CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title>Issue Archive: 1980-1989 | Scientific American</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/archive/issues/1980s/"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#fff"/> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"/> <link rel="image_src" src="https://www.scientificamerican.com/static/sciam-mark.jpg"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.scientificamerican.com/archive/issues/1980s/"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.scientificamerican.com/static/sciam-mark.jpg"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.scientificamerican.com/static/sciam-mark.jpg"/> <meta name="description" content="Browse Scientific American's archives going back to 1845"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Issue Archive: 1980-1989"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Browse Scientific American's archives going back to 1845"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Scientific American"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@sciam"/> <meta name="twitter:domain" content="scientificamerican.com"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Scientific American Logo"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Scientific American Logo"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="icon shortcut" href="/static/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/platform/syndication/rss/" /> <script data-layer="critical">;performance.mark('app-load-start');((d,ael,dcl,unl,cxl,log,onunl)=>{log('[readyState]',d.readyState);d[ael]('readystatechange',()=>log('[readyState]',d.readyState));d[ael](dcl,()=>log(dcl));d[ael](unl,onunl);window.onload=()=>{d.removeEventListener(unl,onunl);log('windowloaded')};})(document,'addEventListener','DOMContentLoaded','beforeunload','cancelled',(...msg)=>console.log('[dev]',...msg),()=>{window[cxl]=true;log(cxl)});((l,pii) => {if (pii.some(p => l.search.includes(p+"="))) {window.initSearch = l.search;const anon = new URLSearchParams(l.search);pii.forEach(p => anon.delete(p));history.replaceState({}, "", l.pathname + "?" + anon);} })(location, ["email", "magic_link", "token", "code", "state"]);</script> <script type="module" crossorigin src="/static/bundle.336148ec.js"></script> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/preload-helper-4aa0ec7d.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/vendor-react-d0986667.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/sciam-ee69f439.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/use-piano-auth-sync-d9fc892c.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/datalayer-043ea249.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/index-dfdf7239.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/use-chargebee-41694656.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/use-user-b2e3b0d7.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/use-plan-fd638618.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/use-cart-fed80a15.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/useOverlay-f74ac14c.js"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/assets/bundle-aba65ab5.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/assets/DefaultLayout-23a421d2.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/assets/issues-39da08eb.css"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/static/issues.43218fc2.js" crossorigin fetchpriority="auto"> <link rel="preload" href="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" as="script" fetchpriority="auto"> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-5FLM662" as="script" fetchpriority="auto"> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/sciads/sciads.js" as="script" fetchpriority="auto"> </head> <body> <div id="app"><header class="headerContainer-8KxQ5" role="banner"><a href="#main" id="skipToMain" class="skiptocontent sr-only-focusable sr-only">Skip to main content</a><div class="header-1t1JE flex-aYeiI"><div class="left-ajw3c flex-aYeiI"><a href="/" aria-label="Link to homepage" class="logoLink-Wt3sq"><span class="sr-only">Scientific American</span><svg width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 120.79 128.39" fill="currentColor" role="img" aria-label="Scientific American"><path d="M7.98 58.19c2.3 0 5.24 3.18 14.53 3.18 13.66 0 21.75-8.57 21.75-17.86 0-7.86-3.73-12.94-11.43-17.23l-9.37-5.24c-4.05-2.3-7.46-5.32-7.46-9.92 0-4.92 3.73-7.7 9.69-7.7s11.35 4.21 13.02 13.26h1.98V.95h-1.83c-.16 1.43-.87 2.06-1.75 2.06-2.06 0-4.53-2.94-12.62-2.94C13.85.08 5.12 6.51 5.12 16.35c0 7.3 3.26 11.83 9.77 15.56l9.61 5.48c5.48 3.18 7.7 6.19 7.7 10.72 0 5.64-3.18 9.77-10.64 9.77-9.29 0-13.58-5.08-15.32-16.2H4.1V60.5h1.98c.16-1.67.95-2.3 1.91-2.3Zm65.97 3.26c11.11-.03 19.13-8.81 20.4-20.72l-2.22-.64c-2.54 8.26-7.22 12.46-13.97 12.46-12.23 0-16.04-14.93-16.04-27.87 0-15.56 6.11-21.28 14.13-21.28 5.72 0 11.83 5.72 14.45 16.59h2.06V.95h-1.91c-.16 1.27-.87 2.06-2.14 2.06-1.91 0-5.72-3.02-11.83-3.02-14.85 0-28.66 12.07-28.66 32.39 0 17.39 10.96 29.1 25.72 29.06Zm14.53 42.72L76.49 68.84H56.24v1.75c3.33.16 4.76.95 4.76 5.95v42c0 6.03-1.67 8.1-5.32 8.1-2.54 0-4.53-1.91-6.51-6.91L29.11 68.12h-2.7L6.35 119.89c-2.17 5.72-4.3 6.75-6.35 6.75v1.75h18.02v-1.75c-5.8-.24-8.65-2.7-5.8-10.48l2.05-5.4h17.88l3.45 8.97c2.3 5.72.64 6.91-3.73 6.91v1.75h39.62v-1.75c-4.13 0-6.27-1.19-6.27-8.02l.48-42.08 17.07 51.29h2.14l17.63-51.05v43.9c0 5.48-1.75 5.95-5.08 5.95v1.75h23.34v-1.75c-3.33 0-4.76-.48-4.76-5.95V76.54c0-5.56 1.43-5.95 4.76-5.95v-1.75h-19.85l-12.46 35.33Zm-72.88 3.1 7.56-19.85 7.63 19.85H15.6ZM120.79 2.7V.95h-23.1V2.7c3.33 0 4.84.32 4.84 5.95v44.14c0 5.48-1.51 5.95-4.84 5.95v1.75h23.1v-1.75c-3.33 0-4.76-.48-4.76-5.95V8.65c0-5.64 1.43-5.95 4.76-5.95Z"></path></svg></a></div><div class="center-oMgM8 flex-aYeiI"></div><div class="right-4LP3J flex-aYeiI"><button type="button" id="radix-:R5t:" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" class="trigger-8ea-U" aria-label="User Menu"><div class="dropdownIconContainer-hDbEe"><svg width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 472 472" fill="currentColor" role="img" aria-label="User" class="dropdownIcon-XeKnP profileIconImg-pc8tD"><path d="M403 69a235 235 0 0 0-334 0 235 235 0 0 0 0 334 235 235 0 0 0 334 0 235 235 0 0 0 0-334ZM118 412a122 122 0 0 1 237 0 211 211 0 0 1-237 0Zm41-197a77 77 0 1 1 155 0 77 77 0 0 1-155 0Zm216 181c-14-43-48-77-91-92a101 101 0 1 0-96 0c-43 15-77 49-91 92a212 212 0 1 1 278 0Z"></path></svg><div class="dropdownIcon-XeKnP initials-z1adZ"></div></div></button></div></div></header><main class="main-gNG8x"><h1 class="issuesTitle-F-sWZ">Archive</h1><h2 class="yearSubTitle-yMM-q">1980-1989</h2><div style="border-top:2px solid #444;padding-top:1rem;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;top:calc(var(--nav-height,0px) - 2px);background:#fff;z-index:1;width:var(--standard-width);max-width:var(--standard-max-width);margin:1rem auto"><div style="margin:0 -1rem 0.1rem"><div class="decades" style="display:flex;justify-content:space-between;overflow-y:hidden;overflow-x:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;overscroll-behavior:contain;gap:0.2rem;padding:0 1rem 0.5rem 1rem;scroll-padding:1rem;font-size:0.85rem;flex-flow:row-reverse"><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1840s/">1840s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1850s/">1850s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1860s/">1860s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1870s/">1870s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1880s/">1880s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1890s/">1890s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1900s/">1900s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1910s/">1910s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1920s/">1920s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1930s/">1930s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1940s/">1940s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1950s/">1950s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1960s/">1960s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1970s/">1970s</a><a class="date-selector decade exact selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:1px solid #09396922;color:#093969;background-color:#3576b322;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1980s/">1980s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1990s/">1990s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2000s/">2000s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2010s/">2010s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2020s/">2020s</a></div><div class="years" style="display:flex;overflow-y:hidden;overflow-x:scroll;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;overscroll-behavior:contain;gap:0.2rem;padding:0 1rem 0.5rem 1rem;scroll-padding:1rem;color:#777;font-size:0.85rem;flex-flow:row-reverse"><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1845/">1845</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1846/">1846</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1847/">1847</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1848/">1848</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1849/">1849</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1850/">1850</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1851/">1851</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1852/">1852</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1853/">1853</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1854/">1854</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1855/">1855</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1856/">1856</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1857/">1857</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1858/">1858</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1859/">1859</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1860/">1860</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1861/">1861</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1862/">1862</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1863/">1863</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1864/">1864</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1865/">1865</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1866/">1866</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1867/">1867</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1868/">1868</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1869/">1869</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1870/">1870</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1871/">1871</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1872/">1872</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1873/">1873</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1874/">1874</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1875/">1875</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1876/">1876</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1877/">1877</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1878/">1878</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1879/">1879</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1880/">1880</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1881/">1881</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1882/">1882</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1883/">1883</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1884/">1884</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1885/">1885</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1886/">1886</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1887/">1887</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1888/">1888</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1889/">1889</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1890/">1890</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1891/">1891</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1892/">1892</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1893/">1893</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1894/">1894</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1895/">1895</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1896/">1896</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1897/">1897</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1898/">1898</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1899/">1899</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1900/">1900</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1901/">1901</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1902/">1902</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1903/">1903</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1904/">1904</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1905/">1905</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1906/">1906</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1907/">1907</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1908/">1908</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1909/">1909</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1910/">1910</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1911/">1911</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1912/">1912</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1913/">1913</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1914/">1914</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1915/">1915</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1916/">1916</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1917/">1917</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1918/">1918</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1919/">1919</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1920/">1920</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1921/">1921</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1922/">1922</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1923/">1923</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1924/">1924</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1925/">1925</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1926/">1926</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1927/">1927</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1928/">1928</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1929/">1929</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1930/">1930</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1931/">1931</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1932/">1932</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1933/">1933</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1934/">1934</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1935/">1935</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1936/">1936</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1937/">1937</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1938/">1938</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1939/">1939</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1940/">1940</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1941/">1941</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1942/">1942</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1943/">1943</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1944/">1944</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1945/">1945</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1946/">1946</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1947/">1947</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1948/">1948</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1949/">1949</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1950/">1950</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1951/">1951</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1952/">1952</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1953/">1953</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1954/">1954</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1955/">1955</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1956/">1956</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1957/">1957</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1958/">1958</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1959/">1959</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1960/">1960</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1961/">1961</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1962/">1962</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1963/">1963</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1964/">1964</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1965/">1965</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1966/">1966</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1967/">1967</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1968/">1968</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1969/">1969</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1970/">1970</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1971/">1971</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1972/">1972</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1973/">1973</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1974/">1974</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1975/">1975</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1976/">1976</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1977/">1977</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1978/">1978</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1979/">1979</a><a class="date-selector selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:#093969;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1980/">1980</a><a class="date-selector selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:#093969;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1981/">1981</a><a class="date-selector selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:#093969;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1982/">1982</a><a class="date-selector selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:#093969;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1983/">1983</a><a