; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2651.3256287233px; border-left-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 932.64236482217px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 162.04028779102px; border-left-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 75.57454800484px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3.1426266043351px; border-left-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:69.365330581281px 72.030902488791px 0 0; border-top-color:WhiteSmoke"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:WhiteSmoke"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Amsterdam (2015)<a href="#cite_note-random-127">[126]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Non affiliated</a> (62.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Catholic Church in the Netherlands">Catholic Church</a> (13.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Protestant Church in the Netherlands">Protestant Church</a> (9.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Other <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian</a> (5.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Islam</a> (7.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Hinduism in the Netherlands">Hinduism</a> (1.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Buddhism in the Netherlands">Buddhism</a> (1.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in the Netherlands">Judaism</a> (0.7%)</div> </div> </div></div> In 1578, the largely Catholic city of Amsterdam joined the revolt against Spanish rule,<a href="#cite_note-:3-128">[127]</a> late in comparison to other major northern Dutch cities.<a href="#cite_note-:4-129">[128]</a> Catholic priests were driven out of the city.<a href="#cite_note-:3-128">[127]</a> Following the Dutch takeover, all churches were converted to Protestant worship.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> was declared the main religion.<a href="#cite_note-:4-129">[128]</a> It was forbidden to openly profess <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Reestablishment_of_the_episcopal_hierarchy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Reestablishment of the episcopal hierarchy in the Netherlands">Catholic hierarchy was prohibited until the mid-19th century</a>. This led to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_church" title="Clandestine church">clandestine churches</a>, covert religious buildings hidden in pre-existing buildings. Catholics, some Jews and dissenting Protestants worshipped in such buildings.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> A large influx of foreigners of many religions came to 17th-century Amsterdam, in particular <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sefardic Jews</a> from Spain and Portugal,<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a> from France,<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a>, as well as Protestants from across the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> This led to the establishment of many non-Dutch-speaking churches.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1603, the Jewish received permission to practice their religion in the city. In 1639, the first synagogue was consecrated.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> The Jews came to call the town "<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_of_the_West" title="Jerusalem of the West">Jerusalem of the West</a>".<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> As they became established in the city, other <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a> used converted Catholic chapels to conduct their own services. The oldest English-language church congregation in the world outside the United Kingdom is found at the <a href="/wiki/Begijnhof,_Amsterdam" title="Begijnhof, Amsterdam">Begijnhof</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> Regular services there are still offered in English under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-englishchurch-139">[138]</a> Being Calvinists, the Huguenots soon integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a>, though often retaining their own congregations. Some, commonly referred to by the moniker 'Walloon', are recognizable today as they offer occasional services in French.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the second half of the 17th century, Amsterdam experienced an influx of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a>, Jews from <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a>. Jews often fled the <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> in those areas. The first Ashkenazis who arrived in Amsterdam were <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmelnytsky uprising">Khmelnytsky uprising</a> occurring in Ukraine and the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, which devastated much of Central Europe. They not only founded their own synagogues, but had a strong influence on the 'Amsterdam dialect' adding a large <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> local vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-:5-140">[139]</a> Despite an absence of an official Jewish <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghetto</a>, most Jews preferred to live in the eastern part, which used to be the centre of medieval Amsterdam. The main street of this Jewish neighbourhood was Jodenbreestraat. The neighbourhood comprised the <a href="/wiki/Waterlooplein" title="Waterlooplein">Waterlooplein</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nieuwmarkt" title="Nieuwmarkt">Nieuwmarkt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jodenbuurt_Amsterdam-141">[140]</a> Buildings in this neighbourhood fell into disrepair after the Second World War<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> a large section of the neighbourhood was demolished during the construction of the metro system. This led to riots, and as a result the original plans for large-scale reconstruction were abandoned by the government.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> The neighbourhood was rebuilt with smaller-scale residence buildings on the basis of its original layout.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westerkerk_Amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Westerkerk_Amsterdam.jpg/220px-Westerkerk_Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3995" data-file-height="3478"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 192px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Westerkerk_Amsterdam.jpg/220px-Westerkerk_Amsterdam.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="192" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Westerkerk_Amsterdam.jpg/330px-Westerkerk_Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Westerkerk_Amsterdam.jpg/440px-Westerkerk_Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Westerkerk" title="Westerkerk">Westerkerk</a> in the Centrum borough, one of Amsterdam's best-known churches</figcaption></figure> Catholic churches in Amsterdam have been constructed since the restoration of the episcopal hierarchy in 1853.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> One of the principal architects behind the city's Catholic churches, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cuypers" title="Pierre Cuypers">Cuypers</a>, was also responsible for the Amsterdam Centraal station and the <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> In 1924, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> hosted the <a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_congress" title="Eucharistic congress">International Eucharistic Congress</a> in Amsterdam;<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> numerous Catholic <a href="/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">prelates</a> visited the city, where festivities were held in churches and stadiums.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Catholic processions on the public streets, however, were still forbidden under law at the time.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> Only in the 20th century was Amsterdam's relation to Catholicism normalised,<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> but despite its far larger population size, the episcopal see of the city was placed in the provincial town of <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Diocese_of_Haarlem-153">[152]</a> Historically, Amsterdam has been predominantly Christian. In 1900 Christians formed the largest <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">religious group</a> in the city (70% of the population), <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a> formed 45% of the city population, and the Catholic Church formed 25% of the city population.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> In recent times, religious demographics in Amsterdam have been changed by immigration from former colonies. <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> has been introduced from the Hindu diaspora from Suriname<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> and several distinct branches of Islam have been brought from various parts of the world.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> Islam is now the largest non-Christian religion in Amsterdam.<a href="#cite_note-random-127">[126]</a> The large community of Ghanaian immigrants have established African churches,<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> often in parking garages in the <a href="/wiki/Bijlmermeer" title="Bijlmermeer">Bijlmer</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Cityscape_and_architecture">Cityscape and architecture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cityscape and architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Amsterdam" title="List of tallest buildings in Amsterdam">List of tallest buildings in Amsterdam</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_Cityscape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Amsterdam_Cityscape.jpg/800px-Amsterdam_Cityscape.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="232" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="1503"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 800px;height: 232px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Amsterdam_Cityscape.jpg/800px-Amsterdam_Cityscape.jpg" data-width="800" data-height="232" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Amsterdam_Cityscape.jpg/1200px-Amsterdam_Cityscape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Amsterdam_Cityscape.jpg/1600px-Amsterdam_Cityscape.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">View of the city centre looking southwest from the Oosterdokskade</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Amsterdam.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/View_of_Amsterdam.JPG/330px-View_of_Amsterdam.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3341" data-file-height="2431"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 240px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/View_of_Amsterdam.JPG/330px-View_of_Amsterdam.JPG" data-width="330" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/View_of_Amsterdam.JPG/495px-View_of_Amsterdam.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/View_of_Amsterdam.JPG/660px-View_of_Amsterdam.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A 1538 painting by <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Anthonisz" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelis Anthonisz">Cornelis Anthonisz</a> showing a bird's-eye view of Amsterdam. The famous <a href="/wiki/Grachtengordel" title="Grachtengordel">Grachtengordel</a> had not yet been established.</figcaption></figure> Amsterdam fans out south from the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Centraal_station" title="Amsterdam Centraal station">Amsterdam Centraal station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damrak" title="Damrak">Damrak</a>, the main street off the station. The oldest area of the town is known as <a href="/wiki/De_Wallen" title="De Wallen">De Wallen</a> (English: "The Quays"). It lies to the east of Damrak and contains the city's famous red-light district. To the south of De Wallen is the old Jewish quarter of Waterlooplein. The medieval and colonial age <a href="/wiki/Canals_of_Amsterdam" title="Canals of Amsterdam">canals of Amsterdam</a>, known as grachten, embraces the heart of the city where homes have interesting gables. Beyond the Grachtengordel are the former working-class areas of <a href="/wiki/Jordaan" title="Jordaan">Jordaan</a> and de Pijp. The <a href="/wiki/Museumplein" title="Museumplein">Museumplein</a> with the city's major museums, the <a href="/wiki/Vondelpark" title="Vondelpark">Vondelpark</a>, a 19th-century park named after the Dutch writer <a href="/wiki/Joost_van_den_Vondel" title="Joost van den Vondel">Joost van den Vondel</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Plantage_(Amsterdam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantage (Amsterdam)">Plantage</a> neighbourhood, with the <a href="/wiki/Natura_Artis_Magistra" class="mw-redirect" title="Natura Artis Magistra">zoo</a>, are also located outside the Grachtengordel. Several parts of the city and the surrounding urban area are <a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">polders</a>. This can be recognised by the suffix -meer which means lake, as in <a href="/wiki/Aalsmeer" title="Aalsmeer">Aalsmeer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bijlmermeer" title="Bijlmermeer">Bijlmermeer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haarlemmermeer" title="Haarlemmermeer">Haarlemmermeer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Watergraafsmeer" title="Watergraafsmeer">Watergraafsmeer</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canals">Canals</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Canals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canals_of_Amsterdam" title="Canals of Amsterdam">Canals of Amsterdam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Town_Houses_on_Canal_in_Amsterdam_-_Nov_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Town_Houses_on_Canal_in_Amsterdam_-_Nov_1977.jpg/220px-Town_Houses_on_Canal_in_Amsterdam_-_Nov_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3555" data-file-height="2483"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Town_Houses_on_Canal_in_Amsterdam_-_Nov_1977.jpg/220px-Town_Houses_on_Canal_in_Amsterdam_-_Nov_1977.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Town_Houses_on_Canal_in_Amsterdam_-_Nov_1977.jpg/330px-Town_Houses_on_Canal_in_Amsterdam_-_Nov_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Town_Houses_on_Canal_in_Amsterdam_-_Nov_1977.jpg/440px-Town_Houses_on_Canal_in_Amsterdam_-_Nov_1977.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Rokin – November 1977</figcaption></figure> The Amsterdam canal system is the result of conscious <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">city planning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canals-159">[158]</a> In the early 17th century, when immigration was at a peak, a comprehensive plan was developed that was based on four concentric half-circles of canals with their ends emerging at the <a href="/wiki/IJ_(Amsterdam)" title="IJ (Amsterdam)">IJ</a> bay. Known as the <a href="/wiki/Grachtengordel" title="Grachtengordel">Grachtengordel</a>, three of the canals were mostly for residential development: the <a href="/wiki/Herengracht" title="Herengracht">Herengracht</a> (where "Heren" refers to Heren Regeerders van de stad Amsterdam, ruling lords of Amsterdam, while <a href="/wiki/Gracht" title="Gracht">gracht</a> means canal, so that the name can be roughly translated as "Canal of the Lords"), <a href="/wiki/Keizersgracht" title="Keizersgracht">Keizersgracht</a> (Emperor's Canal) and <a href="/wiki/Prinsengracht" title="Prinsengracht">Prinsengracht</a> (Prince's Canal).<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> The fourth and outermost canal is the <a href="/wiki/Singelgracht" title="Singelgracht">Singelgracht</a>, which is often not mentioned on maps because it is a collective name for all canals in the outer ring. The Singelgracht should not be confused with the oldest and innermost canal, the <a href="/wiki/Singel" title="Singel">Singel</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herengracht-december-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Herengracht-december-2.jpg/220px-Herengracht-december-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Herengracht-december-2.jpg/220px-Herengracht-december-2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Herengracht-december-2.jpg/330px-Herengracht-december-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Herengracht-december-2.jpg/440px-Herengracht-december-2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Herengracht</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prinsengracht_towads_Lekkeresluis_from_Bridge_Prinsenstraat_2016-09-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Prinsengracht_towads_Lekkeresluis_from_Bridge_Prinsenstraat_2016-09-12.jpg/220px-Prinsengracht_towads_Lekkeresluis_from_Bridge_Prinsenstraat_2016-09-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Prinsengracht_towads_Lekkeresluis_from_Bridge_Prinsenstraat_2016-09-12.jpg/220px-Prinsengracht_towads_Lekkeresluis_from_Bridge_Prinsenstraat_2016-09-12.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Prinsengracht_towads_Lekkeresluis_from_Bridge_Prinsenstraat_2016-09-12.jpg/330px-Prinsengracht_towads_Lekkeresluis_from_Bridge_Prinsenstraat_2016-09-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Prinsengracht_towads_Lekkeresluis_from_Bridge_Prinsenstraat_2016-09-12.jpg/440px-Prinsengracht_towads_Lekkeresluis_from_Bridge_Prinsenstraat_2016-09-12.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Prinsengracht</figcaption></figure> The canals served for defense, <a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resource management">water management</a> and transport. The defenses took the form of a moat and <a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)" title="Earthworks (engineering)">earthen dikes</a>, with gates at transit points, but otherwise no masonry <a href="/wiki/Superstructure" title="Superstructure">superstructures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> The original plans have been lost, so historians, such as Ed Taverne, need to speculate on the original intentions: it is thought that the considerations of the layout were purely practical and defensive rather than ornamental.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> Construction started in 1613 and proceeded from west to east, across the breadth of the layout, like a gigantic <a href="/wiki/Windscreen_wiper" title="Windscreen wiper">windshield wiper</a> as the historian <a href="/wiki/Geert_Mak" title="Geert Mak">Geert Mak</a> calls it – and not from the centre outwards, as a popular myth has it. The canal construction in the southern sector was completed by 1656. Subsequently, the construction of residential buildings proceeded slowly. The eastern part of the concentric canal plan, covering the area between the Amstel river and the IJ bay, has never been implemented. In the following centuries, the land was used for parks, senior citizens' homes, theatres, other public facilities, and waterways without much planning.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> Over the years, several canals have been filled in, becoming streets or squares, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nieuwezijds_Voorburgwal" title="Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal">Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spui_(Amsterdam)" title="Spui (Amsterdam)">Spui</a>.<a href="#cite_note-filledincanals-164">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion">Expansion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Expansion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Amsterdam_since_the_19th_century" title="Expansion of Amsterdam since the 19th century">Expansion of Amsterdam since the 19th century</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brug_127_in_de_Lijnbaansgracht_over_de_Egelantiersgracht_foto_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Brug_127_in_de_Lijnbaansgracht_over_de_Egelantiersgracht_foto_4.jpg/220px-Brug_127_in_de_Lijnbaansgracht_over_de_Egelantiersgracht_foto_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Brug_127_in_de_Lijnbaansgracht_over_de_Egelantiersgracht_foto_4.jpg/220px-Brug_127_in_de_Lijnbaansgracht_over_de_Egelantiersgracht_foto_4.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Brug_127_in_de_Lijnbaansgracht_over_de_Egelantiersgracht_foto_4.jpg/330px-Brug_127_in_de_Lijnbaansgracht_over_de_Egelantiersgracht_foto_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Brug_127_in_de_Lijnbaansgracht_over_de_Egelantiersgracht_foto_4.jpg/440px-Brug_127_in_de_Lijnbaansgracht_over_de_Egelantiersgracht_foto_4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Egelantiersgracht" title="Egelantiersgracht">Egelantiersgracht</a> lies west of the <a href="/wiki/Grachtengordel" title="Grachtengordel">Grachtengordel</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Jordaan" title="Jordaan">Jordaan</a> neighbourhood.</figcaption></figure> After the development of Amsterdam's canals in the 17th century, the city did not grow beyond its borders for two centuries. During the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sarphati" title="Samuel Sarphati">Samuel Sarphati</a> devised a plan based on the grandeur of Paris and London at that time. The plan envisaged the construction of new houses, public buildings and streets just outside the <a href="/wiki/Grachtengordel_(Amsterdam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grachtengordel (Amsterdam)">Grachtengordel</a>. The main aim of the plan, however, was to improve public health. Although the plan did not expand the city, it did produce some of the largest public buildings to date, like the Paleis voor Volksvlijt.<a href="#cite_note-joodsmuseum-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-zgsarphati-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-jlgsarphati-167">[166]</a> Following Sarphati, civil engineers Jacobus van Niftrik and Jan Kalff designed an entire ring of 19th-century neighbourhoods surrounding the city's centre, with the city preserving the ownership of all land outside the 17th-century limit, thus firmly controlling development.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> Most of these neighbourhoods became home to the working class.<a href="#cite_note-oudzuid-169">[168]</a> In response to overcrowding, two plans were designed at the beginning of the 20th century which were very different from anything Amsterdam had ever seen before: Plan Zuid (designed by the architect <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Petrus_Berlage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik Petrus Berlage">Berlage</a>) and West. These plans involved the development of new neighbourhoods consisting of housing blocks for all social classes.<a href="#cite_note-archiefberlage-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-bmzberlage-171">[170]</a> After the Second World War, large new neighbourhoods were built in the western, southeastern, and northern parts of the city. These new neighbourhoods were built to relieve the city's shortage of living space and give people affordable houses with modern conveniences. The neighbourhoods consisted mainly of large housing blocks located among green spaces, connected to wide roads, making the neighbourhoods easily accessible by <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">motor car</a>. The western suburbs which were built in that period are collectively called the Westelijke Tuinsteden. The area to the southeast of the city built during the same period is known as the <a href="/wiki/Bijlmermeer" title="Bijlmermeer">Bijlmer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bijlmer-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-westelijketuinsteden-173">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_Real,_%C3%81msterdam,_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos,_2016-05-30,_DD_07-09_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Palacio_Real%2C_%C3%81msterdam%2C_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos%2C_2016-05-30%2C_DD_07-09_HDR.jpg/220px-Palacio_Real%2C_%C3%81msterdam%2C_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos%2C_2016-05-30%2C_DD_07-09_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7846" data-file-height="5634"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Palacio_Real%2C_%C3%81msterdam%2C_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos%2C_2016-05-30%2C_DD_07-09_HDR.jpg/220px-Palacio_Real%2C_%C3%81msterdam%2C_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos%2C_2016-05-30%2C_DD_07-09_HDR.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Palacio_Real%2C_%C3%81msterdam%2C_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos%2C_2016-05-30%2C_DD_07-09_HDR.jpg/330px-Palacio_Real%2C_%C3%81msterdam%2C_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos%2C_2016-05-30%2C_DD_07-09_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Palacio_Real%2C_%C3%81msterdam%2C_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos%2C_2016-05-30%2C_DD_07-09_HDR.jpg/440px-Palacio_Real%2C_%C3%81msterdam%2C_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos%2C_2016-05-30%2C_DD_07-09_HDR.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Amsterdam" title="Royal Palace of Amsterdam">Royal Palace of Amsterdam</a>, by architects <a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Campen" title="Jacob van Campen">Jacob van Campen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl_Stalpaert" title="Daniël Stalpaert">Daniël Stalpaert</a> is characteristic of the architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Baroque_architecture" title="Dutch Baroque architecture">Dutch Baroque architecture</a>.</figcaption></figure> Amsterdam has a rich <a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">architectural history</a>. The oldest building in Amsterdam is the <a href="/wiki/Oude_Kerk,_Amsterdam" title="Oude Kerk, Amsterdam">Oude Kerk</a> (English: Old Church), at the heart of the Wallen, consecrated in 1306.<a href="#cite_note-Oude_Kerk-174">[173]</a> The oldest wooden building is Het Houten Huys<a href="#cite_note-houtenhuys-175">[174]</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Begijnhof,_Amsterdam" title="Begijnhof, Amsterdam">Begijnhof</a>. It was constructed around 1425 and is one of only two existing wooden buildings. It is also one of the few examples of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a> in Amsterdam. The oldest stone building of the Netherlands, The Moriaan is built in <a href="/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="'s-Hertogenbosch">'s-Hertogenbosch</a>. In the 16th century, wooden buildings were razed and replaced with brick ones. During this period, many buildings were constructed in the <a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">architectural style</a> of the <a href="/wiki/The_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="The Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. Buildings of this period are very recognisable with their <a href="/wiki/Crow-stepped_gable" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow-stepped gable">stepped gable</a> façades, which is the common Dutch Renaissance style. Amsterdam quickly developed its own <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architecture</a>. These buildings were built according to the principles of the architect <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_de_Keyser" title="Hendrick de Keyser">Hendrick de Keyser</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dekeyser-176">[175]</a> One of the most striking buildings designed by Hendrick de Keyser is the <a href="/wiki/Westerkerk" title="Westerkerk">Westerkerk</a>. In the 17th century <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">baroque architecture</a> became very popular, as it was elsewhere in Europe. This roughly coincided with Amsterdam's <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Golden Age</a>. The leading architects of this style in Amsterdam were <a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Campen" title="Jacob van Campen">Jacob van Campen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philips_Vingboons" title="Philips Vingboons">Philips Vingboons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl_Stalpaert" title="Daniël Stalpaert">Daniel Stalpaert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-holclass-177">[176]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_(NL),_Begijnhof_--_2015_--_7215-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Amsterdam_%28NL%29%2C_Begijnhof_--_2015_--_7215-8.jpg/220px-Amsterdam_%28NL%29%2C_Begijnhof_--_2015_--_7215-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="71" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="10730" data-file-height="3475"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 71px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Amsterdam_%28NL%29%2C_Begijnhof_--_2015_--_7215-8.jpg/220px-Amsterdam_%28NL%29%2C_Begijnhof_--_2015_--_7215-8.