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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Navigatie"><span>Vind een artikel</span></a></li><li id="n-today" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/25_november"><span>Vandaag</span></a></li><li id="n-Etalage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etalage"><span>Etalage</span></a></li><li id="n-categories" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles"><span>Categorieën</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingen" title="Een lijst met recente wijzigingen in deze wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recente wijzigingen</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:NieuwePaginas"><span>Nieuwe artikelen</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Willekeurig" title="Een willekeurige pagina bekijken [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Willekeurige pagina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-navigation2" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation2" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Informatie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Gebruikersportaal" title="Informatie over het project: wat u kunt doen, waar u dingen kunt vinden"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-Snelcursus" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Snelcursus"><span>Snelcursus</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Hulp_en_beheer" title="Hulpinformatie over deze wiki"><span>Hulp en contact</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hoofdpagina" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; 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Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Lijfs" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Lijfs" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Account aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Lijfs" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Aanmelden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagina's voor uitgelogde redacteuren <a href="/wiki/Help:Inleiding" aria-label="Meer leren over bewerken"><span>meer lezen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnBijdragen" title="Bijdragen IP-adres [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geschiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geschiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geschiedenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geschiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Geschiedenis-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geschiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laatste_sprekers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laatste_sprekers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Laatste sprekers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laatste_sprekers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alfabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alfabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Alfabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alfabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Externe links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lijfs</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 84 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyfs" title="Lyfs – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lyfs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livische_Sprache" title="Livische Sprache – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Livische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_livonio" title="Idioma livonio – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma livonio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الليفونية – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الليفونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_livoniu" title="Idioma livoniu – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma livoniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livon_dili" title="Livon dili – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Livon dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="لیوون دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لیوون دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%ABviu_kalba" title="Līviu kalba – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Līviu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ліўская мова – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ліўская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ліўская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ліўская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ливонски език – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ливонски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="লিভোনীয় ভাষা – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিভোনীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livoneg" title="Livoneg – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Livoneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livoni%C3%A0" title="Livonià – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Livonià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livon%C5%A1tina" title="Livonština – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Livonština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Лив чĕлхи – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лив чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifoneg" title="Lifoneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lifoneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livisk_(sprog)" title="Livisk (sprog) – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Livisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livische_Sprache" title="Livische Sprache – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Livische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Λιβονική γλώσσα – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λιβονική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Livonian language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livona_lingvo" title="Livona lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Livona lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_livonio" title="Idioma livonio – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma livonio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liivi_keel" title="Liivi keel – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liivi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livoniera" title="Livoniera – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Livoniera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان لیوونیایی – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان لیوونیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liivin_kieli" title="Liivin kieli – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liivin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liivi_kiil" title="Liivi kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Liivi kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Livonskt mál – Faeröers" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Livonskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faeröers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_(langue)" title="Live (langue) – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Live (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liiwisk" title="Liiwisk – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Liiwisk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_livonia" title="Lingua livonia – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua livonia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonish" title="Livonish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Livonish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ליבונית – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליבונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_bhasa" title="Livonian bhasa – Fijisch Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Livonian bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fijisch Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADv_nyelv" title="Lív nyelv – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lív nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Լիվերեն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիվերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Livonia" title="Bahasa Livonia – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Livonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livoniana_linguo" title="Livoniana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Livoniana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_livone" title="Lingua livone – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua livone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="リヴォニア語 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リヴォニア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ლივური ენა – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლივური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Livonia" title="Bahasa Livonia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Livonia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Лив тілі – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лив тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B3%B4%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="리보니아어 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리보니아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Лив кыв – Komi-Permjaaks" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Лив кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permjaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_l%C3%AEvon%C3%AE" title="Zimanê lîvonî – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê lîvonî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Лив кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Лив кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonek" title="Livonek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Livonek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Livonica" title="Lingua Livonica – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Livonica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liefs" title="Liefs – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Liefs" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_livon" title="Lengua livon – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua livon" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyvi%C5%B3_kalba" title="Lyvių kalba – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lyvių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%ABvu_vol%C5%ABda" title="Līvu volūda – Letgaals" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Līvu volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Letgaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%ABbie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Lībiešu valoda – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lībiešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_liv%C3%B4niana" title="Fiteny livôniana – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny livôniana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ливонски јазик – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ливонски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%B9%D3%B9%D0%BB%D0%BC%D3%B9" title="Лив йӹлмӹ – West-Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Лив йӹлмӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="West-Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ливень кель – Erzja" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ливень кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livisk" title="Livisk – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Livisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livisk" title="Livisk – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Livisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liivin_kieli" title="Liivin kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Liivin kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_liwski" title="Język liwski – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język liwski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Liv" title="Lenga Liv – Piëmontees" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Liv" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piëmontees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_livoniana" title="Língua livoniana – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua livoniana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Ливский язык – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ливский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikilivoniya" title="Ikilivoniya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikilivoniya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_leid" title="Livonian leid – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Livonian leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liivigiella" title="Liivigiella – Noord-Samisch" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Liivigiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Noord-Samisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonski_jezik" title="Livonski jezik – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Livonski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Livonian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liivikiel%C3%A2" title="Liivikielâ – Inari-Samisch" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Liivikielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari-Samisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ливонски језик – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ливонски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liviska" title="Liviska – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Liviska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonca" title="Livonca – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Livonca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Лив теле – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Лив теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лівська мова – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лівська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livin_kel%27" title="Livin kel' – Wepsisch" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Livin kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Wepsisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Livonia" title="Tiếng Livonia – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Livonia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="利沃尼亚语 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="利沃尼亚语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ლივური ნინა – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლივური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E7%AA%9D%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="立窝尼亚语 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="立窝尼亚语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia-g%C3%AD" title="Livonia-gí – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Livonia-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E7%AA%A9%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%87" 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lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3">Lijfs<br />līvõ kēļ </th></tr> <tr> <th>Sprekers </th> <td colspan="2">uitgestorven </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Taalfamilie" title="Taalfamilie">Taalfamilie</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oeraalse_talen" title="Oeraalse talen">Oeraals</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fins-Oegrische_talen" title="Fins-Oegrische talen">Fins-Oegrisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oostzeefinse_talen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oostzeefinse talen">Oostzeefins</a> <ul><li><b>Lijfs</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfabet (hoofdbetekenis)">Alfabet</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Latijns_alfabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Latijns alfabet">Latijns</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Taalunie" title="Taalunie">Taalorganisatie</a> </th> <td colspan="2">geen </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="color:inherit;" colspan="3">Taalcodes </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a>-1 </th> <td colspan="2">geen </td></tr> <tr> <th>ISO 639-2 </th> <td colspan="2">geen </td></tr> <tr> <th>ISO 639-3 </th> <td colspan="2">liv </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Taal" title="Portaal:Taal">Taal</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Het <b>Lijfs</b> of <b>Lijflands</b> <i>(līvõ kēļ</i> of <i>rāndakēļ)</i> is een <a href="/wiki/Oostzeefinse_talen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oostzeefinse talen">Oostzeefinse taal</a>, die verwant is aan het <a href="/wiki/Fins_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fins (hoofdbetekenis)">Fins</a> en het <a href="/wiki/Estisch" title="Estisch">Estisch</a> en gesproken wordt of werd aan de noordelijke kust van <a href="/wiki/Letland" title="Letland">Letland</a>. Het is de taal van het vroegere <a href="/wiki/Lijfland" title="Lijfland">Lijfland</a>. Tegenwoordig is de taal <a href="/wiki/Dode_taal" title="Dode taal">uitgestorven</a>: de laatste moedertaalspreker in Lijfland overleed in 2009, de laatste geëmigreerde moedertaalspreker in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kristina_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kristina-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wel zijn er nog enkele tientallen mensen die het Lijfs als tweede taal beheersen.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De meeste etnische <a href="/wiki/Lijven" title="Lijven">Lijven</a> spreken tegenwoordig <a href="/wiki/Lets" title="Lets">Lets</a>. Sommigen van hen doen verwoede pogingen om hun taal weer tot leven te wekken, maar dit is uiterst problematisch wegens het zeer geringe aantal sprekers en de geringe gelegenheid die er is om de taal daadwerkelijk als omgangstaal te gebruiken.<sup id="cite_ref-BC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Het Lijfs werd samen met het <a href="/wiki/Latgalisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Latgalisch">Latgalisch</a> als levende taal nog wel ondersteund door de Lijfse afdeling van het <a href="/wiki/Europees_Bureau_voor_Minderheidstalen" title="Europees Bureau voor Minderheidstalen">Europees Bureau voor Minderheidstalen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dat echter in 2010 is opgeheven. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschiedenis">Geschiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lijfs&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geschiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lijfs&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geschiedenis"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In de 13e eeuw telde het Lijfs ongeveer 30.000 <a href="/wiki/Moedertaalspreker" title="Moedertaalspreker">moedertaalsprekers</a>. In 1852 was dit aantal al gereduceerd tot 2394. De volgende historische gebeurtenissen hebben vermoedelijk<sup class="noprint nopopups"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bronvermelding#Bron_gevraagd" title="Wikipedia:Bronvermelding"><span title="Voor deze uitspraak is sinds 19 januari 2014 een bronvermelding gewenst. Motivering: Volgens wie?">[bron?]</span></a></sup> uiteindelijk tot het uitsterven van het Lijfs geleid: </p> <ul><li>De verovering van Lijfland in de 13e eeuw door de <a href="/wiki/Orde_van_de_Zwaardbroeders" title="Orde van de Zwaardbroeders">Orde van de Zwaardbroeders</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Duitse_Orde" title="Duitse Orde">Duitse Orde</a>.</li> <li>De <a href="/wiki/Reformatie" title="Reformatie">Reformatie</a> van 1552, waarbij <a href="/wiki/Koerland" title="Koerland">Koerland</a> bij <a href="/wiki/Denemarken" title="Denemarken">Denemarken</a> werd ingelijfd.</li> <li>De Russische invasie van 1557.</li> <li>De <a href="/wiki/Lijflandse_Oorlog" title="Lijflandse Oorlog">Lijflandse Oorlog</a>.</li> <li>De <a href="/wiki/Vrede_van_Nystad" title="Vrede van Nystad">Vrede van Nystad</a>, waarbij Lijfland en Koerland Russische provincies werden.</li> <li>De <a href="/wiki/Tweede_Wereldoorlog" title="Tweede Wereldoorlog">Tweede Wereldoorlog</a> en de afgedwongen aansluiting van Letland bij de <a href="/wiki/Sovjet-Unie" title="Sovjet-Unie">Sovjet-Unie</a>, waardoor Lijfland werd gemarginaliseerd.</li></ul> <p>De Lijfse taal kende alleen een klein lichtpuntje in 1918, toen de staat Letland werd gesticht.<sup class="noprint nopopups"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bronvermelding#Bron_gevraagd" title="Wikipedia:Bronvermelding"><span title="Voor deze uitspraak is sinds 19 januari 2014 een bronvermelding gewenst. Motivering: Waarom had dat een positief effect?">[bron?]