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</button> <ul id="toc-History_and_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Change_of_name_and_scope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Change_of_name_and_scope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Change of name and scope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Change_of_name_and_scope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responsibilities_and_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responsibilities_and_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Responsibilities and powers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Responsibilities_and_powers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Responsibilities and powers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Responsibilities_and_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Editing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Editing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_releases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_releases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Video releases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_releases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_operators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_operators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Mobile operators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_operators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_certificates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_certificates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Current certificates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_certificates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current certificates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_certificates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Age-verification_certificate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age-verification_certificate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Age-verification certificate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age-verification_certificate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relaxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relaxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Relaxation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relaxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Current concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leadership subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidents_of_the_BBFC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents_of_the_BBFC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Presidents of the BBFC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents_of_the_BBFC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directors_of_the_BBFC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directors_of_the_BBFC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Directors of the BBFC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directors_of_the_BBFC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earlier_writing_on_the_BBFC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earlier_writing_on_the_BBFC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Earlier writing on the BBFC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earlier_writing_on_the_BBFC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_on_the_BBFC_in_the_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_on_the_BBFC_in_the_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Writing on the BBFC in the 21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_on_the_BBFC_in_the_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">British Board of Film Classification</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="المجلس البريطاني لتصنيف الأفلام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المجلس البريطاني لتصنيف الأفلام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="British Board of Film Classification" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="ব্রিটিশ বোর্ড অব ফিল্ম ক্লাসিফিকেশন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রিটিশ বোর্ড অব ফিল্ম ক্লাসিফিকেশন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Британски съвет за филмова класификация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Британски съвет за филмова класификация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="British Board of Film Classification" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="British Board of Film Classification" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="British Board of Film Classification" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Brit%C3%A1nica_de_Clasificaci%C3%B3n_de_Pel%C3%ADculas" title="Agencia Británica de Clasificación de Películas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agencia Británica de Clasificación de Películas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="هیئت رده‌بندی سنی فیلم‌های بریتانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیئت رده‌بندی سنی فیلم‌های بریتانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="British Board of Film Classification" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="British Board of Film Classification" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD_%EC%98%81%ED%99%94_%EB%93%B1%EA%B8%89_%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98_%EC%9C%84%EC%9B%90%ED%9A%8C" title="영국 영화 등급 분류 위원회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영국 영화 등급 분류 위원회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="British Board of Film Classification" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="British Board of Film Classification" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%AD%E1%83%9D" title="ფილმების კლასიფიკაციის ბრიტანული საბჭო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფილმების კლასიფიკაციის ბრიტანული საბჭო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britu_filmu_klasifik%C4%81cijas_padome" title="Britu filmu klasifikācijas padome – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Britu filmu klasifikācijas padome" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit%C5%B3_film%C5%B3_klasifikavimo_komisija" title="Britų filmų klasifikavimo komisija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Britų filmų klasifikavimo komisija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="British Board of Film Classification" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="British Board of Film Classification" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%8B%B1%E6%98%A0%E5%83%8F%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A%E5%AF%A9%E6%9F%BB%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" title="全英映像等級審査機構 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="全英映像等級審査機構" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="British Board of Film Classification" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="British Board of Film Classification" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="British Board of Film Classification" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="British Board of Film Classification" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="British Board of Film Classification" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Британский совет по классификации фильмов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Британский совет по классификации фильмов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%A7_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B3_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="චිත්‍රපට වර්ගීකරණය පිළිබඳ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය මණ්ඩලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චිත්‍රපට වර්ගීකරණය පිළිබඳ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය මණ්ඩලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="British Board of Film Classification" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%8A" title="فلم جي درجابندي جو برطانوي بورڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فلم جي درجابندي جو برطانوي بورڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="دەستەی ھەڵسەنگاندنی فیلمی بەڕیتانیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەستەی ھەڵسەنگاندنی فیلمی بەڕیتانیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanski_odbor_filmske_klasifikacije" title="Britanski odbor filmske klasifikacije – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Britanski odbor filmske klasifikacije" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanski_odbor_filmske_klasifikacije" title="Britanski odbor filmske klasifikacije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Britanski odbor filmske klasifikacije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="British Board of Film Classification" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="British Board of Film Classification" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="คณะกรรมการจัดประเภทภาพยนตร์แห่งอังกฤษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คณะกรรมการจัดประเภทภาพยนตร์แห่งอังกฤษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanya_Film_S%C4%B1n%C4%B1fland%C4%B1rma_Kurulu" title="Britanya Film Sınıflandırma Kurulu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Britanya Film Sınıflandırma Kurulu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Британська рада з класифікації фільмів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Британська рада з класифікації фільмів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%A6y_ban_ph%C3%A2n_lo%E1%BA%A1i_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_%E1%BA%A3nh_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Anh" title="Ủy ban phân loại điện ảnh Vương quốc Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ủy ban phân loại điện ảnh Vương quốc Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1%E5%88%86%E7%B4%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="英國電影分級委員會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英國電影分級委員會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22British+Board+of+Film+Classification%22">"British Board of Film Classification"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22British+Board+of+Film+Classification%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22British+Board+of+Film+Classification%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22British+Board+of+Film+Classification%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22British+Board+of+Film+Classification%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22British+Board+of+Film+Classification%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">British Board of Film Classification</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:BBFC_logo_(new).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/BBFC_logo_%28new%29.svg/220px-BBFC_logo_%28new%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/BBFC_logo_%28new%29.svg/330px-BBFC_logo_%28new%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/BBFC_logo_%28new%29.svg/440px-BBFC_logo_%28new%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="243" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1912<span class="noprint">; 112 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1912</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">Non-governmental organization</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Legal status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Company_limited_by_guarantee" title="Company limited by guarantee">Public company limited by guarantee without share capital</a><sup id="cite_ref-CompaniesHouse_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CompaniesHouse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion picture rating system">Film ratings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Television_content_rating_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Television content rating systems">Television ratings</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">3 <a href="/wiki/Soho_Square" title="Soho Square">Soho Square</a>, London, <a href="/wiki/W_postcode_area" title="W postcode area">W1D 3HD</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region served </div></th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Natasha_Kaplinsky" title="Natasha Kaplinsky">Natasha Kaplinsky</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chief executive</div></th><td class="infobox-data">David Austin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bbfc.co.uk/">bbfc<wbr />.co<wbr />.uk</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861670#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Formerly called</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>The Incorporated Association of Kinematograph Manufacturers, Limited (1911–1985)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>The British Board of Film Classification (1985–2003)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>British Board of Film Classification</b> (<b>BBFC</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-CompaniesHouse_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CompaniesHouse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organisation</a> founded by the British film industry in 1912 and responsible for the national classification and censorship of <a href="/wiki/Films" class="mw-redirect" title="Films">films</a> exhibited at cinemas and video works (such as <a href="/wiki/Television_programmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Television programmes">television programmes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trailer_(promotion)" title="Trailer (promotion)">trailers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adverts" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverts">adverts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Public information">public information</a>/campaigning films, menus, bonus content, etc.) released on physical media within the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a statutory requirement to classify all video works released on <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray 3D">3D</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">4K UHD</a> formats), and, to a lesser extent, some video games under the <a href="/wiki/Video_Recordings_Act_1984" title="Video Recordings Act 1984">Video Recordings Act 1984</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBFC1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBFC1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BBFC was also the designated regulator for the <a href="/wiki/UK_age-verification" class="mw-redirect" title="UK age-verification">UK age-verification scheme</a>, which was abandoned before being implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC2019-10-16_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2019-10-16-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_overview">History and overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Board_of_Film_Classification&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:BBFCCert.