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="71" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Amsterdam_%28NL%29%2C_Begijnhof_--_2015_--_7215-8.jpg/330px-Amsterdam_%28NL%29%2C_Begijnhof_--_2015_--_7215-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Amsterdam_%28NL%29%2C_Begijnhof_--_2015_--_7215-8.jpg/440px-Amsterdam_%28NL%29%2C_Begijnhof_--_2015_--_7215-8.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Begijnhof,_Amsterdam" title="Begijnhof, Amsterdam">Begijnhof</a> is one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Hofje" title="Hofje">hofjes</a> in Amsterdam.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%96ffentliche_Bibliothek_und_Konservatorium_Amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%C3%96ffentliche_Bibliothek_und_Konservatorium_Amsterdam.jpg/220px-%C3%96ffentliche_Bibliothek_und_Konservatorium_Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="2700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%C3%96ffentliche_Bibliothek_und_Konservatorium_Amsterdam.jpg/220px-%C3%96ffentliche_Bibliothek_und_Konservatorium_Amsterdam.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%C3%96ffentliche_Bibliothek_und_Konservatorium_Amsterdam.jpg/330px-%C3%96ffentliche_Bibliothek_und_Konservatorium_Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%C3%96ffentliche_Bibliothek_und_Konservatorium_Amsterdam.jpg/440px-%C3%96ffentliche_Bibliothek_und_Konservatorium_Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Openbare_Bibliotheek_Amsterdam" title="Openbare Bibliotheek Amsterdam">Openbare Bibliotheek Amsterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservatorium_van_Amsterdam" title="Conservatorium van Amsterdam">Conservatorium van Amsterdam</a>, two examples of 21st-century architecture in the centre of the city</figcaption></figure> Philip Vingboons designed splendid merchants' houses throughout the city. A famous building in <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque style</a> in Amsterdam is the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Amsterdam" title="Royal Palace of Amsterdam">Royal Palace</a> on <a href="/wiki/Dam_Square" title="Dam Square">Dam Square</a>. Throughout the 18th century, Amsterdam was heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">French culture</a>. This is reflected in the architecture of that period. Around 1815, architects broke with the baroque style and started building in different neo-styles.<a href="#cite_note-neostijl-178">[177]</a> Most Gothic style buildings date from that era and are therefore said to be built in a <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">neo-gothic</a> style. At the end of the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Jugendstil</a> or <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> style became popular and many new buildings were constructed in this architectural style. Since Amsterdam expanded rapidly during this period, new buildings adjacent to the city centre were also built in this style. The houses in the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Museumplein" title="Museumplein">Museum Square</a> in Amsterdam Oud-Zuid are an example of Jugendstil. The last style that was popular in Amsterdam before the <a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">modern era</a> was <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a>. Amsterdam had its own version of the style, which was called the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_School" title="Amsterdam School">Amsterdamse School</a>. Whole districts were built in this style, such as the Rivierenbuurt.<a href="#cite_note-aschool-179">[178]</a> A notable feature of the façades of buildings designed in Amsterdamse School is that they are highly decorated and ornate, with oddly shaped windows and doors. The old city centre is the focal point of all the architectural styles before the end of the 19th century. Jugendstil and Georgian are mostly found outside the city centre in the neighbourhoods built in the early 20th century, although there are also some striking examples of these styles in the city centre. Most historic buildings in the city centre and nearby are houses, such as the famous merchants' houses lining the canals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_recreational_areas">Parks and recreational areas</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Parks and recreational areas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_in_Amsterdam" title="List of parks in Amsterdam">List of parks in Amsterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_squares_in_Amsterdam" title="List of squares in Amsterdam">List of squares in Amsterdam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_map_indicating_parks_-_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Amsterdam_map_indicating_parks_-_01.png/220px-Amsterdam_map_indicating_parks_-_01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="1211"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 177px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Amsterdam_map_indicating_parks_-_01.png/220px-Amsterdam_map_indicating_parks_-_01.png" data-width="220" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Amsterdam_map_indicating_parks_-_01.png/330px-Amsterdam_map_indicating_parks_-_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Amsterdam_map_indicating_parks_-_01.png/440px-Amsterdam_map_indicating_parks_-_01.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>A: <a href="/wiki/Vondelpark" title="Vondelpark">Vondelpark</a></li><li>B: <a href="/wiki/Beatrixpark" title="Beatrixpark">Beatrixpark</a></li><li>C: <a href="/wiki/Sarphatipark" title="Sarphatipark">Sarphatipark</a></li><li>D: <a href="/wiki/Oosterpark_(Amsterdam)" title="Oosterpark (Amsterdam)">Oosterpark</a></li><li>E: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Park_Frankendael&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Park Frankendael (page does not exist)">Park Frankendael</a></li><li>F: <a href="/wiki/Rembrandtpark" title="Rembrandtpark">Rembrandtpark</a></li><li>G: <a href="/wiki/Westerpark_(park)" title="Westerpark (park)">Westerpark</a></li><li>H: <a href="/wiki/Flevopark" title="Flevopark">Flevopark</a></li><li>I: <a href="/wiki/Amsterdamse_Bos" title="Amsterdamse Bos">Amsterdamse Bos</a></li><li>J: <a href="/wiki/Amstelpark" title="Amstelpark">Amstelpark</a></li><li>K: <a href="/wiki/Hortus_Botanicus_(Amsterdam)" title="Hortus Botanicus (Amsterdam)">Hortus Botanicus</a></li><li>L: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wertheimerpark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wertheimerpark (page does not exist)">Wertheimerpark</a></li><li>M: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Luther_Kingpark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Luther Kingpark (page does not exist)">Martin Luther Kingpark</a></li><li>N: <a href="/wiki/Sloterpark" title="Sloterpark">Sloterpark</a></li></ul></div> </figcaption></figure> Amsterdam has many parks, open spaces, and squares throughout the city. The <a href="/wiki/Vondelpark" title="Vondelpark">Vondelpark</a>, the largest park in the city, is located in the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Oud-Zuid" title="Amsterdam Oud-Zuid">Oud-Zuid</a> neighbourhood and is named after the 17th-century Amsterdam author <a href="/wiki/Joost_van_den_Vondel" title="Joost van den Vondel">Joost van den Vondel</a>. Yearly, the park has around 10 million visitors. In the park is an open-air theatre, a playground and several <a href="/wiki/Horeca" class="mw-redirect" title="Horeca">horeca</a> facilities. In the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-Zuid" title="Amsterdam-Zuid">Zuid</a> borough, is the Beatrixpark, named after <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">Queen Beatrix</a>. Between Amsterdam and <a href="/wiki/Amstelveen" title="Amstelveen">Amstelveen</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdamse_Bos" title="Amsterdamse Bos">Amsterdamse Bos</a> ("Amsterdam Forest"), the largest recreational area in Amsterdam. Annually, almost 4.5 million people visit the park, which has a size of 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) and is approximately three times the size of <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Amstelpark" title="Amstelpark">Amstelpark</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-Zuid" title="Amsterdam-Zuid">Zuid</a> borough houses the Rieker windmill, which dates to 1636. Other parks include the <a href="/wiki/Sarphatipark" title="Sarphatipark">Sarphatipark</a> in the <a href="/wiki/De_Pijp" title="De Pijp">De Pijp</a> neighbourhood, the <a href="/wiki/Oosterpark_(Amsterdam)" title="Oosterpark (Amsterdam)">Oosterpark</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-Oost" title="Amsterdam-Oost">Oost</a> borough and the <a href="/wiki/Westerpark_(park)" title="Westerpark (park)">Westerpark</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Westerpark_(neighbourhood)" title="Westerpark (neighbourhood)">Westerpark</a> neighbourhood. The city has three beaches: Nemo Beach, Citybeach "Het stenen hoofd" (Silodam) and Blijburg, all located in the Centrum borough. The city has many open squares (plein in Dutch). The namesake of the city as the site of the original dam, <a href="/wiki/Dam_Square" title="Dam Square">Dam Square</a>, is the main city square and has the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Amsterdam" title="Royal Palace of Amsterdam">Royal Palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Monument_(Amsterdam)" title="National Monument (Amsterdam)">National Monument</a>. <a href="/wiki/Museumplein" title="Museumplein">Museumplein</a> hosts various museums, including the <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_Museum" title="Van Gogh Museum">Van Gogh Museum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stedelijk_Museum_Amsterdam" title="Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam">Stedelijk Museum</a>. Other squares include <a href="/wiki/Rembrandtplein" title="Rembrandtplein">Rembrandtplein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muntplein,_Amsterdam" title="Muntplein, Amsterdam">Muntplein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nieuwmarkt" title="Nieuwmarkt">Nieuwmarkt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leidseplein" title="Leidseplein">Leidseplein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spui_(Amsterdam)" title="Spui (Amsterdam)">Spui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waterlooplein" title="Waterlooplein">Waterlooplein</a>. Also, near to Amsterdam is the <a href="/wiki/Nekkeveld_estate" title="Nekkeveld estate">Nekkeveld estate</a> conservation project. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beursplein_5_(cropped_and_edited).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Beursplein_5_%28cropped_and_edited%29.jpg/250px-Beursplein_5_%28cropped_and_edited%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4948" data-file-height="3898"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 197px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Beursplein_5_%28cropped_and_edited%29.jpg/250px-Beursplein_5_%28cropped_and_edited%29.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="197" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Beursplein_5_%28cropped_and_edited%29.jpg/375px-Beursplein_5_%28cropped_and_edited%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Beursplein_5_%28cropped_and_edited%29.jpg/500px-Beursplein_5_%28cropped_and_edited%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Stock Exchange">Amsterdam Stock Exchange</a>, the oldest stock exchange in the world</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZuidasAmsterdamNederland2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/ZuidasAmsterdamNederland2011.jpg/250px-ZuidasAmsterdamNederland2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="9442" data-file-height="4643"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 123px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/ZuidasAmsterdamNederland2011.jpg/250px-ZuidasAmsterdamNederland2011.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/ZuidasAmsterdamNederland2011.jpg/375px-ZuidasAmsterdamNederland2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/ZuidasAmsterdamNederland2011.jpg/500px-ZuidasAmsterdamNederland2011.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Zuidas" title="Zuidas">Zuidas</a>, the city's main business district</figcaption></figure> Amsterdam is the financial and business capital of the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-ez-181">[180]</a> According to the 2007 <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Cities_Monitor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Cities Monitor (page does not exist)">European Cities Monitor</a> (ECM) – an annual location survey of Europe's leading companies carried out by global real estate consultant <a href="/wiki/Cushman_%26_Wakefield" title="Cushman & Wakefield">Cushman & Wakefield</a> – Amsterdam is one of the top European cities in which to locate an <a href="/wiki/International_business" title="International business">international business</a>, ranking fifth in the survey.<a href="#cite_note-eubusiness-182">[181]</a> with the survey determining London, Paris, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> as the four European cities surpassing Amsterdam in this regard. A substantial number of large corporations and banks' headquarters are located in the Amsterdam area, including: <a href="/wiki/AkzoNobel" title="AkzoNobel">AkzoNobel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heineken_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Heineken International">Heineken International</a>, <a href="/wiki/ING_Group" title="ING Group">ING Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/ABN_AMRO" title="ABN AMRO">ABN AMRO</a>, <a href="/wiki/TomTom" title="TomTom">TomTom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Lloyd_Group" title="Delta Lloyd Group">Delta Lloyd Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Booking.com" title="Booking.com">Booking.com</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>. Although many small offices remain along the <a href="/wiki/Canals_of_Amsterdam" title="Canals of Amsterdam">historic canals</a>, centrally based companies have increasingly relocated outside <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-Centrum" title="Amsterdam-Centrum">Amsterdam's city centre</a>. Consequently, the <a href="/wiki/Zuidas" title="Zuidas">Zuidas</a> (English: South Axis) has become the new financial and legal hub of Amsterdam,<a href="#cite_note-zuidas-183">[182]</a> with the country's five largest law firms and several subsidiaries of large consulting firms, such as <a href="/wiki/Boston_Consulting_Group" title="Boston Consulting Group">Boston Consulting Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accenture" title="Accenture">Accenture</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(Amsterdam)" title="World Trade Center (Amsterdam)">World Trade Centre (Amsterdam)</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Zuidas" title="Zuidas">Zuidas</a> district. In addition to the Zuidas, there are three smaller <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">financial districts</a> in Amsterdam: <ul><li>around <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Sloterdijk_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Sloterdijk railway station">Amsterdam Sloterdijk railway station</a>. Where one can find the offices of several newspapers, such as <a href="/wiki/De_Telegraaf" title="De Telegraaf">De Telegraaf</a>. as well as those of <a href="/wiki/Deloitte" title="Deloitte">Deloitte</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gemeentelijk_Vervoerbedrijf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf">Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf</a> (municipal public transport company), and the <a href="/wiki/Tax_and_Customs_Administration" title="Tax and Customs Administration">Dutch tax offices</a> (Belastingdienst);</li> <li>around the <a href="/wiki/Johan_Cruyff_Arena" title="Johan Cruyff Arena">Johan Cruyff Arena</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Zuidoost" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Zuidoost">Amsterdam Zuidoost</a>, with the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/ING_Group" title="ING Group">ING Group</a>;</li> <li>around the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Amstel_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Amstel railway station">Amstel railway station</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-Oost" title="Amsterdam-Oost">Amsterdam-Oost</a> district to the east of the historical city. Amsterdam's <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in the world">tallest building</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt_Tower" title="Rembrandt Tower">Rembrandt Tower</a>, is located here.<a href="#cite_note-rembrandtoren-184">[183]</a> As are the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, the Dutch multinational conglomerate.<a href="#cite_note-philips-185">[184]</a> Amsterdam has been a leading city to reduce the use of <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw materials</a> and has created a plan to become a <a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">circular city</a> by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a></li></ul> The adjoining municipality of <a href="/wiki/Amstelveen" title="Amstelveen">Amstelveen</a> is the location of <a href="/wiki/KPMG" title="KPMG">KPMG International's</a> global headquarters. Other non-Dutch companies have chosen to settle in communities surrounding Amsterdam since they allow <a href="/wiki/Freehold_(law)" title="Freehold (law)">freehold</a> property ownership, whereas Amsterdam retains <a href="/wiki/Ground_rent" title="Ground rent">ground rent</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Stock Exchange">Amsterdam Stock Exchange</a> (AEX), now part of <a href="/wiki/Euronext" title="Euronext">Euronext</a>, is the world's oldest stock exchange and, due to <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>, has overtaken <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">LSE</a> as the largest bourse in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> It is near <a href="/wiki/Dam_Square" title="Dam Square">Dam Square</a> in the city centre. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Port_of_Amsterdam">Port of Amsterdam</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Port of Amsterdam" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Amsterdam" title="Port of Amsterdam">Port of Amsterdam</a> is the fourth-largest port in Europe, the 38th largest port in the world and the second-largest port in the Netherlands by metric tons of cargo. In 2014, the Port of Amsterdam had a cargo throughput of 97,4 million tons of cargo, which was mostly <a href="/wiki/Bulk_cargo" title="Bulk cargo">bulk cargo</a>. Amsterdam has the biggest cruise port in the Netherlands with more than 150 cruise ships every year. In 2019, the new lock in <a href="/wiki/IJmuiden" title="IJmuiden">IJmuiden</a> opened; since then, the port has been able to grow to 125 million tonnes in capacity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tourism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Amsterdam" title="List of tourist attractions in Amsterdam">List of tourist attractions in Amsterdam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wim_Sonneveld_tour_boat,_Rederij_Lovers,_Amsterdam-9218.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wim_Sonneveld_tour_boat%2C_Rederij_Lovers%2C_Amsterdam-9218.jpg/220px-Wim_Sonneveld_tour_boat%2C_Rederij_Lovers%2C_Amsterdam-9218.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4396" data-file-height="2473"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wim_Sonneveld_tour_boat%2C_Rederij_Lovers%2C_Amsterdam-9218.jpg/220px-Wim_Sonneveld_tour_boat%2C_Rederij_Lovers%2C_Amsterdam-9218.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wim_Sonneveld_tour_boat%2C_Rederij_Lovers%2C_Amsterdam-9218.jpg/330px-Wim_Sonneveld_tour_boat%2C_Rederij_Lovers%2C_Amsterdam-9218.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wim_Sonneveld_tour_boat%2C_Rederij_Lovers%2C_Amsterdam-9218.jpg/440px-Wim_Sonneveld_tour_boat%2C_Rederij_Lovers%2C_Amsterdam-9218.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Boats give tours of the city, such as this one in front of the <a href="/wiki/EYE_Film_Institute_Netherlands" title="EYE Film Institute Netherlands">EYE Film Institute Netherlands</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brug_97_in_de_Spiegelgracht_over_de_Lijnbaansgracht_foto_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Brug_97_in_de_Spiegelgracht_over_de_Lijnbaansgracht_foto_1.jpg/220px-Brug_97_in_de_Spiegelgracht_over_de_Lijnbaansgracht_foto_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Brug_97_in_de_Spiegelgracht_over_de_Lijnbaansgracht_foto_1.jpg/220px-Brug_97_in_de_Spiegelgracht_over_de_Lijnbaansgracht_foto_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Brug_97_in_de_Spiegelgracht_over_de_Lijnbaansgracht_foto_1.jpg/330px-Brug_97_in_de_Spiegelgracht_over_de_Lijnbaansgracht_foto_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Brug_97_in_de_Spiegelgracht_over_de_Lijnbaansgracht_foto_1.jpg/440px-Brug_97_in_de_Spiegelgracht_over_de_Lijnbaansgracht_foto_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Spiegelgracht</figcaption></figure> Amsterdam is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe, receiving more than 5.34 million international visitors annually; this is excluding the 16 million day-trippers visiting the city every year.<a href="#cite_note-ams2009-188">[187]</a> The number of visitors has been growing steadily over the past decade. This can be attributed to an increasing number of European visitors. Two-thirds of the hotels are located in the city's centre.<a href="#cite_note-Maps_of_the_Netherlands-189">[188]</a> Hotels with four or five stars contribute 42% of the total beds available and 41% of the overnight stays in Amsterdam. The room occupation rate was 85% in 2017, up from 78% in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Dutch_Hotel_City_Index_2019-190">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-TourismReport-191">[190]</a> The majority of tourists (74%) originate from Europe. The largest group of non-European visitors come from the United States, accounting for 14% of the total.<a href="#cite_note-TourismReport-191">[190]</a> Certain years have a theme in Amsterdam to attract extra tourists. For example, the year 2006 was designated "Rembrandt 400", to celebrate the 400th birthday of <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt van Rijn</a>. Some hotels offer special arrangements or activities during these years. The average number of guests per year staying at the four campsites around the city range from 12,000 to 65,000.<a href="#cite_note-TourismReport-191">[190]</a> In 2023, the city began running a campaign to dissuade British men between the ages of 18 and 35 from coming to the city as tourists. The ad shows young men being handcuffed by police and is part of a new campaign to clean up the city's reputation.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> On 25 May 2023, in a bid to crackdown on wild tourist behaviour, the city banned weed smoking in public areas in and around the red light district.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="De_Wallen_(red-light_district)">De Wallen (red-light district)</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: De Wallen (red-light district)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/De_Wallen" title="De Wallen">De Wallen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red-light_district_of_Amsterdam_by_day._2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Red-light_district_of_Amsterdam_by_day._2012.JPG/220px-Red-light_district_of_Amsterdam_by_day._2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4280" data-file-height="2811"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Red-light_district_of_Amsterdam_by_day._2012.JPG/220px-Red-light_district_of_Amsterdam_by_day._2012.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Red-light_district_of_Amsterdam_by_day._2012.JPG/330px-Red-light_district_of_Amsterdam_by_day._2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Red-light_district_of_Amsterdam_by_day._2012.JPG/440px-Red-light_district_of_Amsterdam_by_day._2012.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/De_Wallen" title="De Wallen">De Wallen</a>, Amsterdam's <a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a>, offers activities such as legal <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Netherlands" title="Prostitution in the Netherlands">prostitution</a> and a number of <a href="/wiki/Coffeeshop_(Netherlands)" title="Coffeeshop (Netherlands)">coffee shops</a> that sell <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>. It is one of the main tourist attractions.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a></figcaption></figure> De Wallen, also known as Walletjes or Rosse Buurt, is a designated area for <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Netherlands" title="Prostitution in the Netherlands">legalised prostitution</a> and is Amsterdam's largest and best-known <a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">red-light district</a>. This neighbourhood has become a famous attraction for tourists. It consists of a network of canals, streets, and alleys containing several hundred small, one-room apartments rented by <a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">sex workers</a> who offer their services from behind a window or glass door, typically illuminated with red lights. In recent years, the city government has been closing and repurposing the famous red-light district windows in an effort to clean up the area and reduce the amount of party and sex tourism. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retail">Retail</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Retail" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Shops in Amsterdam range from large high-end department stores such as <a href="/wiki/De_Bijenkorf" title="De Bijenkorf">De Bijenkorf</a> founded in 1870 to small speciality shops. Amsterdam's high-end shops are found in the streets <a href="/wiki/P.C._Hooftstraat" title="P.C. Hooftstraat">P.C. Hooftstraat</a><a href="#cite_note-hoof_cite-195">[194]</a> and Cornelis Schuytstraat, which are located in the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Vondelpark" title="Vondelpark">Vondelpark</a>. One of Amsterdam's busiest high streets is the narrow, medieval <a href="/wiki/Kalverstraat" title="Kalverstraat">Kalverstraat</a> in the heart of the city. Other shopping areas include the Negen Straatjes and Haarlemmerdijk and Haarlemmerstraat. Negen Straatjes are nine narrow streets within the Grachtengordel, the concentric canal system of Amsterdam. The Negen Straatjes differ from other shopping districts with the presence of a large diversity of privately owned shops. The Haarlemmerstraat and Haarlemmerdijk were voted best shopping street in the Netherlands in 2011. These streets have as the Negen Straatjes a large diversity of privately owned shops. However, as the Negen Straatjes are dominated by fashion stores, the Haarlemmerstraat and Haarlemmerdijk offer a wide variety of stores, just to name some specialities: candy and other food-related stores, lingerie, sneakers, wedding clothing, interior shops, books, Italian deli's, racing and mountain bikes, skatewear, etc.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research?</a>] The city also features a large number of open-air markets such as the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Cuyp_Market" title="Albert Cuyp Market">Albert Cuyp Market</a>, Westerstraat-markt, Ten Katemarkt, and <a href="/wiki/Dappermarkt" title="Dappermarkt">Dappermarkt</a>. Some of these markets are held daily, like the Albert Cuypmarkt and the Dappermarkt. Others, like the Westerstraatmarkt, are held every week.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Fashion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AmsterdamBikeGirl.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/AmsterdamBikeGirl.png/220px-AmsterdamBikeGirl.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/AmsterdamBikeGirl.png/220px-AmsterdamBikeGirl.png" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/AmsterdamBikeGirl.png/330px-AmsterdamBikeGirl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/AmsterdamBikeGirl.png/440px-AmsterdamBikeGirl.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An Amsterdammer waits for a traffic light to change at the Muntplein in the heart of Amsterdam.