Ruthenium: The mineralogy of Ruthenium

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var hpicdesc = new Array(); var hpicid = new Array(); var hpicnt = 0; hpicarr.push("04368610014453773325787.jpg"); hpicdesc.push("Pure ruthenium bar"); hpicid.push("712274");hpicarr.push("00670880014446851362118.jpg"); hpicdesc.push("Pure etched ruthenium"); hpicid.push("710695");hpicarr.push("06809130014446852112661.jpg"); hpicdesc.push("Ruthenium crystal"); hpicid.push("710696");hpicarr.push("00358470014453774383825.jpg"); hpicdesc.push("Gas phase grown crystals of ruthenium metal"); hpicid.push("712275");hpicarr.push("07305300014453775029607.jpg"); hpicdesc.push("Tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride."); hpicid.push("712276"); function hpnext() { $("#elepic_"+hpicnt).fadeOut(400); hpicnt++; if(hpicnt==5) hpicnt=0; $("#elepic_"+hpicnt).fadeIn(400); $("#elephotodesc").html(hpicdesc[hpicnt]); $("#elephotoblock a").attr('href','/photo-'+hpicid[hpicnt]+'.html'); } function hpprev() { $("#elepic_"+hpicnt).fadeOut(400); hpicnt--; if(hpicnt<0) hpicnt=4; $("#elepic_"+hpicnt).fadeIn(400); $("#elephotodesc").html(hpicdesc[hpicnt]); $("#elephotoblock a").attr('href','/photo-'+hpicid[hpicnt]+'.html'); } </script><table class="mindattable ele50"><tr><th class="eleh2" colspan="3">Photos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><div id="elephotoblock"><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/photo-712274.html"><img id="elepic_0" style="display: block;" src="/web/20161015160324im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/element_head_04368610014453773325787.jpg" alt=""/><img id="elepic_1" src="/web/20161015160324im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/element_head_00670880014446851362118.jpg" alt=""/><img id="elepic_2" src="/web/20161015160324im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/element_head_06809130014446852112661.jpg" alt=""/><img id="elepic_3" src="/web/20161015160324im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/element_head_00358470014453774383825.jpg" alt=""/><img id="elepic_4" src="/web/20161015160324im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/element_head_07305300014453775029607.jpg" alt=""/></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="hpicbutton"><span onclick="hpprev();"><</td><td><div id="elephotodesc">Pure ruthenium bar</div></td><td class="hpicbutton"><span onclick="hpnext();">></span></td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50 th2"><tr><th colspan="2" class="eleh2">Atomic Properties</th></tr><tr><th>Electronegativity (Pauling scale):</th><td>2.2</td></tr><tr><th>Atomic Radius:</th><td>178 pm</td></tr><tr><th>Ionic Radius:</th><td>68 pm (+3)</td></tr><tr><th>1st Ionization energy:</th><td>710 kJ/mol</td></tr><tr><th>1st Electron affinity:</th><td>-101 kJ/mol</td></tr><tr><th>Oxidation States:</th><td>-2,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8</td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50 th2"><tr><th colspan="2" class="eleh2">Physical Properties</th></tr><tr><th>Standard State:</th><td>solid</td></tr><tr><th>Bonding Type:</th><td>metallic</td></tr><tr><th>Melting Point:</th><td>2607 K</td></tr><tr><th>Boiling Point:</th><td>4423 K</td></tr><tr><th>Density:</th><td>12.37 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><th>Metal/Non-Metal:</th><td>transition metal</td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50"><tr><th class="eleh2" colspan="5">Main isotopes of Ruthenium</th></tr><tr><th>Isotope</th><th>% in Nature</th><th>Half Life</th><th>Decay type</th><th>Decay product</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="1"><sup>96</sup>Ru</td><td rowspan="1">5.52%</td><td rowspan="1">>6.7x10<sup>16</sup>y</td><td><i>β+β+</i> ?</td><td><sup>96</sup><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Molybdenum">Mo</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1"><sup>97</sup>Ru</td><td rowspan="1">synthetic</td><td rowspan="1">2.9d</td><td>ε</td><td><sup>97</sup><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Technetium">Tc</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1"><sup>98</sup>Ru</td><td rowspan="1">1.88%</td><td rowspan="1">-</td><td><i>Spontaneous fission</i> ?</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1"><sup>99</sup>Ru</td><td rowspan="1">12.7%</td><td rowspan="1">-</td><td><i>Spontaneous fission</i> ?</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1"><sup>100</sup>Ru</td><td rowspan="1">12.6%</td><td rowspan="1">-</td><td><i>Spontaneous fission</i> ?</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1"><sup>101</sup>Ru</td><td rowspan="1">17%</td><td rowspan="1">-</td><td><i>Spontaneous fission</i> ?</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1"><sup>102</sup>Ru</td><td rowspan="1">31.6%</td><td rowspan="1">-</td><td><i>Spontaneous fission</i> ?</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1"><sup>103</sup>Ru</td><td rowspan="1">synthetic</td><td rowspan="1">39.26d</td><td>β−</td><td><sup>103</sup><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Rhodium">Rh</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1"><sup>104</sup>Ru</td><td rowspan="1">18.7%</td><td rowspan="1">-</td><td><i>β-β-</i> ?</td><td><sup>104</sup><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Palladium">Pd</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1"><sup>105</sup>Ru</td><td rowspan="1">synthetic</td><td rowspan="1">373.59d</td><td>β−</td><td><sup>106</sup><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Rhodium">Rh</a></td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50"><tr><th class="eleh2" colspan="5">Main ions of Ruthenium</th></tr><tr><th>Name</th><th>Ion</th><th>Example minerals</th></tr><tr><td>ruthenium(IV)</td><td><span class="newformula">Ru<sub class="newformsub newformabs"></sub><sup class="newformsup">4+</sup></span></td><td></td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50 th2"><tr><th colspan="2" class="eleh2">Other Information</th></tr><tr><th>Year Discovered:</th><td>1844</td></tr><tr><th>Discovered By:</th><td><div class="userbigpicture " style="margin: auto; width: 245px;"><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/photo-712277.html"><img width="245" src="/web/20161015160324im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/245-04380740014453776083612.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b>Karl Ernst Claus</b></div></div></td></tr><tr><th>Year Isolated:</th><td>1844</td></tr><tr><th>Isolated By:</th><td>Karl Ernst Claus</td></tr><tr><th>Named For:</th><td><div class="userbigpicture " style="margin: auto; width: 245px;"><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/photo-712278.html"><img width="245" src="/web/20161015160324im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/245-04688170014453777216623.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b>after Ruthenia (Latin for: medieval Kyivska Rus' region)</b></div></div></td></tr><tr><th>External Links:</th><td><a target="_blank" style="display: block" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/click.php?enc=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvUnV0aGVuaXVt">Wikipedia</a><a target="_blank" style="display: block" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/click.php?enc=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cud2ViZWxlbWVudHMuY29tL3J1dGhlbml1bS8%3D">WebElements</a><a target="_blank" style="display: block" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/click.php?enc=aHR0cDovL3BlcmlvZGljLmxhbmwuZ292LzQ0LnNodG1s">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a><a target="_blank" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/click.php?enc=aHR0cDovL3d3dy5wZXJpb2RpY3RhYmxlLmNvbS9FbGVtZW50cy8wNDQvaW5kZXguaHRtbA%3D%3D">Theodore Gray's PeriodicTable.com</a></td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50" id="elementabundance"><tr> <th colspan="5" class="eleh2">Simple Compounds and Mineral Names</th></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="1">Sulfides</th><td>ruthenium disulphide</td><td><span>RuS<sub>2</sub></span></td><td>+4</td><td><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/min-2344.html">Laurite</a></td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="1">Selenides</th><td>ruthenium diselenide</td><td><span>RuSe<sub>2</sub></span></td><td>+4</td><td></td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="1">Tellurides</th><td>ruthenium ditelluride</td><td><span>RuTe<sub>2</sub></span></td><td>+4</td><td></td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="4">Fluorides</th><td>ruthenium trifluoride</td><td><span>RuF<sub>3</sub></span></td><td>+3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ruthenium hexafluoride</td><td><span>RuF<sub>6</sub></span></td><td>+6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ruthenium