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Op 4 februari 1992 creëerde de Letse regering een cultureel beschermd gebied genaamd <i>Līvõd Randa</i>, de <a href="/wiki/Lijfse_kust" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijfse kust">Lijfse kust</a>. De taal was toen echter al bijna uitgestorven. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laatste_sprekers">Laatste sprekers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lijfs&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Laatste sprekers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lijfs&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Laatste sprekers"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Op 28 februari 2009 maakte de Estse krant <i><a href="/wiki/Eesti_P%C3%A4evaleht" title="Eesti Päevaleht">Eesti Päevaleht</a></i> bekend dat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Berthold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viktor Berthold (de pagina bestaat niet)">Viktor Berthold</a> (1921-2009) was overleden, een van de laatste sprekers van het Lijfs die nog alleen met deze taal waren opgegroeid.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al in de <a href="/wiki/1920-1929" title="1920-1929">jaren twintig</a> van de <a href="/wiki/20e_eeuw" title="20e eeuw">20e eeuw</a> begonnen Lijfstalige ouders met hun kinderen Lets te spreken. Berthold had contacten met taalkundigen die de Lijfse grammatica en woordenschat hebben geboekstaafd. In de <a href="/wiki/1990-1999" title="1990-1999">jaren negentig</a> gaf hij cursussen Lijfs aan kinderen.<sup id="cite_ref-BC_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Andere <a href="/wiki/Lijven" title="Lijven">Lijven</a> die tot hun dood bleven vasthouden aan hun taal, waren Poulin Klavin (1918–2001), die zijn hele leven aan de kust van Koerland heeft gewoond, en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edgar_Vaalgamaa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edgar Vaalgamaa (de pagina bestaat niet)">Edgar Vaalgamaa</a> (1912–2003), een Lutherse predikant die in Finland leefde. Hij vertaalde het <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Testament" title="Nieuwe Testament">Nieuwe Testament</a> in het Lijfs en schreef een boek over de geschiedenis en de cultuur van de Lijven (<i>Valkoisen hiekan kansa</i>, Jyväskylä, 2001).<sup class="noprint nopopups"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bronvermelding#Bron_gevraagd" title="Wikipedia:Bronvermelding"><span title="Voor deze uitspraak is sinds 19 januari 2014 een bronvermelding gewenst.">[bron?]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grizelda Kristiņa (1910-2013) was familie van Viktor Berthold. Sinds 1947 woonde ze in Canada. Ook zij had contacten met taalkundigen. Toen ze op 2 juni 2013 overleed, werd ze ‘de laatste moedertaalspreker van het Lijfs’ genoemd. Het is momenteel niet duidelijk (maar wel onwaarschijnlijk) of er nog andere moedertaalsprekers van het Lijfs in leven zijn.<sup id="cite_ref-Kristina_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kristina-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alfabet">Alfabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lijfs&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Alfabet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lijfs&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Alfabet"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De karakters die gebruikt worden zijn een mengeling van het <a href="/wiki/Lets" title="Lets">Lets</a> en het Estisch. </p><p>A (Ā) B C Č D Ḑ E (Ē) F G Ģ H I (Ī) J K Ķ L Ļ M N Ņ O (Ō) Ȯ (Ȱ) P [Q] R Ŗ S Š Z Ž T Ț U (Ū) V (W) Õ (Ȭ) Ä (Ǟ) Ö (Ȫ) Ü [X] Y (Ȳ) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_links">Externe links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lijfs&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lijfs&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe links"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Lets">(<span>lv</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070123230116/http://www.eraksti.lv/R013.php?gid=86">Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090726212327/http://homepage.mac.com/uldis/livonia/grammar.html">Een beknopte lijfse spraakkunst</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.mac.com/uldis/livonia/livskan.html">Lijfse uitspraak</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231014901/http://www.fennougria.ee/index.php?id=16435">Last Native Speaking Livonian Died</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kristina-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Kristina_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kristina_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">David Charter</span>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/europe/article3782596.ece">‘Death of a language: last ever speaker of Livonian passes away aged 103’</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2013-06-05">5 juni 2013</span>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2014-01-19">19 januari 2014</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202235047/http://www.livones.net/valoda/?raksts=8701">Lībiešu valodas situācija</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BC-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-BC_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BC_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baltic-course.com/eng/baltic_news/?doc=3215">Latvia's tiny Livonian minority struggles to keep its language alive</a>", <i>The Balte Course</i>, 2009?. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014925/http://www.baltic-course.com/eng/baltic_news/?doc=3215">Gearchiveerd</a> op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2013-12-03">3 december 2013</span>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2014-01-19">19 januari 2014</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eblul.eurolang.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=202&Itemid=37">EBLUL expands as new Committee launched in Latvia</a>", <i>Europees Bureau voor Minderheidstalen</i>, <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2009-04-15">15 april 2009</span>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2014-01-19">19 januari 2014</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Estisch">(<span>et</span>) </span> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epl.delfi.ee/news/eesti/suri-viimane-vanema-polve-emakeelne-liivlane.d?id=51161040">Suri viimane vanema põlve emakeelne liivlane</a>", <i>Eesti Päevaleht</i>, <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2009-03-04">4 maart 2009</span>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2014-01-19">19 januari 2014</span>. (Overlijdensbericht van Viktor Berthold in <i>Eesti Päevaleht</i>).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud p:first-child{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie 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