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href="#Philippine_Fault_Zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Philippine Fault Zone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippine_Fault_Zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earthquakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earthquakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Earthquakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earthquakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_active_fault_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_active_fault_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other active fault systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_active_fault_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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title="Fault (geology)">faults</a> throughout the whole of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Archipelago">Philippine Archipelago</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pinet_&_Stephan_1990_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinet_&_Stephan_1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> primarily caused by <a href="/wiki/Tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic">tectonic</a> forces compressing the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> into what <a href="/wiki/Geophysicists" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophysicists">geophysicists</a> call the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mobile_Belt" title="Philippine Mobile Belt">Philippine Mobile Belt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rangin_&_Pubellier_1990_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rangin_&_Pubellier_1990-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some notable Philippine faults include the Guinayangan, Masbate and Leyte faults. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philippine_Mobile_Belt">Philippine Mobile Belt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_fault_system&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Philippine Mobile Belt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Philippine Mobile Belt is composed of a large number of <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(geology)" title="Accretion (geology)">accretionary</a> blocks and terranes. These terranes are long and narrow like the <a href="/wiki/Zambales" title="Zambales">Zambales</a> <a href="/wiki/Ophiolite" title="Ophiolite">ophiolites</a> which is at least 400 km long and 50 km wide. The strips generally run north–south and the zones of convergence are usually demarcated by fault lines. The Philippine Mobile Belt is compressed on the west by the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_plate" title="Eurasian plate">Eurasian plate</a> and two arms of the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_plate" title="Sunda plate">Sunda plate</a>, and on the east by the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea_plate" title="Philippine Sea plate">Philippine Sea plate</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">tectonic plates</a> have compressed and lifted parts of the Philippines causing extensive faulting, primarily on a north–south axis. All faults in the Philippines are inter-related by the tectonic forces of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mobile_Belt" title="Philippine Mobile Belt">Philippine Mobile Belt</a>, or its tectonic induced <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a>. A more complete understanding can be gained by viewing the faults in the Philippines as an inter-related Philippine fault system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philippine_Fault_Zone">Philippine Fault Zone</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_fault_system&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philippine Fault Zone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Philippine Fault Zone (PFZ) extends 1200 km across the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine archipelago">Philippine archipelago</a> behind the convergent boundary of the Philippine Trench and the subduction of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea_plate" title="Philippine Sea plate">Philippine Sea plate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aurelio_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aurelio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This left-lateral <a href="/wiki/Strike-slip" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike-slip">strike-slip</a> fault extends NW-SE (N30 – 40 W) accommodating the lateral oblique motion of the subducting Philippine Sea plate with respect to the Philippine Trench.<sup id="cite_ref-Besana_&_Ando_2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Besana_&_Ando_2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aurelio_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aurelio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It extends from Davao Gulf in the south, bisects the Caraga region at the Agusan River basin, crosses to Leyte and Masbate islands, and traverses Quezon province in eastern Luzon before passing through Nueva Ecija up to the Ilocos region in northwest Luzon. The northern and southern extensions of the PFZ are characterized by branching faults due to brittle terminations. These horsetail faults are indicative of the lateral propagation and further development of the PFZ. The fault's current activity can be observed in Holocene sandstone outcrops on the Mati and Davao Oriental islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Yumul_etal_2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yumul_etal_2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fault experiences a slip rate of approximately 2-2.5 cm/year.