class="date-selector selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:#093969;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1984/">1984</a><a class="date-selector selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:#093969;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1985/">1985</a><a class="date-selector selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:#093969;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1986/">1986</a><a class="date-selector selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:#093969;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1987/">1987</a><a class="date-selector selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:#093969;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1988/">1988</a><a class="date-selector selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:#093969;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1989/">1989</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1990/">1990</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1991/">1991</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1992/">1992</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1993/">1993</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1994/">1994</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1995/">1995</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1996/">1996</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1997/">1997</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1998/">1998</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1999/">1999</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2000/">2000</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2001/">2001</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2002/">2002</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2003/">2003</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2004/">2004</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2005/">2005</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2006/">2006</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2007/">2007</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2008/">2008</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2009/">2009</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2010/">2010</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2011/">2011</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2012/">2012</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2013/">2013</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2014/">2014</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2015/">2015</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2016/">2016</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2017/">2017</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2018/">2018</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2019/">2019</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2020/">2020</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2021/">2021</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2022/">2022</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2023/">2023</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2024/">2024</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2025/">2025</a></div></div></div><div class="issue__list-8JHD2"><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1989/12-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0EEF8143-2B7B-443D-B4AE3E40FF473F72_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 261 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0EEF8143-2B7B-443D-B4AE3E40FF473F72_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0EEF8143-2B7B-443D-B4AE3E40FF473F72_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1989-12-01">December 1989</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1989/11-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2F659D96-EFA5-4EB6-AA4242EB2E389814_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 261 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2F659D96-EFA5-4EB6-AA4242EB2E389814_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2F659D96-EFA5-4EB6-AA4242EB2E389814_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1989-11-01">November 1989</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1989/10-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBC9686E-3DBA-4839-A3C407152CFE246F_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 261 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBC9686E-3DBA-4839-A3C407152CFE246F_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBC9686E-3DBA-4839-A3C407152CFE246F_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1989-10-01">October 1989</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1989/09-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4AADA48C-7278-4633-9ACF473E3966CDBE_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 261 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4AADA48C-7278-4633-9ACF473E3966CDBE_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4AADA48C-7278-4633-9ACF473E3966CDBE_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1989-09-01">September 1989</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1989/08-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5338622C-4B5B-4307-99B7878839F41B40_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 261 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5338622C-4B5B-4307-99B7878839F41B40_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5338622C-4B5B-4307-99B7878839F41B40_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1989-08-01">August 1989</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1989/07-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CD189F2E-FCA7-453C-9A5222983870BCBE_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 261 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CD189F2E-FCA7-453C-9A5222983870BCBE_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CD189F2E-FCA7-453C-9A5222983870BCBE_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1989-07-01">July 1989</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1989/06-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/862C264A-07AC-4329-AD47C9F3C0519D97_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 260 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/862C264A-07AC-4329-AD47C9F3C0519D97_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/862C264A-07AC-4329-AD47C9F3C0519D97_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1989-06-01">June 1989</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1989/05-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B99DC925-6D28-4EC5-8D33E80FDEE07161_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 260 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B99DC925-6D28-4EC5-8D33E80FDEE07161_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B99DC925-6D28-4EC5-8D33E80FDEE07161_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1989-05-01">May 1989</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1989/04-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/10EC34FF-D0B5-4B21-80B777994668A13A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 260 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/10EC34FF-D0B5-4B21-80B777994668A13A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/10EC34FF-D0B5-4B21-80B777994668A13A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1989-04-01">April 1989</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1989/03-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5C865872-21D4-4F56-8DBD48085925C5BC_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 260 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5C865872-21D4-4F56-8DBD48085925C5BC_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5C865872-21D4-4F56-8DBD48085925C5BC_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1989-03-01">March 1989</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1989/02-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CB48F8EF-85FB-4A8A-BD047C68DB38B215_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 260 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CB48F8EF-85FB-4A8A-BD047C68DB38B215_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CB48F8EF-85FB-4A8A-BD047C68DB38B215_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1989-02-01">February 1989</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1989/01-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1879CA41-E93C-48D3-835A620949495D99_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 260 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1879CA41-E93C-48D3-835A620949495D99_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1879CA41-E93C-48D3-835A620949495D99_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1989-01-01">January 1989</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1988/12-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/181F41A0-E742-46E8-B85060595A25A7E0_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 259 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/181F41A0-E742-46E8-B85060595A25A7E0_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/181F41A0-E742-46E8-B85060595A25A7E0_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1988-12-01">December 1988</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1988/11-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D839E50E-73B7-44C0-969B6679E1AD49D8_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 259 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D839E50E-73B7-44C0-969B6679E1AD49D8_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D839E50E-73B7-44C0-969B6679E1AD49D8_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1988-11-01">November 1988</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1988/10-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F7451093-5F2B-4176-A9C48D3195247430_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 259 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F7451093-5F2B-4176-A9C48D3195247430_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F7451093-5F2B-4176-A9C48D3195247430_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1988-10-01">October 1988</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1988/09-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0A9C3C94-2500-4D8A-903E1CC354A2AE9A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 259 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0A9C3C94-2500-4D8A-903E1CC354A2AE9A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0A9C3C94-2500-4D8A-903E1CC354A2AE9A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1988-09-01">September 1988</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1988/08-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/63A17959-A1A7-4A3F-A83603AE749AB03D_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 259 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/63A17959-A1A7-4A3F-A83603AE749AB03D_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/63A17959-A1A7-4A3F-A83603AE749AB03D_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1988-08-01">August 1988</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1988/07-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E28017B6-0C6B-450E-8E6FE56080194E66_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 259 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E28017B6-0C6B-450E-8E6FE56080194E66_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E28017B6-0C6B-450E-8E6FE56080194E66_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1988-07-01">July 1988</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1988/06-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B4335C7E-2FB5-4453-84F239D488D46C9F_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 258 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B4335C7E-2FB5-4453-84F239D488D46C9F_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B4335C7E-2FB5-4453-84F239D488D46C9F_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1988-06-01">June 1988</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1988/05-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A740E927-55D6-4351-83D46B6B17908AC4_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 258 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A740E927-55D6-4351-83D46B6B17908AC4_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A740E927-55D6-4351-83D46B6B17908AC4_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1988-05-01">May 1988</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1988/04-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/63D6F497-BD5E-4764-890EA0DD5649C55F_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 258 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/63D6F497-BD5E-4764-890EA0DD5649C55F_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/63D6F497-BD5E-4764-890EA0DD5649C55F_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1988-04-01">April 1988</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1988/03-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/48E6D4BD-8A3E-4D95-A5FBB37B30B503E8_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 258 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/48E6D4BD-8A3E-4D95-A5FBB37B30B503E8_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/48E6D4BD-8A3E-4D95-A5FBB37B30B503E8_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1988-03-01">March 1988</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1988/02-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/652722F4-2C2E-4A68-8D93CD8B1C171BA0_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 258 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/652722F4-2C2E-4A68-8D93CD8B1C171BA0_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/652722F4-2C2E-4A68-8D93CD8B1C171BA0_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1988-02-01">February 1988</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1988/01-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/77C00505-0223-4BC3-84DA65DD00E6DCBA_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 258 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/77C00505-0223-4BC3-84DA65DD00E6DCBA_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/77C00505-0223-4BC3-84DA65DD00E6DCBA_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1988-01-01">January 1988</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1987/12-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/20EDEF11-8947-48E7-8B7C7DEA2BAD6116_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 257 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/20EDEF11-8947-48E7-8B7C7DEA2BAD6116_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/20EDEF11-8947-48E7-8B7C7DEA2BAD6116_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1987-12-01">December 1987</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1987/11-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2F1F7CDF-DE1D-45CA-8B2A3778C84152C1_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 257 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2F1F7CDF-DE1D-45CA-8B2A3778C84152C1_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2F1F7CDF-DE1D-45CA-8B2A3778C84152C1_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1987-11-01">November 1987</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1987/10-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/096C2226-B411-46F3-BE9310D7AFDFC71D_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 257 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/096C2226-B411-46F3-BE9310D7AFDFC71D_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/096C2226-B411-46F3-BE9310D7AFDFC71D_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1987-10-01">October 1987</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1987/09-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/970E8381-A38F-406D-9B90DA0D84F95E81_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 257 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/970E8381-A38F-406D-9B90DA0D84F95E81_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/970E8381-A38F-406D-9B90DA0D84F95E81_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1987-09-01">September 1987</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1987/08-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6683BF84-5091-4F42-8B899C862188CF7A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 257 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6683BF84-5091-4F42-8B899C862188CF7A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6683BF84-5091-4F42-8B899C862188CF7A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1987-08-01">August 1987</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1987/07-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7E1FB64F-080B-4888-A7FA4D989E6EE724_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 257 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7E1FB64F-080B-4888-A7FA4D989E6EE724_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7E1FB64F-080B-4888-A7FA4D989E6EE724_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1987-07-01">July 1987</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1987/06-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BBD5C918-3A2B-4102-8531F69FC5E5A1AA_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 256 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BBD5C918-3A2B-4102-8531F69FC5E5A1AA_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BBD5C918-3A2B-4102-8531F69FC5E5A1AA_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1987-06-01">June 1987</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1987/05-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A8B326F-233D-4B2F-A480B22E64A8FA2A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 256 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A8B326F-233D-4B2F-A480B22E64A8FA2A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A8B326F-233D-4B2F-A480B22E64A8FA2A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1987-05-01">May 1987</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1987/04-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7B998134-7653-4CDC-BAD2E6E0D9753685_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 256 