</figcaption></figure> Several fashion brands and designers are based in Amsterdam. Fashion designers include <a href="/wiki/Iris_van_Herpen" title="Iris van Herpen">Iris van Herpen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mart_Visser" title="Mart Visser">Mart Visser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_%26_Rolf" title="Viktor & Rolf">Viktor & Rolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlies_Dekkers" title="Marlies Dekkers">Marlies Dekkers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frans_Molenaar" title="Frans Molenaar">Frans Molenaar</a>. Fashion models like <a href="/wiki/Yfke_Sturm" title="Yfke Sturm">Yfke Sturm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doutzen_Kroes" title="Doutzen Kroes">Doutzen Kroes</a> and Kim Noorda started their careers in Amsterdam. Amsterdam has its garment centre in the World Fashion Center. Fashion photographers <a href="/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh" title="Inez and Vinoodh">Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin</a> were born in Amsterdam.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Amsterdam" title="Special:EditPage/Amsterdam">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Amsterdam%22">"Amsterdam"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Amsterdam%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Amsterdam%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Amsterdam%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Amsterdam%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Amsterdam%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (October 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_facade_of_the_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_(6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North_facade_of_the_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_%286%29.jpg/220px-North_facade_of_the_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_%286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6093" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North_facade_of_the_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_%286%29.jpg/220px-North_facade_of_the_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_%286%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North_facade_of_the_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_%286%29.jpg/330px-North_facade_of_the_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_%286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North_facade_of_the_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_%286%29.jpg/440px-North_facade_of_the_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_%286%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a> houses <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Night_Watch" title="The Night Watch">The Night Watch</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_Gogh_Museum,_Kurokawa_wing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Van_Gogh_Museum%2C_Kurokawa_wing.jpg/220px-Van_Gogh_Museum%2C_Kurokawa_wing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5238" data-file-height="3492"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Van_Gogh_Museum%2C_Kurokawa_wing.jpg/220px-Van_Gogh_Museum%2C_Kurokawa_wing.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Van_Gogh_Museum%2C_Kurokawa_wing.jpg/330px-Van_Gogh_Museum%2C_Kurokawa_wing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Van_Gogh_Museum%2C_Kurokawa_wing.jpg/440px-Van_Gogh_Museum%2C_Kurokawa_wing.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_Museum" title="Van Gogh Museum">Van Gogh Museum</a> houses the world's largest collection of <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Van Gogh</a>'s paintings and letters.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_nieuwe_vleugel_van_het_Stedelijk_Museum_Amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/De_nieuwe_vleugel_van_het_Stedelijk_Museum_Amsterdam.jpg/220px-De_nieuwe_vleugel_van_het_Stedelijk_Museum_Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1675"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 123px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/De_nieuwe_vleugel_van_het_Stedelijk_Museum_Amsterdam.jpg/220px-De_nieuwe_vleugel_van_het_Stedelijk_Museum_Amsterdam.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/De_nieuwe_vleugel_van_het_Stedelijk_Museum_Amsterdam.jpg/330px-De_nieuwe_vleugel_van_het_Stedelijk_Museum_Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/De_nieuwe_vleugel_van_het_Stedelijk_Museum_Amsterdam.jpg/440px-De_nieuwe_vleugel_van_het_Stedelijk_Museum_Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Stedelijk_Museum_Amsterdam" title="Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam">Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam</a> is an international museum dedicated to modern and contemporary art and design.</figcaption></figure> During the later part of the 16th century, Amsterdam's Rederijkerskamer (<a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_rhetoric" title="Chamber of rhetoric">Chamber of rhetoric</a>) organised contests between different Chambers in the reading of poetry and drama.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> In 1637, <a href="/wiki/Schouwburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Schouwburg">Schouwburg</a>, the first theatre in Amsterdam was built, opening on 3 January 1638.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> The first ballet performances in the Netherlands were given in Schouwburg in 1642 with the Ballet of the Five Senses.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> In the 18th century, French theatre became popular. While Amsterdam was under the influence of German music in the 19th century there were few national opera productions; the Hollandse Opera of Amsterdam was built in 1888 for the specific purpose of promoting Dutch opera.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> In the 19th century, popular culture was centred on the Nes area in Amsterdam (mainly <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">music-hall</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] An improved <a href="/wiki/Metronome" title="Metronome">metronome</a> was invented in 1812 by <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Nikolaus_Winkel" title="Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel">Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a> (1885) and <a href="/wiki/Stedelijk_Museum_Amsterdam" title="Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam">Stedelijk Museum</a> (1895) were built and opened.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> In 1888, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Concertgebouw_Orchestra" title="Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra">Concertgebouworkest</a> orchestra was established.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> With the 20th century came cinema, radio and television.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Though most studios are located in <a href="/wiki/Hilversum" title="Hilversum">Hilversum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aalsmeer" title="Aalsmeer">Aalsmeer</a>, Amsterdam's influence on programming is very strong. Many people who work in the television industry live in Amsterdam. Also, the headquarters of the Dutch <a href="/wiki/SBS_6" class="mw-redirect" title="SBS 6">SBS Broadcasting Group</a> is located in Amsterdam.<a href="#cite_note-sbs6-208">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Museums" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The most important museums of Amsterdam are located on the <a href="/wiki/Museumplein" title="Museumplein">Museumplein</a> (Museum Square), located at the southwestern side of the Rijksmuseum. It was created in the last quarter of the 19th century on the grounds of the former <a href="/wiki/Internationale_Koloniale_en_Uitvoerhandel_Tentoonstelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Internationale Koloniale en Uitvoerhandel Tentoonstelling">World's fair</a>. The northeastern part of the square is bordered by the large Rijksmuseum. In front of the Rijksmuseum on the square itself is a long, rectangular pond. This is transformed into an ice rink in winter.<a href="#cite_note-ijsbaan-209">[208]</a> The northwestern part of the square is bordered by the Van Gogh Museum, House of Bols Cocktail & Genever Experience and Coster Diamonds. The southwestern border of the Museum Square is the Van Baerlestraat, which is a major thoroughfare in this part of Amsterdam. The Concertgebouw is located across this street from the square. To the southeast of the square are several large houses, one of which contains the American consulate. A <a href="/wiki/Multi-storey_car_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-storey car park">parking garage</a> can be found underneath the square, as well as a supermarket. The Museumplein is covered almost entirely with a lawn, except for the northeastern part of the square which is covered with gravel. The current appearance of the square was realised in 1999, when the square was remodelled. The square itself is the most prominent site in Amsterdam for festivals and outdoor concerts, especially in the summer. Plans were made in 2008 to remodel the square again because many inhabitants of Amsterdam are not happy with its current appearance.<a href="#cite_note-museumpleinfacelift-210">[209]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Rembrandt.JPG/180px-Rembrandt.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 240px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Rembrandt.JPG/180px-Rembrandt.JPG" data-width="180" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Rembrandt.JPG/270px-Rembrandt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Rembrandt.JPG/360px-Rembrandt.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> monument on <a href="/wiki/Rembrandtplein" title="Rembrandtplein">Rembrandtplein</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a> possesses the largest and most important collection of classical <a href="/wiki/Dutch_art" title="Dutch art">Dutch art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> It opened in 1885. Its collection consists of nearly one million objects.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> The artist most associated with Amsterdam is <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, whose work, and the work of his pupils, is displayed in the Rijksmuseum. Rembrandt's masterpiece <a href="/wiki/The_Night_Watch" title="The Night Watch">The Night Watch</a> is one of the top pieces of art of the museum. It also houses paintings from artists like <a href="/wiki/Bartholomeus_van_der_Helst" title="Bartholomeus van der Helst">Bartholomeus van der Helst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frans_Hals" title="Frans Hals">Frans Hals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Bol" title="Ferdinand Bol">Ferdinand Bol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aelbert_Cuyp" title="Aelbert Cuyp">Albert Cuyp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob van Ruisdael">Jacob van Ruisdael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Potter" title="Paulus Potter">Paulus Potter</a>. Aside from paintings, the collection consists of a large variety of <a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">decorative art</a>. This ranges from <a href="/wiki/Delftware" title="Delftware">Delftware</a> to giant doll-houses from the 17th century. The architect of the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">gothic revival</a> building was P.J.H. Cuypers. The museum underwent a 10-year, 375 million euro renovation starting in 2003. The full collection was reopened to the public on 13 April 2013 and the Rijksmuseum has remained the most visited museum in Amsterdam with 2.2 million visitors in 2016 and 2.16 million in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> Van Gogh lived in Amsterdam for a short while and there is a <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_Museum" title="Van Gogh Museum">museum dedicated to his work</a>. The museum is housed in one of the few modern buildings in this area of Amsterdam. The building was designed by <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Gerrit Rietveld</a>. This building is where the permanent collection is displayed. A new building was added to the museum in 1999. This building, known as the performance wing, was designed by Japanese architect <a href="/wiki/Kisho_Kurokawa" title="Kisho Kurokawa">Kisho Kurokawa</a>. Its purpose is to house temporary exhibitions of the museum.<a href="#cite_note-vangogh3-214">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> Some of Van Gogh's most famous paintings, like <a href="/wiki/The_Potato_Eaters" title="The Potato Eaters">The Potato Eaters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunflowers_(series_of_paintings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflowers (series of paintings)">Sunflowers</a>, are in the collection.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> The Van Gogh museum is the second most visited museum in Amsterdam, not far behind the Rijksmuseum in terms of the number of visits, being approximately 2.1 million in 2016,<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> for example. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nederlands_Scheepvaartmuseum_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nederlands_Scheepvaartmuseum_2024.jpg/220px-Nederlands_Scheepvaartmuseum_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3375"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nederlands_Scheepvaartmuseum_2024.jpg/220px-Nederlands_Scheepvaartmuseum_2024.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nederlands_Scheepvaartmuseum_2024.jpg/330px-Nederlands_Scheepvaartmuseum_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nederlands_Scheepvaartmuseum_2024.jpg/440px-Nederlands_Scheepvaartmuseum_2024.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Het_Scheepvaartmuseum" title="Het Scheepvaartmuseum">Het Scheepvaartmuseum</a></figcaption></figure> Next to the Van Gogh museum stands the <a href="/wiki/Stedelijk_Museum_Amsterdam" title="Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam">Stedelijk Museum</a>. This is Amsterdam's most important museum of modern art. The museum is as old as the square it borders and was opened in 1895. The permanent collection consists of works of art from artists like <a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Piet Mondrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_Appel" title="Karel Appel">Karel Appel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Kazimir Malevich</a>. After renovations lasting several years, the museum opened in September 2012 with a new composite extension that has been called 'The Bathtub' due to its resemblance to one. Amsterdam contains many other museums throughout the city. They range from small museums such as the <a href="/wiki/Verzetsmuseum" title="Verzetsmuseum">Verzetsmuseum</a> (Resistance Museum), the <a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank_House" title="Anne Frank House">Anne Frank House</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt_House_Museum" title="Rembrandt House Museum">Rembrandt House Museum</a>, to the very large, like the <a href="/wiki/Tropenmuseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropenmuseum">Tropenmuseum</a> (Museum of the Tropics), <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Museum" title="Amsterdam Museum">Amsterdam Museum</a> (formerly known as Amsterdam Historical Museum), <a href="/wiki/H%27ART_Museum" title="H'ART Museum">H'ART Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Joods_Historisch_Museum" title="Joods Historisch Museum">Joods Historisch Museum</a> (Jewish Historical Museum). The modern-styled <a href="/wiki/NEMO_(museum)" title="NEMO (museum)">Nemo</a> is dedicated to child-friendly science exhibitions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Amsterdam" title="List of songs about Amsterdam">List of songs about Amsterdam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coldplay_perform_%22Adventure_of_a_Lifetime%22,_Amsterdam_Arena,_June_2016_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coldplay_perform_%22Adventure_of_a_Lifetime%22%2C_Amsterdam_Arena%2C_June_2016_%285%29.jpg/220px-Coldplay_perform_%22Adventure_of_a_Lifetime%22%2C_Amsterdam_Arena%2C_June_2016_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1406"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coldplay_perform_%22Adventure_of_a_Lifetime%22%2C_Amsterdam_Arena%2C_June_2016_%285%29.jpg/220px-Coldplay_perform_%22Adventure_of_a_Lifetime%22%2C_Amsterdam_Arena%2C_June_2016_%285%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coldplay_perform_%22Adventure_of_a_Lifetime%22%2C_Amsterdam_Arena%2C_June_2016_%285%29.jpg/330px-Coldplay_perform_%22Adventure_of_a_Lifetime%22%2C_Amsterdam_Arena%2C_June_2016_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coldplay_perform_%22Adventure_of_a_Lifetime%22%2C_Amsterdam_Arena%2C_June_2016_%285%29.jpg/440px-Coldplay_perform_%22Adventure_of_a_Lifetime%22%2C_Amsterdam_Arena%2C_June_2016_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coldplay" title="Coldplay">Coldplay</a> performing at the <a href="/wiki/Johan_Cruyff_Arena" title="Johan Cruyff Arena">Amsterdam Arena</a>, 2016</figcaption></figure> Amsterdam's musical culture includes a large collection of songs that treat the city nostalgically and lovingly. The 1949 song "Aan de Amsterdamse grachten" ("On the canals of Amsterdam") was performed and recorded by many artists, including <a href="/wiki/John_Kraaijkamp_Sr." title="John Kraaijkamp Sr.">John Kraaijkamp Sr.</a>; the best-known version is probably that by <a href="/wiki/Wim_Sonneveld" title="Wim Sonneveld">Wim Sonneveld</a> (1962). In the 1950s <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Jordaan" title="Johnny Jordaan">Johnny Jordaan</a> rose to fame with "<a href="/wiki/Geef_mij_maar_Amsterdam" title="Geef mij maar Amsterdam">Geef mij maar Amsterdam</a>" ("I prefer Amsterdam"), which praises the city above all others (explicitly Paris); Jordaan sang especially about his own neighbourhood, the <a href="/wiki/Jordaan" title="Jordaan">Jordaan</a> ("Bij ons in de Jordaan"). Colleagues and contemporaries of Johnny include <a href="/wiki/Tante_Leen" title="Tante Leen">Tante Leen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manke_Nelis" title="Manke Nelis">Manke Nelis</a>. Another notable Amsterdam song is "<a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_(Jacques_Brel_song)" title="Amsterdam (Jacques Brel song)">Amsterdam</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Brel" title="Jacques Brel">Jacques Brel</a> (1964).<a href="#cite_note-lijflied_finale-218">[217]</a> A 2011 poll by Amsterdam newspaper <a href="/wiki/Het_Parool" title="Het Parool">Het Parool</a> that Trio Bier's "Oude Wolf" was voted "Amsterdams lijflied".<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> Notable Amsterdam bands from the modern era include the <a href="/wiki/Osdorp_Posse" title="Osdorp Posse">Osdorp Posse</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Ex_(band)" title="The Ex (band)">The Ex</a>. <a href="/wiki/AFAS_Live" title="AFAS Live">AFAS Live</a> (formerly known as the Heineken Music Hall) is a concert hall located near the <a href="/wiki/Johan_Cruyff_Arena" title="Johan Cruyff Arena">Johan Cruyff Arena</a> (known as the Amsterdam Arena until 2018). Its main purpose is to serve as a podium for pop concerts for big audiences. Many famous international artists have performed there. Two other notable venues, <a href="/wiki/Paradiso_(Amsterdam)" title="Paradiso (Amsterdam)">Paradiso</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Melkweg" title="Melkweg">Melkweg</a> are located near the <a href="/wiki/Leidseplein" title="Leidseplein">Leidseplein</a>. Both focus on broad programming, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, R&B, and other popular genres. Other more subcultural music venues are <a href="/wiki/OCCII" title="OCCII">OCCII</a>, <a href="/wiki/OT301" title="OT301">OT301</a>, De Nieuwe Anita, Winston Kingdom, and Zaal 100. <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a> has a strong following in Amsterdam, with the <a href="/wiki/Bimhuis" title="Bimhuis">Bimhuis</a> being the premier venue. In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Ziggo_Dome" title="Ziggo Dome">Ziggo Dome</a> was opened, also near Amsterdam Arena, a state-of-the-art indoor music arena. <a href="/wiki/AFAS_Live" title="AFAS Live">AFAS Live</a> is also host to many <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a> festivals, alongside many other venues. <a href="/wiki/Armin_van_Buuren" title="Armin van Buuren">Armin van Buuren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiesto">Tiesto</a>, some of the world's leading <a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">Trance</a> DJ's hail from the Netherlands and frequently perform in Amsterdam. Each year in October, the city hosts the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Dance_Event" title="Amsterdam Dance Event">Amsterdam Dance Event</a> (ADE) which is one of the leading electronic music conferences and one of the biggest club festivals for electronic music in the world, attracting over 350,000 visitors each year.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> Another popular dance festival is 5daysoff, which takes place in the venues <a href="/wiki/Paradiso_(Amsterdam)" title="Paradiso (Amsterdam)">Paradiso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melkweg" title="Melkweg">Melkweg</a>. In the summertime, there are several big outdoor dance parties in or nearby Amsterdam, such as Awakenings, <a href="/wiki/Dance_Valley" title="Dance Valley">Dance Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysteryland" title="Mysteryland">Mystery Land</a>, Loveland, A Day at the Park, Welcome to the Future, and Valtifest. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concertgebouw,_%C3%81msterdam,_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos,_2016-05-30,_DD_22-24_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Concertgebouw%2C_%C3%81msterdam%2C_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos%2C_2016-05-30%2C_DD_22-24_HDR.jpg/220px-Concertgebouw%2C_%C3%81msterdam%2C_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos%2C_2016-05-30%2C_DD_22-24_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7310" data-file-height="4857"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Concertgebouw%2C_%C3%81msterdam%2C_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos%2C_2016-05-30%2C_DD_22-24_HDR.jpg/220px-Concertgebouw%2C_%C3%81msterdam%2C_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos%2C_2016-05-30%2C_DD_22-24_HDR.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Concertgebouw%2C_%C3%81msterdam%2C_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos%2C_2016-05-30%2C_DD_22-24_HDR.jpg/330px-Concertgebouw%2C_%C3%81msterdam%2C_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos%2C_2016-05-30%2C_DD_22-24_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Concertgebouw%2C_%C3%81msterdam%2C_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos%2C_2016-05-30%2C_DD_22-24_HDR.jpg/440px-Concertgebouw%2C_%C3%81msterdam%2C_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos%2C_2016-05-30%2C_DD_22-24_HDR.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Concertgebouw,_Amsterdam" title="Concertgebouw, Amsterdam">Concertgebouw</a> or Royal Concert Hall houses performances of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Concertgebouw_Orchestra" title="Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra">Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra</a> and other musical events.</figcaption></figure> Amsterdam has a world-class symphony orchestra, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Concertgebouw_Orchestra" title="Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra">Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra</a>. Their home is the <a href="/wiki/Concertgebouw,_Amsterdam" title="Concertgebouw, Amsterdam">Concertgebouw</a>, which is across the Van Baerlestraat from the Museum Square. It is considered by critics to be a <a href="/wiki/List_of_concert_halls" title="List of concert halls">concert hall</a> with some of the best <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustics</a> in the world. The building contains three halls, Grote Zaal, Kleine Zaal, and Spiegelzaal. Some nine hundred concerts and other events per year take place in the Concertgebouw, for a public of over 700,000, making it one of the most-visited concert halls in the world.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> The opera house of Amsterdam is located adjacent to the city hall. Therefore, the two buildings combined are often called the <a href="/wiki/Stopera" title="Stopera">Stopera</a>, (a word originally coined by protesters against it very construction: Stop the Opera[-house]). This huge modern complex, opened in 1986, lies in the former Jewish neighbourhood at Waterlooplein next to the river <a href="/wiki/Amstel" title="Amstel">Amstel</a>. The Stopera is the home base of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_National_Opera" title="Dutch National Opera">Dutch National Opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_National_Ballet" title="Dutch National Ballet">Dutch National Ballet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holland_Symfonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holland Symfonia">Holland Symfonia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Muziekgebouw_aan_%27t_IJ" title="Muziekgebouw aan 't IJ">Muziekgebouw aan 't IJ</a> is a concert hall, which is located in the <a href="/wiki/IJ_(Amsterdam)" title="IJ (Amsterdam)">IJ</a> near the central station. Its concerts perform mostly <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">modern classical music</a>. Located adjacent to it, is the <a href="/wiki/Bimhuis" title="Bimhuis">Bimhuis</a>, a concert hall for improvised and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a> music. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Performing arts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Amsterdam has three main theatre buildings. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadsschouwburg_amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stadsschouwburg_amsterdam.jpg/220px-Stadsschouwburg_amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stadsschouwburg_amsterdam.jpg/220px-Stadsschouwburg_amsterdam.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stadsschouwburg_amsterdam.jpg/330px-Stadsschouwburg_amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stadsschouwburg_amsterdam.jpg/440px-Stadsschouwburg_amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stadsschouwburg" title="Stadsschouwburg">Stadsschouwburg</a>, Amsterdam's best-known theatre</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theater_carre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Theater_carre.jpg/220px-Theater_carre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3068" data-file-height="2184"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Theater_carre.jpg/220px-Theater_carre.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Theater_carre.jpg/330px-Theater_carre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Theater_carre.jpg/440px-Theater_carre.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Theater_Carr%C3%A9" title="Royal Theater Carré">Royal Theater Carré</a>, It was originally meant as a permanent circus building.