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/34/BBFCCert.png" decoding="async" width="327" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>British Board of Film Censors 'U' certificate for <i>Berlin Airlift</i> (1949)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The BBFC was established in 1912 as the British Board of Film Censors, under the aegis of the Incorporated Association of Kinematograph Manufacturers,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by film trade associations who preferred to manage their own censorship than to have national or local government do it for them. The immediate impetus for the board's formation stemmed from the furore surrounding the release in the UK in October 1912 of the film <i><a href="/wiki/From_the_Manger_to_the_Cross" title="From the Manger to the Cross">From the Manger to the Cross</a></i>, about the life of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. The film, shown at the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Hall" title="Queen's Hall">Queen's Hall</a>, London, gained considerable publicity from a great outcry in the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></i>, which demanded: "Is nothing sacred to the film maker?", and waxed indignant about the profits for its American film producers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood1947167_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1947167-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the clergy were invited to see it and found little to be affronted by,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood1947167_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1947167-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the controversy resulted in the voluntary creation of the BBFC, which began operating on 1 January 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cinematograph_Act_1909" title="Cinematograph Act 1909">Cinematograph Act 1909</a> required cinemas to have licences from local authorities. The Act was introduced for reasons of public safety after <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose#Film" title="Nitrocellulose">nitrate film</a> fires in unsuitable venues (fairgrounds and shops that had been hastily converted into cinemas) but the following year a court ruling<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> determined that the criteria for granting or refusing a licence did not have to be restricted to issues of health and safety. Given that the law now allowed councils to grant or refuse licences to cinemas according to the content of the films they showed, the 1909 Act, therefore, enabled the introduction of censorship. </p><p>The film industry, fearing the economic consequences of a largely unregulated censorship infrastructure, therefore formed the BBFC to take the process 'in house' and establish its own system of self-regulation. By paying a fee of £2 for every reel of film viewed, and by appointing a panel of viewers under a censor, none of whom had any film trade interests, the growing cinema industry neatly created a censorship body which was both self-supporting and strictly impartial, and therefore was not swayed by any sectional interests inside the film trade or outside it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood1947168_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1947168-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The board's offices were originally at 133–135 <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Street" title="Oxford Street">Oxford Street</a>, London; the building is located at the junction of <a href="/wiki/Wardour_Street" title="Wardour Street">Wardour Street</a>, a centre of the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">British film industry</a> for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the American <a href="/wiki/Production_Code_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Production Code Administration">Production Code Administration</a>, which had a written list of violations in their <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Production_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Production Code">Motion Picture Production Code</a>, the BBFC did not have a written code and were vague in their translation to producers on what constituted a violation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some clarity would come in 1916 when the then president of the BBFC, <a href="/wiki/T._P._O%27Connor" title="T. P. O'Connor">T. P. O'Connor</a>, listed forty-three infractions, from the BBFC 1913–1915 annual reports, during the <i>National Council of Public Morals: Cinema Commission of Inquiry</i> (1916), indicating where a cut in a film may be required.<sup id="cite_ref-BBFC_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBFC-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol><li>Indecorous, ambiguous and irreverent titles and subtitles</li> <li>Cruelty to animals</li> <li>The irreverent treatment of sacred subjects</li> <li>Drunken scenes carried to excess</li> <li>Vulgar accessories in the staging</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Modus_operandi" title="Modus operandi">modus operandi</a></i> of criminals</li> <li>Cruelty to young infants and excessive cruelty and torture to adults, especially women</li> <li>Unnecessary exhibition of under-clothing</li> <li>The exhibition of profuse bleeding</li> <li>Nude figures</li> <li>Offensive vulgarity, and impropriety in conduct and dress</li> <li>Indecorous dancing</li> <li>Excessively passionate love scenes</li> <li>Bathing scenes passing the limits of propriety</li> <li>References to controversial politics</li> <li>Relations of capital and labour</li> <li>Scenes tending to disparage public characters and institutions</li> <li>Realistic horrors of warfare</li> <li>Scenes and incidents calculated to afford information to the enemy</li> <li>Incidents having a tendency to disparage our Allies</li> <li>Scenes holding up the King's uniform to contempt or ridicule</li> <li>Subjects dealing with India, in which British Officers are seen in an odious light, and otherwise attempting to suggest the disloyalty of British Officers, Native States or bringing into disrepute British prestige in the Empire</li> <li>The exploitation of tragic incidents of the war</li> <li>Gruesome murders and strangulation scenes</li> <li>Executions</li> <li>The effects of <a href="/wiki/Acid_attack" title="Acid attack">vitriol throwing</a></li> <li>The drug habit, e.g., opium, morphia, cocaine, etc.</li> <li>Subjects dealing with <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">White Slave traffic</a></li> <li>Subjects dealing with premeditated seduction of girls</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consummation" title="Consummation">First night</a>" scenes</li> <li>Scenes suggestive of immorality</li> <li>Indelicate sexual situations</li> <li>Situations accentuating delicate marital relations</li> <li>Men and women in bed together</li> <li>Illicit relationships</li> <li>Prostitution and procuration</li> <li>Incidents indicating the actual perpetration of criminal assaults on women</li> <li>Scenes depicting the effect of venereal disease, inherited or acquired</li> <li>Incidents suggestive of incestuous relations</li> <li>Themes and references relative to '<a href="/wiki/Race_suicide" title="Race suicide">race suicide</a>'</li> <li>Confinements</li> <li>Scenes laid in <a href="/wiki/Disorderly_house" title="Disorderly house">disorderly houses</a></li> <li>Materialisation of the conventional figure of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-BBFC_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBFC-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol></div> <p>In 1926, the BBFC annual report outlined grounds on seven broad categories that justified censorship, including issues related to religious, political, military, social, questions of sex, crime and cruelty.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some decisions from the early years are now subjected to derision. In 1928, the board's examiners report famously claimed that <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Dulac" title="Germaine Dulac">Germaine Dulac</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Surrealist" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrealist">surrealist</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seashell_and_the_Clergyman" title="The Seashell and the Clergyman">The Seashell and the Clergyman</a></i> was "almost meaningless", but: "If there is a meaning, it is doubtless objectionable."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Informal links, to varying degrees of closeness, have been maintained between the BBFC and the Government throughout the Board's existence. In the period before the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, an extensive but unofficial system of political censorship was implemented by the BBFC for the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a>. As the cinema became a socially powerful mass-medium, governments feared the effect of its use by others for propaganda and as happened in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> discouraged any expression of controversial political views in British films. This trend reached its climax during the 1930s. Following protests from the German Embassy after the release of a film depicting the execution of <a href="/wiki/Edith_Cavell" title="Edith Cavell">Edith Cavell</a> (<i>Dawn</i>, 1928, dir. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Wilcox" title="Herbert Wilcox">Herbert Wilcox</a>), intense political pressure was brought to bear on the BBFC by the Home Office. A system of script vetting was introduced, whereby British studios were invited to submit screenplays to the BBFC before shooting started. Imported Hollywood films were not treated as strictly as British films, as the BBFC believed that audiences would recognise American cinema as representing a foreign culture and therefore would not apply any political messages therein to their own lives. So while the <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warners</a> gangster films and other 1930s Hollywood films that dealt explicitly with crime and the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> were released in the UK largely uncut, these subjects were strictly off-limits for British film-makers. </p><p>During the Second World War, the BBFC's political censorship function effectively passed to the Films Division of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Information</a>, and the BBFC never regained this to the same extent as before the war. The increasing climate of post-war liberalism ensured that from the 1950s onwards, controversies involving the BBFC centred more on depictions of sex and violence than on political expression. There were some notable exceptions: <i><a href="/wiki/Yield_to_the_Night" title="Yield to the Night">Yield to the Night</a></i> (UK, 1956, dir. <a href="/wiki/J._Lee_Thompson" title="J. Lee Thompson">J. Lee Thompson</a>), which opposed capital punishment; <i><a href="/wiki/Room_at_the_Top_(1959_film)" title="Room at the Top (1959 film)">Room at the Top</a></i> (UK, 1959, dir. <a href="/wiki/Jack_Clayton" title="Jack Clayton">Jack Clayton</a>), which dealt with class divisions; <i><a href="/wiki/Victim_(1961_film)" title="Victim (1961 film)">Victim</a></i> (UK, 1961, dir. <a href="/wiki/Basil_Dearden" title="Basil Dearden">Basil Dearden</a>), which implicitly argued for the legalisation of homosexuality, all involved the BBFC in controversy. </p><p>In autumn 1972, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Pakenham,_7th_Earl_of_Longford" title="Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford">Lord Longford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Blackburn" title="Raymond Blackburn">Raymond Blackburn</a> decided to pursue a matter of pornography classification for the film <i><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Love" title="Language of Love">Language of Love</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Leigh_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leigh-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal">Court of Appeal</a> before <a href="/wiki/Lord_Denning" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Denning">Lord Denning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Rolls" title="Master of the Rolls">MR</a>; they failed to obtain a writ of <a href="/wiki/Mandamus" title="Mandamus">mandamus</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Police_of_the_Metropolis" title="Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis">Metropolitan Police Commissioner</a>, who had refused to intrude upon the BBFC's remit.