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7B998134-7653-4CDC-BAD2E6E0D9753685_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7B998134-7653-4CDC-BAD2E6E0D9753685_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1987-04-01">April 1987</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1987/03-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA2A9D32-EC11-444C-835D363FB9FFA82B_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 256 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA2A9D32-EC11-444C-835D363FB9FFA82B_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA2A9D32-EC11-444C-835D363FB9FFA82B_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1987-03-01">March 1987</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1987/02-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DED9D245-CCAE-4430-9F68ABE1D422F99D_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 256 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DED9D245-CCAE-4430-9F68ABE1D422F99D_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DED9D245-CCAE-4430-9F68ABE1D422F99D_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1987-02-01">February 1987</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1987/01-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/52CE7674-F99A-4CB8-A41613DFD174E24F_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 256 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/52CE7674-F99A-4CB8-A41613DFD174E24F_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/52CE7674-F99A-4CB8-A41613DFD174E24F_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1987-01-01">January 1987</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1986/12-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B0A2F1AA-CB6A-472E-BCF1448ECFF1CA86_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 255 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B0A2F1AA-CB6A-472E-BCF1448ECFF1CA86_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B0A2F1AA-CB6A-472E-BCF1448ECFF1CA86_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1986-12-01">December 1986</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1986/11-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/635BA8F7-22DA-41EC-AE2760B798332891_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 255 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/635BA8F7-22DA-41EC-AE2760B798332891_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/635BA8F7-22DA-41EC-AE2760B798332891_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1986-11-01">November 1986</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1986/10-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/02C23C6C-C629-44AD-ACC2D0544DE2911A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 255 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/02C23C6C-C629-44AD-ACC2D0544DE2911A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/02C23C6C-C629-44AD-ACC2D0544DE2911A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1986-10-01">October 1986</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1986/09-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/31102280-9057-4055-BB5BB47FCAC34C28_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 255 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/31102280-9057-4055-BB5BB47FCAC34C28_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/31102280-9057-4055-BB5BB47FCAC34C28_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1986-09-01">September 1986</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1986/08-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D700AED-9EC5-4A09-97EDDA1C03CC2FE0_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 255 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D700AED-9EC5-4A09-97EDDA1C03CC2FE0_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D700AED-9EC5-4A09-97EDDA1C03CC2FE0_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1986-08-01">August 1986</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1986/07-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AA74EFB7-A4BF-429C-92F1FCE35A94CDC7_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 255 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AA74EFB7-A4BF-429C-92F1FCE35A94CDC7_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AA74EFB7-A4BF-429C-92F1FCE35A94CDC7_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1986-07-01">July 1986</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1986/06-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/34BECA39-8964-4D7B-9094299826BA0AC1_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 254 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/34BECA39-8964-4D7B-9094299826BA0AC1_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/34BECA39-8964-4D7B-9094299826BA0AC1_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1986-06-01">June 1986</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1986/05-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A49D2016-D0F0-4872-8191391CC9746670_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 254 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A49D2016-D0F0-4872-8191391CC9746670_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A49D2016-D0F0-4872-8191391CC9746670_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1986-05-01">May 1986</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1986/04-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DA219875-B464-47E5-BEBF6B585DCE47C1_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 254 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DA219875-B464-47E5-BEBF6B585DCE47C1_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DA219875-B464-47E5-BEBF6B585DCE47C1_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1986-04-01">April 1986</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1986/03-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EE917544-C9C0-490F-865B369E6309442F_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 254 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EE917544-C9C0-490F-865B369E6309442F_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EE917544-C9C0-490F-865B369E6309442F_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1986-03-01">March 1986</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1986/02-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5F3D5574-2B34-4830-AF59090A39A86655_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 254 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5F3D5574-2B34-4830-AF59090A39A86655_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5F3D5574-2B34-4830-AF59090A39A86655_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1986-02-01">February 1986</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1986/01-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4E749C14-140D-4489-8B1B44C59FC24677_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 254 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4E749C14-140D-4489-8B1B44C59FC24677_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4E749C14-140D-4489-8B1B44C59FC24677_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1986-01-01">January 1986</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1985/12-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6549F700-1EE2-4A9F-84280B420BC8DD61_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 253 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6549F700-1EE2-4A9F-84280B420BC8DD61_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6549F700-1EE2-4A9F-84280B420BC8DD61_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1985-12-01">December 1985</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1985/11-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/19FF730A-6B85-4E95-8A38049EFEA08FFC_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 253 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/19FF730A-6B85-4E95-8A38049EFEA08FFC_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/19FF730A-6B85-4E95-8A38049EFEA08FFC_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1985-11-01">November 1985</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1985/10-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A730A04-6E0D-4694-88EE77098BFD818F_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 253 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A730A04-6E0D-4694-88EE77098BFD818F_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A730A04-6E0D-4694-88EE77098BFD818F_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1985-10-01">October 1985</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1985/09-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D83A8F55-59A3-4495-930897C379D525A6_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 253 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D83A8F55-59A3-4495-930897C379D525A6_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D83A8F55-59A3-4495-930897C379D525A6_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1985-09-01">September 1985</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1985/08-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9FFC4209-C02C-49D3-AF2E4AE8EF3D7DE4_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 253 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9FFC4209-C02C-49D3-AF2E4AE8EF3D7DE4_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9FFC4209-C02C-49D3-AF2E4AE8EF3D7DE4_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1985-08-01">August 1985</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1985/07-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E0C0BB6A-2CFF-47BF-899811C251E4095D_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 253 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E0C0BB6A-2CFF-47BF-899811C251E4095D_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E0C0BB6A-2CFF-47BF-899811C251E4095D_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1985-07-01">July 1985</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1985/06-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/42A9C36B-B1AB-469C-81AE7DD13E313860_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 252 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/42A9C36B-B1AB-469C-81AE7DD13E313860_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/42A9C36B-B1AB-469C-81AE7DD13E313860_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1985-06-01">June 1985</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1985/05-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/89D6EE4E-DC14-4312-BC0D378F78C74519_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 252 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/89D6EE4E-DC14-4312-BC0D378F78C74519_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/89D6EE4E-DC14-4312-BC0D378F78C74519_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1985-05-01">May 1985</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1985/04-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/80B00DFE-5243-4C4B-B037A5FB10E649AB_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 252 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/80B00DFE-5243-4C4B-B037A5FB10E649AB_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/80B00DFE-5243-4C4B-B037A5FB10E649AB_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1985-04-01">April 1985</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1985/03-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/40AF685E-53B4-401E-91B32AE78049F19F_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 252 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/40AF685E-53B4-401E-91B32AE78049F19F_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/40AF685E-53B4-401E-91B32AE78049F19F_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1985-03-01">March 1985</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1985/02-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/777CAFF7-9228-4332-87B3FCA08AB45B40_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 252 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/777CAFF7-9228-4332-87B3FCA08AB45B40_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/777CAFF7-9228-4332-87B3FCA08AB45B40_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1985-02-01">February 1985</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1985/01-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A9196846-65DC-48E4-B6011AF0AF8124AE_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 252 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A9196846-65DC-48E4-B6011AF0AF8124AE_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A9196846-65DC-48E4-B6011AF0AF8124AE_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1985-01-01">January 1985</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1984/12-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6123E7D8-5B8C-4B1B-A55C8FA5C18D0C8D_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 251 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6123E7D8-5B8C-4B1B-A55C8FA5C18D0C8D_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6123E7D8-5B8C-4B1B-A55C8FA5C18D0C8D_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1984-12-01">December 1984</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1984/11-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6A9531A1-79A9-4F12-A201A42E630ACC94_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 251 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6A9531A1-79A9-4F12-A201A42E630ACC94_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6A9531A1-79A9-4F12-A201A42E630ACC94_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1984-11-01">November 1984</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1984/10-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9A0139BF-D06A-478E-B3D2A7DE8ED6E189_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 251 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9A0139BF-D06A-478E-B3D2A7DE8ED6E189_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9A0139BF-D06A-478E-B3D2A7DE8ED6E189_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1984-10-01">October 1984</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1984/09-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7FE1A030-3DC5-42CF-A4DFD647224F9D84_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 251 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7FE1A030-3DC5-42CF-A4DFD647224F9D84_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7FE1A030-3DC5-42CF-A4DFD647224F9D84_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1984-09-01">September 1984</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1984/08-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/40A93B61-CEC8-4503-A6E294713A193024_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 251 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/40A93B61-CEC8-4503-A6E294713A193024_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/40A93B61-CEC8-4503-A6E294713A193024_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1984-08-01">August 1984</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1984/07-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/961D5738-2356-4A80-A6C533503A5B8A74_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 251 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/961D5738-2356-4A80-A6C533503A5B8A74_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/961D5738-2356-4A80-A6C533503A5B8A74_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1984-07-01">July 1984</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1984/06-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A00EB42D-FE7E-4EB3-96EA21D613EF9F45_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 250 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A00EB42D-FE7E-4EB3-96EA21D613EF9F45_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A00EB42D-FE7E-4EB3-96EA21D613EF9F45_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1984-06-01">June 1984</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1984/05-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/22F55BFA-7FDB-4D6E-A735F8952EAE25C8_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 250 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/22F55BFA-7FDB-4D6E-A735F8952EAE25C8_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/22F55BFA-7FDB-4D6E-A735F8952EAE25C8_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1984-05-01">May 1984</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1984/04-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D7A26655-17A7-4661-9D75A9069EB8FDAD_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 250 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D7A26655-17A7-4661-9D75A9069EB8FDAD_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D7A26655-17A7-4661-9D75A9069EB8FDAD_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1984-04-01">April 1984</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1984/03-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/032004F6-E452-495E-B5C492F2B180A4BB_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 250 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/032004F6-E452-495E-B5C492F2B180A4BB_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/032004F6-E452-495E-B5C492F2B180A4BB_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1984-03-01">March 1984</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1984/02-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D52B1B7-A5A3-4671-ADC7375BE486DF77_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 250 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D52B1B7-A5A3-4671-ADC7375BE486DF77_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D52B1B7-A5A3-4671-ADC7375BE486DF77_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1984-02-01">February 1984</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1984/01-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3E26C785-FA7D-4E13-A0475FEF571F50A4_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 250 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3E26C785-FA7D-4E13-A0475FEF571F50A4_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3E26C785-FA7D-4E13-A0475FEF571F50A4_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1984-01-01">January 1984</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1983/12-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5DDBAEB7-6969-4855-8348DD4476A1A4E7_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 