tetrafluoride</td><td><span>RuF<sub>4</sub></span></td><td>+4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>tetraruthenium_eicosafluoride</td><td><span>[RuF<sub>5</sub>]<sub>4</sub></span></td><td>+5</td><td></td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="2">Chlorides</th><td>ruthenium dichloride</td><td><span>RuCl<sub>2</sub></span></td><td>+2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ruthenium trichloride</td><td><span>RuCl<sub>3</sub></span></td><td>+3</td><td></td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="1">Bromides</th><td>ruthenium tribromide</td><td><span>RuBr<sub>3</sub></span></td><td>+3</td><td></td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="2">Iodides</th><td>ruthenium diiodide</td><td><span>RuI<sub>2</sub></span></td><td>+2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ruthenium triiodide</td><td><span>RuI<sub>3</sub></span></td><td>+3</td><td></td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="2">Oxides</th><td>ruthenium dioxide</td><td><span>RuO<sub>2</sub></span></td><td>+4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ruthenium tetraoxide</td><td><span>RuO<sub>4</sub></span></td><td>+8</td><td></td></tr><table class="mindattable ele50 th2"><tr><th colspan="2" class="eleh2">Mineral Diversity of Ruthenium</th><tr><tr><th>1. Elements </th><td><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Ru%2C&exc=&ima=0&essential=0&class=1&sub=Search+for+Minerals">1 valid mineral species</a></td></tr><tr><th>2. Sulfides And Sulfosalts </th><td><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Ru%2C&exc=&ima=0&essential=0&class=2&sub=Search+for+Minerals">4 valid mineral species</a></td></tr><tr><th>Total:</th><td><b><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Ru%2C&exc=&ima=0&essential=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals">5 valid species containing essential Ruthenium</a></b></td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50"><tr><th colspan="2" class="eleh2">Geochemistry of Ruthenium</th></tr><tr><th>Goldschmidt classification:</th><td>Siderophile</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><span>Ru<sup>3+</sup></span> is enriched in Ca-Al-rich inclusions in meteorites relative to the composition of the solar system.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><span>Ru<sup>4+</sup></span> is enriched in Ca-Al-rich inclusions in meteorites relative to the composition of the solar system.</td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50" id="elementabundance"><tr><th colspan="3" class="eleh2">Elemental Abundance for Ruthenium</th></tr><tr><th>Crust (CRC Handbook)</th><td>1 x 10<sup>-9</sup></td><td>mass fraction, kg/kg</td></tr><tr><th>Crust (Greenwood)</th><td>1 x 10<sup>-10</sup></td><td>mass fraction, kg/kg</td></tr><tr><th>Sea Water (CRC Handbook)</th><td>7 x 10<sup>-13</sup></td><td>mass per volume fraction, kg/L</td></tr><tr><th>The Sun (Kaye & Laby)</th><td>1.9 x 10<sup>-6</sup></td><td>atom mole fraction relative to Si=1</td></tr><tr><th>Solar System (Kaye & Laby)</th><td>1.9 x 10<sup>-6</sup></td><td>atom mole fraction relative to Si=1</td></tr><tr><th>Solar System (Ahrens)</th><td>1.86 x 10<sup>-6 </sup> (5.4%)</td><td>atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 (% uncertainty)</td></tr></table><script src="/web/20161015160324js_/http://www.mindat.org/js/sorttable.js"></script><div class="nosplitme"><table class="mindattable ele50 th2"><tr><th colspan="4" class="eleh2">Element association of Ruthenium in the Mineral World</th><tr><tr><td colspan="4">This table compares the known valid mineral species listed listed with Ruthenium and the other elements listed based on the official IMA formula. <b>Note that unlike other sections on this page this includes non-essential elements.</b><br><br>The first data column contains the total number of minerals listed with Ruthenium and the element listed for that row.<br><br>The second data column lists this number as a percentage of all minerals listed with Ruthenium. <br><br>The final data column compares this percentage against the percentage of all minerals that contain the element listed in each row.<br><br><b>Click on a heading to sort.</b></td></tr></table><table style="margin-top: -5px;" class="mindattable ele50 th2 sortable"><tr><th>Element</th><th class="sorttable_numeric">Valid Minerals listed with element and Ruthenium</th><th class="sorttable_numeric">% of Ru minerals</th><th class="sorttable_numeric">Relative to % in all minerals</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Osmium">Osmium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Os%2CRu%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="8">8 minerals with Ru and Os</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffe562" sorttable_customkey="61.5384615385">61.54%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="356649">35,564.96% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Iridium">Iridium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Ir%2CRu%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="8">8 minerals with Ru and Ir</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffe562" sorttable_customkey="61.5384615385">61.54%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="128393">12,739.38% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Arsenic">Arsenic</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=As%2CRu%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="6">6 minerals with Ru and As</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffeb89" sorttable_customkey="46.1538461538">46.15%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="3920">292.08% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Sulfur">Sulfur</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=S%2CRu%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="4">4 minerals with Ru and S</a></td><td style="background-color: #fff2b1" sorttable_customkey="30.7692307692">30.77%</td><td style="background-color: #caffca" sorttable_customkey="1524">52.41% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Iron">Iron</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Fe%2CRu%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="2">2 minerals with Ru and Fe</a></td><td style="background-color: #fff8d8" sorttable_customkey="15.3846153846">15.38%</td><td style="background-color: #ffdcdc" sorttable_customkey="652">34.76% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Platinum">Platinum</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Pt%2CRu%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Ru and Pt</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffceb" sorttable_customkey="7.69230769231">7.69%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="8722">772.24% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Mo%2CRu%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Ru and Mo</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffceb" sorttable_customkey="7.69230769231">7.69%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="6471">547.15% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Nickel">Nickel</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Ni%2CRu%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Ru and Ni</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffceb" sorttable_customkey="7.69230769231">7.69%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="2292">129.27% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Rhodium">Rhodium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Rh%2CRu%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Ru and Rh</a></td><td style="background-color: #fffceb" sorttable_customkey="7.69230769231">7.69%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="21117">2,011.74% higher</td></tr></tr></table></div><table class="mindattable ele50"><tr><th class="eleh2">Periodic Table</th></tr><tr><td><div id="chemtdesc"></div> <table class="chemtablesmall"> <tr> <td rowspan="11"></td> <td class="elem"><a name="H" title="Hydrogen" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Hydrogen">1<b>H</b></a></td> <td colspan="16"></td> <td class="elem"><a name="He" title="Helium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Helium">2<b>He</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="elem"><a name="Li" title="Lithium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lithium">3<b>Li</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Be" title="Beryllium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Beryllium">4<b>Be</b></a></td> <td></td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="2"> <input checked name="hideshow" id="hideshow" type="checkbox"/><label for="hideshow">Show/hide current element</label> </td> <td class="elem"><a