<sup id="cite_ref-hs_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hs-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Change_of_name_and_scope">Change of name and scope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Board_of_Film_Classification&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Change of name and scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1984,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the board changed its name to <b>The British Board of Film Classification</b><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to "reflect the fact that classification plays a far larger part in the board's work than censorship".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The board's holding company, the Incorporated Association of Kinematograph Manufacturers, aligned its name with the board the following year (followed by another minor alteration in 2003 to <b>British Board of Film Classification</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-CompaniesHouse_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CompaniesHouse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time it was given responsibility for classifying videos for hire or purchase to view in the home as well as films shown in cinemas. Home video and cinema versions of a film usually receive the same certificate, although occasionally a film may receive a more restrictive certificate for the home video market (sometimes due to the bonus features), as it is easier for children to watch a home video than to be admitted into a cinema. </p><p>In December 1986, the first computer game to be certified by the BBFC was an illustrated <a href="/wiki/Text_adventure" class="mw-redirect" title="Text adventure">text adventure</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1986_video_game)" title="Dracula (1986 video game)">Dracula</a></i>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a> novel, published by <a href="/wiki/CRL_Group" title="CRL Group">CRL</a>; the game received a 15 certificate.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first computer game to receive an 18 certificate, on 11 December 1987,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was another illustrated text adventure called <i><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_(1987_video_game)" title="Jack the Ripper (1987 video game)">Jack the Ripper</a></i>, also by CRL, which dealt with the infamous real life murders in Victorian London. The horror in both games came through largely in their detailed prose. Had the game publishers reprinted the games' text in book form, it would not have carried a certificate, as the BBFC has no oversight over print media. Both games had numerous certificate stickers all over their covers to emphasise to parents and retailers that they were not intended for children, as computer games carrying BBFC certificates were previously unheard of. </p><p>The first video game to be refused classification by the BBFC was <i><a href="/wiki/Carmageddon" title="Carmageddon">Carmageddon</a></i> in 1997, however a modified version of the game was later awarded an 18 certificate. In June 2007, <i><a href="/wiki/Manhunt_2" title="Manhunt 2">Manhunt 2</a></i> was refused classification for both its <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> versions, meaning that the game was illegal to sell or supply in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A modified version was made that was accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Rating_Board" title="Entertainment Software Rating Board">ESRB</a> but was still refused classification from the BBFC. The second decision was later overturned by the <a href="/wiki/Video_Appeals_Committee" title="Video Appeals Committee">Video Appeals Committee</a> (an independent body set up by legislation); the BBFC then asked the High Court for a judicial review of the VAC decision.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The High Court ruled that the VAC had made errors in law and instructed it to reconsider its decision, the VAC subsequently ruled that the modified version of the game should receive an 18 certificate, which the BBFC accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 June 2009, the UK's <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" title="Department for Culture, Media and Sport">Department for Culture, Media and Sport</a> ruled in favour of the <a href="/wiki/Pan_European_Game_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan European Game Information">PEGI</a> system to be the sole classification system for videogames and software in the UK. This decision would also, unlike beforehand, allow PEGI ratings to be legally enforced much like the BBFC ratings.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially expected to take effect from 1 April 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the legislation was put into effect on 30 July 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> and the BBFC announced an age classification partnership on 13 March 2019 where the former will classify their content in the United Kingdom with BBFC ratings. The partnership came at the time when digital media is on the rise worldwide and when parents are concerned about children seeing inappropriate content on video on demand or online gaming platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The implementation of BBFC ratings into Netflix UK content took effect at the end of October 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responsibilities_and_powers">Responsibilities and powers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Board_of_Film_Classification&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Responsibilities and powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The board is a self-funded <a href="/wiki/Quango" title="Quango">quango</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its business affairs are controlled by a council of management selected from leading figures in the manufacturing and servicing sectors of the film industry. This council appoints the President, who has statutory responsibility for the classification of videos and the Director who has executive responsibility and formulates policy. The board, which is based in <a href="/wiki/Soho_Square" title="Soho Square">Soho Square</a>, London, is financed from the fees it charges for classifying films and videos and is run on a not-for-profit basis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editing">Editing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Board_of_Film_Classification&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Editing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The BBFC can also advise cuts for a less-restrictive rating. This generally occurs in borderline cases where distributors have requested a certificate and the BBFC has rated the work at a more-restrictive level; however, some cuts are compulsory, such as scenes that violate the <a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Children_Act_1978" title="Protection of Children Act 1978">Protection of Children Act 1978</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cinematograph_Films_(Animals)_Act_1937" title="Cinematograph Films (Animals) Act 1937">Cinematograph Films (Animals) Act 1937</a>. The final certificate then depends on the distributor's decision on whether or not to make the suggested cuts. Some works are even rejected if the distributor refuses the cut. </p><p>The examiners and the directors of the BBFC are hired on a permanent basis. Examiners are required to watch five hours and twenty minutes of media, to a maximum of thirty-five hours a week. Turnover is low and vacancies, when available, appear on its London job vacancies website.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Board_of_Film_Classification&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the case of films shown in cinemas, local authorities have the final legal authorisation over who can view a particular film. The majority of the time, local authorities accept the board's recommendation for a certificate for a film. There have been some notable exceptions – particularly in the 1970s when the board allowed films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Last_Tango_in_Paris" title="Last Tango in Paris">Last Tango in Paris</a></i> (1972) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Exorcist_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Exorcist (film)">The Exorcist</a></i> (1973) to be released with an X certificate (essentially the same as today's "18") – but many local authorities chose to ban the films regardless. Thirty-nine local authorities in the UK either imposed an outright ban, or imposed an X certificate, on <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian" title="Monty Python's Life of Brian">Monty Python's Life of Brian</a></i> (1979), which the BBFC had rated as AA (Suitable for ages 14+).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, in 2002, a few local authorities regraded <i><a href="/wiki/Spider-Man_(2002_film)" title="Spider-Man (2002 film)">Spider-Man</a></i> from 12 to PG, allowing children younger than 12 to see the film. However, the BBFC were already in the process of replacing the 12 rating with a new 12A, which allowed under-12s to see the film if accompanied by an adult, so shortly afterwards, the BBFC reclassified <i>Spider-Man</i> as 12A. The first 12A certificate awarded was for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bourne_Identity_(2002_film)" title="The Bourne Identity (2002 film)">The Bourne Identity</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_releases">Video releases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Board_of_Film_Classification&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Video releases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Video Recordings Act requires that video releases not exempt (music, documentary, non-fiction, video games, etc.) under the Act had to be classified, making it illegal to supply any recording that had not been certified. Certificates could restrict release to any age of 18 or under, or only to licensed sex-shops. The government currently designate the BBFC as the authority for certifying video releases. As the law requires the certificate to be displayed on the packaging and media labels of the video recording, in practice only UK releases can be legally sold or hired in the UK, even if a foreign release had identical content.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCNews_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCNews-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local authorities do not have such power for video recordings. Under the <a href="/wiki/Video_Recording_Act_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="Video Recording Act 1984">Video Recording Act 1984</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all non-exempt recordings must be classified by an authority chosen by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" title="Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport">Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport</a>. This classification is legally binding, in that supply of material contrary to its certificate (recordings that have been refused a certificate, or supplying to someone younger than the certified age) is a criminal offence. However, possession is not an offence in itself, other than in the case of "possession with intent to supply". Since the introduction of the Act, the BBFC has been the chosen authority. In theory this authority could be revoked, but in practice such a revocation has never been suggested, since most local authorities simply do not have the resources needed to do such things as remove cuts, pass films that the BBFC rejected and vice versa, put in place new cuts, etc., regularly.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Board_of_Film_Classification&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The BBFC has also rated some video games. Normally these are exempt from classification, unless they depict human sexual activity, human genital organs or gross acts of violence, in which case the publishers should submit the game for classification. Publishers may opt to submit a game for classification even if they are not obliged to. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Economy_Act_2010" title="Digital Economy Act 2010">Digital Economy Act 2010</a>, the primary responsibility for rating video games in the United Kingdom passed from the BBFC to the <a href="/wiki/Video_Standards_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Video Standards Council">Video Standards Council</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Pan_European_Game_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan European Game Information">PEGI</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A game is only submitted to the BBFC if it contains strong pornographic material or if it includes video material that is not directly accessible through the game itself (e.g. a documentary). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile_operators">Mobile operators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Board_of_Film_Classification&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mobile operators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The BBFC also provide a classification service for <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_operator" title="Mobile phone operator">mobile phone operators</a>. BBFC guidelines for film and video are used to calibrate the filters used by the operators to restrict access to internet content. The default assumption is that mobile phone users are under 18 years of age. The BBFC guidelines are based on public consultations conducted every four to five years.