249 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5DDBAEB7-6969-4855-8348DD4476A1A4E7_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5DDBAEB7-6969-4855-8348DD4476A1A4E7_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1983-12-01">December 1983</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1983/11-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3047613C-2D6E-4F4E-B924C9E5A5698E6E_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 249 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3047613C-2D6E-4F4E-B924C9E5A5698E6E_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3047613C-2D6E-4F4E-B924C9E5A5698E6E_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1983-11-01">November 1983</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1983/10-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/874E7C46-9439-4816-B49E31E916BAD9AA_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 249 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/874E7C46-9439-4816-B49E31E916BAD9AA_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/874E7C46-9439-4816-B49E31E916BAD9AA_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1983-10-01">October 1983</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1983/09-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3E1546EF-A70F-4C71-8EDD7EEC7B0C2D2D_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 249 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3E1546EF-A70F-4C71-8EDD7EEC7B0C2D2D_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3E1546EF-A70F-4C71-8EDD7EEC7B0C2D2D_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1983-09-01">September 1983</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1983/08-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9846BF5A-5548-4290-9006A4B00CFAC853_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 249 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9846BF5A-5548-4290-9006A4B00CFAC853_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9846BF5A-5548-4290-9006A4B00CFAC853_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1983-08-01">August 1983</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1983/07-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5F549A48-C124-4A40-9A413C7C02851CFF_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 249 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5F549A48-C124-4A40-9A413C7C02851CFF_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5F549A48-C124-4A40-9A413C7C02851CFF_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1983-07-01">July 1983</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1983/06-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/687881B3-E0C3-4934-841E279FD59231DB_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 248 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/687881B3-E0C3-4934-841E279FD59231DB_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/687881B3-E0C3-4934-841E279FD59231DB_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1983-06-01">June 1983</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1983/05-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6B38C626-EC91-4116-8A0B2521CBD3538C_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 248 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6B38C626-EC91-4116-8A0B2521CBD3538C_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6B38C626-EC91-4116-8A0B2521CBD3538C_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1983-05-01">May 1983</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1983/04-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A8E0441A-577F-4392-A2E7FC71A2EBD6C9_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 248 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A8E0441A-577F-4392-A2E7FC71A2EBD6C9_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A8E0441A-577F-4392-A2E7FC71A2EBD6C9_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1983-04-01">April 1983</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1983/03-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FDEE2988-CEED-45DD-BEAA353CEF26DDCC_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 248 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FDEE2988-CEED-45DD-BEAA353CEF26DDCC_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FDEE2988-CEED-45DD-BEAA353CEF26DDCC_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1983-03-01">March 1983</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1983/02-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8B509138-A730-4B13-BF421307B5AE9223_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 248 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8B509138-A730-4B13-BF421307B5AE9223_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8B509138-A730-4B13-BF421307B5AE9223_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1983-02-01">February 1983</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1983/01-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A649E6C1-A3F1-433B-836B225B4890CD9D_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 248 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A649E6C1-A3F1-433B-836B225B4890CD9D_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A649E6C1-A3F1-433B-836B225B4890CD9D_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1983-01-01">January 1983</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1982/12-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A343FA6-9A64-4DCD-9D787B3C7E14FE05_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 247 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A343FA6-9A64-4DCD-9D787B3C7E14FE05_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A343FA6-9A64-4DCD-9D787B3C7E14FE05_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1982-12-01">December 1982</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1982/11-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/80D43689-0DC5-4D73-818A187E986474D1_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 247 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/80D43689-0DC5-4D73-818A187E986474D1_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/80D43689-0DC5-4D73-818A187E986474D1_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1982-11-01">November 1982</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1982/10-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/614AE0BD-A3CE-4041-89EB49D36EAAA70A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 247 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/614AE0BD-A3CE-4041-89EB49D36EAAA70A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/614AE0BD-A3CE-4041-89EB49D36EAAA70A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1982-10-01">October 1982</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1982/09-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/68ACE012-6EC9-4282-8650D3A22354799D_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 247 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/68ACE012-6EC9-4282-8650D3A22354799D_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/68ACE012-6EC9-4282-8650D3A22354799D_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1982-09-01">September 1982</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1982/08-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6C9773C4-BF9A-4243-BD3A3826B5BEC659_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 247 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6C9773C4-BF9A-4243-BD3A3826B5BEC659_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6C9773C4-BF9A-4243-BD3A3826B5BEC659_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1982-08-01">August 1982</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1982/07-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A06FCC0C-2413-4002-9197D1FB65C36BDF_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 247 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A06FCC0C-2413-4002-9197D1FB65C36BDF_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A06FCC0C-2413-4002-9197D1FB65C36BDF_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1982-07-01">July 1982</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1982/06-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9376036C-C570-4C70-941753CE87669087_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 246 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9376036C-C570-4C70-941753CE87669087_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9376036C-C570-4C70-941753CE87669087_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1982-06-01">June 1982</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1982/05-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EDA7A8A9-3FBF-4C76-9D87D14A95E6F524_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 246 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EDA7A8A9-3FBF-4C76-9D87D14A95E6F524_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EDA7A8A9-3FBF-4C76-9D87D14A95E6F524_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1982-05-01">May 1982</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1982/04-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D3E1C776-B7E3-443A-80353E46C12A4237_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 246 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D3E1C776-B7E3-443A-80353E46C12A4237_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D3E1C776-B7E3-443A-80353E46C12A4237_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1982-04-01">April 1982</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1982/03-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C64A7009-5D92-4DF4-BAD9DD8EE75360F1_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 246 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C64A7009-5D92-4DF4-BAD9DD8EE75360F1_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C64A7009-5D92-4DF4-BAD9DD8EE75360F1_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1982-03-01">March 1982</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1982/02-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C1CF31A-8837-4C01-B85ECD247B7EC616_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 246 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C1CF31A-8837-4C01-B85ECD247B7EC616_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C1CF31A-8837-4C01-B85ECD247B7EC616_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1982-02-01">February 1982</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1982/01-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/217EFB28-F7B5-46F1-AFB348A36542E565_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 246 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/217EFB28-F7B5-46F1-AFB348A36542E565_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/217EFB28-F7B5-46F1-AFB348A36542E565_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1982-01-01">January 1982</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1981/12-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/49BACB25-EF6F-4CF4-94B11F87E5661734_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 245 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/49BACB25-EF6F-4CF4-94B11F87E5661734_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/49BACB25-EF6F-4CF4-94B11F87E5661734_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1981-12-01">December 1981</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1981/11-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D4091F5A-9ACD-46AD-A2C085AA7BD4ADDC_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 245 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D4091F5A-9ACD-46AD-A2C085AA7BD4ADDC_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D4091F5A-9ACD-46AD-A2C085AA7BD4ADDC_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1981-11-01">November 1981</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1981/10-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBD351D7-1764-42DB-92BC90E12437FCE1_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 245 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBD351D7-1764-42DB-92BC90E12437FCE1_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBD351D7-1764-42DB-92BC90E12437FCE1_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1981-10-01">October 1981</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1981/09-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/97A45715-8632-4E3F-9E0AE6DCED836A1A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 245 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/97A45715-8632-4E3F-9E0AE6DCED836A1A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/97A45715-8632-4E3F-9E0AE6DCED836A1A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1981-09-01">September 1981</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1981/08-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AE373747-A337-43EE-907D6CFB4CEBD7C8_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 245 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AE373747-A337-43EE-907D6CFB4CEBD7C8_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AE373747-A337-43EE-907D6CFB4CEBD7C8_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1981-08-01">August 1981</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1981/07-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DCB5B9A7-C966-4A19-9D60FD00753FD12E_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 245 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DCB5B9A7-C966-4A19-9D60FD00753FD12E_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DCB5B9A7-C966-4A19-9D60FD00753FD12E_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1981-07-01">July 1981</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1981/06-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/567C9AB2-0DEC-42C2-8BEB6AC31DED530E_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 244 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/567C9AB2-0DEC-42C2-8BEB6AC31DED530E_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/567C9AB2-0DEC-42C2-8BEB6AC31DED530E_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1981-06-01">June 1981</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1981/05-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A33DA3D8-9135-421E-BDE2F5EED0450E23_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 244 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A33DA3D8-9135-421E-BDE2F5EED0450E23_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A33DA3D8-9135-421E-BDE2F5EED0450E23_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1981-05-01">May 1981</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1981/04-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/152D158F-5CDF-4373-805C67F39D0CD2D7_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 244 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/152D158F-5CDF-4373-805C67F39D0CD2D7_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/152D158F-5CDF-4373-805C67F39D0CD2D7_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1981-04-01">April 1981</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1981/03-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/939F632B-13AF-45F8-ABB6A3E24DAFF483_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 244 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/939F632B-13AF-45F8-ABB6A3E24DAFF483_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/939F632B-13AF-45F8-ABB6A3E24DAFF483_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1981-03-01">March 1981</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1981/02-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D5BB8D5-D637-452A-99C2E02D68BBE16B_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 244 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D5BB8D5-D637-452A-99C2E02D68BBE16B_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D5BB8D5-D637-452A-99C2E02D68BBE16B_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1981-02-01">February 1981</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1981/01-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F37B33A4-99D5-4A2E-898BF8ABFD359AA7_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 244 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F37B33A4-99D5-4A2E-898BF8ABFD359AA7_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F37B33A4-99D5-4A2E-898BF8ABFD359AA7_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1981-01-01">January 1981</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1980/12-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0085D1D4-7A2B-4484-AF4D52DECB45C0FC_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 243 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0085D1D4-7A2B-4484-AF4D52DECB45C0FC_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0085D1D4-7A2B-4484-AF4D52DECB45C0FC_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1980-12-01">December 1980</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1980/11-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2ED3FCAA-15B9-4812-AF5E21ADD941738F_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 243 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2ED3FCAA-15B9-4812-AF5E21ADD941738F_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2ED3FCAA-15B9-4812-AF5E21ADD941738F_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1980-11-01">November 1980</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1980/10-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DF79AE3B-C3B1-4116-A96A2D15E2B0570C_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 243 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DF79AE3B-C3B1-4116-A96A2D15E2B0570C_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DF79AE3B-C3B1-4116-A96A2D15E2B0570C_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1980-10-01">October 1980</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1980/09-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6787D961-40C2-452F-914C9C09C9433335_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 243 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6787D961-40C2-452F-914C9C09C9433335_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6787D961-40C2-452F-914C9C09C9433335_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1980-09-01">September 