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Stadsschouwburg" title="Stadsschouwburg">Stadsschouwburg</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Leidseplein" title="Leidseplein">Leidseplein</a> is the home base of <a href="/wiki/Toneelgroep_Amsterdam" title="Toneelgroep Amsterdam">Toneelgroep Amsterdam</a>. The current building dates from 1894. Most plays are performed in the Grote Zaal (Great Hall). The normal program of events encompasses all sorts of theatrical forms. In 2009, the new hall of the Stadsschouwburg Amsterdam, Toneelgroep Amsterdam and Melkweg opened, and the renovation of the front end of the theatre was ready. The <a href="/wiki/Stopera" title="Stopera">Dutch National Opera and Ballet</a> (formerly known as Het Muziektheater), dating from 1986, is the principal opera house and home to <a href="/wiki/Dutch_National_Opera" title="Dutch National Opera">Dutch National Opera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_National_Ballet" title="Dutch National Ballet">Dutch National Ballet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carr%C3%A9_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Carré Theatre">Royal Theatre Carré</a> was built as a permanent circus theatre in 1887 and is currently mainly used for musicals, <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabaret</a> performances, and pop concerts. The recently re-opened DeLaMar Theater houses more commercial plays and musicals. A new theatre has also moved into the Amsterdam scene in 2014, joining other established venues: Theater Amsterdam is located in the west part of Amsterdam, on the Danzigerkade. It is housed in a modern building with a panoramic view over the harbour. The theatre is the first-ever purpose-built venue to showcase a single play entitled ANNE, the play based on Anne Frank's life. On the east side of town, there is a small theatre in a converted bathhouse, the <a href="/wiki/Badhuistheater" title="Badhuistheater">Badhuistheater</a>. The theatre often has English programming. The Netherlands has a tradition of cabaret or kleinkunst, which combines music, storytelling, commentary, theatre and comedy. Cabaret dates back to the 1930s and artists like <a href="/wiki/Wim_Kan" title="Wim Kan">Wim Kan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wim_Sonneveld" title="Wim Sonneveld">Wim Sonneveld</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toon_Hermans" title="Toon Hermans">Toon Hermans</a> were pioneers of this form of art in the Netherlands. In Amsterdam is the Kleinkunstacademie (English: Cabaret Academy) and Nederlied Kleinkunstkoor (English: Cabaret Choir). Contemporary popular artists are <a href="/wiki/Youp_van_%27t_Hek" title="Youp van 't Hek">Youp van 't Hek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freek_de_Jonge" title="Freek de Jonge">Freek de Jonge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Finkers" title="Herman Finkers">Herman Finkers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Teeuwen" title="Hans Teeuwen">Hans Teeuwen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theo_Maassen" title="Theo Maassen">Theo Maassen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_van_Veen" title="Herman van Veen">Herman van Veen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Najib_Amhali" title="Najib Amhali">Najib Amhali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Heertje" title="Raoul Heertje">Raoul Heertje</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rgen_Raymann" title="Jörgen Raymann">Jörgen Raymann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Kaandorp" title="Brigitte Kaandorp">Brigitte Kaandorp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comedytrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Comedytrain">Comedytrain</a>. The English spoken comedy scene was established with the founding of <a href="/wiki/Boom_Chicago" title="Boom Chicago">Boom Chicago</a> in 1993. They have their own theatre at Leidseplein. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nightlife">Nightlife</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Nightlife" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:DeWolff_Paradiso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/DeWolff_Paradiso.jpg/200px-DeWolff_Paradiso.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/DeWolff_Paradiso.jpg/200px-DeWolff_Paradiso.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/DeWolff_Paradiso.jpg/300px-DeWolff_Paradiso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/DeWolff_Paradiso.jpg/400px-DeWolff_Paradiso.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">DeWolff performing at <a href="/wiki/Paradiso_(Amsterdam)" title="Paradiso (Amsterdam)">Paradiso</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_Magere_Brug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Amsterdam_Magere_Brug.jpg/200px-Amsterdam_Magere_Brug.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Amsterdam_Magere_Brug.jpg/200px-Amsterdam_Magere_Brug.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Amsterdam_Magere_Brug.jpg/300px-Amsterdam_Magere_Brug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Amsterdam_Magere_Brug.jpg/400px-Amsterdam_Magere_Brug.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Magere_Brug" title="Magere Brug">Magere Brug</a> or "Skinny Bridge" over the <a href="/wiki/Amstel" title="Amstel">Amstel</a> at night</div></div></div></div></div> Amsterdam is famous for its vibrant and diverse nightlife. Amsterdam has many <a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">cafés</a> (bars). They range from large and modern to small and cosy. The typical Bruine Kroeg (brown café) breathe a more old fashioned atmosphere with dimmed lights, candles, and somewhat older clientele. These brown cafés mostly offer a wide range of local and international artisanal beers. Most cafés have terraces in summertime. A common sight on the Leidseplein during summer is a square full of terraces packed with people drinking beer or wine. Many restaurants can be found in Amsterdam as well. Since Amsterdam is a multicultural city, a lot of different ethnic restaurants can be found. Restaurants range from being rather luxurious and expensive to being ordinary and affordable. Amsterdam also possesses many <a href="/wiki/Discoth%C3%A8que" class="mw-redirect" title="Discothèque">discothèques</a>. The two main nightlife areas for tourists are the <a href="/wiki/Leidseplein" title="Leidseplein">Leidseplein</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rembrandtplein" title="Rembrandtplein">Rembrandtplein</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Paradiso_(Amsterdam)" title="Paradiso (Amsterdam)">Paradiso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melkweg" title="Melkweg">Melkweg</a> and Sugar Factory are cultural centres, which turn into discothèques on some nights. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Festivals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen%27s_Day_in_Amsterdam_2013_(8697415382).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Queen%27s_Day_in_Amsterdam_2013_%288697415382%29.jpg/200px-Queen%27s_Day_in_Amsterdam_2013_%288697415382%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Queen%27s_Day_in_Amsterdam_2013_%288697415382%29.jpg/200px-Queen%27s_Day_in_Amsterdam_2013_%288697415382%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Queen%27s_Day_in_Amsterdam_2013_%288697415382%29.jpg/300px-Queen%27s_Day_in_Amsterdam_2013_%288697415382%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Queen%27s_Day_in_Amsterdam_2013_%288697415382%29.jpg/400px-Queen%27s_Day_in_Amsterdam_2013_%288697415382%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Koningsdag" title="Koningsdag">Queen's Day</a> in Amsterdam in 2013</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam%27s_Canals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Amsterdam%27s_Canals.jpg/200px-Amsterdam%27s_Canals.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Amsterdam%27s_Canals.jpg/200px-Amsterdam%27s_Canals.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Amsterdam%27s_Canals.jpg/300px-Amsterdam%27s_Canals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Amsterdam%27s_Canals.jpg/400px-Amsterdam%27s_Canals.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">People dressed in orange on the <a href="/wiki/Canals_of_Amsterdam" title="Canals of Amsterdam">canals of Amsterdam</a> in 2010 during <a href="/wiki/Koningsdag" title="Koningsdag">Koningsdag</a> or King's Day</div></div></div></div></div> In 2008, there were 140 festivals and events in Amsterdam.<a href="#cite_note-festivals-222">[221]</a> During the same year, Amsterdam was designated as the <a href="/wiki/World_Book_Capital" title="World Book Capital">World Book Capital</a> for one year by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> Famous festivals and events in Amsterdam include: <a href="/wiki/Koningsdag" title="Koningsdag">Koningsdag</a> (which was named Koninginnedag until the crowning of King Willem-Alexander in 2013) (King's Day – Queen's Day); the <a href="/wiki/Holland_Festival" title="Holland Festival">Holland Festival</a> for the performing arts; the yearly <a href="/wiki/Prinsengrachtconcert" title="Prinsengrachtconcert">Prinsengrachtconcert</a> (classical concerto on the Prinsen canal) in August; the '<a href="/wiki/Stille_Omgang" title="Stille Omgang">Stille Omgang</a>' (a silent Roman Catholic evening procession held every March); <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Gay_Pride" title="Amsterdam Gay Pride">Amsterdam Gay Pride</a>; The <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Cup" title="Cannabis Cup">Cannabis Cup</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Uitmarkt" title="Uitmarkt">Uitmarkt</a>. On Koningsdag—that is held each year on 27 April—hundreds of thousands of people travel to Amsterdam to celebrate with the city's residents. The entire city becomes overcrowded with people buying products from the freemarket, or visiting one of the many music concerts. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_Gay_Pride_2013_boat_no37_Hot_Spot_Cafe_pic7.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Amsterdam_Gay_Pride_2013_boat_no37_Hot_Spot_Cafe_pic7.JPG/220px-Amsterdam_Gay_Pride_2013_boat_no37_Hot_Spot_Cafe_pic7.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4126" data-file-height="3100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Amsterdam_Gay_Pride_2013_boat_no37_Hot_Spot_Cafe_pic7.JPG/220px-Amsterdam_Gay_Pride_2013_boat_no37_Hot_Spot_Cafe_pic7.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Amsterdam_Gay_Pride_2013_boat_no37_Hot_Spot_Cafe_pic7.JPG/330px-Amsterdam_Gay_Pride_2013_boat_no37_Hot_Spot_Cafe_pic7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Amsterdam_Gay_Pride_2013_boat_no37_Hot_Spot_Cafe_pic7.JPG/440px-Amsterdam_Gay_Pride_2013_boat_no37_Hot_Spot_Cafe_pic7.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>One of the decorated boats participating in the 2013 Canal Parade of the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Gay_Pride" title="Amsterdam Gay Pride">Amsterdam Gay Pride</a></figcaption></figure> The yearly Holland Festival attracts international artists and visitors from all over Europe. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Gay_Pride" title="Amsterdam Gay Pride">Amsterdam Gay Pride</a> is a yearly local LGBT parade of boats in Amsterdam's canals, held on the first Saturday in August.<a href="#cite_note-gaypride-224">[223]</a> The annual Uitmarkt is a three-day cultural event at the start of the cultural season in late August. It offers previews of many different artists, such as musicians and poets, who perform on <a href="/wiki/Podium" title="Podium">podia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-uitmarkt-225">[224]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Amsterdam" title="Football in Amsterdam">Football in Amsterdam</a></div> Amsterdam is home of the <a href="/wiki/Eredivisie" title="Eredivisie">Eredivisie</a> football club <a href="/wiki/AFC_Ajax" title="AFC Ajax">AFC Ajax</a>. The stadium <a href="/wiki/Johan_Cruyff_Arena" title="Johan Cruyff Arena">Johan Cruyff Arena</a> is the home of Ajax. It is located in the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Zuidoost" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Zuidoost">south-east</a> of the city next to the new <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Bijlmer_ArenA_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Bijlmer ArenA railway station">Amsterdam Bijlmer ArenA railway station</a>. Before moving to their current location in 1996, Ajax played their regular matches in the now demolished <a href="/wiki/De_Meer_Stadion" title="De Meer Stadion">De Meer Stadion</a> in the eastern part of the city<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> or in the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Amsterdam)" title="Olympic Stadium (Amsterdam)">Olympic Stadium</a>. In 1928, Amsterdam hosted the <a href="/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics" title="1928 Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Amsterdam)" title="Olympic Stadium (Amsterdam)">Olympic Stadium</a> built for the occasion has been completely restored and is now used for cultural and sporting events, such as the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Marathon" title="Amsterdam Marathon">Amsterdam Marathon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> In 1920, Amsterdam assisted in hosting some of the <a href="/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics" title="Sailing at the 1920 Summer Olympics">sailing</a> events for the <a href="/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics" title="1920 Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a> held in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, Belgium by hosting events at <a href="/wiki/IJ_(Amsterdam)" title="IJ (Amsterdam)">Buiten IJ</a>. They had also made a bid to host the <a href="/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics" title="1952 Summer Olympics">1952</a> and <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">1992 Summer Olympics</a> but lost to <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feyenoord_tegen_Ajax_1-0._Nummer_26_Israel_in_duel_met_Cruyff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Feyenoord_tegen_Ajax_1-0._Nummer_26_Israel_in_duel_met_Cruyff.jpg/220px-Feyenoord_tegen_Ajax_1-0._Nummer_26_Israel_in_duel_met_Cruyff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2406"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Feyenoord_tegen_Ajax_1-0._Nummer_26_Israel_in_duel_met_Cruyff.jpg/220px-Feyenoord_tegen_Ajax_1-0._Nummer_26_Israel_in_duel_met_Cruyff.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Feyenoord_tegen_Ajax_1-0._Nummer_26_Israel_in_duel_met_Cruyff.jpg/330px-Feyenoord_tegen_Ajax_1-0._Nummer_26_Israel_in_duel_met_Cruyff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Feyenoord_tegen_Ajax_1-0._Nummer_26_Israel_in_duel_met_Cruyff.jpg/440px-Feyenoord_tegen_Ajax_1-0._Nummer_26_Israel_in_duel_met_Cruyff.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/AFC_Ajax" title="AFC Ajax">AFC Ajax</a> player <a href="/wiki/Johan_Cruyff" title="Johan Cruyff">Johan Cruyff</a>, 1967</figcaption></figure> The city holds the <a href="/wiki/Dam_tot_Damloop" title="Dam tot Damloop">Dam to Dam Run</a>, a 16 km (10 mi) race from Amsterdam to <a href="/wiki/Zaandam" title="Zaandam">Zaandam</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Marathon" title="Amsterdam Marathon">Amsterdam Marathon</a>. The ice hockey team <a href="/wiki/Amstel_Tijgers" class="mw-redirect" title="Amstel Tijgers">Amstel Tijgers</a> play in the <a href="/wiki/Jaap_Eden" title="Jaap Eden">Jaap Eden</a> ice rink. The team competes in the Dutch ice hockey premier league. <a href="/wiki/Long_track_speed_skating" class="mw-redirect" title="Long track speed skating">Speed skating</a> championships have been held on the 400-meter lane of this ice rink. Amsterdam holds two <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> franchises: the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Crusaders" title="Amsterdam Crusaders">Amsterdam Crusaders</a> and the Amsterdam Panthers. The <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Pirates" title="Amsterdam Pirates">Amsterdam Pirates</a> baseball team competes in the <a href="/wiki/Honkbal_Hoofdklasse" title="Honkbal Hoofdklasse">Dutch Major League</a>. There are three <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> teams: Amsterdam, Pinoké and Hurley, who play their matches around the <a href="/wiki/Wagener_Stadium" title="Wagener Stadium">Wagener Stadium</a> in the nearby city of <a href="/wiki/Amstelveen" title="Amstelveen">Amstelveen</a>. The basketball team <a href="/wiki/MyGuide_Amsterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="MyGuide Amsterdam">MyGuide Amsterdam</a> competes in the Dutch premier division and play their games in the Sporthallen Zuid.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> There is one rugby club in Amsterdam, which also hosts sports training classes such as RTC (Rugby Talenten Centrum or Rugby Talent Centre) and the National Rugby stadium. Since 1999, the city of Amsterdam honours the best sportsmen and women at the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Sportsman_of_the_year" title="Amsterdam Sportsman of the year">Amsterdam Sports Awards</a>. Boxer <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Joval" title="Raymond Joval">Raymond Joval</a> and field hockey midfielder <a href="/wiki/Carole_Thate" title="Carole Thate">Carole Thate</a> were the first to receive the awards, in 1999. Amsterdam hosted the <a href="/wiki/World_Gymnaestrada" title="World Gymnaestrada">World Gymnaestrada</a> in 1991 and will do so again in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Amsterdam" title="Government of Amsterdam">Government of Amsterdam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Femke_Halsema_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Femke_Halsema_2.jpg/200px-Femke_Halsema_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 300px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Femke_Halsema_2.jpg/200px-Femke_Halsema_2.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="300" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Femke_Halsema_2.jpg/300px-Femke_Halsema_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Femke_Halsema_2.jpg/400px-Femke_Halsema_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Femke_Halsema" title="Femke Halsema">Femke Halsema</a> has been the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Amsterdam" title="List of mayors of Amsterdam">Mayor of Amsterdam</a> since 2018.</figcaption></figure> The city of Amsterdam is a <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">municipality</a> under the Dutch Municipalities Act. It is governed by a directly elected <a href="/wiki/Municipal_council_(Netherlands)" title="Municipal council (Netherlands)">municipal council</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_executive" title="Municipal executive">municipal executive</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Burgemeester" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgemeester">mayor</a>. Since 1981, the <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">municipality</a> of Amsterdam has gradually been divided into semi-autonomous <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_Amsterdam" title="Boroughs of Amsterdam">boroughs</a>, called stadsdelen or 'districts'. Over time, a total of 15 boroughs were created. In May 2010, under a major reform, the number of <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_Amsterdam" title="Boroughs of Amsterdam">Amsterdam boroughs</a> was reduced to eight: <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-Centrum" title="Amsterdam-Centrum">Amsterdam-Centrum</a> covering the city centre including the <a href="/wiki/Canals_of_Amsterdam" title="Canals of Amsterdam">canal belt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-Noord" title="Amsterdam-Noord">Amsterdam-Noord</a> consisting of the neighbourhoods north of the <a href="/wiki/IJ_(Amsterdam)" title="IJ (Amsterdam)">IJ lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-Oost" title="Amsterdam-Oost">Amsterdam-Oost</a> in the east, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-Zuid" title="Amsterdam-Zuid">Amsterdam-Zuid</a> in the south, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-West" title="Amsterdam-West">Amsterdam-West</a> in the west, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Nieuw-West" title="Amsterdam Nieuw-West">Amsterdam Nieuw-West</a> in the far west, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Zuidoost" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Zuidoost">Amsterdam Zuidoost</a> in the southeast, and <a href="/wiki/Westpoort_(Amsterdam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westpoort (Amsterdam)">Westpoort</a> covering the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Amsterdam" title="Port of Amsterdam">Port of Amsterdam</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_government">City government</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: City government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_Amsterdam" title="Boroughs of Amsterdam">Boroughs of Amsterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipal_council_(Netherlands)" title="Municipal council (Netherlands)">Municipal council (Netherlands)</a></div> As with all Dutch municipalities, Amsterdam is governed by a directly elected <a href="/wiki/Municipal_council_(Netherlands)" title="Municipal council (Netherlands)">municipal council</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_executive" title="Municipal executive">municipal executive</a> and a government appointed<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/Burgemeester" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgemeester">mayor</a> (burgemeester). The mayor is a member of the municipal executive board, but also has individual responsibilities in maintaining public order. On 27 June 2018, <a href="/wiki/Femke_Halsema" title="Femke Halsema">Femke Halsema</a> (former member of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">House of Representatives</a> for <a href="/wiki/GroenLinks" title="GroenLinks">GroenLinks</a> from 1998 to 2011) was appointed as the first woman to be <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Amsterdam" title="List of mayors of Amsterdam">Mayor of Amsterdam</a> by the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="King's Commissioner">King's Commissioner</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a> for a six-year term after being nominated by the Amsterdam <a href="/wiki/Municipal_council_(Netherlands)" title="Municipal council (Netherlands)">municipal council</a> and began serving a six-year term on 12 July 2018. She replaces <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_van_der_Laan" title="Eberhard van der Laan">Eberhard van der Laan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Labour Party (Netherlands)">Labour Party</a>) who was the Mayor of Amsterdam from 2010 until his death in October 2017. After the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_municipal_elections,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch municipal elections, 2014">2014 municipal council elections</a>, a governing majority of <a href="/wiki/Democrats_66" title="Democrats 66">D66</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="People's Party for Freedom and Democracy">VVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Socialist Party (Netherlands)">SP</a> was formed – the first coalition without the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Labour Party (Netherlands)">Labour Party</a> since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> Next to the <a href="/wiki/Burgemeester" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgemeester">Mayor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_executive" title="Municipal executive">municipal executive</a> consists of eight wethouders ('alderpersons') appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_council_(Netherlands)" title="Municipal council (Netherlands)">municipal council</a>: four D66 alderpersons, two VVD alderpersons and two <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Socialist Party (Netherlands)">SP</a> alderpersons.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> On 18 September 2017, it was announced by <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_van_der_Laan" title="Eberhard van der Laan">Eberhard van der Laan</a> in an open letter to Amsterdam citizens that <a href="/wiki/Kajsa_Ollongren" title="Kajsa Ollongren">Kajsa Ollongren</a> would take up his office as acting Mayor of Amsterdam with immediate effect due to ill health.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> Ollongren was succeeded as acting Mayor by Eric van der Burg on 26 October 2017 and by <a href="/wiki/Jozias_van_Aartsen" title="Jozias van Aartsen">Jozias van Aartsen</a> on 4 December 2017. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdamse_stadsdelen_2010.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Amsterdamse_stadsdelen_2010.png/250px-Amsterdamse_stadsdelen_2010.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="505"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Amsterdamse_stadsdelen_2010.png/250px-Amsterdamse_stadsdelen_2010.png" data-width="250" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Amsterdamse_stadsdelen_2010.png/375px-Amsterdamse_stadsdelen_2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Amsterdamse_stadsdelen_2010.png/500px-Amsterdamse_stadsdelen_2010.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_Amsterdam" title="Boroughs of Amsterdam">Boroughs of Amsterdam</a> until 24 March 2022</figcaption></figure> Unlike most other Dutch municipalities, Amsterdam is subdivided into seven <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_Amsterdam" title="Boroughs of Amsterdam">boroughs</a>, called stadsdelen or 'districts', and the urban area of <a href="/wiki/Weesp" title="Weesp">Weesp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stadsdelen-1">[1]</a> This system was gradually implemented in the 1980s to improve local governance. The boroughs are responsible for many activities that had previously been run by the central city. In 2010, the number of <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_Amsterdam" title="Boroughs of Amsterdam">Amsterdam boroughs</a> reached fifteen. Fourteen of those had their own district council (deelraad), elected by a popular vote. The fifteenth, <a href="/wiki/Westpoort" title="Westpoort">Westpoort</a>, covers the harbour of Amsterdam and had very few residents. Therefore, it was governed by the central municipal council. Under the borough system, municipal decisions are made at borough level, except for those affairs pertaining to the whole city such as major infrastructure projects, which are the jurisdiction of the central municipal authorities. In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_Amsterdam" title="Boroughs of Amsterdam">borough</a> system was restructured, in which many smaller boroughs merged into larger boroughs. In 2014, under a reform of the Dutch Municipalities Act, the <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_Amsterdam" title="Boroughs of Amsterdam">Amsterdam boroughs</a> lost much of their autonomous status, as their district councils were abolished. The municipal council of Amsterdam voted to maintain the borough system by replacing the district councils with smaller, but still directly elected district committees (bestuurscommissies). Under a municipal ordinance, the new district committees were granted responsibilities through delegation of regulatory and executive powers by the central municipal council. <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_Amstel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Amsterdam_Amstel.jpg/800px-Amsterdam_Amstel.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="207" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5272" data-file-height="1361"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 800px;height: 207px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Amsterdam_Amstel.jpg/800px-Amsterdam_Amstel.jpg" data-width="800" data-height="207" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Amsterdam_Amstel.jpg/1200px-Amsterdam_Amstel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Amsterdam_Amstel.jpg/1600px-Amsterdam_Amstel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">View of the <a href="/wiki/Stopera" title="Stopera">Stopera</a> (left), behind the <a href="/wiki/Blauwbrug" title="Blauwbrug">Blauwbrug</a> (blue bridge), where the Amsterdam city hall and opera house are located, and the <a href="/wiki/H%27ART_Museum" title="H'ART Museum">H'ART Museum</a> (right) on the <a href="/wiki/Amstel" title="Amstel">Amstel</a></div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metropolitan_area">Metropolitan area</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Metropolitan area" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_Headquarters,_Amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Police_Headquarters%2C_Amsterdam.jpg/220px-Police_Headquarters%2C_Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Police_Headquarters%2C_Amsterdam.jpg/220px-Police_Headquarters%2C_Amsterdam.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Police_Headquarters%2C_Amsterdam.jpg/330px-Police_Headquarters%2C_Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Police_Headquarters%2C_Amsterdam.jpg/440px-Police_Headquarters%2C_Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Police headquarters of Amsterdam</figcaption></figure> "Amsterdam" is usually understood to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">municipality</a> of Amsterdam. Colloquially, some areas within the municipality, such as the town of <a href="/wiki/Durgerdam" title="Durgerdam">Durgerdam</a>, may not be considered part of Amsterdam. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands" title="Statistics Netherlands">Statistics Netherlands</a> uses three other definitions of Amsterdam: metropolitan agglomeration Amsterdam (Grootstedelijke Agglomeratie Amsterdam, not to be confused with Grootstedelijk Gebied Amsterdam, a synonym of Groot Amsterdam), Greater Amsterdam (Groot Amsterdam, a <a href="/wiki/COROP" title="COROP">COROP</a> region) and the urban region Amsterdam (Stadsgewest Amsterdam).