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites">Websites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Board_of_Film_Classification&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Websites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Age_verification_system#United_Kingdom" title="Age verification system">Age verification system § United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Economy_Act_2017" title="Digital Economy Act 2017">Digital Economy Act 2017</a> the BBFC was appointed as the UK's regulator for pornographic websites. As regulator, the BBFC was intended to be responsible for identifying commercial pornographic websites accessible in the UK and empowered to take action against any which did not age-verify their users, including placing restrictions on their payment transactions or ordering their blocking by <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service providers</a>. This was to be the case regardless of whether the websites were UK-based or foreign-based. The BBFC had been informally named as the likely regulator in 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in November of that year it was invited to take on the role and agreed to do so. The formal appointment of the BBFC took place in February 2018. Before the BBFC was due to begin its role, it conducted a public consultation on its draft guidance beginning in March 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018 the BBFC estimated that five million commercial pornographic websites existed on the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2019 the BBFC published its guidance, which stated that <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> would not fall under the BBFC's jurisdiction, and nor would websites where pornography made up a third or less of the website's material. The BBFC proposed that a voluntary certification scheme should cover <a href="/wiki/Age_verification" class="mw-redirect" title="Age verification">age verification</a> providers. <a href="/wiki/Margot_James" title="Margot James">Margot James</a>, the UK government's <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Culture,_Communications_and_Creative_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Culture, Communications and Creative Industries">digital minister</a>, said that the government had asked <a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> to provide <a href="/wiki/Indemnity" title="Indemnity">indemnity</a> of up to £10 million to the BBFC to protect it against legal challenges, as the uncertainty surrounding the possibility of such challenges would leave the BBFC unable to get commercial insurance.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were numerous delays to the date at which the BBFC would begin its regulatory role, until in 2019 the UK government announced that the part of the Act dealing with the regulation of pornographic websites would not be implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC2019-10-16_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2019-10-16-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_certificates">Current certificates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Board_of_Film_Classification&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Current certificates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_British_film_certificates" title="History of British film certificates">History of British film certificates</a></div> <p>The BBFC currently issues the following certificates.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current category symbols were introduced in cinemas in October 2019 and on home media since April 2020, replacing the previous ones that had been in place since 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Symbol </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Guidelines </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BBFC_U_2019.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="U"><img alt="Green triangle with white U in the centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/BBFC_U_2019.svg/70px-BBFC_U_2019.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/BBFC_U_2019.svg/105px-BBFC_U_2019.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/BBFC_U_2019.svg/140px-BBFC_U_2019.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="312" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Universal"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Universal</span></span></b> </td> <td>Suitable for all. A U film should be suitable for audiences aged four years and over. </td> <td>May contain infrequent very mild language (frequent/aggressive use may result in the work being passed at a higher category). May contain very mild sex references and mild violence, if justified by the context.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <p>Until 2009, there was also a Uc ("Universal Children") certificate, for videos that were particularly suitable for young children.<sup id="cite_ref-bbfc_history_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbfc_history-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BBFC_PG_2019.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PG"><img alt="Yellow triangle with PG in the centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/BBFC_PG_2019.svg/70px-BBFC_PG_2019.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/BBFC_PG_2019.svg/105px-BBFC_PG_2019.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/BBFC_PG_2019.svg/140px-BBFC_PG_2019.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="312" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>Parental<br />Guidance</b> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="PG"></span>General viewing, but some scenes may be unsuitable for young children. A PG film should not unsettle a child aged around eight or older. </td> <td>May contain mild language or sex/drug references. May contain moderate violence if justified by context (e.g. fantasy). Unaccompanied children of any age may watch, but parents are advised to consider whether the content may upset younger, or more sensitive, children.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BBFC_12A_2019.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="12A"><img alt="Orange circle with 12 in centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/BBFC_12A_2019.svg/70px-BBFC_12A_2019.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/BBFC_12A_2019.svg/105px-BBFC_12A_2019.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/BBFC_12A_2019.svg/140px-BBFC_12A_2019.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="12A"></span><span class="vanchor-text">12A</span></span></b> </td> <td><b>Cinema</b> release suitable for those aged 12 years and over. No one younger than 12 may see a 12A film in a cinema unless accompanied by an adult. </td> <td rowspan="2">May contain adolescent themes, discrimination, soft drugs, moderate language, moderate violence, sex references and nudity. Sexual activity may be briefly and discreetly portrayed. Use of strong language may be permitted based on frequency and how they are used, as well as contextual justification. Occasional strong violence may be permitted if justified by the context.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <p>The 12 category would apply to cinema releases from August 1989 to 2002, and has applied to home media since 1994, while the 12A category has been used for cinema releases since 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-bbfc_history_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbfc_history-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BBFC_12_2019.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="12"><img alt="Orange circle with 12 in centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/BBFC_12_2019.svg/70px-BBFC_12_2019.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/BBFC_12_2019.svg/105px-BBFC_12_2019.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/BBFC_12_2019.svg/140px-BBFC_12_2019.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="12"></span><span class="vanchor-text">12</span></span></b> </td> <td><b>Home video</b> release suitable only for 12 years and over. No one younger than 12 may rent or buy a 12 rated video work. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BBFC_15_2019.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="15"><img alt="Pink circle with 15 in centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/BBFC_15_2019.svg/70px-BBFC_15_2019.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/BBFC_15_2019.svg/105px-BBFC_15_2019.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/BBFC_15_2019.svg/140px-BBFC_15_2019.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="15"></span><span class="vanchor-text">15</span></span></b> </td> <td>Suitable only for 15 years and over. No one younger than 15 may see a 15 film in a cinema. No one younger than 15 may rent or buy a 15 rated video work. </td> <td>May have fairly mature themes. May contain (frequent) strong language, strong violence, strong sex references, nudity without graphic detail and hard drugs. Sexual activity may be portrayed but without any strong detail. Sexual violence may be shown if discreet and justified by context. Use of very strong language may be permitted based on frequency and how it is used, as well as contextual justification.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BBFC_18_2019.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="18"><img alt="Red circle with 18 in centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/BBFC_18_2019.svg/70px-BBFC_18_2019.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/BBFC_18_2019.svg/105px-BBFC_18_2019.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/BBFC_18_2019.svg/140px-BBFC_18_2019.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/18_(British_Board_of_Film_Classification)" title="18 (British Board of Film Classification)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="18"></span><span class="vanchor-text">18</span></span></a></b> </td> <td>Suitable only for adults. No one younger than 18 years may see an 18 film in a cinema. No one younger than 18 may rent or buy an 18 rated video work. </td> <td>Films under this category do not have limitation on the foul language that is used. Portrayals of illegal drug misuse are generally allowed, and explicit sex references along with detailed sexual activity are also allowed. Scenes of strong <a href="/wiki/Unsimulated_sex" title="Unsimulated sex">real sex</a> may be permitted if justified by the context (Sex works containing explicit images of real sex cannot be classified at "18"). Very strong, gory, and/or sadistic violence is usually permitted. Strong sexual violence is permitted unless it is eroticised or excessively graphic, in which a work will require compulsory cuts where possible.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BBFC_R18_2019.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="R18"><img alt="Blue square with R18 in centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/BBFC_R18_2019.svg/70px-BBFC_R18_2019.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/BBFC_R18_2019.svg/105px-BBFC_R18_2019.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/BBFC_R18_2019.svg/140px-BBFC_R18_2019.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/R18_(British_Board_of_Film_Classification)" title="R18 (British Board of Film Classification)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="R18"></span><span class="vanchor-text">R18</span></span></a></b></span> </td> <td>To be shown only in specially licensed cinemas, or supplied only in licensed sex shops, and to adults only. R18 video works may not be supplied by mail order. </td> <td>Works under this category typically contain explicit images of real consenting sexual activity, strong fetish material, explicit animated images, or sight of certain extreme sex acts. There remains a range of material that is often cut from the R18 rating: material in breach of criminal law (including the <a href="/wiki/Obscene_Publications_Act_1959" title="Obscene Publications Act 1959">Obscene Publications Act 1959</a>), material likely to encourage an interest in sexually abusive activity, non-consensual sexual activity, any type of physical restraint that would prevent the withdrawal of consent, real or simulated acts in a sexual context that are likely to cause serious physical harm (including penetration by foreign objects), and sexual threats and humiliation that do not clearly form part of a consenting role-playing game.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More cuts are demanded in this category than any other category.<sup id="cite_ref-bbfc_statistics_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbfc_statistics-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Material that is exempt from classification sometimes uses symbols similar to BBFC certificates, for example an "E" certificate. There is no legal obligation, nor a particular scheme, for labelling material that is exempt from classification.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the BBFC's online classification database, material that has been refused a classification uses an "N/A" symbol in place of a rating symbol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age-verification_certificate">Age-verification certificate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Board_of_Film_Classification&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Age-verification certificate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Economy_Act_2017" title="Digital Economy Act 2017">Digital Economy Act 2017</a>, the BBFC and <a href="/wiki/NCC_Group" title="NCC Group">NCC Group</a> were planning to introduce an age-verification certificate (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="AVC"></span><span class="vanchor-text">AVC</span></span> or AV Certificate), a voluntary, non-statutory certificate awarded to Internet age-verification providers who meet standards of privacy and data security. Plans to mandate online age-verification to deny those who do not prove they are aged over 18 access to pornographic website content were subsequently abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Waterson2019-10-16_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterson2019-10-16-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Board_of_Film_Classification&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically the Board has faced strong criticism for their perceived overzealous attitude towards censoring films. Prior to the liberalising decade of the 1960s, films were routinely and extensively censored as a means of social control. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Rebel_Without_a_Cause" title="Rebel Without a Cause">Rebel Without a Cause</a></i> (1955) was cut to reduce the "possibility of teenage rebellion". <a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a>'s 1955 comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Smiles_of_a_Summer_Night" title="Smiles of a Summer Night">Smiles of a Summer Night</a></i> was cut to remove "overtly sexual or provocative" language.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The BBFC's attitude became more liberal during the 1960s, and it concentrated on censoring films that featured graphic sex and violence. However, some Board decisions caused controversy in the 1970s when it banned a series of films that were released uncut and were popular in other countries (such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Texas_Chain_Saw_Massacre" title="The Texas Chain Saw Massacre">The Texas Chain Saw Massacre</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_House_on_the_Left_(1972_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Last House on the Left (1972 film)">Last House on the Left</a></i>), or released other controversial films, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Straw_Dogs_(1971_film)" title="Straw Dogs (1971 film)">Straw Dogs</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange_(film)" title="A Clockwork Orange (film)">A Clockwork Orange</a></i>. However, under recent presidents <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Whittam_Smith" title="Andreas Whittam Smith">Andreas Whittam Smith</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Thomas" title="Quentin Thomas">Quentin Thomas</a>, guidelines were relaxed again, allowing the release, usually uncut, of these previously banned films on video and in cinemas. Some films from the 1970s remain unreleased.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many of these titles remain banned primarily because their distributors have not chosen to re-submit the films to the BBFC, almost certainly for commercial reasons; if re-submitted, they would be likely to receive a more sympathetic hearing than 30 to 40 years ago. Two notable examples from this period include the 1969 film <i><a href="/wiki/Love_Camp_7" title="Love Camp 7">Love Camp 7</a></i>, rejected in 2002, and <i><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cellblock_9" title="Women in Cellblock 9">Women in Cellblock 9</a></i>, released in 1977 and rejected in 2004. Both films contain substantial scenes of sexual violence and have remained completely banned following a re-submission since 2000. </p><p>In general, attitudes to what material is suitable for viewing by younger audiences have changed over the years, and this is reflected by the reclassification of older films being re-released on video. For example, a 1913 film given the former <b>A</b> rating could very probably be rated <b>PG</b> today. An extreme example of this is the rating of the <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror film</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Zombies" title="Revenge of the Zombies">Revenge of the Zombies</a></i>, with a <b>U</b> certificate upon its video release in the late 1990s, whereas, when it was first examined as a film in 1951, it was given one of the first <a href="/wiki/X_certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="X certificate">X ratings</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bela_Lugosi" title="Bela Lugosi">Bela Lugosi</a> horror film <i><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Lost_Souls_(1932_film)" title="Island of Lost Souls (1932 film)">Island of Lost Souls</a></i> was refused a certificate when first submitted in 1932, was granted an <b>X</b> in the 1950s, and a <b>12</b> for home video release in 1996 – when submitted for a modern video classification in 2011, it was re-classified as a <b>PG</b>. The 1964 <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a> live-action/animated musical <i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(film)" title="Mary Poppins (film)">Mary Poppins</a></i> was initially granted a <b>U</b> but was later re-classified as <b>PG</b> in 2024 due to the use of the archaic word "<a href="/wiki/Hottentot_(racial_term)" title="Hottentot (racial term)">hottentot</a>" by the character Admiral Boom in one scene which was deemed by the board as "discriminatory language".<sup id="cite_ref-abcpoppins_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcpoppins-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The BBFC are also known to cut the words "<a href="/wiki/List_of_disability-related_terms_with_negative_connotations#S" title="List of disability-related terms with negative connotations">spaz</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Retard_(pejorative)" title="Retard (pejorative)">retard</a>" from U certified films and videos on the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">discriminating against disabled people</a>. One example of this was when <a href="/wiki/Marmaduke_(2010_film)" title="Marmaduke (2010 film)"><i>Marmaduke</i></a> was passed U after the word "spaz" was removed. The uncut version would have been rated 12. They also award higher ratings to films that contain potentially imitable and dangerous behaviour; this includes all five <a href="/wiki/Jackass_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackass (TV series)"><i>Jackass</i></a> films being passed 18, and <i><a href="/wiki/Fred:_The_Movie" title="Fred: The Movie">Fred: The Movie</a></i> being passed 12. They are also serious about suicide themes, references, or attempts, and will either cut them or award a higher rating. An example of this was in 2010, when the Board cut the Hindi film <i><a href="/wiki/Anjaana_Anjaani" title="Anjaana Anjaani">Anjaana Anjaani</a></i> by two minutes and thirty-one seconds to remove references to and sight of someone attempting suicide by asphyxiation so the distributor could get a cinema 12A certificate. In its uncut form the film was released on home video with an 18 certificate. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunger_Games_(film)" title="The Hunger Games (film)">The Hunger Games</a></i> (2012) was assessed before formal classification, with the film's studio wishing to obtain a 12A for financial and marketing reasons. To get this, seven seconds of footage was cut and blood splashes were digitally removed to reduce emphasis on blood and injury, as an alternative to the uncut film being rated 15.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relaxation">Relaxation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Board_of_Film_Classification&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Relaxation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been considerable relaxation since 1999. The relaxation of guidelines has also made <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">hardcore pornography</a> widely available to adult audiences through the R18 rating. Films with this rating are only legally available from licensed sex shops, of which there are about three hundred in the UK. They may also be seen in specially licensed cinemas. </p><p>There are also examples of films with stronger sexual content, some including <a href="/wiki/Unsimulated_sex" title="Unsimulated sex">real images of sexual intercourse</a>, being approved at "18" level. Recent examples include the passing of <i><a href="/wiki/Irreversible_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreversible (film)">Irreversible</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/9_Songs" title="9 Songs">9 Songs</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Antichrist_(film)" title="Antichrist (film)">Antichrist</a></i>, and numerous other films uncut for cinema and video viewing. Despite this trend towards liberalisation, anti-censorship campaigners are still critical of the BBFC. It has attracted criticism from conservative press, in particular the <i>Daily Mail</i>, on the grounds that the release of sexually explicit and violent films was corrupting the nation. The newspaper's most famous clash with the BBFC came in 1997 when the board released the David Cronenberg film <i><a href="/wiki/Crash_(1996_film)" title="Crash (1996 film)">Crash</a></i> without cuts. The following day (19 March 1997) the <i>Daily Mail</i> led with the banner headline "Censor's Yes To Depraved Sex Film".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Westminster_City_Council" title="Westminster City Council">Westminster City Council</a> imposed its own ban on the film after the decision, although anyone wanting to watch the film in a cinema only had to walk along to the non-Westminster half of Shaftesbury Avenue, which is in the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Camden" title="London Borough of Camden">borough of Camden</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_concerns">Current concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Board_of_Film_Classification&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Current concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The BBFC's current guidelines identify a number of specific areas considered when awarding certificates or requiring cuts: </p> <ul><li>Depictions of cruelty and harassment based on race, gender, sexual orientation, or mental or physical disability, and/or <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a></li> <li>Adult <a href="/wiki/Theme_(literary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (literary)">themes</a> and situations that may be considered too distressing for younger or more sensitive viewers</li> <li>Offensive language (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Profanity" title="Profanity">profanity</a> and use of racial and ethnic slurs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity" title="Nudity">Nudity</a> in a sexual context</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexual content</a> (including scenes of sexual activity and spoken/visual references to sex)</li> <li>Violence</li> <li>Gore and injury detail</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a> (particularly rape and forced disrobing)</li> <li>Dangerous actions that can easily be imitated by younger, more naive viewers (certain combat moves [ear-claps, headbutts, and neck-breaking] in particular)</li> <li>All visual and verbal references to suicide, particularly if it involves hanging oneself or slashing one's wrists</li> <li>Detailed criminal acts, such as breaking into a house using a credit card to jimmy the lock or hotwiring a car</li> <li>Actions that result in injury or death in real life, but are almost always shown in the media (especially on shows aimed at younger audiences, such as cartoons) with no negative consequences, such as hiding in appliances that can trap and kill small children (i.e. tumble driers and old refrigerators), ingesting or misusing common household chemicals, or creating dangerous objects from common household items (such as a flamethrower from an aerosol can and a cigarette lighter)</li> <li>Scenes of horror, threat, and danger and their intensity on audience members</li> <li>Drug abuse being condoned or glamorised</li></ul> <p>The BBFC also continues to demand cuts of any material it believes breaches the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Obscene_Publications_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Obscene Publications Act">Obscene Publications Act</a> or any other legislation (most notably the Cinematograph Films (Animals) Act 1937 [which forbids the depiction of animals being abused or in distress] and the Protection of Children Act 1978 [which, as amended, forbids the depiction of minors engaged in sex or in sexually suggestive poses or situations]). In 2009, 2% of cinema films had material cut, and 3.6% of videos. Most cuts actually occur in videos rated for 18 or R18, rather than videos intended for viewing by under-18s. In 2009, 16.8% of 18 videos, and 27.3% of R18 videos, had material cut.<sup id="cite_ref-bbfc_statistics_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbfc_statistics-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no theme or subject matter considered inherently unsuitable for classification at any level, although more controversial topics may drive a movie to be given a more restrictive rating. This is in keeping with current practice in most <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracies</a>, but in sharp contrast to the early days of the BBFC in which such adult themes as prostitution, <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a>, and the relations of <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labour_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour (economics)">labour</a> were unacceptable regardless of the rating. </p><p>"'Adult" or "strong" language can earn a film a more restrictive certificate, though BBFC policy states that there are no constraints on language use in films awarded an 18 certificate. It is difficult to compare the BBFC's policies in this area with those in other countries as there are different taboos regarding profanity in other languages and indeed in other English-speaking countries. For example, the use of "strong" language has little effect on a film's classification in France. The BBFC's policy proved particularly controversial in the case of <a href="/wiki/Ken_Loach" title="Ken Loach">Ken Loach</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Sixteen_(2002_film)" title="Sweet Sixteen (2002 film)">Sweet Sixteen</a></i> in 2002, which was passed uncut only at 18 certificate, even though its main characters were teenagers who frequently used profanities that the director argued were typical of the social group his film depicted. The film received similar certificates in Ireland (also an 18 certificate) and the United States. <a href="/wiki/Shane_Meadows" title="Shane Meadows">Shane Meadows</a>' film <i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_England" title="This Is England">This Is England</a></i> was also passed uncut only at 18 due to its repeated use of racist terms, and the climactic scene where Combo becomes irate and pummels his friend Milky while insulting him. On the other hand, some films feature strong language but nevertheless do not carry particularly restrictive certificates. <i><a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Speech" title="The King's Speech">The King's Speech</a></i> was passed for a 12A rating despite its repeated use of the word "<a href="/wiki/Fuck" title="Fuck">fuck</a>" in two scenes, which would normally raise the rating to a 15 certificate; the BBFC justified its decision, saying that the profanity was "in a speech therapy context". As of November 2021, the word "<a href="/wiki/Nigger" title="Nigger">nigger</a>" should not be classified lower than 12 unless in an educational or historical context.