1980</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1980/08-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/76634B0D-5B62-44BD-9E300AAD71E8DF08_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 243 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/76634B0D-5B62-44BD-9E300AAD71E8DF08_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/76634B0D-5B62-44BD-9E300AAD71E8DF08_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1980-08-01">August 1980</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1980/07-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9556296E-CF09-405A-92325CB85F6F2CD4_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 243 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9556296E-CF09-405A-92325CB85F6F2CD4_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9556296E-CF09-405A-92325CB85F6F2CD4_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1980-07-01">July 1980</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1980/06-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2D136358-CBE6-4443-BF447E9D3BAA524D_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 242 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2D136358-CBE6-4443-BF447E9D3BAA524D_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2D136358-CBE6-4443-BF447E9D3BAA524D_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1980-06-01">June 1980</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1980/05-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B2B071D0-CECB-4E6E-B311DCA53581CE97_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 242 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B2B071D0-CECB-4E6E-B311DCA53581CE97_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B2B071D0-CECB-4E6E-B311DCA53581CE97_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1980-05-01">May 1980</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1980/04-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D3697955-A1F6-4BAF-8D5C6F6B82779C42_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 242 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D3697955-A1F6-4BAF-8D5C6F6B82779C42_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D3697955-A1F6-4BAF-8D5C6F6B82779C42_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1980-04-01">April 1980</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1980/03-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/022B3CF9-B97D-4ABE-87B472A421407EFF_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 242 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/022B3CF9-B97D-4ABE-87B472A421407EFF_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/022B3CF9-B97D-4ABE-87B472A421407EFF_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1980-03-01">March 1980</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1980/02-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/98C3F72F-F013-4952-9EE7C991592BD8A1_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 242 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/98C3F72F-F013-4952-9EE7C991592BD8A1_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/98C3F72F-F013-4952-9EE7C991592BD8A1_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1980-02-01">February 1980</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1980/01-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F88EA024-1EFB-47C0-A0B8DFD4A9B07F65_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 242 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F88EA024-1EFB-47C0-A0B8DFD4A9B07F65_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F88EA024-1EFB-47C0-A0B8DFD4A9B07F65_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1980-01-01">January 1980</time></div></div></div></a></div></div></main><footer class="footer-VfsmT"><div class="footerContainer-pfbjC"><h2 class="footerMainText-wQ3og">Expand Your World with Science</h2></div><div class="footerFlexContainer-XKe5g footerContainer-pfbjC"><div class="footerLinks-m1THn"><p class="footerText-PzHcy">Learn and share the most exciting discoveries, innovations and ideas shaping our world today.</p><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="/getsciam/">Subscribe</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="/newsletters/">Sign up for our newsletters</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="/">See the latest stories</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="/latest-issue/">Read the latest issue</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="/getsciam/gift/">Give a Gift Subscription</a><p class="footerSocialMedia-7KIIV">Follow Us:<a href="https://www.instagram.com/scientific_american/?hl=en" target="_blank" alt="Instagram link" title="Instagram"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M224.1 141c-63.6 0-114.9 51.3-114.9 114.9s51.3 114.9 114.9 114.9S339 319.5 339 255.9 287.7 141 224.1 141zm0 189.6c-41.1 0-74.7-33.5-74.7-74.7s33.5-74.7 74.7-74.7 74.7 33.5 74.7 74.7-33.6 74.7-74.7 74.7zm146.4-194.3c0 14.9-12 26.8-26.8 26.8-14.9 0-26.8-12-26.8-26.8s12-26.8 26.8-26.8 26.8 12 26.8 26.8zm76.1 27.2c-1.7-35.9-9.9-67.7-36.2-93.9-26.2-26.2-58-34.4-93.9-36.2-37-2.1-147.9-2.1-184.9 0-35.8 1.7-67.6 9.9-93.9 36.1s-34.4 58-36.2 93.9c-2.1 37-2.1 147.9 0 184.9 1.7 35.9 9.9 67.7 36.2 93.9s58 34.4 93.9 36.2c37 2.1 147.9 2.1 184.9 0 35.9-1.7 67.7-9.9 93.9-36.2 26.2-26.2 34.4-58 36.2-93.9 2.1-37 2.1-147.8 0-184.8zM398.8 388c-7.8 19.6-22.9 34.7-42.6 42.6-29.5 11.7-99.5 9-132.1 9s-102.7 2.6-132.1-9c-19.6-7.8-34.7-22.9-42.6-42.6-11.7-29.5-9-99.5-9-132.1s-2.6-102.7 9-132.1c7.8-19.6 22.9-34.7 42.6-42.6 29.5-11.7 99.5-9 132.1-9s102.7-2.6 132.1 9c19.6 7.8 34.7 22.9 42.6 42.6 11.7 29.5 9 99.5 9 132.1s2.7 102.7-9 132.1z"></path></svg></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/SciAmerican" target="_blank" alt="YouTube link" title="YouTube"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 576 512"><path d="M549.655 124.083c-6.281-23.65-24.787-42.276-48.284-48.597C458.781 64 288 64 288 64S117.22 64 74.629 75.486c-23.497 6.322-42.003 24.947-48.284 48.597-11.412 42.867-11.412 132.305-11.412 132.305s0 89.438 11.412 132.305c6.281 23.65 24.787 41.5 48.284 47.821C117.22 448 288 448 288 448s170.78 0 213.371-11.486c23.497-6.321 42.003-24.171 48.284-47.821 11.412-42.867 11.412-132.305 11.412-132.305s0-89.438-11.412-132.305zm-317.51 213.508V175.185l142.739 81.205-142.739 81.201z"></path></svg></a><a href="https://www.threads.net/@scientific_american" target="_blank" alt="Threads link" title="Threads"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M331.5 235.7c2.2.9 4.2 1.9 6.3 2.8c29.2 14.1 50.6 35.2 61.8 61.4c15.7 36.5 17.2 95.8-30.3 143.2c-36.2 36.2-80.3 52.5-142.6 53h-.3c-70.2-.5-124.1-24.1-160.4-70.2c-32.3-41-48.9-98.1-49.5-169.6v-.5c.5-71.5 17.1-128.6 49.4-169.6c36.3-46.1 90.3-69.7 160.5-70.2h.3c70.3.5 124.9 24 162.3 69.9c18.4 22.7 32 50 40.6 81.7l-40.4 10.8c-7.1-25.8-17.8-47.8-32.2-65.4c-29.2-35.8-73-54.2-130.5-54.6c-57 .5-100.1 18.8-128.2 54.4C72.1 146.1 58.5 194.3 58 256c.5 61.7 14.1 109.9 40.3 143.3c28 35.6 71.2 53.9 128.2 54.4c51.4-.4 85.4-12.6 113.7-40.9c32.3-32.2 31.7-71.8 21.4-95.9c-6.1-14.2-17.1-26-31.9-34.9c-3.7 26.9-11.8 48.3-24.7 64.8c-17.1 21.8-41.4 33.6-72.7 35.3c-23.6 1.3-46.3-4.4-63.9-16c-20.8-13.8-33-34.8-34.3-59.3c-2.5-48.3 35.7-83 95.2-86.4c21.1-1.2 40.9-.3 59.2 2.8c-2.4-14.8-7.3-26.6-14.6-35.2c-10-11.7-25.6-17.7-46.2-17.8h-.7c-16.6 0-39 4.6-53.3 26.3l-34.4-23.6c19.2-29.1 50.3-45.1 87.8-45.1h.8c62.6.4 99.9 39.5 103.7 107.7l-.2.2zm-156 68.8c1.3 25.1 28.4 36.8 54.6 35.3c25.6-1.4 54.6-11.4 59.5-73.2c-13.2-2.9-27.8-4.4-43.4-4.4c-4.8 0-9.6.1-14.4.4c-42.9 2.4-57.2 23.2-56.2 41.8z"></path></svg></a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/ScientificAmerican" target="_blank" alt="Facebook link" title="Facebook"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path d="M279.14 288l14.22-92.66h-88.91v-60.13c0-25.35 12.42-50.06 52.24-50.06h40.42V6.26S260.43 0 225.36 0c-73.22 0-121.08 44.38-121.08 124.72v70.62H22.89V288h81.39v224h100.17V288z"></path></svg></a><a href="/platform/syndication/rss/" target="_blank" alt="RSS feed" title="RSS feed"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M0 64C0 46.3 14.3 32 32 32c229.8 0 416 186.2 416 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32C384 253.6 226.4 96 32 96C14.3 96 0 81.7 0 64zM0 416a64 64 0 1 1 128 0A64 64 0 1 1 0 416zM32 160c159.1 0 288 128.9 288 288c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32c0-123.7-100.3-224-224-224c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32z"></path></svg></a></p></div><div class="footerImageContainer-omuef"><img class="footerImage-fMFhw" src="/static/assets/footerProductImg-f6732134.png" alt="Scientific American publications in print & digital formats" as="image" loading="lazy"/></div></div><div class="grid-c0--6 footerContainer-pfbjC"><div><ul><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/return-refund-policy/">Return & Refund Policy</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/about-scientific-american/">About</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/pressroom/">Press Room</a></li></ul></div><div><ul class="footer-links"><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/frequently-asked-questions/subscriptions-products/">FAQs</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/contact-us/customer-service/">Contact Us</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/international/">International Editions</a></li></ul></div><div><ul class="footer-links"><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/mediakit/">Advertise</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/accessibility-statement/">Accessibility Statement</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/terms-of-use/">Terms of Use</a></li></ul></div><div><ul class="footer-links"><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/california-consumer-privacy-statement/">California Consumer Privacy Statement</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="#">Use of cookies/Do not sell my data</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footerContainer-pfbjC"><p>Scientific American is part of Springer Nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at www.springernature.com/us). Scientific American maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers.</p><p>漏 2024 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, A DIVISION OF SPRINGER NATURE AMERICA, INC.<br/>ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.</p></div></footer></div> <script id="__DATA__">window.__DATA__=JSON.parse(`{"initialData":{"issues":[{"contentful_id":"5Ck19QXmkmYRn9gTcMhIvf","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1989/12-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 261, Issue 6","volume":261,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1989-12-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/815599D9-1812-4959-BD2AB84250E59620.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0EEF8143-2B7B-443D-B4AE3E40FF473F72_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":587,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6pw40elEvNh6g7U1GL0O7G","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1989/11-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 261, Issue 5","volume":261,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1989-11-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D99891E9-EA01-4F50-820665DC4E9A4F1C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2F659D96-EFA5-4EB6-AA4242EB2E389814_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":587,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3VHzk82Wyk0DjWVtVVQnFV","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1989/10-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 261, Issue 4","volume":261,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1989-10-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1A0AA1D2-1BAC-4BC2-B1048A4F175CF600.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBC9686E-3DBA-4839-A3C407152CFE246F_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":586,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3ny8LK9TyrJ9FJZOm9tQeL","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1989/09-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 261, Issue 3","volume":261,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1989-09-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2C4B018C-F3DF-4BC6-86F691937260907F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4AADA48C-7278-4633-9ACF473E3966CDBE_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":605,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2KF2CfeiYLDP2jXu79pX4f","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1989/08-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 261, Issue 2","volume":261,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1989-08-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DB2C53A0-A209-4709-A6439239605C3457.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5338622C-4B5B-4307-99B7878839F41B40_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":583,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7q8rtxV4XsfedQzOcm29KN","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1989/07-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 261, Issue 1","volume":261,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1989-07-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FD2F33A4-1F65-45B5-8DF686AE10003D0A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CD189F2E-FCA7-453C-9A5222983870BCBE_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":592,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3Q3fjqfFQdgPYQ3WRLWmP3","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1989/06-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 260, Issue 6","volume":260,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1989-06-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/14D2176A-EA74-419A-AD3BA93883314778.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/862C264A-07AC-4329-AD47C9F3C0519D97_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":588,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6BxkiLYHdLnwwfbYO5Y3xo","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1989/05-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 260, Issue 5","volume":260,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1989-05-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/586B772E-3043-4EA0-B56D3F3FB69DA826.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B99DC925-6D28-4EC5-8D33E80FDEE07161_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":582,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2TXhHyoJpvuAJtHtML95Zg","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1989/04-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 260, Issue 4","volume":260,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1989-04-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/399A2901-2D28-4CA4-90F2D53FE29FF4C6.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/10EC34FF-D0B5-4B21-80B777994668A13A_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":589,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3dFgYxohBvuXbysYHOkGTl","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1989/03-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 260, Issue 3","volume":260,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1989-03-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6DE56E18-6715-4AA5-956686725674563D.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5C865872-21D4-4F56-8DBD48085925C5BC_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":585,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1AoM5sspwTQNYOcKdLV6j1","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1989/02-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 260, Issue 2","volume":260,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1989-02-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5E925FAE-EF8C-4EF3-8813D85D849F75D5.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CB48F8EF-85FB-4A8A-BD047C68DB38B215_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":583,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1tujj6kbudrJCH2DWQCaN5","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1989/01-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 260, Issue 1","volume":260,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1989-01-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C36778F7-A425-4310-BAC91D2884F7D92D.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1879CA41-E93C-48D3-835A620949495D99_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":592,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4UHe5cRsxGxzjSzQeoStyj","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1988/12-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 259, Issue 6","volume":259,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1988-12-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/88889618-A3F1-404D-AECF29CB651E58AD.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/181F41A0-E742-46E8-B85060595A25A7E0_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5VE5ucG8Y5NY37xfbqEQOd","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1988/11-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 259, Issue 5","volume":259,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1988-11-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5C585A55-A45F-47E3-A4922892D21738F9.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D839E50E-73B7-44C0-969B6679E1AD49D8_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":587,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3bTxUMfNC7KlD7VKqo6wp9","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1988/10-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 259, Issue 4","volume":259,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1988-10-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6A4E0964-7903-4BD1-956D500222254B92.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F7451093-5F2B-4176-A9C48D3195247430_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":586,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4bbG9b5de0dALKnzd72mZb","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1988/09-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 259, Issue 3","volume":259,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1988-09-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5C147406-D640-4335-A269A59C97F8C7D6.