name="B" title="Boron" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Boron">5<b>B</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="C" title="Carbon" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Carbon">6<b>C</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="N" title="Nitrogen" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Nitrogen">7<b>N</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="O" title="Oxygen" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Oxygen">8<b>O</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="F" title="Fluorine" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Fluorine">9<b>F</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ne" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Neon" title="Neon">10<b>Ne</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="elem"><a name="Na" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Sodium" title="Sodium">11<b>Na</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Mg" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">12<b>Mg</b></a></td> <td></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Al" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">13<b>Al</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Si" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Silicon" title="Silicon">14<b>Si</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="P" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">15<b>P</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="S" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">16<b>S</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cl" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">17<b>Cl</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ar" title="Argon" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Argon">18<b>Ar</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="elem"><a name="K" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Potassium" title="Potassium">19<b>K</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ca" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Calcium" title="Calcium">20<b>Ca</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Sc" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Scandium" title="Scandium">21<b>Sc</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ti" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Titanium" title="Titanium">22<b>Ti</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="V" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">23<b>V</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cr" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Chromium" title="Chromium">24<b>Cr</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Mn" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Manganese" title="Manganese">25<b>Mn</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Fe" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Iron" title="Iron">26<b>Fe</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Co" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">27<b>Co</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ni" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Nickel" title="Nickel">28<b>Ni</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cu" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Copper" title="Copper">29<b>Cu</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Zn" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Zinc" title="Zinc">30<b>Zn</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ga" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Gallium" title="Gallium">31<b>Ga</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ge" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Germanium" title="Germanium">32<b>Ge</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="As" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">33<b>As</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Se" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Selenium" title="Selenium">34<b>Se</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Br" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Bromine" title="Bromine">35<b>Br</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Kr" title="Krypton" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Krypton">36<b>Kr</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="elem"><a name="Rb" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">37<b>Rb</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Sr" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Strontium" title="Strontium">38<b>Sr</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Y" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">39<b>Y</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Zr" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">40<b>Zr</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Nb" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Niobium" title="Niobium">41<b>Nb</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Mo" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">42<b>Mo</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Tc" title="Technetium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Technetium">43<b>Tc</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ru" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">44<b>Ru</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Rh" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">45<b>Rh</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pd" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Palladium" title="Palladium">46<b>Pd</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ag" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Silver" title="Silver">47<b>Ag</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cd" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">48<b>Cd</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="In" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Indium" title="Indium">49<b>In</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Sn" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Tin" title="Tin">50<b>Sn</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Sb" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Antimony" title="Antimony">51<b>Sb</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Te" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">52<b>Te</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="I" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Iodine" title="Iodine">53<b>I</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Xe" title="Xenon" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Xenon">54<b>Xe</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="elem"><a name="Cs" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Caesium" title="Caesium">55<b>Cs</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ba" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Barium" title="Barium">56<b>Ba</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="La" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">57<b>La</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Hf" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">72<b>Hf</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ta" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">73<b>Ta</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="W" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">74<b>W</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Re" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">75<b>Re</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Os" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Osmium" title="Osmium">76<b>Os</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ir" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Iridium" title="Iridium">77<b>Ir</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pt" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Platinum" title="Platinum">78<b>Pt</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Au" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Gold" title="Gold">79<b>Au</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Hg" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Mercury" title="Mercury">80<b>Hg</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Tl" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Thallium" title="Thallium">81<b>Tl</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pb" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lead" title="Lead">82<b>Pb</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Bi" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">83<b>Bi</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Po" title="Polonium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Polonium">84<b>Po</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="At" title="Astatine" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Astatine">85<b>At</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Rn" title="Radon" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Radon">86<b>Rn</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="elem"><a