<a href="#cite_note-auto-123">[122]</a> The Amsterdam Department for Research and Statistics uses a fourth conurbation, namely the Stadsregio Amsterdam ('City Region of Amsterdam'). The city region is similar to Greater Amsterdam but includes the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Zaanstad" title="Zaanstad">Zaanstad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wormerland" title="Wormerland">Wormerland</a>. The smallest of these areas is the <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">municipality</a> of Amsterdam with a population of about 870,000 in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-cbs2021-235">[234]</a> The larger conurbation had a population of over one million. It includes the municipalities of Zaanstad, Wormerland, Oostzaan, Diemen and Amstelveen only, as well as the municipality of Amsterdam. Greater Amsterdam includes 15 municipalities, and had a population of 1,400,000 in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-cbs2021-235">[234]</a> Though much larger in area, the population of this area is only slightly larger, because the definition excludes the relatively populous municipality of <a href="/wiki/Zaanstad" title="Zaanstad">Zaanstad</a>. The largest area by population, the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Metropolitan Area">Amsterdam Metropolitan Area</a> (Dutch: Metropoolregio Amsterdam), has a population of 2,33 million.<a href="#cite_note-dosamsterdam-236">[235]</a> It includes for instance Zaanstad, Wormerland, Muiden, Abcoude, Haarlem, Almere and Lelystad but excludes <a href="/wiki/Graft-De_Rijp" title="Graft-De Rijp">Graft-De Rijp</a>. Amsterdam is part of the conglomerate metropolitan area <a href="/wiki/Randstad" title="Randstad">Randstad</a>, with a total population of 6,659,300 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-randstad-237">[236]</a> Of these various metropolitan area configurations, only the Stadsregio Amsterdam (City Region of Amsterdam) has a formal governmental status. Its responsibilities include regional spatial planning and the metropolitan public transport concessions.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_capital">National capital</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: National capital" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Netherlands" title="Capital of the Netherlands">Capital of the Netherlands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Willem-Alexander,_Princess_Beatrix_en_Queen_Maxima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/King_Willem-Alexander%2C_Princess_Beatrix_en_Queen_Maxima.jpg/220px-King_Willem-Alexander%2C_Princess_Beatrix_en_Queen_Maxima.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="2782"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/King_Willem-Alexander%2C_Princess_Beatrix_en_Queen_Maxima.jpg/220px-King_Willem-Alexander%2C_Princess_Beatrix_en_Queen_Maxima.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/King_Willem-Alexander%2C_Princess_Beatrix_en_Queen_Maxima.jpg/330px-King_Willem-Alexander%2C_Princess_Beatrix_en_Queen_Maxima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/King_Willem-Alexander%2C_Princess_Beatrix_en_Queen_Maxima.jpg/440px-King_Willem-Alexander%2C_Princess_Beatrix_en_Queen_Maxima.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands">King Willem-Alexander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">Princess Beatrix</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Queen_M%C3%A1xima_of_the_Netherlands" title="Queen Máxima of the Netherlands">Queen Máxima</a> greeting Amsterdammers from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Amsterdam" title="Royal Palace of Amsterdam">Royal Palace of Amsterdam</a> during Willem-Alexanders inauguration in 2013</figcaption></figure> Under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Dutch Constitution</a>, Amsterdam is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Netherlands" title="Capital of the Netherlands">capital of the Netherlands</a>. Since the 1983 constitutional revision, the constitution mentions "Amsterdam" and "capital" in chapter 2, article 32: The king's confirmation by oath and his coronation take place in "the capital Amsterdam" ("de hoofdstad Amsterdam").<a href="#cite_note-capital-constitution-239">[238]</a> Previous versions of the constitution only mentioned "the city of Amsterdam" ("de stad Amsterdam").<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> For a royal investiture, therefore, the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General of the Netherlands</a> (the Dutch Parliament) meets for a ceremonial joint session in Amsterdam. The ceremony traditionally takes place at the <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Kerk_(Amsterdam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nieuwe Kerk (Amsterdam)">Nieuwe Kerk</a> on <a href="/wiki/Dam_Square" title="Dam Square">Dam Square</a>, immediately after the former monarch has signed the act of abdication at the nearby <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Amsterdam" title="Royal Palace of Amsterdam">Royal Palace of Amsterdam</a>. Normally, however, the Parliament sits in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, the city which has historically been the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics of the Netherlands">Dutch government</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Dutch monarchy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands" title="Supreme Court of the Netherlands">Dutch supreme court</a>. Foreign embassies are also located in The Hague. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Symbols" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Amsterdam" title="Coat of arms of Amsterdam">Coat of arms of Amsterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Amsterdam" title="Flag of Amsterdam">Flag of Amsterdam</a></div> The coat of arms of Amsterdam is composed of several historical elements. First and centre are three <a href="/wiki/Saltire" title="Saltire">St Andrew's crosses</a>, aligned in a vertical band on the city's shield (although Amsterdam's <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> was <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a>). These St Andrew's crosses can also be found on the city shields of neighbours <a href="/wiki/Amstelveen" title="Amstelveen">Amstelveen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ouder-Amstel" title="Ouder-Amstel">Ouder-Amstel</a>. This part of the coat of arms is the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Amsterdam" title="Flag of Amsterdam">flag of Amsterdam</a>, flown by the city government, but also as <a href="/wiki/Civil_ensign" title="Civil ensign">civil ensign</a> for ships registered in Amsterdam. Second is the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Austria" title="Imperial Crown of Austria">Imperial Crown of Austria</a>. In 1489, out of gratitude for services and loans, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a> awarded Amsterdam the right to adorn its coat of arms with the <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">king's</a> crown. Then, in 1508, this was replaced with Maximilian's <a href="/wiki/Imperial_crown" title="Imperial crown">imperial crown</a> when he was crowned <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>. In the early years of the 17th century, Maximilian's crown in Amsterdam's coat of arms was again replaced, this time with the crown of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Rudolph II</a>, a crown that became the Imperial <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Crown_Jewels" title="Austrian Crown Jewels">Crown of Austria</a>. The lions date from the late 16th century, when city and province became part of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Republic of the Seven United Netherlands</a>. Last came the city's official motto: Heldhaftig, Vastberaden, Barmhartig ("Heroic, Determined, Merciful"), bestowed on the city in 1947 by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands">Queen Wilhelmina</a>, in recognition of the city's bravery during the Second World War. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Amsterdam" title="Transport in Amsterdam">Transport in Amsterdam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metro,_tram_and_bus">Metro, tram and bus</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Metro, tram and bus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Metro" title="Amsterdam Metro">Amsterdam Metro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Amsterdam" title="Trams in Amsterdam">Trams in Amsterdam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_-_Keizersgracht_-_1316.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Amsterdam_-_Keizersgracht_-_1316.jpg/220px-Amsterdam_-_Keizersgracht_-_1316.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Amsterdam_-_Keizersgracht_-_1316.jpg/220px-Amsterdam_-_Keizersgracht_-_1316.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Amsterdam_-_Keizersgracht_-_1316.jpg/330px-Amsterdam_-_Keizersgracht_-_1316.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Amsterdam_-_Keizersgracht_-_1316.jpg/440px-Amsterdam_-_Keizersgracht_-_1316.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A tram crossing the Keizersgracht</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NoordZuidLijn_Metrostation_Europaplein_hnapel_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NoordZuidLijn_Metrostation_Europaplein_hnapel_004.jpg/220px-NoordZuidLijn_Metrostation_Europaplein_hnapel_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4078"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 122px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NoordZuidLijn_Metrostation_Europaplein_hnapel_004.jpg/220px-NoordZuidLijn_Metrostation_Europaplein_hnapel_004.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="122" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NoordZuidLijn_Metrostation_Europaplein_hnapel_004.jpg/330px-NoordZuidLijn_Metrostation_Europaplein_hnapel_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NoordZuidLijn_Metrostation_Europaplein_hnapel_004.jpg/440px-NoordZuidLijn_Metrostation_Europaplein_hnapel_004.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Metro" title="Amsterdam Metro">Amsterdam Metro</a> is a mixed subway and above ground <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid Transit">rapid transit system</a> consisting of five lines.</figcaption></figure> Currently, there are sixteen <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Amsterdam" title="Trams in Amsterdam">tram routes</a> and five <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Metro" title="Amsterdam Metro">metro routes</a>. All are operated by municipal public transport operator <a href="/wiki/Gemeentelijk_Vervoerbedrijf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf">Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf</a> (GVB), which also runs the city bus network. Four fare-free GVB ferries carry pedestrians and cyclists across the <a href="/wiki/IJ_(Amsterdam)" title="IJ (Amsterdam)">IJ lake</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_Amsterdam" title="Boroughs of Amsterdam">borough</a> of <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-Noord" title="Amsterdam-Noord">Amsterdam-Noord</a>, and two fare-charging ferries run east and west along the harbour. There are also privately operated water taxis, a water bus, a boat sharing operation, electric rental boats and canal cruises, that transport people along Amsterdam's waterways. Regional buses, and some suburban buses, are operated by <a href="/wiki/Connexxion" title="Connexxion">Connexxion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egged_(company)" title="Egged (company)">EBS</a>. International coach services are provided by <a href="/wiki/Eurolines" title="Eurolines">Eurolines</a> from <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Amstel_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Amstel railway station">Amsterdam Amstel railway station</a>, <a href="/wiki/IDBUS" class="mw-redirect" title="IDBUS">IDBUS</a> from <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Sloterdijk_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Sloterdijk railway station">Amsterdam Sloterdijk railway station</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Megabus_(Europe)" title="Megabus (Europe)">Megabus</a> from the Zuiderzeeweg in the east of the city. To facilitate easier transport to the centre of Amsterdam, the city has various P+R Locations where people can park their car at an affordable price and transfer to one of the numerous public transport lines.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Car">Car</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Car" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Amsterdam was intended in 1932 to be the hub, a kind of <a href="/wiki/Kilometre_Zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilometre Zero">Kilometre Zero</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_motorways_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of motorways in the Netherlands">highway system of the Netherlands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Autosnelweg_1930-242">[241]</a> with freeways numbered One to Eight planned to originate from the city.<a href="#cite_note-Autosnelweg_1930-242">[241]</a> The outbreak of the Second World War and shifting priorities led to the current situation, where only roads <a href="/wiki/A1_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A1 motorway (Netherlands)">A1</a>, <a href="/wiki/A2_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A2 motorway (Netherlands)">A2</a>, and <a href="/wiki/A4_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A4 motorway (Netherlands)">A4</a> originate from Amsterdam according to the original plan. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=A3_motorway_(Netherlands)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A3 motorway (Netherlands) (page does not exist)">A3</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> was cancelled in 1970 to conserve the <a href="/wiki/Groene_Hart" title="Groene Hart">Groene Hart</a>. Road <a href="/wiki/A8_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A8 motorway (Netherlands)">A8</a>, leading north to <a href="/wiki/Zaandam" title="Zaandam">Zaandam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/A10_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A10 motorway (Netherlands)">A10</a> <a href="/wiki/Beltway" class="mw-redirect" title="Beltway">Ringroad</a> were opened between 1968 and 1974.<a href="#cite_note-Autosnelweg_1970-243">[242]</a> Besides the A1, A2, A4 and A8, several freeways, such as the <a href="/wiki/A7_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A7 motorway (Netherlands)">A7</a> and <a href="/wiki/A6_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A6 motorway (Netherlands)">A6</a>, carry traffic mainly bound for Amsterdam. The <a href="/wiki/A10_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A10 motorway (Netherlands)">A10 ringroad</a> surrounding the city connects Amsterdam with the Dutch <a href="/wiki/List_of_motorways_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of motorways in the Netherlands">national network of freeways</a>. <a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">Interchanges</a> on the A10 allow cars to enter the city by transferring to one of the 18 <a href="/wiki/List_of_city_routes_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of city routes in the Netherlands">city roads</a>, numbered S101 through to <a href="/wiki/S118_(Amsterdam)" title="S118 (Amsterdam)">S118</a>. These city roads are regional roads without <a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade separation</a>, and sometimes without a <a href="/wiki/Central_reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Central reservation">central reservation</a>. Most are accessible by cyclists. The S100 Centrumring is a smaller ringroad circumnavigating the city's centre. In the city centre, driving a car is discouraged. Parking fees are expensive, and many streets are closed to cars or are <a href="/wiki/One-way_traffic" title="One-way traffic">one-way</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fiets-244">[243]</a> The local government sponsors <a href="/wiki/Carsharing" title="Carsharing">carsharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carpool" title="Carpool">carpooling</a> initiatives such as Autodelen and Meerijden.nu.<a href="#cite_note-cars-245">[244]</a> The local government has also started removing parking spaces in the city, with the goal of removing 10,000 spaces (roughly 1,500 per year) by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_rail">National rail</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: National rail" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_Central_Station1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Amsterdam_Central_Station1.jpg/250px-Amsterdam_Central_Station1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="105" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4872" data-file-height="2051"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 105px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Amsterdam_Central_Station1.jpg/250px-Amsterdam_Central_Station1.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="105" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Amsterdam_Central_Station1.jpg/375px-Amsterdam_Central_Station1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Amsterdam_Central_Station1.jpg/500px-Amsterdam_Central_Station1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Centraal_station" title="Amsterdam Centraal station">Amsterdam Centraal station</a>, the city's main train station</figcaption></figure> Amsterdam is served by ten <a href="/wiki/Railway_stations_in_the_Netherlands#A" title="Railway stations in the Netherlands">stations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Spoorwegen" title="Nederlandse Spoorwegen">Nederlandse Spoorwegen</a> (Dutch Railways).<a href="#cite_note-Stationsweb-247">[246]</a> Five are intercity stops: <a href="/wiki/Sloterdijk_(Amsterdam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sloterdijk (Amsterdam)">Sloterdijk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Zuid_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Zuid railway station">Zuid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Amstel_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Amstel railway station">Amstel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Bijlmer_ArenA_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Bijlmer ArenA railway station">Bijlmer ArenA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Centraal_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Centraal railway station">Amsterdam Centraal</a>. The stations for local services are: <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Lelylaan_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Lelylaan railway station">Lelylaan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_RAI_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam RAI railway station">RAI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Holendrecht_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Holendrecht railway station">Holendrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Muiderpoort_railway_station" title="Amsterdam Muiderpoort railway station">Muiderpoort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Science_Park_railway_station" title="Amsterdam Science Park railway station">Science Park</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Centraal_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Centraal railway station">Amsterdam Centraal</a> is also an international railway station. From the station there are regular services to destinations such as Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Among these trains are international trains of the <a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Spoorwegen" title="Nederlandse Spoorwegen">Nederlandse Spoorwegen</a> (Amsterdam-Berlin), the <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a> (Amsterdam-Brussels-London), <a href="/wiki/Thalys" title="Thalys">Thalys</a> (Amsterdam-Brussels-Paris/Lille), and <a href="/wiki/Intercity-Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercity-Express">Intercity-Express</a> (Amsterdam–Cologne–Frankfurt).<a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airport">Airport</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Airport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schiphol_Airport_Pier_D_(7325966610).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Schiphol_Airport_Pier_D_%287325966610%29.jpg/220px-Schiphol_Airport_Pier_D_%287325966610%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4250" data-file-height="2834"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Schiphol_Airport_Pier_D_%287325966610%29.jpg/220px-Schiphol_Airport_Pier_D_%287325966610%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Schiphol_Airport_Pier_D_%287325966610%29.jpg/330px-Schiphol_Airport_Pier_D_%287325966610%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Schiphol_Airport_Pier_D_%287325966610%29.jpg/440px-Schiphol_Airport_Pier_D_%287325966610%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol" title="Amsterdam Airport Schiphol">Amsterdam Airport Schiphol</a> ranks as Europe's third-busiest airport for passenger traffic.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol" title="Amsterdam Airport Schiphol">Amsterdam Airport Schiphol</a> is less than 20 minutes by train from <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Centraal_station" title="Amsterdam Centraal station">Amsterdam Centraal station</a> and is served by domestic and international intercity trains, such as <a href="/wiki/Thalys" title="Thalys">Thalys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a> and Intercity Brussel. Schiphol is the largest airport in the Netherlands, the third-largest in Europe, and the 14th-largest in the world in terms of passengers. It handles over 68 million passengers per year and is the home base of four airlines, <a href="/wiki/KLM" title="KLM">KLM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transavia" title="Transavia">Transavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinair" title="Martinair">Martinair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arkefly" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkefly">Arkefly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> As of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit">[update]</a>, Schiphol was the fifth <a href="/wiki/World%27s_busiest_airports_by_international_passenger_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="World's busiest airports by international passenger traffic">busiest airport in the world</a> measured by international passenger numbers.<a href="#cite_note-passengerrank-252">[251]</a> This airport is 4 meters below sea level.<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> Although Schiphol is internationally known as Amsterdam Schiphol Airport it actually lies in the neighbouring municipality of Haarlemmermeer, southwest of the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Cycling" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bycicles_Amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bycicles_Amsterdam.jpg/220px-Bycicles_Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1081" data-file-height="935"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 190px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bycicles_Amsterdam.jpg/220px-Bycicles_Amsterdam.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="190" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bycicles_Amsterdam.jpg/330px-Bycicles_Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bycicles_Amsterdam.jpg/440px-Bycicles_Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Barges regularly pull bicycles from the bottom of the canals in Amsterdam. Many residents discard old bicycles by throwing them into the canals.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_Amsterdam" title="Cycling in Amsterdam">Cycling in Amsterdam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_-_Bicycles_-_1058.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Amsterdam_-_Bicycles_-_1058.jpg/220px-Amsterdam_-_Bicycles_-_1058.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Amsterdam_-_Bicycles_-_1058.jpg/220px-Amsterdam_-_Bicycles_-_1058.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Amsterdam_-_Bicycles_-_1058.jpg/330px-Amsterdam_-_Bicycles_-_1058.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Amsterdam_-_Bicycles_-_1058.jpg/440px-Amsterdam_-_Bicycles_-_1058.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Police bicyclist crossing a bridge over the Prinsengracht</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bicyclist_at_Amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bicyclist_at_Amsterdam.jpg/220px-Bicyclist_at_Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5315" data-file-height="3543"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bicyclist_at_Amsterdam.jpg/220px-Bicyclist_at_Amsterdam.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bicyclist_at_Amsterdam.jpg/330px-Bicyclist_at_Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bicyclist_at_Amsterdam.jpg/440px-Bicyclist_at_Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bicyclist at Amsterdam</figcaption></figure> Amsterdam is one of the most <a href="/wiki/Bicycle-friendly" title="Bicycle-friendly">bicycle-friendly</a> large cities in the world and is a centre of <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_culture" title="Bicycle culture">bicycle culture</a> with good facilities for cyclists such as bike paths and <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_stand" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycle stand">bike racks</a>, and several guarded bike storage garages (fietsenstalling) which can be used. According to the most recent figures published by the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), in 2015 the 442,693 households (850,000 residents) in Amsterdam together owned 847,000 bicycles – 1.91 bicycles per household.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> Theft is widespread—in 2011, about 83,000 bicycles were stolen in Amsterdam.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> Bicycles are used by all socio-economic groups because of their convenience, Amsterdam's small size, the 400 km (249 mi) of bike paths,<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> the flat terrain, and the inconvenience of driving an automobile.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agnietenkapel_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Agnietenkapel_Gate.jpg/220px-Agnietenkapel_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Agnietenkapel_Gate.jpg/220px-Agnietenkapel_Gate.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Agnietenkapel_Gate.jpg/330px-Agnietenkapel_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Agnietenkapel_Gate.jpg/440px-Agnietenkapel_Gate.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Agnietenkapel Gate at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam" title="University of Amsterdam">University of Amsterdam</a>, founded in 1632 as the Athenaeum Illustre</figcaption></figure> Amsterdam has two universities: the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam" title="University of Amsterdam">University of Amsterdam</a> (Universiteit van Amsterdam, UvA), and the <a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Amsterdam" title="Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam">Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam</a> (VU). Other institutions for higher education include an art school – <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld_Academie" title="Gerrit Rietveld Academie">Gerrit Rietveld Academie</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Vocational_university#Netherlands" title="Vocational university">university of applied sciences</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Hogeschool_van_Amsterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hogeschool van Amsterdam">Hogeschool van Amsterdam</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdamse_Hogeschool_voor_de_Kunsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdamse Hogeschool voor de Kunsten">Amsterdamse Hogeschool voor de Kunsten</a>. Amsterdam's <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Social_History" title="International Institute of Social History">International Institute of Social History</a> is one of the world's largest documentary and research institutions concerning <a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social history</a>, and especially the <a href="/wiki/Labor_history_(discipline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor history (discipline)">history of the labour movement</a>. Amsterdam's <a href="/wiki/Hortus_Botanicus_(Amsterdam)" title="Hortus Botanicus (Amsterdam)">Hortus Botanicus</a>, founded in the early 17th century, is one of the oldest botanical gardens in the world,<a href="#cite_note-Hortus-258">[257]</a> with many old and rare specimens, among them the <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee plant</a> that served as the parent for the entire <a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">coffee culture</a> in Central and South America.