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0A9C3C94-2500-4D8A-903E1CC354A2AE9A_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":579,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5BtBiMtpxGyQB4ooPxQIJo","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1988/08-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 259, Issue 2","volume":259,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1988-08-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/27A9B58A-55CC-450B-96D12762F960BB3E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/63A17959-A1A7-4A3F-A83603AE749AB03D_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":582,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"28YKFsayVWQWLmjyYdZoCz","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1988/07-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 259, Issue 1","volume":259,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1988-07-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/34C97853-F9D1-4174-86C35CA3569BBA6B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E28017B6-0C6B-450E-8E6FE56080194E66_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":592,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"10Sqzp8DLID4HOmo3m5QqH","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1988/06-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 258, Issue 6","volume":258,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1988-06-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/466882C6-430B-42C8-923B3034514DB99A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B4335C7E-2FB5-4453-84F239D488D46C9F_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":584,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1Qu1aVNnkdGD6sZazaUVPO","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1988/05-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 258, Issue 5","volume":258,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1988-05-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/59823607-1284-4797-9C19348AD2516B9F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A740E927-55D6-4351-83D46B6B17908AC4_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":579,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5WhtexRSefBW6PsQQyPlMb","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1988/04-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 258, Issue 4","volume":258,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1988-04-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F5CFD486-E947-4B6F-8E424E14C2437768.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/63D6F497-BD5E-4764-890EA0DD5649C55F_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":582,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"iaJWip3dAeFJz1ugnoa0c","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1988/03-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 258, Issue 3","volume":258,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1988-03-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7EC84F87-AD24-4E91-BBD63C37F15E53CA.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/48E6D4BD-8A3E-4D95-A5FBB37B30B503E8_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":584,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3UWVRVwL2nm7cvJPzcbh2x","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1988/02-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 258, Issue 2","volume":258,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1988-02-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/06BF9633-76F3-429D-AF9B30A5468B8765.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/652722F4-2C2E-4A68-8D93CD8B1C171BA0_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":583,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3YZdWimGTxci43IC0i2mMk","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1988/01-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 258, Issue 1","volume":258,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1988-01-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1F8CA958-E76C-4270-8F58D8E42CB6A3EE.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/77C00505-0223-4BC3-84DA65DD00E6DCBA_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":584,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"28dUIVbuugNUAixU5m25m","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1987/12-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 257, Issue 6","volume":257,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1987-12-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4B05D93C-4A91-418F-949C8640FA1ABC2B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/20EDEF11-8947-48E7-8B7C7DEA2BAD6116_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":588,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3miowzlyct5T1p73VtFte9","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1987/11-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 257, Issue 5","volume":257,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1987-11-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D2FF45DD-7889-4CC3-A6DA6582E2CC9FA5.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2F1F7CDF-DE1D-45CA-8B2A3778C84152C1_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":582,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4k2Ke5pNiUX9lLXCEXp5GS","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1987/10-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 257, Issue 4","volume":257,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1987-10-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D94BCD17-3D0E-4F03-A079C0EC88690D29.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/096C2226-B411-46F3-BE9310D7AFDFC71D_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":589,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1IRW12XuBB8QQ4jwGUCVru","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1987/09-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 257, Issue 3","volume":257,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1987-09-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B155337A-63E3-48EC-B03437155C8DDADB.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/970E8381-A38F-406D-9B90DA0D84F95E81_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":588,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4qKHfPzl9X5SHedExOEJED","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1987/08-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 257, Issue 2","volume":257,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1987-08-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/11A9D48B-7F9F-4548-BC4743034F457486.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6683BF84-5091-4F42-8B899C862188CF7A_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"ypofBXYusQQFF5RpV1LuA","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1987/07-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 257, Issue 1","volume":257,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1987-07-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9E00C03B-E0F0-4C94-93909B514C1B71E9.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7E1FB64F-080B-4888-A7FA4D989E6EE724_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":586,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4C3DHRiL1svb1rWycRBGCV","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1987/06-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 256, Issue 6","volume":256,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1987-06-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/ACD9830B-8FF9-467A-95D1879D79A7C19B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BBD5C918-3A2B-4102-8531F69FC5E5A1AA_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":587,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5LTrDpDFIAXYYw7wDWhaym","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1987/05-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 256, Issue 5","volume":256,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1987-05-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D0E00FD7-7099-45F6-B027796D2D56C6C9.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A8B326F-233D-4B2F-A480B22E64A8FA2A_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":589,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4YzSzOzTPtCftuxEuiOLcY","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1987/04-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 256, Issue 4","volume":256,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1987-04-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/00F9CDC7-D673-4642-9458B2D8609EDCD7.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7B998134-7653-4CDC-BAD2E6E0D9753685_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":611,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"BZMRfvzL3Q0Dn3h0JHVxZ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1987/03-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 256, Issue 3","volume":256,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1987-03-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BA741D73-0D52-4987-8E766F57F72DFEE1.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA2A9D32-EC11-444C-835D363FB9FFA82B_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":593,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6NkMEmpMq1F1eikBs5XPwz","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1987/02-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 256, Issue 2","volume":256,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1987-02-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C5F98E2E-275C-4F95-8E10C40EE5C85E23.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DED9D245-CCAE-4430-9F68ABE1D422F99D_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":581,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6tc3kzOGoK5z14RQMTdwgc","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1987/01-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 256, Issue 1","volume":256,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1987-01-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BBA989FA-9D83-4513-BD6F991035489E71.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/52CE7674-F99A-4CB8-A41613DFD174E24F_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":587,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2ajCBsTlSbdZgN2ozkd1fB","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1986/12-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 255, Issue 6","volume":255,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1986-12-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/96C6F38D-AB90-489D-A3D08786F00213C0.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B0A2F1AA-CB6A-472E-BCF1448ECFF1CA86_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":590,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2hNnu3Lf8HpN57wrdZRbDA","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1986/11-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 255, Issue 5","volume":255,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1986-11-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1F6D8B0E-F272-47CB-A5B8C50440C45C6C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/635BA8F7-22DA-41EC-AE2760B798332891_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":609,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"20UjV5QBK6A5iVOKeAFqUm","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1986/10-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 255, Issue 4","volume":255,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1986-10-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5EA2E631-9DEB-4F60-91530231E594FD2D.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/02C23C6C-C629-44AD-ACC2D0544DE2911A_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":600,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"70T6s1UwSDb56iVJ01kF33","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1986/09-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 255, Issue 3","volume":255,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1986-09-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/97C76BC9-91F4-42FD-9E5B3F1E68C10B63.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/31102280-9057-4055-BB5BB47FCAC34C28_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":589,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6ekB3FaOzUYuTdWT3295av","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1986/08-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 255, Issue 2","volume":255,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1986-08-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0FBF2BF0-AD18-48EF-B0DF9F98116E2BFA.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D700AED-9EC5-4A09-97EDDA1C03CC2FE0_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":576,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"49Yf0oYnLO8DZzwModrbv2","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1986/07-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 255, Issue 1","volume":255,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1986-07-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F44CD9E1-0B7D-4B8A-A3FA58CA1540334A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AA74EFB7-A4BF-429C-92F1FCE35A94CDC7_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":587,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3BOCBscAJ9w04sdmdB6bb8","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1986/06-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 254, Issue 6","volume":254,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1986-06-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F4118DEB-315B-44F5-B7F4C59CEFAE8B97.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/34BECA39-8964-4D7B-9094299826BA0AC1_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":598,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4cisCOY6SZTqrO9VlQQRE1","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1986/05-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 254, Issue 5","volume":254,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1986-05-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C26CF1CA-0809-4923-A1AFC09425C9133C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A49D2016-D0F0-4872-8191391CC9746670_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":597,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5ui44pX7jXEgBrzgEaenB9","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1986/04-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 254, Issue 4","volume":254,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1986-04-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/133ED525-8661-4A8A-996446A083A83238.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DA219875-B464-47E5-BEBF6B585DCE47C1_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":593,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2ZvtRQutf87usXePYW46rz","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1986/03-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 254, Issue 3","volume":254,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1986-03-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/126A0B95-5B47-4497-840CDA46D127F774.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EE917544-C9C0-490F-865B369E6309442F_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":585,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"Aj5Ie3RHGx8O3pD9uzbGG","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1986/02-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 254, Issue 2","volume":254,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1986-02-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/45F03A5B-548C-4425-A6FD0E0AB7EF1CB0.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5F3D5574-2B34-4830-AF59090A39A86655_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":582,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1QvOGSi36OLdp7feHJjWmT","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1986/01-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 254, Issue 1","volume":254,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1986-01-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E76E8154-45A4-4ACB-A0B9F8CD02F7B160.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4E749C14-140D-4489-8B1B44C59FC24677_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":600,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7J9YBXswTplPrYMEx8OpBW","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1985/12-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 253, Issue 6","volume":253,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1985-12-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/49A7F494-9A89-4BCC-8B6CE0D036AF2395.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6549F700-1EE2-4A9F-84280B420BC8DD61_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":605,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"50oqFwRmUON0tCEU4VGkHY","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1985/11-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 253, Issue 5","volume":253,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1985-11-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/22DB37EF-06C7-4639-B14A871255F9F8F3.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/19FF730A-6B85-4E95-8A38049EFEA08FFC_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":591,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6oqJOPD0NAAtRkvZXN3B1F","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1985/10-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 253, Issue 4","volume":253,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1985-10-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/42374A35-02C4-4B4A-A0ADAE9E910A436F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A730A04-6E0D-4694-88EE77098BFD818F_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4YB1BH8JGxhNXTE1vEM5OH","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1985/09-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 253, Issue 3","volume":253,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1985-09-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/30A7BB5D-A982-4E04-BC06F790A93741E4.