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrier_etal_1991_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrier_etal_1991-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_fault_system&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is proposed that the Philippine Trench and PFZ represent a 'shear partitioning' mechanism, where the oblique physical motions of subduction at the convergent zone resulted in the development of the major strike-slip fault. In the Philippine Sea, the oblique motion of the <a href="/wiki/Subducting" class="mw-redirect" title="Subducting">subducting</a> Philippine Sea plate resulted in the formation of the Philippine trench and the PFZ back arc fault system. The oblique motion is accommodated by two vector components; one vector perpendicular to the converging Philippine Trench and one vector parallel to the PFZ. Approximately 30% of the oblique motion is accommodated by the PFZ while the remaining proportions are displaced along other regional tectonic features as the Philippine Sea plate currently subducts below the Philippine archipelago at a rate of 6–8 cm/year. These two tectonic features thus correlate to a similar time of development. The formation of the PFZ was a result of two stages. The first stage began at ~10 Ma, when the northern segments of the PFZ developed due to the convergence of the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">China Sea</a> Crust underneath the nearby <a href="/wiki/Manila_Trench" title="Manila Trench">Manila Trench</a>. The lack of accretionary prism at the Philippine Trench is suggestive of young origin correlating to an early second stage of development (2–4 Ma) with the central PFZ proposed to have developed between 2.7 and 3.8 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-Aurelio_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aurelio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earthquakes">Earthquakes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_fault_system&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Earthquakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The central Philippine Fault Zone consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Guinayangan" title="Guinayangan">Guinayangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masbate" title="Masbate">Masbate</a>, and Central <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a> faults are the most seismically active regions transecting the islands of Bondoc to Leyte. The northern and southern extensions of the Philippine Fault Zone experience infrequent <a href="/wiki/Earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquakes">earthquakes</a> and often described as locked segments which are capable of larger magnitude earthquakes. The largest (M7.0) and most destructive earthquakes are generated along the Guinayangan fault every 30–100 years with slip rates of 20–33 mm/year as determined by GPS and historical records. Moderate earthquakes (M3.0–5.0) are observed along the Masbate fault with frequent aftershocks indicative of continued displacement and regional slip of 5–35 mm/year. The northern and southern segments of the Central Leyte fault experiences different seismic activity dependent on regional geology. While the Southern Central Leyte fault experiences moderate seismic events, the Northern Central Leyte fault creeps at approximately 25 mm/year. Historical data on the PFZ is limited due to the faults geographical location predominantly offshore, lack of complete <a href="/wiki/Paleoseismic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoseismic">paleoseismic</a> data and lack of permanent <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS) that can trace movements over long periods of time.<sup id="cite_ref-Besana_&_Ando_2005_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Besana_&_Ando_2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_active_fault_systems">Other active fault systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_fault_system&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other active fault systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marikina_Valley_fault_system" title="Marikina Valley fault system">Valley Fault System</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Macolod_Corridor" title="Macolod Corridor">Macolod Corridor</a></b> – broad left-lateral fracture zone.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lubang-Verde_Passage_fault_system" title="Lubang-Verde Passage fault system">Lubang-Verde Passage fault system</a></b> – located offshore between Batangas peninsula and Mindoro Island, following the northwest–southeast alignment of Verde and Lubang islands (thus the name) and essentially strike-slip (left-lateral) fault.</li> <li><b>Mindoro/Aglubang Fault</b> – break in slope between mountainous western Mindoro and the flat lands of eastern.</li> <li><b>Sibuyan Sea Fault</b> – located offshore north of Masbate; using bathymetric (SeaMarc) and paleomagnetic data gathered in the northern section of the Sibuyan Sea, Sarewitz and Lewis (1991) were led to conclude that the Sibuyan Sea Fault is relayed with the Verde Passage Fault, both left-lateral faults, by an aborted spreading center under a transtensional tectonic regime.</li> <li><b>Legaspi Lineament</b> – long SE-trending linear feature emanating from Pasacao in the Ragay Gulf area, passing through Lake Bato then to Legaspi City and considering its morphological prominence and seismic activity, it deserves to be elevated in category from a less significant lineament to a fault.</li> <li><b>Tablas Lineament</b> – tectonic boundary between the North Palawan microcontinental block and the western edge of the Philippine Mobile Belt. It trends northerly as it separates Buruanga peninsula from the Antique Range in Panay Island, and passes offshore northwards east of Tablas Island. The present geodynamic setting of the Philippines obliges the Tablas Lineament to operate as a right-lateral strike-slip fault. Its structure appears to connect with the Negros Trench southwards.</li> <li><b>Mindanao Fault</b> – a prominent NW-trending linear fracture zone on the western third of Mindanao Island and has 2 distinct segments, including that which separates the Daguma Range from the Cotabato Basin corresponding to the Cotabato Fault segment. This segment is highly linear and has features suggestive of normal faulting although it may have been a left lateral strike slip fault during its early history. The Quaternary Mt. Parker volcano is located at the western end of this fault and, on radar images, seems to be cut by the fault and terraces formed by Quaternary limestone mark the Daguma Range. These, together with the young morphology of incised river valleys, suggests a young age for the fault along which the Daguma Range was uplifted. Although Quaternary in age, it still has to be ascertained whether the fault is active or not (Quebral, 1994). The Sindangan Fault segment represents the northern continuation of the fault towards northern Zamboanga. Focal mechanism solutions of earthquakes offshore and narrow shear zones transecting recent gravel deposits suggest active left-lateral faulting (Pubellier and others, 1991).