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are minimal restrictions of the depiction of non-sexual nudity, which is allowed in even U and PG certificate films (for example, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons_Movie" title="The Simpsons Movie">The Simpsons Movie</a></i>—which was given a PG-13 rating in the US – was given a PG certificate in the UK, leaving the sequence where <a href="/wiki/Bart_Simpson" title="Bart Simpson">Bart</a> skateboards naked through town and his genitals are shown through an open space in a hedge unedited),<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but scenes of (simulated) sexual activity are limited to more restricted certificates. With regard to material that is intended primarily as pornographic the Board's policy, as stated on its website is "Material which appears to be simulated is generally passed "18", while images of real sex are confined to the "R18" category." However, for some years depictions of real sex have been allowed in 18-certificate videos intended as educational and, relatively recently, a number of works such as <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Ch%C3%A9reau" title="Patrice Chéreau">Patrice Chéreau</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Intimacy_(2001_film)" title="Intimacy (2001 film)">Intimacy</a></i> (2001) and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Winterbottom" title="Michael Winterbottom">Michael Winterbottom</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/9_Songs_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="9 Songs (film)">9 Songs</a></i> (2004), which feature apparently unsimulated sex have been passed uncut for theatrical release. </p><p>Violence remains one of the most problematic areas for censorship in the UK, especially when it is in conjunction with sex or likely to sway more impressionable viewers into thinking the violence depicted is "glamorous" or "fun" and "risk-free." However, the Board takes into account issues of context and whether it considers scenes of sexual violence to "eroticise" or "endorse" sexual assault. In 2002, the board passed <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_No%C3%A9" title="Gaspar Noé">Gaspar Noé</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Irr%C3%A9versible" title="Irréversible">Irréversible</a></i> uncut, but less than a month later cut <a href="/wiki/Takashi_Miike" title="Takashi Miike">Takashi Miike</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ichi_the_Killer_(film)" title="Ichi the Killer (film)">Ichi the Killer</a></i> by three and a quarter minutes to remove scenes of sexual violence. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Serbian_Film" title="A Serbian Film">A Serbian Film</a></i> (2010) suffered forty-nine individual cuts by the BBFC, which totalled four minutes and eleven seconds of cuts. The cuts were made to remove "portrayals of children in a sexualised or abusive context and images of sexual and sexualised violence which have a tendency to eroticise or endorse the behaviour" as the Board's website states. </p><p>Criminal and dangerous acts that can be easily imitated, as well as scenes condoning, glamorising, or showing clear instruction of how to abuse drugs have also been the subject of UK editing. The issue of depicting dangerous acts that can easily be imitated in real life is one that does not seem to figure especially highly in the censorship systems of most other countries (though the US has done this on occasion, often as the result of public backlash, as seen on the MTV shows <i><a href="/wiki/Beavis_and_Butt-head" class="mw-redirect" title="Beavis and Butt-head">Beavis and Butt-head</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Jackass_(TV_show)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackass (TV show)">Jackass</a></i>). In the UK, numerous minor cuts have been made, primarily to films whose distributors want a PG or 12A certificate, to scenes of characters performing acts that would be considered dangerous, criminal, or harmful if done in real life. For example, in 2006, issues involving suicide by hanging became problematic; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ren_%26_Stimpy_Show" title="The Ren & Stimpy Show">The Ren & Stimpy Show</a></i> Series 1 DVD set (classified PG) was edited to remove the song "The Lord Loves a Hangin<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" because the song implied that hanging is "comedic, fun, and risk-free".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Paranoia_Agent" title="Paranoia Agent">Paranoia Agent</a></i> Volume 3 DVD set (classified 18) was also cut to remove the depiction of a child nearly hanging herself for the same reason.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The requirement to have films classified and censored can cost film producers up to thousands of pounds. The North West New Wave, a blanket term recently used by both film makers and local press to describe independent filmmakers in the Northwest of England, is currently campaigning for the introduction of a voluntary 'Unrated 18' classification in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 June 2011, the BBFC refused a classification for the horror film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Centipede_II_(Full_Sequence)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Human Centipede II (Full Sequence)">The Human Centipede II</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/The_Human_Centipede_(First_Sequence)" title="The Human Centipede (First Sequence)">previous film</a> in the series was passed uncut at 18, but due to a shift in context and focus, the BBFC judged that the sequel could fall foul of the <a href="/wiki/Obscene_Publications_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Obscene Publications Act">Obscene Publications Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film was eventually passed 18 after cuts were made.<sup id="cite_ref-bbfc_passes_human_centipede_with_cuts_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbfc_passes_human_centipede_with_cuts-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Board_of_Film_Classification&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidents_of_the_BBFC">Presidents of the BBFC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Board_of_Film_Classification&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Presidents of the BBFC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>George A. Redford (1 January 1913 – 12 November 1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._P._O%27Connor" title="T. P. O'Connor">T. P. O'Connor</a> (11 December 1916 – 18 November 1929) (died in office)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shortt" title="Edward Shortt">Edward Shortt</a> (21 November 1929 – 10 November 1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tyrrell,_1st_Baron_Tyrrell" title="William Tyrrell, 1st Baron Tyrrell">William Tyrrell, 1st Baron Tyrrell</a> (25 November 1935 – 14 March 1947) (died in office)</li> <li>Sir Sidney Harris (31 March 1947 – June 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Herbert Morrison, Baron Morrison of Lambeth</a> (June 1960 – 6 March 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ormsby-Gore,_5th_Baron_Harlech" title="David Ormsby-Gore, 5th Baron Harlech">David Ormsby-Gore, 5th Baron Harlech</a> (21 July 1965 – 26 January 1985) (died in office)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lascelles,_7th_Earl_of_Harewood" title="George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood">George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood</a> (June 1985 – 18 December 1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Whittam_Smith" title="Andreas Whittam Smith">Andreas Whittam Smith</a> (18 December 1997 – 1 August 2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Quentin_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Quentin Thomas">Sir Quentin Thomas</a> (1 August 2002 – 17 October 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Swaffer" title="Patrick Swaffer">Patrick Swaffer</a> (17 October 2012 – 17 October 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natasha_Kaplinsky" title="Natasha Kaplinsky">Natasha Kaplinsky</a> (17 October 2022 – present)<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directors_of_the_BBFC">Directors of the BBFC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Board_of_Film_Classification&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Directors of the BBFC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During James Ferman's time, the title of the chief executive officer at the BBFC changed from "Secretary of the Board" to the current "Director". With David Austin's appointment in 2016 however, this title reverted to CEO.<sup id="cite_ref-bbfc.co.uk_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbfc.co.uk-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Joseph Brooke Wilkinson (1 January 1913 – 15 July 1948) (died in office)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Watkyn" title="Arthur Watkyn">A. T. L. Watkins</a> (26 July 1948 – 23 January 1957)</li> <li>John Nicholls (23 January 1957 – 30 April 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Trevelyan_(censor)" title="John Trevelyan (censor)">John Trevelyan</a> (22 May 1958 – 1 July 1971)</li> <li>Stephen Murphy (1 July 1971 – 18 June 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ferman" title="James Ferman">James Ferman</a> (18 June 1975 – 10 January 1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Duval" title="Robin Duval">Robin Duval</a> (11 January 1999 – 19 September 2004)</li> <li>David Cooke (20 September 2004 – 10 March 2016)<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>David Austin <a href="/wiki/OBE" class="mw-redirect" title="OBE">OBE</a> (10 March 2016 – present)<sup id="cite_ref-bbfc.co.uk_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbfc.co.uk-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Board_of_Film_Classification&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Censorship in the United Kingdom">Censorship in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Film censorship in the United Kingdom">Film censorship in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_British_film_certificates" title="History of British film certificates">History of British film certificates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_banned_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of films banned in the United Kingdom">List of films banned in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_film_rating_system" title="Motion Picture Association film rating system">Motion Picture Association film rating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_Complaints_Commission" title="Press Complaints Commission">Press Complaints Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_UK_Internet_age_verification_system" title="Proposed UK Internet age verification system">Proposed UK Internet age verification system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Board_of_Film_Classification&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Video_Recording_Act_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="Video Recording Act 1984">Video Recording Act 1984</a> was discovered in August 2009 to be unenforceable until the act was re-enacted by the <a href="/wiki/Video_Recordings_Act_2010" title="Video Recordings Act 2010">Video Recordings Act 2010</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCNews_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCNews-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CompaniesHouse-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CompaniesHouse_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CompaniesHouse_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CompaniesHouse_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00117289">"BRITISH BOARD OF FILM CLASSIFICATION overview – Find and update company information – GOV.uk"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Companies_House" title="Companies House">Companies House</a></i>. 