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D83A8F55-59A3-4495-930897C379D525A6_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":582,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"22u8EKv18uShTSgZBKKmJr","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1985/08-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 253, Issue 2","volume":253,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1985-08-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F49090CD-F5DA-486B-99DB05A0B8127DE9.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9FFC4209-C02C-49D3-AF2E4AE8EF3D7DE4_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":594,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6XyRgSzjxgCky0sb0tXSpH","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1985/07-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 253, Issue 1","volume":253,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1985-07-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/83948844-E24D-4C0E-B3092B13D00189C6.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E0C0BB6A-2CFF-47BF-899811C251E4095D_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":582,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"26IsP3dEjwCUYGjWy22NCD","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1985/06-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 252, Issue 6","volume":252,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1985-06-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8FDACFA6-FC89-4451-B8480310E4F3F8B7.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/42A9C36B-B1AB-469C-81AE7DD13E313860_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":579,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6NUx1kuM7TVEYPktthN7wB","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1985/05-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 252, Issue 5","volume":252,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1985-05-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/32BF39E8-E46A-4D24-95EFB9F8BDA1CBB8.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/89D6EE4E-DC14-4312-BC0D378F78C74519_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":587,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"z4xCEKB8mbRSoNvN7dux3","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1985/04-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 252, Issue 4","volume":252,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1985-04-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C0ECEEE8-C914-42ED-BA9942827AC1FA4E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/80B00DFE-5243-4C4B-B037A5FB10E649AB_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":587,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7hKS14Xd1vphVzvKj77KoO","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1985/03-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 252, Issue 3","volume":252,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1985-03-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/61C7E438-AFD1-44C8-8AB0F60EA62079BA.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/40AF685E-53B4-401E-91B32AE78049F19F_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":593,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7uf7NsoB0sQtmdzECNIhFO","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1985/02-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 252, Issue 2","volume":252,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1985-02-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9FBEE784-4EB3-4964-A18760E6689E11FE.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/777CAFF7-9228-4332-87B3FCA08AB45B40_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2cJ20UJybXe3nFjHdHlzUb","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1985/01-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 252, Issue 1","volume":252,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1985-01-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F97D2BCD-1D2E-49A5-8B07DC322378A487.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A9196846-65DC-48E4-B6011AF0AF8124AE_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":596,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3bB2PREu4A4K8ViXE3NOPV","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1984/12-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 251, Issue 6","volume":251,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1984-12-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7F8FAF26-9FDB-4B8F-86E7F87997E0072E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6123E7D8-5B8C-4B1B-A55C8FA5C18D0C8D_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":595,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1wftPJpxASy4m1Y3LxThWv","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1984/11-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 251, Issue 5","volume":251,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1984-11-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/90EACDB2-4C0A-4BBE-B08F649D218E712F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6A9531A1-79A9-4F12-A201A42E630ACC94_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":602,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4kNRswc4mvuqXG5t24Inzj","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1984/10-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 251, Issue 4","volume":251,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1984-10-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4CEFDEDE-1B93-4861-9FB948618D2C44EA.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9A0139BF-D06A-478E-B3D2A7DE8ED6E189_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":599,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4vaUOSwPV05J0UMeOudLsF","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1984/09-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 251, Issue 3","volume":251,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1984-09-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A78E0566-C9D1-459A-944BC1F2F7898377.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7FE1A030-3DC5-42CF-A4DFD647224F9D84_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":600,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2TdHLO4M37tXh0WNTN6zrc","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1984/08-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 251, Issue 2","volume":251,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1984-08-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F9BCB5BC-F213-4004-A3D0C519A9702070.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/40A93B61-CEC8-4503-A6E294713A193024_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":603,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"71XgJY34iZVkpJI5ArEFWF","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1984/07-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 251, Issue 1","volume":251,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1984-07-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DE663036-FFFB-4E81-B2F068C08A2BBBDA.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/961D5738-2356-4A80-A6C533503A5B8A74_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":594,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5OimVCSb5ECKeSQuphPLrf","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1984/06-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 250, Issue 6","volume":250,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1984-06-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/69C61961-2B18-4D58-A00D42D807956D4E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A00EB42D-FE7E-4EB3-96EA21D613EF9F45_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":598,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3U94QBCyqxkJ3ULqnokSiq","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1984/05-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 250, Issue 5","volume":250,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1984-05-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C71FA2B8-F67D-456B-A6EA3F8D910F49D9.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/22F55BFA-7FDB-4D6E-A735F8952EAE25C8_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":602,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7h5eAmM0roniqzVztLsKUB","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1984/04-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 250, Issue 4","volume":250,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1984-04-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/58589D83-5B25-447E-973C9659211DFCEA.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D7A26655-17A7-4661-9D75A9069EB8FDAD_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":608,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1GaQPNY6b1FL0UES7Dfya1","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1984/03-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 250, Issue 3","volume":250,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1984-03-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F2951B95-A251-4B2E-8373FEE0C32EAA45.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/032004F6-E452-495E-B5C492F2B180A4BB_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":598,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1iHJAoAkPuwi8csYr2X8nF","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1984/02-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 250, Issue 2","volume":250,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1984-02-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6CBC47D1-6EA4-4CC5-929AB84DC22F7801.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D52B1B7-A5A3-4671-ADC7375BE486DF77_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":601,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3SUoSvsfXs2vgur8veoDqA","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1984/01-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 250, Issue 1","volume":250,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1984-01-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2211928C-74F6-4669-9FCDBBDEB8B3483E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3E26C785-FA7D-4E13-A0475FEF571F50A4_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":595,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"53x3M8uc0aTRcHUEBGqW0B","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1983/12-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 249, Issue 6","volume":249,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1983-12-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/80EA34AA-588D-4E6C-8600132806745021.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5DDBAEB7-6969-4855-8348DD4476A1A4E7_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":586,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5Fh0k4c6c3X1jT99I2DxKp","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1983/11-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 249, Issue 5","volume":249,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1983-11-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/26270364-D537-483F-976B2E102E976019.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3047613C-2D6E-4F4E-B924C9E5A5698E6E_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":597,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3jVycSKMmuh0MAqw8S5F4M","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1983/10-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 249, Issue 4","volume":249,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1983-10-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6EC5F154-27D0-48D3-974FE709E91FA841.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/874E7C46-9439-4816-B49E31E916BAD9AA_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":593,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"c6bw74qlYeDR0mZ9pXcY0","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1983/09-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 249, Issue 3","volume":249,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1983-09-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1D943483-17E5-470E-BBF01B15E81C6690.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3E1546EF-A70F-4C71-8EDD7EEC7B0C2D2D_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":595,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4eawrWfBErTVmBFzKDzY1N","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1983/08-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 249, Issue 2","volume":249,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1983-08-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9E6953A8-ED3B-441B-89BCCB5DD0B03FD2.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9846BF5A-5548-4290-9006A4B00CFAC853_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":596,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1KBrrlyn6XJanEUmgvyRXi","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1983/07-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 249, Issue 1","volume":249,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1983-07-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F83EB2BE-1B41-4DEC-A3260590F66401DE.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5F549A48-C124-4A40-9A413C7C02851CFF_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":597,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"46xYWZji2UDKeurXSnpZB1","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1983/06-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 248, Issue 6","volume":248,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1983-06-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0F40EF92-86F1-427C-9F618B094CFA4FD0.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/687881B3-E0C3-4934-841E279FD59231DB_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":589,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"207pbriH0xuKVg1xbuf5BN","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1983/05-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 248, Issue 5","volume":248,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1983-05-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C9CFA0AC-10D4-479B-A25C499F1E143C3F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6B38C626-EC91-4116-8A0B2521CBD3538C_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":592,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6ktiWVe861moniaYOajQu7","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1983/04-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 248, Issue 4","volume":248,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1983-04-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5EE0D47B-06F3-4AC6-B460B5C4667EE3F9.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A8E0441A-577F-4392-A2E7FC71A2EBD6C9_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":597,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"648FiiYEU0xaKiWc14DJXb","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1983/03-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 248, Issue 3","volume":248,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1983-03-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/09F41711-29B4-4A71-BC5A923E47827F63.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FDEE2988-CEED-45DD-BEAA353CEF26DDCC_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":587,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3qhfsi4Qy3nLey8KFNKDVz","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1983/02-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 248, Issue 2","volume":248,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1983-02-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8EAB126A-CBEB-4E22-AB3D6B3D22D57824.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8B509138-A730-4B13-BF421307B5AE9223_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":587,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3iTlKfcJwCxTHgYQ4RPQD3","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1983/01-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 248, Issue 1","volume":248,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1983-01-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8432E7BA-8311-4775-A293E0388FC15C69.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A649E6C1-A3F1-433B-836B225B4890CD9D_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":601,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3OVAJYHHqJw8hZFY7P1Joz","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1982/12-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 247, Issue 6","volume":247,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1982-12-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A807308E-25FC-4425-881ADD14E895E2C5.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A343FA6-9A64-4DCD-9D787B3C7E14FE05_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":603,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"49cLqMqFBoWRcmlNSpeFyD","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1982/11-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 247, Issue 5","volume":247,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1982-11-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A380FEE-09F4-48B4-86D6D41EDA12FC1B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/80D43689-0DC5-4D73-818A187E986474D1_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":590,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"32ERws2QEoRo4KRochcXdH","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1982/10-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 247, Issue 4","volume":247,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1982-10-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6154C137-3598-4FFC-8664248076165543.