name="Fr" title="Francium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Francium">87<b>Fr</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ra" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Radium" title="Radium">88<b>Ra</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ac" title="Actinium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Actinium">89<b>Ac</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Rf" title="Rutherfordium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Rutherfordium">104<b>Rd</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Db" title="Dubnium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Dubnium">105<b>Db</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Sg" title="Seaborgium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Seaborgium">106<b>Sg</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Bh" title="Bohrium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Bohrium">107<b>Bh</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Hs" title="Hassium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Hassium">108<b>Hs</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Mt" title="Meitnerium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Meitnerium">109<b>Mt</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ds" title="Darmstadtium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Darmstadtium">110<b>Ds</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Rg" title="Roentgenium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Roentgenium">111<b>Rg</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cn" title="Copernicium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Copernicium">112<b>Cn</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Uut" title="Ununtrium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ununtrium">113<b>Uut</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Fl" title="Flerovium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Flerovium">114<b>Fl</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Uup" title="Ununpentium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ununpentium">115<b>Uup</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Lv" title="Livermorium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Livermorium">116<b>Lv</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Uus" title="Ununseptium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ununseptium">117<b>Uus</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Uuo" title="Ununoctium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ununoctium">118<b>Uuo</b></a></td> </tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2"></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ce" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Cerium" title="Cerium">58<b>Ce</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pr" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">59<b>Pr</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Nd" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">60<b>Nd</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pm" title="Promethium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Promethium">61<b>Pm</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Sm" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Samarium" title="Samarium">62<b>Sm</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Eu" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Europium" title="Europium">63<b>Eu</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Gd" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">64<b>Gd</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Tb" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Terbium" title="Terbium">65<b>Tb</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Dy" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">66<b>Dy</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ho" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Holmium" title="Holmium">67<b>Ho</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Er" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Erbium" title="Erbium">68<b>Er</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Tm" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Thulium" title="Thulium">69<b>Tm</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Yb" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">70<b>Yb</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Lu" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">71<b>Lu</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Th" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Thorium" title="Thorium">90<b>Th</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pa" title="Protactinium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Protactinium">91<b>Pa</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="U" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Uranium" title="Uranium">92<b>U</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Np" title="Neptunium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Neptunium">93<b>Np</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pu" title="Plutonium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Plutonium">94<b>Pu</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Am" title="Americium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Americium">95<b>Am</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cm" title="Curium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Curium">96<b>Cm</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Bk" title="Berkelium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Berkelium">97<b>Bk</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cf" title="Californium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Californium">98<b>Cf</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Es" title="Einsteinium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Einsteinium">99<b>Es</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Fm" title="Fermium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Fermium">100<b>Fm</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Md" title="Mendelevium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Mendelevium">101<b>Md</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="No" title="Nobelium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Nobelium">102<b>No</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Lr" title="Lawrencium" href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lawrencium">103<b>Lr</b></a></td> </tr> </table> <script> var permode = "Default"; var peropts = { "Default": { "key": { "Listed in minerals": "#fcfcfc", "Not listed": "#ccc" }, "desc": [ "<h2>Periodic Table<\/h2>Click on any element to navigate to the page on that element. Click on a button below the table to view other data mapped to this table view. This view simply shows all elements that are listed in a mineral formula in mindat.org. 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", "default": "#FAF8D9", "H": "#BFD6EF", "C": "#BFD6EF", "N": "#BFD6EF", "O": "#BFD6EF", "P": "#BFD6EF", "S": "#BFD6EF", "Se": "#BFD6EF", "Li": "#F6A9BF", "Na": "#F6A9BF", "K": "#F6A9BF", "Rb": "#F6A9BF", "Cs": "#F6A9BF", "Fr": "#F6A9BF", "Be": "#FFDCA9", "Mg": "#FFDCA9", "Ca": "#FFDCA9", "Sr": "#FFDCA9", "Ba": "#FFDCA9", "Ra": "#FFDCA9", "Al": "#D4EBD8", "Ga": "#D4EBD8", "In": "#D4EBD8", "Sn": "#D4EBD8", "Tl": "#D4EBD8", "Pb": "#D4EBD8", "Bi": "#D4EBD8", "Uut": "#D4EBD8", "Fl": "#D4EBD8", "Uup": "#D4EBD8", "Lv": "#D4EBD8", "B": "#93D9F5", "Si": "#93D9F5", "Ge": "#93D9F5", "As": "#93D9F5", "Sb": "#93D9F5", "Te": "#93D9F5", "Po": "#93D9F5", "F": "#E0E0F0", "Cl": "#E0E0F0", "Br": "#E0E0F0", "I": "#E0E0F0", "At": "#E0E0F0", "Uus": "#E0E0F0", "He": "#E1CFE5", "Ne": "#E1CFE5", "Ar": "#E1CFE5", "Kr": "#E1CFE5", "Xe": "#E1CFE5", "Rn": "#E1CFE5", "Uuo": "#E1CFE5", "La": "#E7DAD4", "Ce": "#E7DAD4", "Pr": "#E7DAD4", "Nd": "#E7DAD4", "Pm": "#E7DAD4", "Sm": "#E7DAD4", "Eu": "#E7DAD4", "Gd": "#E7DAD4", "Tb": "#E7DAD4", "Dy": "#E7DAD4", "Ho": "#E7DAD4", "Er": "#E7DAD4", "Tm": "#E7DAD4", "Yb": "#E7DAD4", "Lu": "#E7DAD4", "Ac": "#F4DCD4", "Th": "#F4DCD4", "Pa": "#F4DCD4", "U": "#F4DCD4", "Np": "#F4DCD4", "Pu": "#F4DCD4", "Am": "#F4DCD4", "Cm": "#F4DCD4", "Bk": "#F4DCD4", "Cf": "#F4DCD4", "Es": "#F4DCD4", "Fm": "#F4DCD4", "Md": "#F4DCD4", "No": "#F4DCD4", "Lr": "#F4DCD4" }, "CPK": { "key": [], "desc": "<h2>CPK