<a href="#cite_note-he-259">[258]</a> There are over 200 primary schools in Amsterdam.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> Some of these primary schools base their teachings on particular pedagogic theories like the various <a href="/wiki/Maria_Montessori" title="Maria Montessori">Montessori</a> schools. The biggest Montessori high school in Amsterdam is the <a href="/wiki/Montessori_Lyceum_Amsterdam" title="Montessori Lyceum Amsterdam">Montessori Lyceum Amsterdam</a>. Many schools, however, are based on religion. This used to be primarily Roman Catholicism and various Protestant denominations, but with the influx of Muslim immigrants, there has been a rise in the number of Islamic schools. Jewish schools can be found in the southern suburbs of Amsterdam. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Overzicht,_natuurstenen_voorgevel,_een_middenrisaliet_met_attiek_-_Amsterdam_-_20408818_-_RCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Overzicht%2C_natuurstenen_voorgevel%2C_een_middenrisaliet_met_attiek_-_Amsterdam_-_20408818_-_RCE.jpg/220px-Overzicht%2C_natuurstenen_voorgevel%2C_een_middenrisaliet_met_attiek_-_Amsterdam_-_20408818_-_RCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5592" data-file-height="2719"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 107px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Overzicht%2C_natuurstenen_voorgevel%2C_een_middenrisaliet_met_attiek_-_Amsterdam_-_20408818_-_RCE.jpg/220px-Overzicht%2C_natuurstenen_voorgevel%2C_een_middenrisaliet_met_attiek_-_Amsterdam_-_20408818_-_RCE.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="107" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Overzicht%2C_natuurstenen_voorgevel%2C_een_middenrisaliet_met_attiek_-_Amsterdam_-_20408818_-_RCE.jpg/330px-Overzicht%2C_natuurstenen_voorgevel%2C_een_middenrisaliet_met_attiek_-_Amsterdam_-_20408818_-_RCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Overzicht%2C_natuurstenen_voorgevel%2C_een_middenrisaliet_met_attiek_-_Amsterdam_-_20408818_-_RCE.jpg/440px-Overzicht%2C_natuurstenen_voorgevel%2C_een_middenrisaliet_met_attiek_-_Amsterdam_-_20408818_-_RCE.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barlaeus_Gymnasium" title="Barlaeus Gymnasium">Barlaeus Gymnasium</a></figcaption></figure> Amsterdam is noted for having five independent grammar schools (Dutch: gymnasia), the <a href="/wiki/Vossius_Gymnasium" title="Vossius Gymnasium">Vossius Gymnasium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barlaeus_Gymnasium" title="Barlaeus Gymnasium">Barlaeus Gymnasium</a>, St. <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Gymnasium" title="Ignatius Gymnasium">Ignatius Gymnasium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Het_4e_Gymnasium" title="Het 4e Gymnasium">Het 4e Gymnasium</a> and the Cygnus Gymnasium where a classical curriculum including <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">classical Greek</a> is taught. Though believed until recently by many to be an anachronistic and elitist concept that would soon die out, the gymnasia have recently experienced a revival, leading to the formation of a fourth and fifth grammar school in which the three aforementioned schools participate. Most secondary schools in Amsterdam offer a variety of different levels of education in the same school. The city also has various colleges ranging from art and design to politics and economics which are mostly also available for students coming from other countries. Schools for foreign nationals in Amsterdam include the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_International_Community_School" title="Amsterdam International Community School">Amsterdam International Community School</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_School_of_Amsterdam" title="British School of Amsterdam">British School of Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_International_School_Amsterdam" title="Albert Einstein International School Amsterdam">Albert Einstein International School Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Vincent_van_Gogh_La_Haye-Amsterdam" title="Lycée Vincent van Gogh La Haye-Amsterdam">Lycée Vincent van Gogh La Haye-Amsterdam</a> primary campus (French school), <a href="/wiki/International_School_of_Amsterdam" title="International School of Amsterdam">International School of Amsterdam</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_School_of_Amsterdam" title="Japanese School of Amsterdam">Japanese School of Amsterdam</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notable people" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Amsterdam" title="List of people from Amsterdam">List of people from Amsterdam</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> Amsterdam is a prominent centre for national and international media. Some locally based newspapers include <a href="/wiki/Het_Parool" title="Het Parool">Het Parool</a>, a national daily paper; <a href="/wiki/De_Telegraaf" title="De Telegraaf">De Telegraaf</a>, the largest Dutch daily newspaper; the daily newspapers <a href="/wiki/Trouw" title="Trouw">Trouw</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Volkskrant" title="De Volkskrant">de Volkskrant</a> and <a href="/wiki/NRC_(newspaper)" title="NRC (newspaper)">NRC</a>; <a href="/wiki/De_Groene_Amsterdammer" title="De Groene Amsterdammer">De Groene Amsterdammer</a>, a weekly newspaper; the free newspapers <a href="/wiki/Metro_(Dutch_newspaper)" title="Metro (Dutch newspaper)">Metro</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holland_Times" title="The Holland Times">The Holland Times</a> (printed in English). Amsterdam is home to the second-largest Dutch commercial TV group <a href="/wiki/SBS_Broadcasting_Group" title="SBS Broadcasting Group">SBS Broadcasting Group</a>, consisting of TV-stations <a href="/wiki/SBS_6" class="mw-redirect" title="SBS 6">SBS 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Net_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Net 5">Net 5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veronica_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Veronica (TV channel)">Veronica</a>. However, Amsterdam is not considered 'the media city of the Netherlands'. The town of <a href="/wiki/Hilversum" title="Hilversum">Hilversum</a>, 30 km (19 mi) south-east of Amsterdam, has been crowned with this unofficial title. Hilversum is the principal centre for radio and television broadcasting in the Netherlands. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Netherlands_Worldwide" title="Radio Netherlands Worldwide">Radio Netherlands</a>, heard worldwide via shortwave radio since the 1920s, is also based there. Hilversum is home to an extensive complex of audio and television studios belonging to the national broadcast production company NOS, as well as to the studios and offices of all the Dutch public broadcasting organisations and many commercial TV production companies. In 2012, the music video of Far East Movement, 'Live My Life', was filmed in various parts of Amsterdam. Also, several movies were filmed in Amsterdam, such as <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Diamonds_Are_Forever_(film)" title="Diamonds Are Forever (film)">Diamonds Are Forever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean%27s_Twelve" title="Ocean's Twelve">Ocean's Twelve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring_(film)" title="Girl with a Pearl Earring (film)">Girl with a Pearl Earring</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Hitman%27s_Bodyguard" title="The Hitman's Bodyguard">The Hitman's Bodyguard</a>. Amsterdam is also featured in <a href="/wiki/John_Green" title="John Green">John Green</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/The_Fault_in_Our_Stars" title="The Fault in Our Stars">The Fault in Our Stars</a>, which has been made into <a href="/wiki/The_Fault_in_Our_Stars_(film)" title="The Fault in Our Stars (film)">a film</a> as well that partly takes place in Amsterdam. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Housing">Housing</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Housing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> From the late 1960s onwards many buildings in Amsterdam have been <a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatted</a> both for housing and for using as social centres.<a href="#cite_note-Owens-261">[260]</a> A number of these squats have legalised and become well known, such as <a href="/wiki/OCCII" title="OCCII">OCCII</a>, <a href="/wiki/OT301" title="OT301">OT301</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paradiso_(Amsterdam)" title="Paradiso (Amsterdam)">Paradiso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vrankrijk" title="Vrankrijk">Vrankrijk</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Sister cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <dl><dd><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom, 2007</dd> <dd><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Zapopan" title="Zapopan">Zapopan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a>, Mexico, 2011<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a></dd></dl> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Netherlands" title="Portal:Netherlands">Netherlands portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="map" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of populated places in the Netherlands">List of populated places in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities,_towns_and_villages_in_North_Holland" title="List of cities, towns and villages in North Holland">List of cities, towns and villages in North Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Netherlands_by_province" title="List of cities in the Netherlands by province">List of cities in the Netherlands by province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_capitals" title="List of national capitals">List of national capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_capitals_by_latitude" title="List of national capitals by latitude">List of national capitals by latitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_capital_cities_by_elevation" title="List of capital cities by elevation">List of capital cities by elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_capitals_by_population" title="List of national capitals by population">List of national capitals by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Dam" title="Van Dam">van Dam</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Amsterdam is the constitutional capital, while the government and the royal family are seated in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">(see <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Netherlands" title="Capital of the Netherlands">Capital of the Netherlands</a>). </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-stadsdelen-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stadsdelen_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stadsdelen_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327135843/https://www.amsterdam.nl/bestuur-organisatie/organisatie/stadsdelen/">"Stadsdelen"</a>. 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Geschiedenis Lokaal Amsterdam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240419115025/https://geschiedenislokaalamsterdam.nl/bronnen/amestelledamme">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2024. 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Ragio Ranstad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.nl-prov.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/regio-randstad-monitor-2017.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ragio+Ranstad&rft.atitle=Ranstad+Monitor+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nl-prov.eu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F11%2Fregio-randstad-monitor-2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2015" class="citation web cs1">Ahmed, Shamim (10 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615062341/https://m.theindependentbd.com//magazine/details/7145/Amsterdam-%E2%80%93-Venice-of-the-North">"Amsterdam • Venice of the North"</a>. theindependentbd.com. The Independent. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.theindependentbd.com//magazine/details/7145/Amsterdam-%E2%80%93-Venice-of-the-North">the original</a> on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theindependentbd.com&rft.atitle=Amsterdam+%26bull%3B%26%2332%3B+Venice+of+the+North&rft.date=2015-07-10&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Shamim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.theindependentbd.com%2F%2Fmagazine%2Fdetails%2F7145%2FAmsterdam-%25E2%2580%2593-Venice-of-the-North&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Amsterdam">"Amsterdam | History, Population, & Points of Interest"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 5 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Amsterdam+%7C+History%2C+Population%2C+%26+Points+of+Interest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAmsterdam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521845359&ss=exc">Cambridge.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116110800/http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521845359&ss=exc">Archived</a> 16 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Capitals of Capital -A History of International Financial Centres – 1780–2005, Youssef Cassis, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84535-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84535-9">978-0-521-84535-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Russell_Shorto" title="Russell Shorto">Shorto, Russell</a>. Amsterdam: A History of the World's Most Liberal City. New York: Vintage Books 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307743756" title="Special:BookSources/9780307743756">9780307743756</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Nello-Deakin, Samuel, and Anna Nikolaeva. "The human infrastructure of a cycling city: Amsterdam through the eyes of international newcomers." Urban Geography 42.3 (2021): 289–311. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Feddes, Fred, Marjolein de Lange, and Marco te Brömmelstroet. "Hard work in paradise. The contested making of Amsterdam as a cycling city." The Politics of Cycling Infrastructure. Policy Press, 2020. 133–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> After Athens in 1888 and Florence in 1986, Amsterdam was in 1986 chosen as the <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a>, confirming its eminent position in Europe and the Netherlands. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-programmes-and-actions/doc443_en.htm">EC.europa.eu</a> for an overview of the European cities and capitals of culture over the years. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081214194439/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-programmes-and-actions/doc443_en.htm">Archived</a> 14 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/18/biz_2000global08_The-Global-2000-Netherlands_10Rank.html">Forbes.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200520173602/https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/18/biz_2000global08_The-Global-2000-Netherlands_10Rank.html">Archived</a> 20 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000" title="Forbes Global 2000">Forbes Global 2000</a> Largest Companies – Dutch rankings. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-22/the-next-global-tech-hotspot-amsterdam-stakes-its-claim">"The Next Global Tech Hotspot? Amsterdam Stakes Its Claim"</a>. 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Biografie van een betwiste devotie (Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2017) pp. 59–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-stilleomgang-51"><a href="#cite_ref-stilleomgang_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090808045508/http://www.trouw.nl/laatstenieuws/laatstenieuws/article936256.ece/Katholieken_verzameld_voor_Mirakel_van_Amsterdam">"Mirakel van Amsterdam"</a> (in Dutch). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trouw.nl/laatstenieuws/laatstenieuws/article936256.ece/Katholieken_verzameld_voor_Mirakel_van_Amsterdam">the original</a> on 8 August 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mirakel+van+Amsterdam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trouw.nl%2Flaatstenieuws%2Flaatstenieuws%2Farticle936256.ece%2FKatholieken_verzameld_voor_Mirakel_van_Amsterdam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80yearswar-52"><a href="#cite_ref-80yearswar_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512110316/http://dutchrevolt.leidenuniv.nl/nederlands/default.htm">"Eighty Years' War"</a> (in Dutch). Leiden University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dutchrevolt.leidenuniv.nl/nederlands/default.htm">the original</a> on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eighty+Years%27+War&rft.pub=Leiden+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdutchrevolt.leidenuniv.nl%2Fnederlands%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> A case in point is that after <a href="/wiki/Galileo_affair" title="Galileo affair">his trial and sentencing</a> in Rome in 1633, <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a> chose <a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_Elzevir" title="Lodewijk Elzevir">Lodewijk Elzevir</a> in Amsterdam to publish one of his finest works, <a href="/wiki/Two_New_Sciences" title="Two New Sciences">Two New Sciences</a>. See Wade Rowland (2003), Galileo's Mistake, A new look at the epic confrontation between Galileo and the Church, New York: <a href="/wiki/Arcade_Publishing" title="Arcade Publishing">Arcade Publishing</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55970-684-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55970-684-8">1-55970-684-8</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-Braudel-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Braudel_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraudel1983" class="citation book cs1">Braudel, Fernand (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilizationcapi01brau">Civilization and capitalism 15th–18th century: The wheels of commerce</a>. New York: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060150914" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060150914"><bdi>978-0060150914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilization+and+capitalism+15th%E2%80%9318th+century%3A+The+wheels+of+commerce&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0060150914&rft.aulast=Braudel&rft.aufirst=Fernand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivilizationcapi01brau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Haverkamp-Bergmann, E. Rembrandt; The Night Watch. New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 1982, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/Amsterdam_l.html">Amsterdam in the 17th century</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090826132532/http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/Amsterdam_l.html">Archived</a> 26 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The University of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> at Pembroke </li> <li id="cite_note-The_oldest_share-57"><a href="#cite_ref-The_oldest_share_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509123937/http://www.oldest-share.com/">"The oldest share"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldest-share.com/">the original</a> on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+oldest+share&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldest-share.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalkenhol2021" class="citation book cs1">Balkenhol, Markus (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ThcUEAAAQBAJ">Tracing Slavery: The Politics of Atlantic Memory in The Netherlands</a>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781800731615" title="Special:BookSources/9781800731615"><bdi>9781800731615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracing+Slavery%3A+The+Politics+of+Atlantic+Memory+in+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781800731615&rft.aulast=Balkenhol&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DThcUEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/01/amsterdam-mayor-apologises-for-citys-past-role-in-slave-trade">"Amsterdam mayor apologises for city's past role in slave trade"</a>. The Guardian. Associated Press. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Amsterdam+mayor+apologises+for+city%27s+past+role+in+slave+trade&rft.date=2021-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fjul%2F01%2Famsterdam-mayor-apologises-for-citys-past-role-in-slave-trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amsterdam_City_Walks-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Amsterdam_City_Walks_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501115531/http://www.amsterdamcitywalks.com/english/agenda.html">"Amsterdam through the ages -A medieval village becomes a global city"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amsterdamcitywalks.com/english/agenda.html">the original</a> on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amsterdam+through+the+ages+-A+medieval+village+becomes+a+global+city&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amsterdamcitywalks.com%2Fenglish%2Fagenda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aardappeloproer-61"><a href="#cite_ref-aardappeloproer_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528004443/http://www.collectie.legermuseum.nl/sites/strategion/contents/i004516/arma39%20het%20aardappeloproer%20in%201917.pdf">"Aardappeloproer – Legermuseum"</a> (PDF) (in Dutch). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectie.legermuseum.nl/sites/strategion/contents/i004516/arma39%20het%20aardappeloproer%20in%201917.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aardappeloproer+%E2%80%93+Legermuseum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectie.legermuseum.nl%2Fsites%2Fstrategion%2Fcontents%2Fi004516%2Farma39%2520het%2520aardappeloproer%2520in%25201917.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006135130/https://stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl/">"Amsterdam city archives"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl">the original</a> on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amsterdam+city+archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstadsarchief.amsterdam.nl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centraledorpenraad.nl/landelijk-noord/historie">"Historie"</a>. centaledorpenraad.nl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140711234152/http://www.centraledorpenraad.nl/landelijk-noord/historie">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=centaledorpenraad.nl&rft.atitle=Historie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centraledorpenraad.nl%2Flandelijk-noord%2Fhistorie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-deportation-64"><a href="#cite_ref-deportation_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hollandscheschouwburg.nl/site_en/deportatie/kader.html">"Deportation to camps"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stadsherstel+Missie%2FHistorie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadsherstelamsterdam.nl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-metrostad-68"><a href="#cite_ref-metrostad_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610023117/http://amsterdam.nl/?ActItmIdt=101459">"Typisch Metrostad"</a> (in Dutch). Municipality Amsterdam. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amsterdam.nl/?ActItmIdt=101459">the original</a> on 10 June 2008. 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University of Chicago Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226034669" title="Special:BookSources/9780226034669"><bdi>9780226034669</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+and+Economic+Development%3A+From+the+Dawn+of+History+to+the+Present&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991-06-18&rft.isbn=9780226034669&rft.aulast=Bairoch&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCg7JYZO_nEMC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaping2014" class="citation web cs1">Paping, Richard (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/15865622/articlesardinie21sep2014.pdf">"General Dutch population development 1400–1850"</a> (PDF). University of Groningen. p. 12–13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/15865622/articlesardinie21sep2014.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Groningen&rft.atitle=General+Dutch+population+development+1400%E2%80%931850&rft.pages=12-13&rft.date=2014-09&rft.aulast=Paping&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rug.nl%2Fresearch%2Fportal%2Ffiles%2F15865622%2Farticlesardinie21sep2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogucka1983" class="citation cs2">Bogucka, M. (1983), "The Baltic and Amsterdam in the First Half of the 17th Century", in Wieringa, W. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316342480" title="Special:BookSources/9781316342480"><bdi>9781316342480</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Republic+in+the+Seventeenth+Century%3A+The+Golden+Age&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-09-22&rft.isbn=9781316342480&rft.aulast=Prak&rft.aufirst=Maarten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXjTSBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiedtkeVermeerPlompRüger2001" class="citation book cs1">Liedtke, Walter A.; Vermeer, Johannes; Plomp, Michiel; Rüger, Axel (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EZxWaNlQKiYC&pg=PA197">Vermeer and the Delft School</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870999734" title="Special:BookSources/9780870999734"><bdi>9780870999734</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vermeer+and+the+Delft+School&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780870999734&rft.aulast=Liedtke&rft.aufirst=Walter+A.&rft.au=Vermeer%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Plomp%2C+Michiel&rft.au=R%C3%BCger%2C+Axel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEZxWaNlQKiYC%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2017" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Freek (28 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8yAvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT106">Passion and Control: Dutch Architectural Culture of the Eighteenth Century</a>. 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Columbia University Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231542951" title="Special:BookSources/9780231542951"><bdi>9780231542951</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Pursuit+of+Privilege%3A+A+History+of+New+York+City%27s+Upper+Class+and+the+Making+of+a+Metropolis&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016-11-08&rft.isbn=9780231542951&rft.aulast=Hood&rft.aufirst=Clifton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF9obDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrijhoffPrak20059-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrijhoffPrak20059_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrijhoffPrak2005">Frijhoff & Prak 2005</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngeliMatzerath1989" class="citation book cs1">Engeli, Christian; Matzerath, Horst (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ5PAAAAMAAJ">Modern urban history research in Europe, USA, and Japan: a handbook</a>. Berg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780854960408" title="Special:BookSources/9780854960408"><bdi>9780854960408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+urban+history+research+in+Europe%2C+USA%2C+and+Japan%3A+a+handbook&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780854960408&rft.aulast=Engeli&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Matzerath%2C+Horst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlJ5PAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_LeeuwenOeppen1993">Van Leeuwen & Oeppen 1993</a>, p. 87 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloudHumphriesJohnson2014" class="citation book cs1">Floud, Roderick; Humphries, Jane; Johnson, Paul (9 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0J_jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15">The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain: Volume 1, Industrialisation, 1700–1870</a>. 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BRILL. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004208070" title="Special:BookSources/9789004208070"><bdi>9789004208070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Memory%3A+The+Writing+of+Partition+in+the+Seventeenth-Century+Low+Countries&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2012-02-17&rft.isbn=9789004208070&rft.aulast=Esser&rft.aufirst=Raingard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkamfdUXkVsIC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qyGSyhojZxcC&pg=PA58">Let's Go Amsterdam 5th Edition</a>. Macmillan. 