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/614AE0BD-A3CE-4041-89EB49D36EAAA70A_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":584,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1vUknn9LRJZGMIsZWzDCrR","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1982/09-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 247, Issue 3","volume":247,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1982-09-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1AC75466-CF3C-459B-AA4DDD5B5B7745C1.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/68ACE012-6EC9-4282-8650D3A22354799D_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":617,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7w7PI5tl9px4aiDlJY0DEe","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1982/08-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 247, Issue 2","volume":247,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1982-08-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5A999C63-E3C6-4625-AEB2061D216EA5D0.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6C9773C4-BF9A-4243-BD3A3826B5BEC659_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":611,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1z3u7anDeei89MAruTbKQy","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1982/07-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 247, Issue 1","volume":247,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1982-07-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/724E8AFF-46FD-4D00-9DC746D0AB732614.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A06FCC0C-2413-4002-9197D1FB65C36BDF_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":610,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4fH2a48CymPXsNSPFfGK5c","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1982/06-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 246, Issue 6","volume":246,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1982-06-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4189604F-16A5-40C4-8C5565E4ADBAEE8F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9376036C-C570-4C70-941753CE87669087_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":608,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"15B29ciaotUD6yfsok3kA9","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1982/05-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 246, Issue 5","volume":246,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1982-05-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F782905D-38CA-455B-999146514397F11B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EDA7A8A9-3FBF-4C76-9D87D14A95E6F524_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":605,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"51KyyabLfJUWwY2KnnXzdW","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1982/04-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 246, Issue 4","volume":246,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1982-04-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C74354C3-B029-48C8-BCC404CAF0BEB683.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D3E1C776-B7E3-443A-80353E46C12A4237_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":618,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6LFXvLkankCWHkIMdDHFVO","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1982/03-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 246, Issue 3","volume":246,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1982-03-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BED14449-4D21-4CD2-BF3B5A004D460F86.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C64A7009-5D92-4DF4-BAD9DD8EE75360F1_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":606,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4Fb0qdEXaWI2wDemf2nc2i","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1982/02-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 246, Issue 2","volume":246,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1982-02-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5CF3C4F5-0663-4FB3-B9EB83FECBC0F03B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C1CF31A-8837-4C01-B85ECD247B7EC616_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":599,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"YnrZD3lr7wyhTHLYMZEiI","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1982/01-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 246, Issue 1","volume":246,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1982-01-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA729508-9828-421A-809FF89EB5356282.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/217EFB28-F7B5-46F1-AFB348A36542E565_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":597,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"X7Kurg96kdpTa7eu0k5hU","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1981/12-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 245, Issue 6","volume":245,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1981-12-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C1EFC756-CF9F-4D44-86E130C8706C0BD3.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/49BACB25-EF6F-4CF4-94B11F87E5661734_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":623,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7HnEA7TjYfjJ47h85rnctI","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1981/11-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 245, Issue 5","volume":245,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1981-11-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4341A4C7-B596-437F-A49A78DA06B80017.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D4091F5A-9ACD-46AD-A2C085AA7BD4ADDC_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":611,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1YKim7INwyjubz3sZP4ZhP","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1981/10-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 245, Issue 4","volume":245,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1981-10-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/85A3CA07-1A03-4E9F-B5805496B8E6A1FA.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBD351D7-1764-42DB-92BC90E12437FCE1_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":595,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6MXZAorLEGikofcDSRJ8ZM","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1981/09-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 245, Issue 3","volume":245,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1981-09-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BD780474-A9A8-4DE5-BB75C9FFDCC3C216.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/97A45715-8632-4E3F-9E0AE6DCED836A1A_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":617,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5bPFCXjJe3Sc1yMt9CtTPo","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1981/08-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 245, Issue 2","volume":245,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1981-08-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/992BF762-D057-48DE-9F0A45A7C4DB57DA.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AE373747-A337-43EE-907D6CFB4CEBD7C8_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":622,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5LOIs4jpzVjzX9OMTHlJu8","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1981/07-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 245, Issue 1","volume":245,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1981-07-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/966DA1C0-2654-42D9-BEF8511573BF8788.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DCB5B9A7-C966-4A19-9D60FD00753FD12E_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":605,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"lfuBTki0K3OcePRaVpiUQ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1981/06-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 244, Issue 6","volume":244,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1981-06-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D30864BD-2BA8-421F-9284438F78BB1965.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/567C9AB2-0DEC-42C2-8BEB6AC31DED530E_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":614,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"lbwLtO92L5wmITOHEyhzT","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1981/05-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 244, Issue 5","volume":244,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1981-05-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F28D589C-481E-41D3-AD3B36AB493148BE.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A33DA3D8-9135-421E-BDE2F5EED0450E23_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":615,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7lTq8rLwQnirLF45Akj76H","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1981/04-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 244, Issue 4","volume":244,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1981-04-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C0D6130F-D4E1-44E1-A87F635110DDC6B9.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/152D158F-5CDF-4373-805C67F39D0CD2D7_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":606,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5GtgxaDlUnndPvKxbLRjhf","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1981/03-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 244, Issue 3","volume":244,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1981-03-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B5F78FA8-A017-4299-BE373553B11B4F6F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/939F632B-13AF-45F8-ABB6A3E24DAFF483_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":617,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1itbpph9egjWdDmUESVhXU","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1981/02-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 244, Issue 2","volume":244,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1981-02-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F77262EA-6FF0-4847-8842179EF12F91D9.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D5BB8D5-D637-452A-99C2E02D68BBE16B_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":617,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1sQxL1GZbWuS4kvzQJ8qKo","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1981/01-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 244, Issue 1","volume":244,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1981-01-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D9C59EB1-D7F6-4B0B-96D5214D9874A509.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F37B33A4-99D5-4A2E-898BF8ABFD359AA7_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":606,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1JK1m4TsCZoAdOOD1FoHKw","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1980/12-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 243, Issue 6","volume":243,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1980-12-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C2A8AF9C-74F3-4046-AB81BB8CE563AD0F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0085D1D4-7A2B-4484-AF4D52DECB45C0FC_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":595,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1cPXMYI79uPuqx2zQqldyv","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1980/11-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 243, Issue 5","volume":243,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1980-11-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9D501764-6688-4546-86C30DA55EB15690.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2ED3FCAA-15B9-4812-AF5E21ADD941738F_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":605,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1fgQO4Gs4nYlxDTzWcLzVL","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1980/10-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 243, Issue 4","volume":243,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1980-10-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/05640DDE-1441-4B15-8CA3EE6839BA9EDE.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DF79AE3B-C3B1-4116-A96A2D15E2B0570C_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":613,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"wEgp1KSepnJHBxjyikO8k","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1980/09-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 243, Issue 3","volume":243,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1980-09-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4966D228-ADF9-46BE-91F9618E2F804B4F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6787D961-40C2-452F-914C9C09C9433335_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":615,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2O05BnrCDp6Ti6GmVFEIXd","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1980/08-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 243, Issue 2","volume":243,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1980-08-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6A78010C-947E-4270-9983DDBDE154DD2E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/76634B0D-5B62-44BD-9E300AAD71E8DF08_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":604,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5ZRKTPjWJIVeYUDadGsYzf","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1980/07-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 243, Issue 1","volume":243,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1980-07-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4627B481-C42C-40B3-96CEFC2E109ADD05.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9556296E-CF09-405A-92325CB85F6F2CD4_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":596,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5sSKUadJeTZimxByEpnjBp","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1980/06-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 242, Issue 6","volume":242,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1980-06-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/44F136AE-E61A-43B9-A8B937C2B61E4C8E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2D136358-CBE6-4443-BF447E9D3BAA524D_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":602,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5N9wKEAQCUlxE6EIgdmnia","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1980/05-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 242, Issue 5","volume":242,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1980-05-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8BDE2806-DAF2-48A3-B1633EB10D0A07A4.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B2B071D0-CECB-4E6E-B311DCA53581CE97_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":609,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5En1Y6wBZU77Gs39PhwGWO","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1980/04-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 242, Issue 4","volume":242,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1980-04-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3992E973-4A4A-4ADA-A4B4A8CA93AE7301.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D3697955-A1F6-4BAF-8D5C6F6B82779C42_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":607,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"47n8Oq0A4ZCsP13EXfx6fd","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1980/03-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 242, Issue 3","volume":242,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1980-03-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1C080843-0232-40E3-9E0354373723EDF6.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/022B3CF9-B97D-4ABE-87B472A421407EFF_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":622,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"580im6e1vTugdnhH7cfd0L","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1980/02-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 242, Issue 2","volume":242,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1980-02-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2005F02E-3262-4D8D-A4D10C9C533A7AD6.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/98C3F72F-F013-4952-9EE7C991592BD8A1_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":610,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"22d2M1zlgysU51mgEdnT1j","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1980/01-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 242, Issue 1","volume":242,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1980-01-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CF4F6585-F29F-46C2-ADA4CF17073DD81A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F88EA024-1EFB-47C0-A0B8DFD4A9B07F65_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":602,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null}],"startYear":1980,"endYear":1989,"meta":{"title":"Issue Archive: 1980-1989","canonicalUrl":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/archive/issues/1980s/","tags":{"description":"Browse Scientific American's archives going back to 1845","og:title":"Issue Archive: 1980-1989","og:description":"Browse Scientific American's archives going back to 1845"}},"dataLayerContent":{"content":{"articleDoi":"","authors":[],"authorsCategory":[],"canonicalUrl":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/archive/issues/1980s/","categories":"","collectionId":"","collectionName":"","column":"","containsMedia":"","contentId":"","contentDifficulty":"","contentModeling":[],"durability":"","editors":[],"isPartner":false,"isResalable":false,"isSyndicated":false,"journalIssueName":"","language":"en","partnerName":"","platform":"hopper","paywallExempt":null,"podcastSeries":"","primaryCategory":"","printDek":"","printTitle":"","publishedAtDate":"","publishedAtDateTime":"","publishedAtTime":"","sentiment":"","subCategory":"","title":"Issue Archive: 1980-1989","type":"archive","updatedAtDateTime":"","advertiser":"","campaign":"","isSponsored":false},"game":{"gameId":"","puzzleType":"","set":"","dek":""}},"abTestGroup":"4"},"bundle":"issues"}`)</script> <script data-layer="footer">;OptanonWrapper=()=>{};consentQueue=[];tp=[];pdl={requireConsent:'v2'};window.dataLayer=[];;window.__ads=[];_sf_async_config={};_cbq=[]</script> </body> </html>