Coloring<\/h2>A popular colour convention for distinguishing atoms of the different elements in molecular models. Named after the original system derived by Robert Corey and Linus Pauling from Caltech, later improved by Walter Koltun.", "default": "#fcfcfc", "H": "#FFFFFF", "He": "#D9FFFF", "Li": "#CC80FF", "Be": "#C2FF00", "B": "#FFB5B5", "C": "#909090", "N": "#3050F8", "O": "#FF0D0D", "F": "#1FF01F", "Ne": "#B3E3F5", "Na": "#AB5CF2", "Mg": "#8AFF00", "Al": "#BFA6A6", "Si": "#F0C8A0", "P": "#FF8000", "S": "#FFFF30", "Cl": "#1FF01F", "Ar": "#80D1E3", "K": "#8F40D4", "Ca": "#3DFF00", "Sc": "#E6E6E6", "Ti": "#BFC2C7", "V": "#A6A6AB", "Cr": "#8A99C7", "Mn": "#9C7AC7", "Fe": "#E06633", "Co": "#F090A0", "Ni": "#50D050", "Cu": "#C88033", "Zn": "#7D80B0", "Ga": "#C28F8F", "Ge": "#668F8F", "As": "#BD80E3", "Se": "#FFA100", "Br": "#A62929", "Kr": "#5CB8D1", "Rb": "#702EB0", "Sr": "#00FF00", "Y": "#94FFFF", "Zr": "#94E0E0", "Nb": "#73C2C9", "Mo": "#54B5B5", "Tc": "#3B9E9E", "Ru": "#248F8F", "Rh": "#0A7D8C", "Pd": "#006985", "Ag": "#C0C0C0", "Cd": "#FFD98F", "In": "#A67573", "Sn": "#668080", "Sb": "#9E63B5", "Te": "#D47A00", "I": "#940094", "Xe": "#429EB0", "Cs": "#57178F", "Ba": "#00C900", "La": "#70D4FF", "Ce": "#FFFFC7", "Pr": "#D9FFC7", "Nd": "#C7FFC7", "Pm": "#A3FFC7", "Sm": "#8FFFC7", "Eu": "#61FFC7", "Gd": "#45FFC7", "Tb": "#30FFC7", "Dy": "#1FFFC7", "Ho": "#00FF9C", "Er": "#006E75", "Tm": "#00D452", "Yb": "#00BF38", "Lu": "#00AB24", "Hf": "#4DC2FF", "Ta": "#4DA6FF", "W": "#2194D6", "Re": "#267DAB", "Os": "#266696", "Ir": "#175487", "Pt": "#D0D0E0", "Au": "#FFD123", "Hg": "#B8B8D0", "Tl": "#A6544D", "Pb": "#575961", "Bi": "#9E4FB5", "Po": "#AB5C00", "At": "#754F45", "Rn": "#428296", "Fr": "#420066", "Ra": "#007D00", "Ac": "#70ABFA", "Th": "#00BAFF", "Pa": "#00A1FF", "U": "#008FFF", "Np": "#0080FF", "Pu": "#006BFF", "Am": "#545CF2", "Cm": "#785CE3", "Bk": "#8A4FE3", "Cf": "#A136D4", "Es": "#B31FD4", "Fm": "#B31FBA", "Md": "#B30DA6", "No": "#BD0D87", "Lr": "#C70066", "Rf": "#CC0059", "Db": "#D1004F", "Sg": "#D90045", "Bh": "#E00038", "Hs": "#E6002E", "Mt": "#EB0026", "Ds": "#", "Rg": "#", "Cn": "#", "Uut": "#", "Fl": "#", "Uup": "#", "Lv": "#", "Uus": "#", "Uuo": "#" }, "Electronegativity": { "key": { "0.70 - 0.99": "#797fd7", "1.00 - 1.49": "#79b7d7", "1.50 - 1.99": "#79d79c", "2.00 - 2.49": "#b0d779", "2.50 - 2.99": "#d7d679", "3.00 - 3.49": "#d79f79", "3.50 - 3.99": "#d7797b", "None\/Not recorded": "#ccc" }, "desc": "<h2>Electronegativity<\/h2>Pauling Scale.", "default": "#ccc", "H": "#b0d779", "He": "#ccc", "Li": "#797fd7", "Be": "#79d79c", "B": "#b0d779", "C": "#d7d679", "N": "#d79f79", "O": "#d79f79", "F": "#d7797b", "Ne": "#ccc", "Na": "#797fd7", "Mg": "#79b7d7", "Al": "#79d79c", "Si": "#79d79c", "P": "#b0d779", "S": "#d7d679", "Cl": "#d79f79", "Ar": "#ccc", "K": "#797fd7", "Ca": "#79b7d7", "Sc": "#79b7d7", "Ti": "#79d79c", "V": "#79d79c", "Cr": "#79d79c", "Mn": "#79d79c", "Fe": "#79d79c", "Co": "#79d79c", "Ni": "#79d79c", "Cu": "#79d79c", "Zn": "#79d79c", "Ga": "#79d79c", "Ge": "#b0d779", "As": "#b0d779", "Se": "#d7d679", "Br": "#d7d679", "Kr": "#ccc", "Rb": "#797fd7", "Sr": "#797fd7", "Y": "#79b7d7", "Zr": "#79b7d7", "Nb": "#79d79c", "Mo": "#b0d779", "Tc": "#79d79c", "Ru": "#b0d779", "Rh": "#b0d779", "Pd": "#b0d779", "Ag": "#79d79c", "Cd": "#79d79c", "In": "#79d79c", "Sn": "#79d79c", "Sb": "#b0d779", "Te": "#b0d779", "I": "#d7d679", "Xe": "#ccc", "Cs": "#797fd7", "Ba": "#797fd7", "La": "#79b7d7", "Ce": "#79b7d7", "Pr": "#79b7d7", "Nd": "#79b7d7", "Pm": "#79b7d7", "Sm": "#79b7d7", "Eu": "#79b7d7", "Gd": "#79b7d7", "Tb": "#79b7d7", "Dy": "#79b7d7", "Ho": "#79b7d7", "Er": "#79b7d7", "Tm": "#79b7d7", "Yb": "#79b7d7", "Lu": "#79b7d7", "Hf": "#79b7d7", "Ta": "#79d79c", "W": "#b0d779", "Re": "#79d79c", "Os": "#b0d779", "Ir": "#b0d779", "Pt": "#b0d779", "Au": "#d7d679", "Hg": "#b0d779", "Tl": "#b0d779", "Pb": "#b0d779", "Bi": "#b0d779", "Po": "#b0d779", "At": "#b0d779", "Rn": "#ccc", "Fr": "#797fd7", "Ra": "#797fd7", "Ac": "#79b7d7", "Th": "#79b7d7", "Pa": "#79d79c", "U": "#79b7d7", "Np": "#79b7d7", "Pu": "#79b7d7", "Am": "#79b7d7", "Cm": "#79b7d7", "Bk": "#79b7d7", "Cf": "#79b7d7", "Es": "#79b7d7", "Fm": "#79b7d7", "Md": "#79b7d7", "No": "#79b7d7", "Lr": "#79b7d7", "Rf": "#ccc", "Db": "#ccc", "Sg": "#ccc", "Bh": "#ccc", "Hs": "#ccc", "Mt": "#ccc", "Ds": "#ccc", "Rg": "#ccc", "Cn": "#ccc", "Uut": "#ccc", "Fl": "#ccc", "Uup": "#ccc", "Lv": "#ccc", "Uus": "#ccc", "Uuo": "#ccc" }, "Atomic Radius": { "key": { "up to 79 pm": "#797fd7", "80 - 129 pm": "#79b7d7", "130 - 179 pm": "#79d79c", "180 + pm": "#b0d779", "Not recorded": "#ccc" }, "desc": "<h2>Atomic Radius<\/h2>In picometers.", "default": "#ccc", "H": "#797fd7", "He": "#797fd7", "Li": "#79d79c", "Be": "#79b7d7", "B": "#79b7d7", "C": "#797fd7", "N": "#797fd7", "O": "#797fd7", "F": "#797fd7", "Ne": "#797fd7", "Na": "#b0d779", "Mg": "#79d79c", "Al": "#79b7d7", "Si": "#79b7d7", "P": "#79b7d7", "S": "#79b7d7", "Cl": "#797fd7", "Ar": "#797fd7", "K": "#b0d779", "Ca": "#b0d779", "Sc": "#b0d779", "Ti": "#79d79c", "V": "#79d79c", "Cr": "#79d79c", "Mn": "#79d79c", "Fe": "#79d79c", "Co": "#79d79c", "Ni": "#79d79c", "Cu": "#79d79c", "Zn": "#79d79c", "Ga": "#79d79c", "Ge": "#79b7d7", "As": "#79b7d7", "Se": "#79b7d7", "Br": "#79b7d7", "Kr": "#79b7d7", "Rb": "#b0d779", "Sr": "#b0d779", "Y": "#b0d779", "Zr": "#b0d779", "Nb": "#b0d779", "Mo": "#b0d779", "Tc": "#b0d779", "Ru": "#79d79c", "Rh": "#79d79c", "Pd": "#79d79c", "Ag": "#79d79c", "Cd": "#79d79c", "In": "#79d79c", "Sn": "#79d79c", "Sb": "#79d79c", "Te": "#79b7d7", "I": "#79b7d7", "Xe": "#79b7d7", "Cs": "#b0d779", "Ba": "#b0d779", "La": "#79d79c", "Ce": "#b0d779", "Pr": "#b0d779", "Nd": "#b0d779", "Pm": "#b0d779", "Sm": "#b0d779", "Eu": "#b0d779", "Gd": "#b0d779", "Tb": "#b0d779", "Dy": "#b0d779", "Ho": "#b0d779", "Er": "#b0d779", "Tm": "#b0d779", "Yb": "#b0d779", "Lu": "#b0d779", "Hf": "#b0d779", "Ta": "#b0d779", "W": "#b0d779", "Re": "#b0d779", "Os": "#b0d779", "Ir": "#b0d779", "Pt": "#79d79c", "Au": "#79d79c", "Hg": "#79d79c", "Tl": "#79d79c", "Pb": "#79d79c", "Bi": "#79d79c", "Po": "#79d79c", "At": "#79b7d7", "Rn": "#79b7d7", "Fr": "#ccc", "Ra": "#ccc", "Ac": "#ccc", "Th": "#79d79c", "Pa": "#79d79c", "U": "#79d79c", "Np": "#79d79c", "Pu": "#79d79c", "Am": "#79d79c", "Cm": "#79d79c", "Bk": "#79d79c", "Cf": "#ccc", "Es": "#ccc", "Fm": "#ccc", "Md": "#ccc", "No": "#ccc", "Lr": "#ccc", "Rf": "#ccc", "Db": "#ccc", "Sg": "#ccc", "Bh": "#ccc", "Hs": "#ccc", "Mt": "#ccc", "Ds": "#79d79c", "Rg": "#79d79c", "Cn": "#79d79c", "Uut": "#79d79c", "Fl": "#b0d779", "Uup": "#b0d779", "Lv": "#b0d779", "Uus": "#79d79c", "Uuo": "#79d79c" }, "Lowest Oxidation": { "key": { " -4": "#797fd7", " -3": "#79b7d7", " -2": "#79d79c", " -1": "#b0d779", " +1": "#d7d679", " +2": "#d79f79", " +3": "#d7797b", " +4": "#d7457e", "None\/Not recorded": "#ccc" }, "desc": "<h2>Lowest Oxidation Number<\/h2>The lowest recorded oxidation number for each element.", "default": "#ccc", "H": "#b0d779", "He": "#ccc", "Li": "#d7d679", "Be": "#d79f79", "B": "#d7d679", "C": "#797fd7", "N": "#79b7d7", "O": "#79d79c", "F": "#b0d779", "Ne": "#ccc", "Na": "#b0d779", "Mg": "#d7d679", "Al": "#d7d679", "Si": "#797fd7", "P": "#79b7d7", "S": "#79d79c", "Cl": "#b0d779", "Ar": "#ccc", "K": "#d7d679", "Ca": "#d79f79", "Sc": "#d7d679", "Ti": "#b0d779", "V": "#b0d779", "Cr": "#79d79c", "Mn": "#79b7d7", "Fe": "#79d79c", "Co": "#b0d779", "Ni": "#b0d779", "Cu": "#d7d679", "Zn": "#d79f79", "Ga": "#d7d679", "Ge": "#797fd7", "As": "#79b7d7", "Se": "#79d79c", "Br": "#b0d779", "Kr": "#d79f79", "Rb": "#d7d679", "Sr": "#d79f79", "Y": "#d7d679", "Zr": "#d7d679", "Nb": "#b0d779", "Mo": "#79d79c", "Tc": "#79b7d7", "Ru": "#79d79c", "Rh": "#b0d779", "Pd": "#d79f79", "Ag": "#d7d679", "Cd": "#d79f79", "In": "#d7d679", "Sn": "#797fd7", "Sb": "#79b7d7", "Te": "#79d79c", "I": "#b0d779", "Xe": "#d79f79", "Cs": "#d7d679", "Ba": "#d79f79", "La": "#d79f79", "Ce": "#d79f79", "Pr": "#d79f79", "Nd": "#d79f79", "Pm": "#d7797b", "Sm": "#d79f79", "Eu": "#d79f79", "Gd": "#d7d679", "Tb": "#d7d679", "Dy": "#d79f79", "Ho": "#d7797b", "Er": "#d7797b", "Tm": "#d79f79", "Yb": "#d79f79", "Lu": "#d7797b", "Hf": "#d79f79", "Ta": "#b0d779", "W": "#79d79c", "Re": "#79b7d7", "Os": "#79d79c", "Ir": "#79b7d7", "Pt": "#d79f79", "Au": "#b0d779", "Hg": "#d7d679", "Tl": "#d7d679", "Pb": "#797fd7", "Bi": "#79b7d7", "Po": "#79d79c", "At": "#b0d779", "Rn": "#d79f79", "Fr": "#d7d679", "Ra": "#d79f79", "Ac": "#d7797b", "Th": "#d79f79", "Pa": "#d7797b", "U": "#d7797b", "Np": "#d7797b", "Pu": "#d7797b", "Am": "#d79f79", "Cm": "#d7797b", "Bk": "#d7797b", "Cf": "#d79f79", "Es": "#d79f79", "Fm": "#d79f79", "Md": "#d79f79", "No": "#d79f79", "Lr": "#d7797b", "Rf": "#d7457e", "Db": "#ccc", "Sg": "#ccc", "Bh": "#ccc", "Hs": "#ccc", "Mt": "#ccc", "Ds": "#ccc", "Rg": "#ccc", "Cn": "#ccc", "Uut": "#ccc", "Fl": "#ccc", "Uup": "#ccc", "Lv": "#ccc", "Uus": "#ccc", "Uuo": "#ccc" }, "Highest