27 November 2007. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312374549" title="Special:BookSources/9780312374549"><bdi>9780312374549</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let%27s+Go+Amsterdam+5th+Edition&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2007-11-27&rft.isbn=9780312374549&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqyGSyhojZxcC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiefel2015" class="citation book cs1">Stiefel, Barry L. (6 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4hECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67">Jews and the Renaissance of Synagogue Architecture, 1450–1730</a>. Routledge. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317320326" title="Special:BookSources/9781317320326"><bdi>9781317320326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+the+Renaissance+of+Synagogue+Architecture%2C+1450%E2%80%931730&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft.isbn=9781317320326&rft.aulast=Stiefel&rft.aufirst=Barry+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds4hECgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael1989" class="citation journal cs1">Israel, Jonathan (Fall 1989). "Sephardic Immigration into the Dutch Republic, 1595–1672". Studia Rosenthaliana. 23: 45–53. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41481727">41481727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Rosenthaliana&rft.atitle=Sephardic+Immigration+into+the+Dutch+Republic%2C+1595%E2%80%931672&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=45-53&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41481727%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarshawsky2018" class="citation journal cs1">Warshawsky, Matthew D. (July 2018). ""All True, All Holy, All Divine": Jewish Identity in the Polemics and Letters of Isaac Orobio de Castro, a Former Portuguese New Christian in 1600s Amsterdam". Journal of Jewish Identities. 11 (2): 267–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjji.2018.0017">10.1353/jji.2018.0017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-7941">1939-7941</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165686842">165686842</a>. <q>During the 1600s, Amsterdam stood out from these other locales as a center of settlement by people of Sephardic, or Iberian Jewish</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Jewish+Identities&rft.atitle=%22All+True%2C+All+Holy%2C+All+Divine%22%3A+Jewish+Identity+in+the+Polemics+and+Letters+of+Isaac+Orobio+de+Castro%2C+a+Former+Portuguese+New+Christian+in+1600s+Amsterdam&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=267-283&rft.date=2018-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165686842%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1939-7941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjji.2018.0017&rft.aulast=Warshawsky&rft.aufirst=Matthew+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2006" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, John (30 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dRb-P3HRuvkC&pg=PA17">John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521651141" title="Special:BookSources/9780521651141"><bdi>9780521651141</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Locke%2C+Toleration+and+Early+Enlightenment+Culture&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-03-30&rft.isbn=9780521651141&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdRb-P3HRuvkC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerpstra2015" class="citation book cs1">Terpstra, Nicholas (23 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5OZBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA174">Religious Refugees in the Early Modern World: An Alternative History of the Reformation</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316351901" title="Special:BookSources/9781316351901"><bdi>9781316351901</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Refugees+in+the+Early+Modern+World%3A+An+Alternative+History+of+the+Reformation&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-07-23&rft.isbn=9781316351901&rft.aulast=Terpstra&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5OZBCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiefel2011" class="citation journal cs1">Stiefel, Barry (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fleobaeck%2Fybr006">"The Architectural Origins of the Great Early Modern Urban Synagogue"</a>. The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book. 56 (1): 105–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fleobaeck%2Fybr006">10.1093/leobaeck/ybr006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-8744">0075-8744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Leo+Baeck+Institute+Year+Book&rft.atitle=The+Architectural+Origins+of+the+Great+Early+Modern+Urban+Synagogue&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105-134&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fleobaeck%2Fybr006&rft.issn=0075-8744&rft.aulast=Stiefel&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fleobaeck%252Fybr006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMak2010" class="citation book cs1">Mak, Geert (30 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YFXrynNBj_0C&pg=PA108">Amsterdam: A brief life of the city</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.tiscali.nl/~t451501/ercadam/content/history.htm">the original</a> on 24 January 2005. Retrieved 22 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+Reformed+Church+Amsterdam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.tiscali.nl%2F~t451501%2Fercadam%2Fcontent%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/history-of-jews-in-amsterdam">"History of Jews in Amsterdam"</a>. Jewish Virtual Library. 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Retrieved 30 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sarphatihuis&rft.pub=Amsta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amsta.nl%2Flocaties%2Fdr-sarphatihuis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jlgsarphati-167"><a href="#cite_ref-jlgsarphati_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805203131/http://www.jlgrealestate.com/Samuel_Sarphati/Sarphatipark/">"Samuel Sarphati"</a> (in Dutch). JLG Real Estate. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jlgrealestate.com/Samuel_Sarphati/Sarphatipark/">the original</a> on 5 August 2009. 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Retrieved 10 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Van+Niftrik%27s+plan+at+the+Amsterdam+City+Archives&rft.pub=Stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstadsarchief.amsterdam.nl%2Fenglish%2Famsterdam_treasures%2Fmaps%2Fplan_van_niftrik%2Findex.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oudzuid-169"><a href="#cite_ref-oudzuid_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080113182449/http://www.bmz.amsterdam.nl/adam/nl/oudzuid/index.html">"Amsterdam Oud-Zuid"</a> (in Dutch). BMZ. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmz.amsterdam.nl/adam/nl/oudzuid/index.html">the original</a> on 13 January 2008. 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Retrieved 21 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amsterdamse+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmz.amsterdam.nl%2Fadam%2Fnl%2Faschool.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amsterdamsebos.amsterdam.nl/algemene_onderdelen/english_site">Amsterdamse Bos – English site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100519151059/http://www.amsterdamsebos.amsterdam.nl/algemene_onderdelen/english_site">Archived</a> 19 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Amsterdam" title="Government of Amsterdam">City of Amsterdam</a>. 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Retrieved 22 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amsterdam+%E2%80%93+Economische+Zaken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ez.amsterdam.nl%2Fpage.php%3Fmenu%3D24%26page%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eubusiness-182"><a href="#cite_ref-eubusiness_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080108130938/http://www.iamsterdam.com/press_room/press_releases_0/2007/european_cities">"European Cities Monitor 2007"</a> (in Dutch). I Amsterdam. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iamsterdam.com/press_room/press_releases_0/2007/european_cities">the original</a> on 8 January 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Cities+Monitor+2007&rft.pub=I+Amsterdam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iamsterdam.com%2Fpress_room%2Fpress_releases_0%2F2007%2Feuropean_cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zuidas-183"><a href="#cite_ref-zuidas_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zuidas.nl/smartsite.dws?id=1044&curindex=2">"Zuidas"</a> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224035945/http://www.zuidas.nl/smartsite.dws?id=1044&curindex=2">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zuidas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zuidas.nl%2Fsmartsite.dws%3Fid%3D1044%26curindex%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rembrandtoren-184"><a href="#cite_ref-rembrandtoren_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101225001215/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/bu/sk/li/?id=100759&bt=2&ht=2&sro=0">"Rembrandt Tower"</a>. Archived from the original on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rembrandt+Tower&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emporis.com%2Fen%2Fwm%2Fci%2Fbu%2Fsk%2Fli%2F%3Fid%3D100759%26bt%3D2%26ht%3D2%26sro%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-philips-185"><a href="#cite_ref-philips_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philips.nl/about/index.page">"Philips"</a> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527081538/http://www.philips.nl/about/index.page">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philips&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philips.nl%2Fabout%2Findex.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmsterdam" class="citation web cs1">Amsterdam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amsterdam.nl/en/policy/sustainability/circular-economy/">"Policy: Circular economy"</a>. English site. Retrieved 12 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+site&rft.atitle=Policy%3A+Circular+economy&rft.au=Amsterdam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amsterdam.nl%2Fen%2Fpolicy%2Fsustainability%2Fcircular-economy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nos.nl/artikel/2368308-amsterdam-na-brexit-ineens-beurshoofdstad-van-europa.html">"Amsterdam na Brexit ineens beurshoofdstad van Europa"</a> [Amsterdam after Brexit suddenly bourse capital of Europe] (in Dutch). 11 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amsterdam+na+Brexit+ineens+beurshoofdstad+van+Europa&rft.date=2021-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnos.nl%2Fartikel%2F2368308-amsterdam-na-brexit-ineens-beurshoofdstad-van-europa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ams2009-188"><a href="#cite_ref-ams2009_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501140135/http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/tabel/13871/">"Key Figures Amsterdam 2009: Tourism"</a>. City of Amsterdam Department for Research and Statistics. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.os.amsterdam.nl/tabel/13871/">the original</a> on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+Figures+Amsterdam+2009%3A+Tourism&rft.pub=City+of+Amsterdam+Department+for+Research+and+Statistics&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.os.amsterdam.nl%2Ftabel%2F13871%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maps_of_the_Netherlands-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Maps_of_the_Netherlands_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kaartnederland.net/images/cities/Amsterdam_tourisme_plattegrond.jpg">"Tourist Map Amsterdam"</a>. June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tourist+Map+Amsterdam&rft.date=2020-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkaartnederland.net%2Fimages%2Fcities%2FAmsterdam_tourisme_plattegrond.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dutch_Hotel_City_Index_2019-190"><a href="#cite_ref-Dutch_Hotel_City_Index_2019_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hospitalitynet.org/file/152008684.pdf">"Dutch Hotel City Index 2019"</a> (PDF). June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.hospitalitynet.org/file/152008684.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dutch+Hotel+City+Index+2019&rft.date=2019-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hospitalitynet.org%2Ffile%2F152008684.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TourismReport-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TourismReport_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TourismReport_191-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TourismReport_191-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedorova,_TMeijer,_R2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fedorova, T; Meijer, R (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2008_toerisme_in_amsterdam.pdf">"Toerisme in Amsterdam 2006/2007"</a> (PDF) (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528004444/http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2008_toerisme_in_amsterdam.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toerisme+in+Amsterdam+2006%2F2007&rft.date=2007-01&rft.au=Fedorova%2C+T&rft.au=Meijer%2C+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.os.amsterdam.nl%2Fpdf%2F2008_toerisme_in_amsterdam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolligan2023" class="citation news cs1">Holligan, Anna (29 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65107405">"Amsterdam launches stay away ad campaign targeting young British men"</a>. Retrieved 29 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Amsterdam+launches+stay+away+ad+campaign+targeting+young+British+men&rft.date=2023-03-29&rft.aulast=Holligan&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-65107405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoztas2023" class="citation news cs1">Boztas, Senay (25 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/25/amsterdam-public-weed-smoking-ban-begins">"'Potheads, go giggle elsewhere': public weed ban begins in Amsterdam"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 25 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Potheads%2C+go+giggle+elsewhere%27%3A+public+weed+ban+begins+in+Amsterdam&rft.date=2023-05-25&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Boztas&rft.aufirst=Senay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fmay%2F25%2Famsterdam-public-weed-smoking-ban-begins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=csX0f7AVM3gC&pg=PA705">Sex and Society</a>. Marshall Cavendish. 2010. pp. 705–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7908-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7908-6"><bdi>978-0-7614-7908-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+Society&rft.pages=705-&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7908-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcsX0f7AVM3gC%26pg%3DPA705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoof_cite-195"><a href="#cite_ref-hoof_cite_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dutchamsterdam.nl/2160-amsterdams-pc-hooftstraat-worlds-third-best-shopping-street">"PC Hooftstraat World's Third Nicest Shopping Street"</a>. dutchamsterdam. 18 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dutchamsterdam&rft.atitle=PC+Hooftstraat+World%27s+Third+Nicest+Shopping+Street&rft.date=2012-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dutchamsterdam.nl%2F2160-amsterdams-pc-hooftstraat-worlds-third-best-shopping-street&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2015" class="citation news cs1">Gregory, Alice (8 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/08/t-magazine/iris-van-herpen-designer-interview.html">"Iris van Herpen's Intelligent Design"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/08/t-magazine/iris-van-herpen-designer-interview.html">the original</a> on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Iris+van+Herpen%27s+Intelligent+Design&rft.date=2015-04-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F04%2F08%2Ft-magazine%2Firis-van-herpen-designer-interview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2010" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Sarah (7 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2010/jul/08/my-best-shot-inez-lamsweered-vinoodh-matadin">"Photographers Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin's best shot"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Photographers+Inez+van+Lamsweerde+and+Vinoodh+Matadin%27s+best+shot&rft.date=2010-07-07&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2010%2Fjul%2F08%2Fmy-best-shot-inez-lamsweered-vinoodh-matadin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinPollmann2010" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Robert; Pollmann, Judith (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d1DfcrqKI6sC&q=chamber+of+rhetoric+amsterdam+competitions&pg=PA56">Networks, Regions and Nations: Shaping Identities in the Low Countries, 1300–1650</a>. BRILL. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004180246" title="Special:BookSources/9789004180246"><bdi>9789004180246</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Networks%2C+Regions+and+Nations%3A+Shaping+Identities+in+the+Low+Countries%2C+1300%E2%80%931650&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789004180246&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Pollmann%2C+Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd1DfcrqKI6sC%26q%3Dchamber%2Bof%2Brhetoric%2Bamsterdam%2Bcompetitions%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidder-SymoensGoudriaanMoolenbroekTervoort2004" class="citation book cs1">Ridder-Symoens, Hilde De; Goudriaan, Koen; Moolenbroek, J. J. Van; Tervoort, Ad (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5as7lUR44UAC&q=chamber+of+rhetoric+amsterdam&pg=PA215">Education and learning in the Netherlands, 1400–1600 [electronic resource]: essays in honour of Hilde de Ridder-Symoens</a>. BRILL. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004136441" title="Special:BookSources/9789004136441"><bdi>9789004136441</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+and+learning+in+the+Netherlands%2C+1400%E2%80%931600+%5Belectronic+resource%5D%3A+essays+in+honour+of+Hilde+de+Ridder-Symoens&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789004136441&rft.aulast=Ridder-Symoens&rft.aufirst=Hilde+De&rft.au=Goudriaan%2C+Koen&rft.au=Moolenbroek%2C+J.+J.+Van&rft.au=Tervoort%2C+Ad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5as7lUR44UAC%26q%3Dchamber%2Bof%2Brhetoric%2Bamsterdam%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Schouwburg">"Schouwburg | theatre, Amsterdam, Netherlands"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 24 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Schouwburg+%7C+theatre%2C+Amsterdam%2C+Netherlands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSchouwburg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraineMackrell2010" class="citation book cs1">Craine, Debra; Mackrell, Judith (19 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=42g8Hp-xA48C&q=Schouwburg+ballet+performances+%221642%22&pg=PA321">The Oxford Dictionary of Dance</a>. OUP Oxford. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199563449" title="Special:BookSources/9780199563449"><bdi>9780199563449</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Dance&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2010-08-19&rft.isbn=9780199563449&rft.aulast=Craine&rft.aufirst=Debra&rft.au=Mackrell%2C+Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D42g8Hp-xA48C%26q%3DSchouwburg%2Bballet%2Bperformances%2B%25221642%2522%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloemendalKorsten2011" class="citation book cs1">Bloemendal, Jan; Korsten, Frans-Willem (25 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_mc0_nllkTEC&q=%22Schouwburg%22+%22ballet%22+%221642%22&pg=PA143">Joost Van Den Vondel (1587–1679): Dutch Playwright in the Golden Age</a>. BRILL. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004217539" title="Special:BookSources/9789004217539"><bdi>9789004217539</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joost+Van+Den+Vondel+%281587%E2%80%931679%29%3A+Dutch+Playwright+in+the+Golden+Age&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011-11-25&rft.isbn=9789004217539&rft.aulast=Bloemendal&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Korsten%2C+Frans-Willem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_mc0_nllkTEC%26q%3D%2522Schouwburg%2522%2B%2522ballet%2522%2B%25221642%2522%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroutHermine_Weigel_Williams2003" class="citation book cs1">Grout, Donald Jay; Hermine Weigel Williams (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l_b2vIXHsUkC&q=Amsterdam+opera&pg=PA541">A short history of opera</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 541. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11958-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11958-0"><bdi>978-0-231-11958-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+opera&rft.pages=541&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11958-0&rft.aulast=Grout&rft.aufirst=Donald+Jay&rft.au=Hermine+Weigel+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl_b2vIXHsUkC%26q%3DAmsterdam%2Bopera%26pg%3DPA541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEveleth" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rose_Eveleth" title="Rose Eveleth">Eveleth, Rose</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/was-beethovens-metronome-wrong-9140958/">"Was Beethoven's Metronome Wrong?"</a>. Smithsonian. Retrieved 24 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Was+Beethoven%27s+Metronome+Wrong%3F&rft.aulast=Eveleth&rft.aufirst=Rose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fwas-beethovens-metronome-wrong-9140958%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/organisation/history-of-the-rijksmuseum">"History of the Rijksmuseum – Organisation"</a>. Rijksmuseum. Retrieved 24 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rijksmuseum&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Rijksmuseum+%E2%80%93+Organisation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rijksmuseum.nl%2Fen%2Forganisation%2Fhistory-of-the-rijksmuseum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stedelijk.nl/en/news/queen-opens-the-stedelijk">"Queen Opens the Stedelijk"</a>. Stedelijk museum. Retrieved 24 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stedelijk+museum&rft.atitle=Queen+Opens+the+Stedelijk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stedelijk.nl%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fqueen-opens-the-stedelijk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCressman2016" class="citation book cs1">Cressman, Darryl (15 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2fS9CwAAQBAJ&q=Royal+Concertgebouw+Orchestra+1888&pg=PA137">Building musical culture in Nineteenth-century Amsterdam: the concertgebouw</a>. Amsterdam University Press. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789048528462" title="Special:BookSources/9789048528462"><bdi>9789048528462</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+musical+culture+in+Nineteenth-century+Amsterdam%3A+the+concertgebouw&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2016-03-15&rft.isbn=9789048528462&rft.aulast=Cressman&rft.aufirst=Darryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2fS9CwAAQBAJ%26q%3DRoyal%2BConcertgebouw%2BOrchestra%2B1888%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sbs6-208"><a href="#cite_ref-sbs6_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080524054324/http://www.sbs6.nl/web/show/id%3D78637/langid%3D43">"Contact SBS 6"</a> (in Dutch). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbs6.nl/web/show/id=78637/langid=43">the original</a> on 24 May 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contact+SBS+6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs6.nl%2Fweb%2Fshow%2Fid%3D78637%2Flangid%3D43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ijsbaan-209"><a href="#cite_ref-ijsbaan_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081226160156/http://evenementnieuws.nl/nieuws/3900/Feestelijke%2Bopening%2Bijsbaan%2BMuseumplein.html">"Feestelijke opening ijsbaan Museumplein"</a> (in Dutch). Evenementennieuws. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evenementnieuws.nl/nieuws/3900/Feestelijke+opening+ijsbaan+Museumplein.html">the original</a> on 26 December 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feestelijke+opening+ijsbaan+Museumplein&rft.pub=Evenementennieuws&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evenementnieuws.nl%2Fnieuws%2F3900%2FFeestelijke%2Bopening%2Bijsbaan%2BMuseumplein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-museumpleinfacelift-210"><a href="#cite_ref-museumpleinfacelift_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090807174714/http://www.topstad.amsterdam.nl/nieuws/museumplein_krijgt">"Museumplein krijgt facelift"</a> (in Dutch). Gemeente Amsterdam. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topstad.amsterdam.nl/nieuws/museumplein_krijgt">the original</a> on 7 August 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museumplein+krijgt+facelift&rft.pub=Gemeente+Amsterdam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topstad.amsterdam.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fmuseumplein_krijgt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/?lang=en">"Home Page"</a>. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081103074636/http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+Page&rft.pub=Rijksmuseum+Amsterdam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rijksmuseum.nl%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviewoncities.com/amsterdam/rijksmuseum.htm">"Rijksmuseum"</a>. Amsterdam. A view on cities. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917054130/http://www.aviewoncities.com/amsterdam/rijksmuseum.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amsterdam&rft.atitle=Rijksmuseum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviewoncities.com%2Famsterdam%2Frijksmuseum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/646065/attendance-at-the-rijksmuseum-in-the-netherlands/">"Total number of visitors of the Rijksmuseum in the Netherlands in 2014 to 2017 (in millions)"</a>. Statista. Retrieved 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Total+number+of+visitors+of+the+Rijksmuseum+in+the+Netherlands+in+2014+to+2017+%28in+millions%29&rft.pub=Statista&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F646065%2Fattendance-at-the-rijksmuseum-in-the-netherlands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vangogh3-214"><a href="#cite_ref-vangogh3_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://architectuur.org/rietveld02.php">"Architectuur Van Gogh Museum Amsterdam"</a> (in Dutch). Architectuur.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516145157/http://www.architectuur.org/rietveld02.php">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Architectuur+Van+Gogh+Museum+Amsterdam&rft.pub=Architectuur.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchitectuur.org%2Frietveld02.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513220627/http://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/vgm/index.jsp?page=213&lang=en&section=sectie_museum">"Van Gogh Museum – The Building"</a>. Van Gogh Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/vgm/index.jsp?page=213&lang=en&section=sectie_museum">the original</a> on 13 May 2013. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stadstat.osamsterdam.nl/programakkoord.pl?onderwerp=ov&cache_version=6">the original</a> on 22 August 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Safety+and+Nuissance&rft.atitle=Core+Numbers+in+Graphics%3A+Fewer+Bicycle+Thefts&rft.au=Research+and+Statistics+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstadstat.osamsterdam.nl%2Fprogramakkoord.pl%3Fonderwerp%3Dov%26cache_version%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amsterdamtips.com/tips/cycling-in-amsterdam.php">"Cycling in Amsterdam"</a>. amsterdamtips.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100917063831/http://amsterdamtips.com/tips/cycling-in-amsterdam.php">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cycling+in+Amsterdam&rft.pub=amsterdamtips.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amsterdamtips.com%2Ftips%2Fcycling-in-amsterdam.