</li> <li><b>Offshore Cebu-Bohol faults</b> (?) – occasional occurrence of low to moderate magnitude, shallow-seated earthquakes between Cebu and Bohol, some capable of causing significant damage to infrastructure, is the subject of current discussions on the possible existence of active faults in the region. Such earthquake generators are most likely offshore, as there have so far been no indications of active faulting within the islands of Cebu and Bohol. Active fault studies are spearheaded by PHIVOLCS.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_fault_system&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhilippineFaultSystem005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tectonic Map of Far Northern Philippines including the Philippine Fault System"><img alt="Tectonic Map of Far Northern Philippines including the Philippine Fault System" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/PhilippineFaultSystem005.jpg/294px-PhilippineFaultSystem005.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/PhilippineFaultSystem005.jpg/441px-PhilippineFaultSystem005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/PhilippineFaultSystem005.jpg/588px-PhilippineFaultSystem005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="378" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tectonic Map of Far Northern Philippines including the Philippine Fault System</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhilippineFaultSystem015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tectonic Map of Northern Central Philippines including the Philippine Fault System"><img alt="Tectonic Map of Northern Central Philippines including the Philippine Fault System" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PhilippineFaultSystem015.jpg/294px-PhilippineFaultSystem015.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PhilippineFaultSystem015.jpg/441px-PhilippineFaultSystem015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PhilippineFaultSystem015.jpg/588px-PhilippineFaultSystem015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="378" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tectonic Map of Northern Central Philippines including the Philippine Fault System</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhilippineFaultSystem025.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tectonic Map of Central Philippines including the Philippine Fault System"><img alt="Tectonic Map of Central Philippines including the Philippine Fault System" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/PhilippineFaultSystem025.jpg/294px-PhilippineFaultSystem025.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/PhilippineFaultSystem025.jpg/441px-PhilippineFaultSystem025.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/PhilippineFaultSystem025.jpg/588px-PhilippineFaultSystem025.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="378" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tectonic Map of Central Philippines including the Philippine Fault System</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhilippineFaultSystem035.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tectonic Map of Southern Philippines including the Philippine Fault System"><img alt="Tectonic Map of Southern Philippines including the Philippine Fault System" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PhilippineFaultSystem035.jpg/294px-PhilippineFaultSystem035.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PhilippineFaultSystem035.jpg/441px-PhilippineFaultSystem035.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PhilippineFaultSystem035.jpg/588px-PhilippineFaultSystem035.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="378" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tectonic Map of Southern Philippines including the Philippine Fault System</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhilippineFaultSystem045.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tectonic Map of Far Southern Philippines including the Philippine Fault System"><img alt="Tectonic Map of Far Southern Philippines including the Philippine Fault System" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/PhilippineFaultSystem045.jpg/294px-PhilippineFaultSystem045.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/PhilippineFaultSystem045.jpg/441px-PhilippineFaultSystem045.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/PhilippineFaultSystem045.jpg/588px-PhilippineFaultSystem045.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="378" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tectonic Map of Far Southern Philippines including the Philippine Fault System</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 97.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 95.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhilippineFaultSystem019.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Tectonic diagram showing Philippine Fault System"><img alt="Tectonic diagram showing Philippine Fault System" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/PhilippineFaultSystem019.gif/143px-PhilippineFaultSystem019.gif" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/PhilippineFaultSystem019.gif/214px-PhilippineFaultSystem019.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/PhilippineFaultSystem019.gif/285px-PhilippineFaultSystem019.gif 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="877" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tectonic diagram showing Philippine Fault System</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhilippineFaultSystem03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram of Northern and central sections of the Philippine Fault System"><img alt="Diagram of Northern and central sections of the Philippine Fault System" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/PhilippineFaultSystem03.jpg/196px-PhilippineFaultSystem03.