Oxidation": { "key": { " -1": "#797fd7", " +1": "#79b7d7", " +2": "#79d79c", " +3": "#b0d779", " +4": "#d7d679", " +5": "#d79f79", " +6": "#d7797b", " +7": "#d7457e", " +8": "#f465c2", "None\/Not recorded": "#ccc" }, "desc": "<h2>Highest Oxidation Number<\/h2>The highest recorded oxidation number for each element.", "default": "#ccc", "H": "#79b7d7", "He": "#ccc", "Li": "#79b7d7", "Be": "#79d79c", "B": "#b0d779", "C": "#d7d679", "N": "#d79f79", "O": "#79d79c", "F": "#797fd7", "Ne": "#ccc", "Na": "#79b7d7", "Mg": "#79d79c", "Al": "#b0d779", "Si": "#d7d679", "P": "#d79f79", "S": "#d7797b", "Cl": "#d7457e", "Ar": "#ccc", "K": "#79b7d7", "Ca": "#79d79c", "Sc": "#b0d779", "Ti": "#d7d679", "V": "#d7d679", "Cr": "#d7797b", "Mn": "#d7457e", "Fe": "#d7797b", "Co": "#d79f79", "Ni": "#d7d679", "Cu": "#d7d679", "Zn": "#79d79c", "Ga": "#b0d779", "Ge": "#d7d679", "As": "#d79f79", "Se": "#d7797b", "Br": "#d7457e", "Kr": "#79d79c", "Rb": "#79b7d7", "Sr": "#79d79c", "Y": "#b0d779", "Zr": "#d7d679", "Nb": "#d79f79", "Mo": "#d7797b", "Tc": "#d7457e", "Ru": "#f465c2", "Rh": "#d7797b", "Pd": "#d7d679", "Ag": "#b0d779", "Cd": "#79d79c", "In": "#b0d779", "Sn": "#d7d679", "Sb": "#d79f79", "Te": "#d7797b", "I": "#d7457e", "Xe": "#f465c2", "Cs": "#79b7d7", "Ba": "#79d79c", "La": "#b0d779", "Ce": "#d7d679", "Pr": "#d7d679", "Nd": "#b0d779", "Pm": "#b0d779", "Sm": "#b0d779", "Eu": "#b0d779", "Gd": "#b0d779", "Tb": "#d7d679", "Dy": "#b0d779", "Ho": "#b0d779", "Er": "#b0d779", "Tm": "#b0d779", "Yb": "#b0d779", "Lu": "#b0d779", "Hf": "#d7d679", "Ta": "#d79f79", "W": "#d7797b", "Re": "#d7457e", "Os": "#f465c2", "Ir": "#d7797b", "Pt": "#d7797b", "Au": "#d79f79", "Hg": "#d7d679", "Tl": "#b0d779", "Pb": "#d7d679", "Bi": "#d79f79", "Po": "#d7797b", "At": "#d79f79", "Rn": "#79d79c", "Fr": "#79b7d7", "Ra": "#79d79c", "Ac": "#b0d779", "Th": "#d7d679", "Pa": "#d79f79", "U": "#d7797b", "Np": "#d7457e", "Pu": "#d7457e", "Am": "#d7797b", "Cm": "#d7d679", "Bk": "#d7d679", "Cf": "#d7d679", "Es": "#b0d779", "Fm": "#b0d779", "Md": "#b0d779", "No": "#b0d779", "Lr": "#b0d779", "Rf": "#d7d679", "Db": "#ccc", "Sg": "#ccc", "Bh": "#ccc", "Hs": "#ccc", "Mt": "#ccc", "Ds": "#ccc", "Rg": "#ccc", "Cn": "#ccc", "Uut": "#ccc", "Fl": "#ccc", "Uup": "#ccc", "Lv": "#ccc", "Uus": "#ccc", "Uuo": "#ccc" }, "Crustal Abundance": { "key": { "10<sup>-1<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#1aff53", "10<sup>-2<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#33ff33", "10<sup>-3<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#79ff4d", "10<sup>-4<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#b3ff66", "10<sup>-5<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#dfff80", "10<sup>-6<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#ffff99", "10<sup>-7<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#ffecb3", "10<sup>-8<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#ffe6cc", "10<sup>-9<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#ffece6", "10<sup>-10<\/sup> or less kg\/kg range": "#ffffff" }, "desc": "<h2>Crustal Abundance<\/h2>Values from the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition.", "default": "#ccc", "H": "#79ff4d", "He": "#ffece6", "Li": "#dfff80", "Be": "#ffff99", "B": "#dfff80", "C": "#b3ff66", "N": "#dfff80", "O": "#1aff53", "F": "#b3ff66", "Ne": "#ffece6", "Na": "#33ff33", "Mg": "#33ff33", "Al": "#33ff33", "Si": "#1aff53", "P": "#79ff4d", "S": "#b3ff66", "Cl": "#b3ff66", "Ar": "#ffff99", "K": "#33ff33", "Ca": "#33ff33", "Sc": "#dfff80", "Ti": "#79ff4d", "V": "#b3ff66", "Cr": "#b3ff66", "Mn": "#b3ff66", "Fe": "#33ff33", "Co": "#dfff80", "Ni": "#dfff80", "Cu": "#dfff80", "Zn": "#dfff80", "Ga": "#dfff80", "Ge": "#ffff99", "As": "#ffff99", "Se": "#ffe6cc", "Br": "#ffff99", "Kr": "#ffffff", "Rb": "#dfff80", "Sr": "#b3ff66", "Y": "#dfff80", "Zr": "#b3ff66", "Nb": "#dfff80", "Mo": "#ffff99", "Ru": "#ffece6", "Rh": "#ffece6", "Pd": "#ffe6cc", "Ag": "#ffe6cc", "Cd": "#ffecb3", "In": "#ffecb3", "Sn": "#ffff99", "Sb": "#ffecb3", "Te": "#ffece6", "I": "#ffecb3", "Xe": "#ffffff", "Cs": "#ffff99", "Ba": "#b3ff66", "La": "#dfff80", "Ce": "#dfff80", "Pr": "#ffff99", "Nd": "#dfff80", "Sm": "#ffff99", "Eu": "#ffff99", "Gd": "#ffff99", "Tb": "#ffff99", "Dy": "#ffff99", "Ho": "#ffff99", "Er": "#ffff99", "Tm": "#ffecb3", "Yb": "#ffff99", "Lu": "#ffecb3", "Hf": "#ffff99", "Ta": "#ffff99", "W": "#ffff99", "Re": "#ffffff", "Os": "#ffece6", "Ir": "#ffece6", "Pt": "#ffece6", "Au": "#ffece6", "Hg": "#ffe6cc", "Tl": "#ffecb3", "Pb": "#dfff80", "Bi": "#ffece6", "Po": "#ffffff", "Rn": "#ffffff", "Ra": "#ffffff", "Ac": "#ffffff", "Th": "#ffff99", "Pa": "#ffffff", "U": "#ffff99" }, "Goldschmidt": { "key": { "Lithophile": "#ffbb77", "Siderophile": "#ff8ebb", "Chalcophile": "#fff888", "Atmophile": "#bbffff", "Not defined": "#ccc" }, "desc": "<h2>Goldschmidt Classification<\/h2>A geochemical classification of elements according to their preferred host phases into lithophile (rock-loving), siderophile (iron-loving), chalcophile (ore loving\/chalcogen loving) or atmophile (gas-loving). This lists the primary classification for each element.", "default": "#ccc", "H": "#bbffff", "He": "#bbffff", "Li": "#ffbb77", "Be": "#ffbb77", "B": "#ffbb77", "C": "#bbffff", "N": "#bbffff", "O": "#ffbb77", "F": "#ffbb77", "Ne": "#bbffff", "Na": "#ffbb77", "Mg": "#ffbb77", "Al": "#ffbb77", "Si": "#ffbb77", "P": "#ffbb77", "S": "#fff888", "Cl": "#ffbb77", "Ar": "#bbffff", "K": "#ffbb77", "Ca": "#ffbb77", "Sc": "#ffbb77", "Ti": "#ffbb77", "V": "#ffbb77", "Cr": "#ffbb77", "Mn": "#ff8ebb", "Fe": "#ff8ebb", "Co": "#ff8ebb", "Ni": "#ff8ebb", "Cu": "#fff888", "Zn": "#fff888", "Ga": "#fff888", "Ge": "#fff888", "As": "#fff888", "Se": "#fff888", "Br": "#ffbb77", "Kr": "#bbffff", "Rb": "#ffbb77", "Sr": "#ffbb77", "Y": "#ffbb77", "Zr": "#ffbb77", "Nb": "#ffbb77", "Mo": "#ff8ebb", "Tc": "#ffbb77", "Ru": "#ff8ebb", "Rh": "#ff8ebb", "Pd": "#ff8ebb", "Ag": "#fff888", "Cd": "#fff888", "In": "#fff888", "Sn": "#fff888", "Sb": "#fff888", "Te": "#fff888", "I": "#ffbb77", "Xe": "#bbffff", "Cs": "#ffbb77", "Ba": "#ffbb77", "La": "#ffbb77", "Ce": "#ffbb77", "Pr": "#ffbb77", "Nd": "#ffbb77", "Pm": "#ffbb77", "Sm": "#ffbb77", "Eu": "#ffbb77", "Gd": "#ffbb77", "Tb": "#ffbb77", "Dy": "#ffbb77", "Ho": "#ffbb77", "Er": "#ffbb77", "Tm": "#ffbb77", "Yb": "#ffbb77", "Lu": "#ffbb77", "Hf": "#ffbb77", "Ta": "#ffbb77", "W": "#ffbb77", "Re": "#ff8ebb", "Os": "#ff8ebb", "Ir": "#ff8ebb", "Pt": "#ff8ebb", "Au": "#ff8ebb", "Hg": "#fff888", "Tl": "#fff888", "Pb": "#fff888", "Bi": "#fff888", "Po": "#fff888", "At": "#ffbb77", "Rn": "#bbffff", "Fr": "#ffbb77", "Ra": "#ffbb77", "Ac": "#ffbb77", "Th": "#ffbb77", "Pa": "#ffbb77", "U": "#ffbb77", "Np": "#ffbb77", "Pu": "#ffbb77" }, "Mineral Species": { "desc": "<h2>Mineral Species<\/h2>The number of minerals containing each element compared.", "key": { "3000+ minerals": "#ff8c80", "1000-2999 minerals": "#ffc266", "500-999 minerals": "#f0ff66", "100-499 minerals": "#75ff1a", "50-99 minerals": "#33ffcf", "20-49 minerals": "#99e4ff", "1-19 minerals": "#b3b8ff", "No minerals with element": "#ccc" }, "default": "#ccc", "H": "#ffc266", "Li": "#75ff1a", "Be": "#75ff1a", "B": "#75ff1a", "C": "#75ff1a", "N": "#75ff1a", "O": "#ff8c80", "F": "#75ff1a", "Na": "#ffc266", "Mg": "#f0ff66", "Al": "#ffc266", "Si": "#ffc266", "P": "#f0ff66", "S": "#ffc266", "Cl": "#75ff1a", "K": "#f0ff66", "Ca": "#ffc266", "Sc": "#b3b8ff", "Ti": "#75ff1a", "V": "#75ff1a", "Cr": "#33ffcf", "Mn": "#f0ff66", "Fe": "#ffc266", "Co": "#33ffcf", "Ni": "#75ff1a", "Cu": "#f0ff66", "Zn": "#75ff1a", "Ga": "#b3b8ff", "Ge": "#99e4ff", "As": "#f0ff66", "Se": "#75ff1a", "Br": "#b3b8ff", "Rb": "#b3b8ff", "Sr": "#75ff1a", "Y": "#75ff1a", "Zr": "#75ff1a", "Nb": "#75ff1a", "Mo": "#33ffcf", "Ru": "#b3b8ff", "Rh": "#b3b8ff", "Pd": "#33ffcf", "Ag": "#75ff1a", "Cd": "#99e4ff", "In": "#b3b8ff", "Sn": "#33ffcf", "Sb": "#75ff1a", "Te": "#75ff1a", "I": "#99e4ff", "Cs": "#99e4ff", "Ba": "#75ff1a", "La": "#33ffcf", "Ce": "#75ff1a", "Pr": "#b3b8ff", "Nd": "#33ffcf", "Sm": "#b3b8ff", "Gd": "#b3b8ff", "Dy": "#b3b8ff", "Yb": "#b3b8ff", "Hf": "#b3b8ff", "Ta": "#33ffcf", "W": "#99e4ff", "Re": "#b3b8ff", "Os": "#b3b8ff", "Ir": "#99e4ff", "Pt": "#99e4ff", "Au": "#99e4ff", "Hg": "#33ffcf", "Tl": "#33ffcf", "Pb": "#f0ff66", "Bi": "#75ff1a", "Th": "#99e4ff", "U": "#75ff1a", "": "#ff8c80" }, "Minerals with Ru": { "desc": "<h2>Mineral Species<\/h2>Compared with the total number of minerals listed with Ru we show how many of these minerals also contain each other element. A stronger shade of yellow indicates a greater percentage of Ru minerals listed with the indicated element.", "key": { "Low number of Ru minerals with element": "#fcfcfc", "Higher number of Ru minerals with element": "#fcfc40", "No minerals with element and