17 August 1911<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Companies+House&rft.atitle=BRITISH+BOARD+OF+FILM+CLASSIFICATION+overview+%E2%80%93+Find+and+update+company+information+%E2%80%93+GOV.uk&rft.date=1911-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffind-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk%2Fcompany%2F00117289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Certificate of Incorporation on Change of Name – No 117289</i>, Companies Registration Office, 21 May 1985</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Certificate+of+Incorporation+on+Change+of+Name+%E2%80%93+No+117289&rft.pub=Companies+Registration+Office&rft.date=1985-05-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Certificate of Incorporation on Change of Name – No 117289</i>, Registrar of Companies for England and Wales, 13 April 2003</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Certificate+of+Incorporation+on+Change+of+Name+%E2%80%93+No+117289&rft.pub=Registrar+of+Companies+for+England+and+Wales&rft.date=2003-04-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelmes2003" class="citation book cs1">Nelmes, Jill (2003). <i>An introduction to film studies</i>. Routledge. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26268-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-26268-2"><bdi>0-415-26268-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+film+studies&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-26268-2&rft.aulast=Nelmes&rft.aufirst=Jill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbfc.co.uk/industry-services/video">"BBFC Video ratings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBFC" class="mw-redirect" title="BBFC">BBFC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527141711/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/industry-services/video">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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BBC News. 16 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017091215/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-50073102">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UK%27s+controversial+%27porn+blocker%27+plan+dropped&rft.date=2019-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-50073102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/films/1945to1951/filmpage_ba.htm"><i>Berlin Airlift</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414065336/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/films/1945to1951/filmpage_ba.htm">Archived</a> 14 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. National Archives. Retrieved 11 February 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2015" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Bernard, ed. (2015) [1981]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VzqfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37"><i>Obscenity and Film Censorship</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107113770" title="Special:BookSources/9781107113770"><bdi>9781107113770</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obscenity+and+Film+Censorship&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781107113770&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVzqfCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1947167-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood1947167_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood1947167_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood1947">Wood 1947</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conrich, Ian (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2000/09/26/film_classification_article.shtml">"Film Classification and the BBFC"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818090628/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2000/09/26/film_classification_article.shtml">Archived</a> 18 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC. Retrieved 20 September 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/London_County_Council" title="London County Council">LCC</a> v. Bermondsey Bioscope Co.</i>, [1911] 1 K.B. 445</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1947168-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood1947168_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood1947">Wood 1947</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-504678-133-135-oxford-street-greater-london-aut">"133–135, Oxford Street, Westminster"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224057/http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-504678-133-135-oxford-street-greater-london-aut">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 8 July 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aldgate, Anthony. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R3xZAAAAMAAJ&q=censorship+and+the+permissive+society">Censorship and the Permissive Society: British Cinema and Theatre, 1955-1965</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727043212/https://books.google.es/books?id=R3xZAAAAMAAJ&q=censorship+and+the+permissive+society">Archived</a> 27 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Clarendon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198112419" title="Special:BookSources/9780198112419">9780198112419</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBFC-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBFC_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBFC_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbfc.co.uk/education-resources/student-guide/bbfc-history/1912-1949">"1912-1949: The early years at the BBFC"</a>. <i>BBFC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619204244/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/education-resources/student-guide/bbfc-history/1912-1949">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Palgrave MacMillan. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-21473-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-21473-0"><bdi>978-1-349-21473-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creativity+And+Constraint+In+The+British+Film+Industry&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-349-21473-0&rft.aulast=Petrie&rft.aufirst=Duncan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3GKxCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1993" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, James Crighton (1993). <i>The Hidden Cinema: British Film Censorship in Action, 1913–1975</i>. Routledge. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09034-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09034-6"><bdi>978-0-415-09034-6</bdi></a>. <q>The film is so cryptic as to be almost meaningless. If there is a meaning, it is doubtless objectionable.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hidden+Cinema%3A+British+Film+Censorship+in+Action%2C+1913%E2%80%931975&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-09034-6&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=James+Crighton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLow1970" class="citation book cs1">Low, Rachael (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OM6NTJid06wC&pg=PA70"><i>History of British Film</i></a>. Routledge. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15451-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15451-2"><bdi>978-0-415-15451-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+British+Film&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15451-2&rft.aulast=Low&rft.aufirst=Rachael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOM6NTJid06wC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leigh-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leigh_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215181722/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Kcommons2.htm">Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "K" (part 2)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hs-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hs_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/raymond-blackburn-1.814584">"Raymond Blackburn"</a>. <i>The Herald</i>. 5 November 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140616062101/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/raymond-blackburn-1.814584">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Herald&rft.atitle=Raymond+Blackburn&rft.date=1991-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldscotland.com%2Fsport%2Fspl%2Faberdeen%2Fraymond-blackburn-1.814584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1975" class="citation journal cs1">Burns, Peter (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517122131/https://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/userfiles/other/8090603-burns.pdf">"Private Prosecutions in Canada: The Law and a Proposal for Change"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>McGill Law Journal</i>. <b>21</b>: 269. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawjournal.mcgill.ca/userfiles/other/8090603-burns.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=McGill+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Private+Prosecutions+in+Canada%3A+The+Law+and+a+Proposal+for+Change&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=269&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawjournal.mcgill.ca%2Fuserfiles%2Fother%2F8090603-burns.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uniset.ca/other/css/1973QB241.html">"[1973] 1 Q.B. 241 (C.A.)"</a> – via United Settlement.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5B1973%5D+1+Q.B.+241+%28C.A.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniset.ca%2Fother%2Fcss%2F1973QB241.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbfc.co.uk/education/timeline">"History of the BBFC"</a>. British Board of Film Classification. 13 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+BBFC&rft.pub=British+Board+of+Film+Classification&rft.date=2024-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbfc.co.uk%2Feducation%2Ftimeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggsCobley,_Paul2002" class="citation book cs1">Briggs, Adam; Cobley, Paul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mediaintroductio0000unse/page/480"><i>The Media: An Introduction</i></a> (second; illustrated ed.). Pearson Education. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mediaintroductio0000unse/page/480">480</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-42346-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-42346-6"><bdi>978-0-582-42346-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Media%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=480&rft.edition=second%3B+illustrated&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-582-42346-6&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Cobley%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmediaintroductio0000unse%2Fpage%2F480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaughieRockett,_Kevin1996" class="citation book cs1">Caughie, John; Rockett, Kevin (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontobriti00caug/page/35"><i>The Companion to British and Irish Cinema</i></a></span> (reissue, illustrated ed.). Cassell. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontobriti00caug/page/35">35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-34158-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-34158-4"><bdi>0-304-34158-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Companion+to+British+and+Irish+Cinema&rft.pages=35&rft.edition=reissue%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-304-34158-4&rft.aulast=Caughie&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Rockett%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompaniontobriti00caug%2Fpage%2F35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed2007" class="citation web cs1">Reed, Kristan (26 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/bram-stokers-dracula-review">"Bram Stoker's Dracula Review • Reviews • Retro •"</a>. Eurogamer.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140310123752/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/bram-stokers-dracula-review">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bram+Stoker%27s+Dracula+Review+%E2%80%A2+Reviews+%E2%80%A2+Retro+%E2%80%A2&rft.pub=Eurogamer.net&rft.date=2007-10-26&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Kristan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurogamer.net%2Farticles%2Fbram-stokers-dracula-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306061108/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/website/Classified.nsf/0/9277B6EB9E68736A802566C70060326C">"Jack The Ripper classification"</a>. British Board of Film Classification. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbfc.co.uk/website/Classified.nsf/0/9277B6EB9E68736A802566C70060326C">the original</a> on 6 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jack+The+Ripper+classification&rft.pub=British+Board+of+Film+Classification&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbfc.co.uk%2Fwebsite%2FClassified.nsf%2F0%2F9277B6EB9E68736A802566C70060326C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2007" class="citation news cs1">Staff (19 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/leicestershire/6767623.stm">"Censors ban 'brutal' video game"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730181426/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/leicestershire/6767623.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Censors+ban+%27brutal%27+video+game&rft.date=2007-06-19&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fleicestershire%2F6767623.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7148636.stm">"Censors battle for Manhunt 2 ban"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 18 December 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090127032030/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7148636.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Censors+battle+for+Manhunt+2+ban&rft.date=2007-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F7148636.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090707125016/http://www.gamershell.com/news_46609.html">"Manhunt 2 Receives 18 Certificate from BBFC"</a>. Gamers Hell. 14 March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamershell.com/news_46609.html">the original</a> on 7 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manhunt+2+Receives+18+Certificate+from+BBFC&rft.pub=Gamers+Hell&rft.date=2008-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamershell.com%2Fnews_46609.