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/PhilippineFaultSystem03.jpg/294px-PhilippineFaultSystem03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/PhilippineFaultSystem03.jpg/391px-PhilippineFaultSystem03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1035" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diagram of Northern and central sections of the Philippine Fault System</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 95.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 93.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhilippineFaultSystem13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram of Northwest Luzon section of Philippine Fault System"><img alt="Diagram of Northwest Luzon section of Philippine Fault System" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/PhilippineFaultSystem13.jpg/140px-PhilippineFaultSystem13.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/PhilippineFaultSystem13.jpg/211px-PhilippineFaultSystem13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/PhilippineFaultSystem13.jpg/281px-PhilippineFaultSystem13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1309" data-file-height="1677" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diagram of Northwest Luzon section of Philippine Fault System</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_fault_system&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molucca_Sea_Collision_Zone" title="Molucca Sea Collision Zone">Molucca Sea Collision Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marikina_Valley_fault_system" title="Marikina Valley fault system">Marikina Valley fault system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_fault_system&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pinet_&_Stephan_1990-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pinet_&_Stephan_1990_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPinetStephan1990" class="citation book cs1">Pinet, N.; Stephan, J.F. 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(eds.). <i>Tectonics of Circum-Pacific Continental Margins</i>. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6764-132-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-6764-132-4"><bdi>90-6764-132-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ilocos+foothills+and+western+Central+Cordillera%3A+a+key+region+for+the+understanding+of+the+geodynamic+evolution+of+the+eastern+Eurasian+margin+in+Luzon+area+%28Philippines%29&rft.btitle=Tectonics+of+Circum-Pacific+Continental+Margins&rft.pages=170&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=90-6764-132-4&rft.aulast=Pinet&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Stephan%2C+J.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+fault+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rangin_&_Pubellier_1990-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rangin_&_Pubellier_1990_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanginPubellier1990" class="citation book cs1">Rangin, C.; Pubellier, M. (1990). "Subduction and accretion of Philippine Sea plate fragments along the Eurasian margin". In Aubouin, J.; Bourgois, J. 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/eps1998/57/10/57_10_987/_pdf/-char/ja">"The central Philippine Fault Zone: Location of great earthquakes, slow events, and creep activity"</a>. <i>Earth Planets Space</i>. <b>57</b> (10): 987–994. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005EP&S...57..987B">2005EP&S...57..987B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2FBF03351877">10.1186/BF03351877</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+Planets+Space&rft.atitle=The+central+Philippine+Fault+Zone%3A+Location+of+great+earthquakes%2C+slow+events%2C+and+creep+activity&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=987-994&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2FBF03351877&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005EP%26S...57..987B&rft.aulast=Besana&rft.aufirst=G.M.&rft.au=Ando%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Feps1998%2F57%2F10%2F57_10_987%2F_pdf%2F-char%2Fja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+fault+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yumul_etal_2008-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yumul_etal_2008_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYumulDimalantaMaglambayanMarquez2008" class="citation journal cs1">Yumul, G.P.; Dimalanta, C.B.; Maglambayan, V.B.; Marquez, E.J. (2008). "Tectonic setting of a composite terrane: A review of the Philippine island arc system". <i>Geosciences Journal</i>. <b>12</b>: 7–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12303-008-0002-0">10.1007/s12303-008-0002-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geosciences+Journal&rft.atitle=Tectonic+setting+of+a+composite+terrane%3A+A+review+of+the+Philippine+island+arc+system&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=7-17&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12303-008-0002-0&rft.aulast=Yumul&rft.aufirst=G.P.&rft.au=Dimalanta%2C+C.B.&rft.au=Maglambayan%2C+V.B.&rft.au=Marquez%2C+E.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+fault+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrier_etal_1991-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barrier_etal_1991_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrierHuchonAurelio1991" class="citation journal cs1">Barrier, E.; Huchon, P.; Aurelio, M. (1991). "Philippine fault: A key for Philippine kinematics". <i>Geology</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 32–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281991%29019%3C0032%3APFAKFP%3E2.3.CO%3B2">10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0032:PFAKFP>2.3.CO;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Philippine+fault%3A+A+key+for+Philippine+kinematics&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32-35&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0091-7613%281991%29019%3C0032%3APFAKFP%3E2.3.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=Barrier&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Huchon%2C+P.&rft.au=Aurelio%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippine+fault+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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