Ru": "#ccc" }, "default": "#ccc", "Os": "#ffe562", "Ir": "#ffe562", "As": "#ffeb89", "S": "#fff2b1", "Fe": "#fff8d8", "Pt": "#fffceb", "Mo": "#fffceb", "Ni": "#fffceb", "Rh": "#fffceb" }, "Relative Frequency": { "desc": [ "<h2>Relative Frequency<\/h2>Comparing the ratio of the number of mineral species listed with each element + Ru with the ratio of all minerals listed with the element shows us which elements have a closer association with Ru. See the 'Element Association' table to view raw data." ], "key": { "Lower ratio of Ru minerals with element": "#fc4040", "Average ratio Ru minerals with element": "#fcfcfc", "Higher ratio of Ru minerals with element": "#40fc40", "No minerals with element and Ru": "#ccc" }, "default": "#ccc", "Os": "#9cff9c", "Ir": "#9cff9c", "As": "#9cff9c", "S": "#caffca", "Fe": "#ffdcdc", "Pt": "#9cff9c", "Mo": "#9cff9c", "Ni": "#9cff9c", "Rh": "#9cff9c" } }; $(function() {eleactivate(permode); }); var timtam; $("#hideshow").change(function(){ if($(this).is(":checked")) { $("A[name=Ru]").addClass('eleselected'); } else { $("A[name=Ru]").removeClass('eleselected'); } }) function eleactivate(key) { var ele; var keydesc; var col; var def = peropts[key]["default"]; if(!def) def="#f8f8f8"; $("#chemtdesc").fadeOut(500,function() { $(this).html(peropts[key]["desc"]); $(this).fadeIn(500); }); $(".ptkey").fadeOut(500,function() { var cont = "<h2>Key</h2>"; // "key"=>array("Found in minerals"=>"#fcfcfc","Not found"=>"#ccc"), var keys = Object.keys(peropts[key]["key"]); for(keydes in peropts[key]["key"]) { col=peropts[key]["key"][keydes]; cont+="<div class='keyentry'><span style='background-color: "+col+"; '></span>"+keydes+"</div>"; } $(this).html(cont); $(this).fadeIn(500); }) if(timtam) clearTimeout(timtam); $(".elem A").each(function(index) { ele = $(this).attr('name'); col = peropts[key][ele]; $(this).css('-webkit-transition', 'background 0.5s linear'); $(this).css('-o-transition', 'background 0.5s linear'); $(this).css('-mozilla-transition', 'background 0.5s linear'); $(this).css('transition', 'background 0.5s linear'); if(col) $(this).css('background-color',col); else $(this).css('background-color',def); }); timtam = setTimeout(function() { $(".elem A").css('-webkit-transition', 'none !important'); $(".elem A").css('-o-transition', 'none !important'); $(".elem A").css('-mozilla-transition', 'none !important'); $(".elem A").css('transition', 'none !important'); },1000); } $("A[name=Ru]").addClass('eleselected'); </script> <div class="ptkey"><div></div></div><div class="ptbuttons"><span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Default")">Default</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Categories")">Categories</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("CPK")">CPK</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Electronegativity")">Electronegativity</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Atomic Radius")">Atomic Radius</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Lowest Oxidation")">Lowest Oxidation</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Highest Oxidation")">Highest Oxidation</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Crustal Abundance")">Crustal Abundance</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Goldschmidt")">Goldschmidt</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Mineral Species")">Mineral Species</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Minerals with Ru")">Minerals with Ru</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Relative Frequency")">Relative Frequency</span> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Technetium">Technetium</a> << <b>Ruthenium</b> >> <a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/element/Rhodium">Rhodium</a></td></tr></table></div><div class="clearer"></div><br><br><table class="mindattable elebh2" style="width: 100%"><tr><th class="eleh3">Most widespread minerals containing Ruthenium</th><tr><tr><td>This list of minerals containing Ruthenium is built from the mindat.org locality database. This is based on the number of localities entered for mineral species and is therefore slanted towards minerals interesting to collectors with less coverage of common rock-forming-minerals so it does not give an undistorted distribution of Ruthenium mineral species. It is more useful when comparing rare species rather than common species.</td></tr><table class="mindattable" style="width: 100%"><tr><th>Name</th><th>Formula</th><th>Crystal System</th><th>Mindat Localities</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/min-2344.html">Laurite</a></td><td><span>RuS<sub>2</sub></span></td><td>Isometric</td><td>185</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/min-3483.html">Ruthenium</a></td><td><span>(Ru,Ir)</span></td><td>Hexagonal</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/min-3471.html">Ruarsite</a></td><td><span>(Ru,Os)AsS</span></td><td>Monoclinic</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/min-3481.html">Ruthenarsenite</a></td><td><span>(Ru,Ni)As</span></td><td>Orthorhombic</td><td>9</td></tr></table><table class="mindattable elephotostrip" style="width: 100%"><tr><th>Photos</th></tr><tr><td><div class="newpicbox hidetablet hidephone"><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 255px;"><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/photo-311865.html"><img width="255" height="191" src="/web/20161015160324im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/255h191-0610220001275417797.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/min-2344.html">Laurite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/loc-18694.html">Verkhneivinsk, Neiva river, Sverdlovskaya Oblast', Middle Urals, Urals Region, Russia</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 255px;"><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/photo-138655.html"><img width="255" height="191" src="/web/20161015160324im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/255h191-0773960001197395142.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/min-3483.html">Ruthenium</a>, etc.</b><br><br><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/loc-106368.html">Tumet river, Asosa region, Benshangul-Gumaz Province, Ethiopia</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 255px;"><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/photo-8502.html"><img width="255" height="191" src="/web/20161015160324im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/255h191-0106146001046083673.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/min-2344.html">Laurite</a>, etc.</b><br><br><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/loc-4435.html">Konder alkaline-ultrabasic massif, Aldan shield, Ayan-Maya district, Khabarovskiy Kray, Far-Eastern Region, Russia</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 199px;"><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/photo-162711.html"><img width="199" height="191" src="/web/20161015160324im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/199h191-0005675001209062786.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/min-3483.html">Ruthenium</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/loc-186452.html">Neiva River, Nizhnii Tagil, Sverdlovskaya Oblast', Middle Urals, Urals Region, Russia</a></div></div><div class="clearer"></div></div><div class="newpicbox hidephone hidepc"><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 170px;"><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/photo-311865.html"><img width="170" height="127" src="/web/20161015160324im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/255h191-0610220001275417797.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/min-2344.html">Laurite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/loc-18694.html">Verkhneivinsk, Neiva river, Sverdlovskaya Oblast', Middle Urals, Urals Region, Russia</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 170px;"><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/photo-138655.html"><img width="170" height="127" src="/web/20161015160324im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/255h191-0773960001197395142.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/min-3483.html">Ruthenium</a>, etc.</b><br><br><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/loc-106368.html">Tumet river, Asosa region, Benshangul-Gumaz Province, Ethiopia</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 170px;"><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/photo-8502.html"><img width="170" height="127" src="/web/20161015160324im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/255h191-0106146001046083673.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/min-2344.html">Laurite</a>, etc.