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTagliabue2013" class="citation news cs1">Tagliabue, John (20 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/21/world/europe/a-sea-of-bikes-swamps-amsterdam-a-city-fond-of-pedaling.html">"The Dutch Prize Their Pedal Power, but a Sea of Bikes Swamps Their Capital"</a>. The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/21/world/europe/a-sea-of-bikes-swamps-amsterdam-a-city-fond-of-pedaling.html">the original</a> on 1 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Dutch+Prize+Their+Pedal+Power%2C+but+a+Sea+of+Bikes+Swamps+Their+Capital&rft.date=2013-06-20&rft.aulast=Tagliabue&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F06%2F21%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fa-sea-of-bikes-swamps-amsterdam-a-city-fond-of-pedaling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hortus-258"><a href="#cite_ref-Hortus_258-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831051745/http://www.dehortus.nl/Index.asp">"Hortus Botanicus official website"</a>. 2009 de Hortus. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dehortus.nl/Index.asp">the original</a> on 31 August 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hortus+Botanicus+official+website&rft.pub=2009+de+Hortus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dehortus.nl%2FIndex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-he-259"><a href="#cite_ref-he_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amsterdam.info/universities/">"Higher Education in Amsterdam"</a>. Amsterdam.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704195020/http://www.amsterdam.info/universities/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2008. Retrieved 4 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Higher+Education+in+Amsterdam&rft.pub=Amsterdam.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amsterdam.info%2Funiversities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amsterdam.nl/onderwijs-jeugd/basisonderwijs/stedelijk/">"Stedelijk Toelatingsbeleid"</a> (in Dutch). Municipality of Amsterdam. 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stedelijk+Toelatingsbeleid&rft.pub=Municipality+of+Amsterdam&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amsterdam.nl%2Fonderwijs-jeugd%2Fbasisonderwijs%2Fstedelijk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Owens-261"><a href="#cite_ref-Owens_261-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwens2009" class="citation book cs1">Owens, Lynn (2009). Cracking the Movement: Narrating the Decline of the Amsterdam Squatters' Movement. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271034638" title="Special:BookSources/9780271034638"><bdi>9780271034638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cracking+the+Movement%3A+Narrating+the+Decline+of+the+Amsterdam+Squatters%27+Movement&rft.place=Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780271034638&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003061614/http://www.zapopan.gob.mx/soy-turista/relaciones-internacionales/">"Relaciones Internacionales"</a>. zapopan.gob.mx (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zapopan.gob.mx/soy-turista/relaciones-internacionales/">the original</a> on 3 October 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zapopan.gob.mx&rft.atitle=Relaciones+Internacionales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zapopan.gob.mx%2Fsoy-turista%2Frelaciones-internacionales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernsDaan1993" class="citation book cs1">Berns, Jan; Daan, Jo (1993). Hij zeit wat: de Amsterdamse volkstaal. The Hague: BZZTôH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9062917563" title="Special:BookSources/978-9062917563"><bdi>978-9062917563</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hij+zeit+wat%3A+de+Amsterdamse+volkstaal&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=BZZT%C3%B4H&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-9062917563&rft.aulast=Berns&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Daan%2C+Jo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrijhoffPrak2005" class="citation cs2">Frijhoff, Willem; Prak, Maarten (2005), Geschiedenis van Amsterdam. Zelfbewuste stadsstaat 1650–1813, Amsterdam: SUN, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9058751386" title="Special:BookSources/978-9058751386"><bdi>978-9058751386</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschiedenis+van+Amsterdam.+Zelfbewuste+stadsstaat+1650%E2%80%931813&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=SUN&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-9058751386&rft.aulast=Frijhoff&rft.aufirst=Willem&rft.au=Prak%2C+Maarten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMak1994" class="citation cs2">Mak, Geert (1994), Een kleine geschiedenis van Amsterdam, Amsterdam & Antwerp: Atlas, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9045019536" title="Special:BookSources/978-9045019536"><bdi>978-9045019536</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Een+kleine+geschiedenis+van+Amsterdam&rft.place=Amsterdam+%26+Antwerp&rft.pub=Atlas&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-9045019536&rft.aulast=Mak&rft.aufirst=Geert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Charles Caspers & Peter Jan Margry (2017), Het Mirakel van Amsterdam. Biografie van een betwiste devotie (Amsterdam, Prometheus).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNusteling1985" class="citation cs2">Nusteling, Hubert (1985), Welvaart en werkgelegenheid in Amsterdam 1540–1860. Een relaas over demografie, economie en sociale politiek van een wereldstad, Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9067070829" title="Special:BookSources/978-9067070829"><bdi>978-9067070829</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Welvaart+en+werkgelegenheid+in+Amsterdam+1540%E2%80%931860.+Een+relaas+over+demografie%2C+economie+en+sociale+politiek+van+een+wereldstad&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=De+Bataafsche+Leeuw&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-9067070829&rft.aulast=Nusteling&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamaer1921" class="citation cs2">Ramaer, J.C. (1921), "Middelpunten der bewoning in Nederland, voorheen en thans", TAG 2e Serie, vol. 38</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TAG+2e+Serie&rft.atitle=Middelpunten+der+bewoning+in+Nederland%2C+voorheen+en+thans&rft.volume=38&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Ramaer&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Dillen1929" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gerard_van_Dillen" title="Johannes Gerard van Dillen">Van Dillen</a>, J.G. (1929), Bronnen tot de geschiedenis van het bedrijfsleven en het gildewezen van Amsterdam, The Hague</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bronnen+tot+de+geschiedenis+van+het+bedrijfsleven+en+het+gildewezen+van+Amsterdam&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Van+Dillen&rft.aufirst=J.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_LeeuwenOeppen1993" class="citation cs2">Van Leeuwen, M.; Oeppen, J.E. (1993), "Reconstructing the Demographic Regime of Amsterdam 1681–1920", Economic and Social History in the Netherlands, vol. 5, pp. 61–102, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10622%2F09251669-1993-001">10622/09251669-1993-001</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Social+History+in+the+Netherlands&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+the+Demographic+Regime+of+Amsterdam+1681%E2%80%931920&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=61-102&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10622%2F09251669-1993-001&rft.aulast=Van+Leeuwen&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Oeppen%2C+J.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmsterdam" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Amsterdam" title="Bibliography of Amsterdam">Bibliography of Amsterdam</a></div> <ul><li>de Waard, M., ed. Imagining Global Amsterdam: History, Culture, and Geography in a World City. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press 2013.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789089643674" title="Special:BookSources/9789089643674">9789089643674</a></li> <li>Feddes, Fred. A Millennium of Amsterdam: Spatial History of a Marvelous City. Bussum: Thoth 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9068685954" title="Special:BookSources/978-9068685954">978-9068685954</a></li> <li>Jonker, Joost. Merchants, Bankers, Middlemen: The Amsterdam Money Market during the First Half of the Nineteenth Century. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789057420016" title="Special:BookSources/9789057420016">9789057420016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Shorto" title="Russell Shorto">Shorto, Russell</a>. Amsterdam: A History of the World's Most Liberal City. New York: Vintage Books 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307743756" title="Special:BookSources/9780307743756">9780307743756</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(19)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-19 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-19"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Amsterdam at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Amsterdam" class="extiw" title="wikt:Amsterdam">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" class="extiw" title="c:Amsterdam">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/category:Amsterdam" class="extiw" title="n:category:Amsterdam">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Amsterdam" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Amsterdam">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Amsterdam" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Amsterdam">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Amsterdam" class="extiw" title="voy:Amsterdam">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amsterdam.nl/">Amsterdam.nl</a> – Official government site (in Dutch)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iamsterdam.com/">I amsterdam</a> – Portal for international visitors</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.holland.com/global/Tourism/Cities-in-Holland/Amsterdam.htm">Tourist information about Amsterdam</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160211215332/http://www.holland.com/global/tourism/cities-in-holland/amsterdam.htm">Archived</a> 11 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) – website of the Netherlands</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Herning" title="Herning">Herning</a>, Denmark (1987)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/World_Gymnaestrada" title="World Gymnaestrada">World Gymnaestrada</a> host city 1991 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany (1995)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dornbirn" title="Dornbirn">Dornbirn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (2019)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/World_Gymnaestrada" title="World Gymnaestrada">World Gymnaestrada</a> host city 2023 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">TBA</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&oldid=1258564209">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&oldid=1258564209</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 20 November 2024, at 11:30 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%9D%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%9D" title="አምስተርዳም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አምስተርዳም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="أمستردام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أمستردام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A1%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%AA%DC%95%DC%90%DC%A1" title="ܐܡܣܛܪܕܐܡ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܡܣܛܪܕܐܡ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Ամսթերտամ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ամսթերտամ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amst%C3%A8rdame" title="Amstèrdame – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Amstèrdame" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81msterdam" title="Ámsterdam – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ámsterdam" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE" title="एम्सटर्डम – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="एम्सटर्डम" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="آمستردام – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آمستردام" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="আমস্টারডাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আমস্টারডাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстэрдам – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Амстэрдам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстэрдам – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Амстэрдам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE" title="एम्सटर्डम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एम्सटर्डम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨེམ་སི་ཊར་ཌམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨེམ་སི་ཊར་ཌམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="أمسطردام – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أمسطردام" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3%C3%ADgeed_%C5%81%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Tóígeed Łání – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tóígeed Łání" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC" title="Άμστερνταμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άμστερνταμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Амстердам ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Амстердам ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81msterdam" title="Ámsterdam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ámsterdam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdamo" title="Amsterdamo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amsterdamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81msterdam" title="Ámsterdam – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ámsterdam" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="آمستردام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمستردام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstardam" title="Amstardam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Amstardam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81msterdam" title="Ámsterdam – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ámsterdam" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="آمستردام – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آمستردام" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BC" title="𐌰𐌼𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌼 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌼𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌼" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%8B%B4" title="암스테르담 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="암스테르담" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Ամստերդամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամստերդամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE" title="ऐम्स्टर्डैम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऐम्स्टर्डैम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Amsterdami" title="I-Amsterdami – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-Amsterdami" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9D" title="אמסטרדם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמסטרדם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amst%C9%9Br%C9%A9dam" title="Amstɛrɩdam – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Amstɛrɩdam" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಂಸ್ಟರ್ಡ್ಯಾಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಂಸ್ಟರ್ಡ್ಯಾಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ამსტერდამი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამსტერდამი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amst%C3%A8dam" title="Amstèdam – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Amstèdam" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B3%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B3" title="ອຳສະເຕີດຳ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອຳສະເຕີດຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstelodamum" title="Amstelodamum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Amstelodamum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdama" title="Amsterdama – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Amsterdama" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdamas" title="Amsterdamas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Amsterdamas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdamu" title="Amsterdamu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Amsterdamu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amszterdam" title="Amszterdam – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amszterdam" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82" title="ആംസ്റ്റർഡാം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആംസ്റ്റർഡാം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaterama" title="Amaterama – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Amaterama" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AE" title="ॲम्स्टरडॅम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ॲम्स्टरडॅम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ამსტერდამი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ამსტერდამი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="امستردام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امستردام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="آمستردام – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آمستردام" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%92%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="အမ်စတာဒမ်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အမ်စတာဒမ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE" title="आम्स्टर्डम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आम्स्टर्डम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="एम्स्तरद्याम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एम्स्तरद्याम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%A0" title="アムステルダム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アムステルダム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE" title="ଆମଷ୍ଟରଡ଼୍ୟାମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆମଷ୍ଟରଡ଼୍ୟାମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%AE" title="ਅਮਸਤੱਰਦਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਮਸਤੱਰਦਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ایمسٹرڈیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایمسٹرڈیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%BC%D8%B1%DA%89%D8%A7%D9%85" title="امسټرډام – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="امسټرډام" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80msterdam" title="Àmsterdam – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Àmsterdam" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesterd%C3%A3o" title="Amesterdão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amesterdão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱟᱢᱥᱴᱚᱨᱰᱮᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱢᱥᱴᱚᱨᱰᱮᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdami" title="Amsterdami – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Amsterdami" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%88%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="ඈම්ස්ටර්ඩෑම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඈම්ස්ටර්ඩෑම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%BD%D8%B1%DA%8A%D9%8A%D9%85" title="ايمسٽرڊيم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايمسٽرڊيم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%94%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8A" title="Амстєрдамъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Амстєрдамъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amistardam" title="Amistardam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Amistardam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ئەمستەردام – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەمستەردام" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damsko" title="Damsko – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Damsko" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆம்ஸ்டர்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆம்ஸ்டர்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstir%E1%B8%8Dam" title="Amstirḍam – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Amstirḍam" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆమ్‌స్టర్‌డ్యామ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆమ్‌స్టర్‌డ్యామ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1" title="อัมสเตอร์ดัม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัมสเตอร์ดัม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A3%E1%88%9D%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%9D" title="ኣምስተርዳም – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኣምስተርዳም" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAmisetami" title="ʻAmisetami – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻAmisetami" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амстердам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Амстердам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ایمسٹرڈیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایمسٹرڈیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ئامستېردام – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئامستېردام" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misterdam" title="Misterdam – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Misterdam" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%B9" title="阿姆斯特丹 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="阿姆斯特丹" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%B9" title="阿姆斯特丹 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿姆斯特丹" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9D" title="אמסטערדאם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אמסטערדאם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%B9" title="阿姆斯特丹 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿姆斯特丹" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdams" title="Amsterdams – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Amsterdams" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%B9" title="阿姆斯特丹 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿姆斯特丹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsteredam" title="Amsteredam – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Amsteredam" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Amsterdam" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 11:30 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ng8f6","wgBackendResponseTime":288,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_fe2b384942d134638b8d4355add02faa2af39c28":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q727","properties":{"title":"Amsterdam","fill-opacity":0.5,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":3,"fill":"#606060"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoline?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q727","properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Amsterdam"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.404","walltime":"5.209","ppvisitednodes":{"value":52841,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1046477,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":103849,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":55,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1039133,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 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[\"CITEREFBritt_Slegers2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraineMackrell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCressman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDutch_Wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngeliMatzerath1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsser2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEveleth\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFedorova,_TMeijer,_R2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFloudHumphriesJohnson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrijhoffPrak2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGawronski2017\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFGregory2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroutHermine_Weigel_Williams2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolligan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHood2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsrael1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJongVoordt2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKessel2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkfleet1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoops2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKranendonkKluivingTroelstra2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLebovic\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLiedtkeVermeerPlompRüger2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaeyer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMak1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMak1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMak2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaria_Smith2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaslen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulderPaterFortuijn2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMusterdOstendorf2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNusteling1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwens2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaping2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoort2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope_Pius_IX1853\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrak2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamaer1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFResearch_and_Statistics_Division\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidder-SymoensGoudriaanMoolenbroekTervoort2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoach2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSako_Musterd2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinPollmann2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStiefel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStiefel2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwamy2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTagliabue2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaverne1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerpstra2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerpstra2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTzaninisBoterman2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUK\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Dillen1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_LeeuwenOeppen1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarshawsky2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFawesomeamsterdam2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Gent2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_Wouden2016\"] = 1,\n [\"Red_light_district\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"1928 Summer Olympic venues\"] = 1,\n [\"Amsterdam\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Capital cities of the European Union\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 4,\n [\"Center\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 9,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite tech report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 167,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Crossreference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 15,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Dutch capital cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Dutch municipality population\"] = 1,\n [\"Dutch municipality population density\"] = 1,\n [\"Dutch municipality population urbanmetro\"] = 1,\n [\"Dutch municipality total area\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Em dash\"] = 4,\n [\"En dash\"] = 1,\n [\"European Capital of Culture\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 16,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Geographic location\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 5,\n [\"Hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 8,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox mapframe\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 16,\n [\"List of European capitals by region\"] = 1,\n [\"Lit\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 14,\n [\"Mdash\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiple images\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Neighborhoods of Amsterdam\"] = 1,\n [\"North Holland Province\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] 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