</b><br><br><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/loc-4435.html">Konder alkaline-ultrabasic massif, Aldan shield, Ayan-Maya district, Khabarovskiy Kray, Far-Eastern Region, Russia</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 132px;"><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/photo-162711.html"><img width="132" height="127" src="/web/20161015160324im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/199h191-0005675001209062786.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/min-3483.html">Ruthenium</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/loc-186452.html">Neiva River, Nizhnii Tagil, Sverdlovskaya Oblast', Middle Urals, Urals Region, Russia</a></div></div><div class="clearer"></div></div><div class="newpicbox hidepc hidetablet"><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 287px;"><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/photo-311865.html"><img width="287" src="/web/20161015160324im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/287-0610220001275417797.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/min-2344.html">Laurite</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/loc-18694.html">Verkhneivinsk, Neiva river, Sverdlovskaya Oblast', Middle Urals, Urals Region, Russia</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 287px;"><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/photo-138655.html"><img width="287" src="/web/20161015160324im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/287-0773960001197395142.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/min-3483.html">Ruthenium</a>, etc.</b><br><br><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/loc-106368.html">Tumet river, Asosa region, Benshangul-Gumaz Province, Ethiopia</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 287px;"><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/photo-8502.html"><img width="287" src="/web/20161015160324im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/287-0106146001046083673.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/min-2344.html">Laurite</a>, etc.</b><br><br><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/loc-4435.html">Konder alkaline-ultrabasic massif, Aldan shield, Ayan-Maya district, Khabarovskiy Kray, Far-Eastern Region, Russia</a></div></div><div class="userbigpicture noborder" style="float: left; width: 287px;"><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/photo-162711.html"><img width="287" src="/web/20161015160324im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/287-0005675001209062786.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/min-3483.html">Ruthenium</a></b><br><br><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/loc-186452.html">Neiva River, Nizhnii Tagil, Sverdlovskaya Oblast', Middle Urals, Urals Region, Russia</a></div></div><div class="clearer"></div></div></td></tr></table><br/><table class="mindattable elebh2" style="width: 100%;"><tr><th class="eleh2">Localities with greatest number of different Ruthenium mineral species</th></tr><tr><td><div id="elegmap2">map should go here</div><table id="diffminlocs"><tr><th></th><td><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/loc-733.html">Anduo Cr deposit, Amdo Co. (Anduo Co.), Nagchu Prefecture (Naqu Prefecture), Tibet Autonomous Region, China</a></td><td class="nobr"><strong>3</strong> Ru minerals</td></tr><tr><th></th><td><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/loc-63670.html">Kubli Ranch Placer, Applegate District, Jackson Co., Oregon, USA</a></td><td class="nobr"><strong>3</strong> Ru minerals</td></tr><tr><th><b>3</b></th><td><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/loc-3088.html">Driekop mine, Sekhukhuneland, Burgersfort, Bushveld Complex, Limpopo Province, South Africa</a></td><td class="nobr"><strong>3</strong> Ru minerals</td></tr><tr><th><b>4</b></th><td><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/loc-17288.html">Onverwacht Mine, Lydenburg, Eastern Bushveld Complex, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa</a></td><td class="nobr"><strong>3</strong> Ru minerals</td></tr><tr><th></th><td><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/loc-5457.html">Luobusha ophiolite ("Luobusa ophiolite"), Qusum Co. (Qusong Co.), Shannan Prefecture (Lhokha Prefecture; Lhoka Prefecture), Tibet Autonomous Region, China</a></td><td class="nobr"><strong>3</strong> Ru minerals</td></tr><tr><th><b>6</b></th><td><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/loc-25532.html">Tweefontein Farm, Mokopane (Potgietersrus), Waterberg District, Bushveld Complex, Limpopo Province, South Africa</a></td><td class="nobr"><strong>3</strong> Ru minerals</td></tr><tr><th><b>7</b></th><td><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/loc-7088.html">Kraubath an der Mur, Leoben, Styria, Austria</a></td><td class="nobr"><strong>2</strong> Ru minerals</td></tr><tr><th></th><td><a href="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/loc-122854.html">Ojén lherzolite massif, Ojén, Málaga, Andalusia, Spain</a></td><td class="nobr"><strong>2</strong> Ru minerals</td></tr></table><script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161015160324js_/http://maps.google.com/maps/api/js"></script> <script> var map2; $(function() { var c = new google.maps.LatLng(0,0); var bounds2 = new google.maps.LatLngBounds(); var myOptions = { scrollwheel: false, center: c, zoom: 1, mapTypeId: google.maps.MapTypeId.ROADMAP } map2 = new google.maps.Map(document.getElementById("elegmap2"), myOptions); var pnt = new google.maps.Point(3,30); var image = '/js/markers/purpleblank.png'; var myLatlng = new google.maps.LatLng(-24.5666666667,30.1163888889); bounds2.extend(myLatlng); var bmarker3 = new google.maps.Marker({ position: myLatlng, map: map2, icon: image, label: { color: 'white', text: "3"}, title: 'Driekop mine, Sekhukhuneland, Burgersfort, Bushveld Complex, Limpopo Province, South Africa'}); var myLatlng = new google.maps.LatLng(-24.6666666667,30.1166666667); bounds2.extend(myLatlng); var bmarker4 = new google.maps.Marker({ position: myLatlng, map: map2, icon: image, label: { color: 'white', text: "4"}, title: 'Onverwacht Mine, Lydenburg, Eastern Bushveld Complex, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa'}); var myLatlng = new google.maps.LatLng(-24.0027777778,28.8333333333); bounds2.extend(myLatlng); var bmarker6 = new google.maps.Marker({ position: myLatlng, map: map2, icon: image, label: { color: 'white', text: "6"}, title: 'Tweefontein Farm, Mokopane (Potgietersrus), Waterberg District, Bushveld Complex, Limpopo Province, South Africa'}); var myLatlng = new google.maps.LatLng(47.3066666667,14.9361111111); bounds2.extend(myLatlng); var bmarker7 = new google.maps.Marker({ position: myLatlng, map: map2, icon: image, label: { color: 'white', text: "7"}, title: 'Kraubath an der Mur, Leoben, Styria, Austria'}); map2.fitBounds(bounds2); }); </script> </td></tr></table><div class="clearer"></div><div id="element_smallprint"><br><br><b>Spotted a mistake/omission?</b> - These pages are a work in progress, so please send all comments/corrections to <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161015160324/mailto:jolyon@mindat.org">jolyon@mindat.org</a>. Thank you.</br><br> Constants and physical property data from:<br><br> David R. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005).<br> Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants (2005). Section 3.1.3, Abundances of the elements<br> A. Earnshaw, N. Greenwood, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (1997)<br> Thomas J. Ahrens (ed.), Global Earth Physics : A Handbook of Physical Constants, American Geophysical Union (1995)<br> L.B. Railsback, An Earth Scientist's Periodic Table of the Elements and Their Ions : Geology 31:9 p737-740 (2003)<br> Emsley, J. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. New York: Oxford University Press (2001) </div></div><div id="backdropad" class="hidetablet hidephone"></div> <div id="backdroptext" class="hidetablet hidephone"></div> <div id="backdropadt" class="hidephone hidepc"></div> <div id="backdroptextt" class="hidephone hidepc"></div> <div id="backdropadm" class="hidetablet hidepc"></div> <div id="backdroptextm" class="hidetablet hidepc"></div> <video id="backdropvid"></video> <div id="backdropfade"></div> </div><div id="bformblock"> <form class="flatform" method="get" action="/web/20161015160324/http://www.mindat.org/nsearch.php"> Mineral <input name="name" style="width: 137px;"/> and/or Locality <input name="loc" style="width: 137px;"> <input type="submit" value="Search"/> </form> </div> <div id="footertext"> Mindat.org is an outreach project of the Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization.<br>Copyright © mindat.org and the Hudson Institute of Mineralogy 1993-2016, except where stated. 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Ruthenium: The mineralogy of Ruthenium