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahey2009" class="citation web cs1">Fahey, Mike (16 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotaku.com/5292677/pegi-triumphs-over-the-bbfc">"PEGI Triumphs Over The BBFC"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kotaku" title="Kotaku">Kotaku</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090720033515/http://kotaku.com/5292677/pegi-triumphs-over-the-bbfc">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kotaku&rft.atitle=PEGI+Triumphs+Over+The+BBFC&rft.date=2009-06-16&rft.aulast=Fahey&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2F5292677%2Fpegi-triumphs-over-the-bbfc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParlett2010" class="citation web cs1">Parlett, Ben (15 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcvuk.com/news/40015/PEGI-ratings-delayed-until-2011">"PEGI ratings delayed until 2011"</a>. MCV. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100718025403/http://www.mcvuk.com/news/40015/PEGI-ratings-delayed-until-2011">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PEGI+ratings+delayed+until+2011&rft.pub=MCV&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft.aulast=Parlett&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcvuk.com%2Fnews%2F40015%2FPEGI-ratings-delayed-until-2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowell2012" class="citation web cs1">Towell, Justin (30 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamesradar.com/pegi-becomes-sole-age-rating-system-uk-games-there-any-point-when-so-few-people-look-them/">"PEGI becomes the sole age rating system for UK games. But is there any point when so few people look at them?"</a>. gamesradar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120730211243/http://www.gamesradar.com/pegi-becomes-sole-age-rating-system-uk-games-there-any-point-when-so-few-people-look-them/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PEGI+becomes+the+sole+age+rating+system+for+UK+games.+But+is+there+any+point+when+so+few+people+look+at+them%3F&rft.pub=gamesradar&rft.date=2012-07-30&rft.aulast=Towell&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamesradar.com%2Fpegi-becomes-sole-age-rating-system-uk-games-there-any-point-when-so-few-people-look-them%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbfc.co.uk/about-bbfc/media-centre/bbfc-and-netflix-announce-new-age-ratings-partnership-parents-demand-greater">"BBFC and Netflix announce new age ratings partnership as parents demand greater consistency across video on demand and online games platforms"</a>. <i>BBFC website</i>. 14 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727035139/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/about-bbfc/media-centre/bbfc-and-netflix-announce-new-age-ratings-partnership-parents-demand-greater">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBFC+website&rft.atitle=BBFC+and+Netflix+announce+new+age+ratings+partnership+as+parents+demand+greater+consistency+across+video+on+demand+and+online+games+platforms&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbfc.co.uk%2Fabout-bbfc%2Fmedia-centre%2Fbbfc-and-netflix-announce-new-age-ratings-partnership-parents-demand-greater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss_Kelly2019" class="citation web cs1">Ross Kelly (30 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digit.fyi/netflix-becomes-first-streaming-service-to-use-bbfc-classifications/">"Netflix Becomes First Streaming Service to Use BBFC Classifications"</a>. <i>Digit.fyi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727044600/https://digit.fyi/netflix-becomes-first-streaming-service-to-use-bbfc-classifications/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digit.fyi&rft.atitle=Netflix+Becomes+First+Streaming+Service+to+Use+BBFC+Classifications&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft.au=Ross+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigit.fyi%2Fnetflix-becomes-first-streaming-service-to-use-bbfc-classifications%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbfc.co.uk/about-bbfc">"About the BBFC"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Association+for+UK+Interactive+Entertainment+%28Ukie%29&rft.atitle=PEGI+ratings+become+UK%27s+single+video+game+age+rating+system&rft.date=2012-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukie.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fpegi-ratings-become-uk%25e2%2580%2599s-single-video-game-age-rating-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbfc.co.uk/what-classification/mobile-content">"Mobile Content"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBFC+Tapped+as+New+Porn+Age-Verification+Regulator&rft.pub=xbiz&rft.date=2016-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xbiz.com%2Fnews%2F213129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sexandcensorship.org/2016/10/britains-first-official-internet-censor-is-the-bbfc/">"Britain's First Official Internet Censor Is... The BBFC"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+First+Official+Internet+Censor+Is...+The+BBFC&rft.pub=Sex+and+Censorship&rft.date=2016-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsexandcensorship.org%2F2016%2F10%2Fbritains-first-official-internet-censor-is-the-bbfc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamien_Gayle2018" class="citation news cs1">Damien Gayle (12 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/12/porn-site-age-checks-delayed-government-gets-process-right">"Porn site age checks are delayed to make sure officials 'get it right'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180312202447/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/12/porn-site-age-checks-delayed-government-gets-process-right">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Newsagents+to+sell+%27porn+passes%27+to+visit+X-rated+websites+anonymously+under+new+government+plans&rft.date=2018-05-13&rft.au=Colin+Drury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fporn-passes-newsagents-shops-online-pornography-website-id-uk-government-a8349281.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilly_Perrigo2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Billy Perrigo (20 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5352875/uk-porn-block-age-verification/">"The U.K. Is About To Regulate Online Porn, and Free Speech Advocates Are Terrified"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923192736/http://time.com/5352875/uk-porn-block-age-verification/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+U.K.+Is+About+To+Regulate+Online+Porn%2C+and+Free+Speech+Advocates+Are+Terrified&rft.date=2018-08-20&rft.au=Billy+Perrigo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5352875%2Fuk-porn-block-age-verification%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2018" class="citation news cs1">Hill, Rebecca (17 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/10/17/age_verification_legislation_bbfc/">"UK.gov to press ahead with online smut checks (but expects £10m in legals in year 1)"</a>. <i>The Register</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322195726/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/10/17/age_verification_legislation_bbfc/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=UK.gov+to+press+ahead+with+online+smut+checks+%28but+expects+%C2%A310m+in+legals+in+year+1%29&rft.date=2018-10-17&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2018%2F10%2F17%2Fage_verification_legislation_bbfc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbfc.co.uk/about-classification">"Classification"</a>. British Board of Film Classification<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classification&rft.pub=British+Board+of+Film+Classification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbfc.co.uk%2Fabout-classification&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbfc.co.uk/industry-services/bbfc-age-ratings-symbols-user-guide">"Industry – BBFC age rating symbols user guide"</a>. British Board of Film Classification<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Industry+%E2%80%93+BBFC+age+rating+symbols+user+guide&rft.pub=British+Board+of+Film+Classification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbfc.co.uk%2Findustry-services%2Fbbfc-age-ratings-symbols-user-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbfc.co.uk/rating/u">"U | British Board of Film Classification"</a>. <i>bbfc.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017041247/https://bbfc.co.uk/what-classification/u">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbfc.co.uk&rft.atitle=U+%7C+British+Board+of+Film+Classification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbfc.co.uk%2Frating%2Fu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbfc_history-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbfc_history_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbfc_history_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130111053308/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/education-resources/student-guide/bbfc-history/history-age-ratings-symbols">"History of the age ratings symbols"</a>. British Board of Film Classification. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbfc.co.uk/education-resources/student-guide/bbfc-history/history-age-ratings-symbols">the original</a> on 11 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+age+ratings+symbols&rft.pub=British+Board+of+Film+Classification&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbfc.co.uk%2Feducation-resources%2Fstudent-guide%2Fbbfc-history%2Fhistory-age-ratings-symbols&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbfc.co.uk/rating/pg">"PG | British Board of Film Classification"</a>. <i>bbfc.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018065458/https://bbfc.co.uk/what-classification/pg">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbfc.co.uk&rft.atitle=PG+%7C+British+Board+of+Film+Classification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbfc.co.uk%2Frating%2Fpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbfc.co.uk/rating/12">"12A and 12 | British Board of Film Classification"</a>. <i>bbfc.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbfc.co.uk&rft.atitle=12A+and+12+%7C+British+Board+of+Film+Classification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbfc.co.uk%2Frating%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbfc.co.uk/rating/15">"15 | British Board of Film Classification"</a>. <i>bbfc.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018065500/https://bbfc.co.uk/what-classification/15">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbfc.co.uk&rft.atitle=15+%7C+British+Board+of+Film+Classification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbfc.co.uk%2Frating%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbfc.co.uk/rating/18">"18 | British Board of Film Classification"</a>. <i>bbfc.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018065453/https://bbfc.co.uk/what-classification/18">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbfc.co.uk&rft.atitle=18+%7C+British+Board+of+Film+Classification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbfc.co.uk%2Frating%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://darkroom.bbfc.co.uk/original/a2109fba273d7dffc461f7c5c633ab3d:301f793713865776d4b4150fdc2f2971/bbfc-classification-guidelines.pdf">"BBFC Classification Guidelines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. British Board of Film Classification. 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBFC+Classification+Guidelines&rft.pub=British+Board+of+Film+Classification&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdarkroom.bbfc.co.uk%2Foriginal%2Fa2109fba273d7dffc461f7c5c633ab3d%3A301f793713865776d4b4150fdc2f2971%2Fbbfc-classification-guidelines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbfc_statistics-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbfc_statistics_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbfc_statistics_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101120214821/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/classification/statistics">"BBFC Statistics"</a>. British Board of Film Classification. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbfc.co.uk/classification/statistics">the original</a> on 20 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBFC+Statistics&rft.pub=British+Board+of+Film+Classification&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbfc.co.uk%2Fclassification%2Fstatistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516200406/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/faqs/2010/05/what-does-the-%E2%80%98e%E2%80%99-symbol-mean-is-it-an-official-category/">"What does the 'E' symbol mean, and it is an official category?"</a>. British Board of Film Classification. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbfc.co.uk/faqs/2010/05/what-does-the-%E2%80%98e%E2%80%99-symbol-mean-is-it-an-official-category/">the original</a> on 16 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+does+the+%27E%27+symbol+mean%2C+and+it+is+an+official+category%3F&rft.pub=British+Board+of+Film+Classification&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbfc.co.uk%2Ffaqs%2F2010%2F05%2Fwhat-does-the-%25E2%2580%2598e%25E2%2580%2599-symbol-mean-is-it-an-official-category%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ageverificationregulator.com/av-certification/">"AV Certificate"</a>. <i>www.ageverificationregulator.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190422032847/https://www.ageverificationregulator.com/av-certification/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ageverificationregulator.com&rft.atitle=AV+Certificate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ageverificationregulator.com%2Fav-certification%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waterson2019-10-16-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waterson2019-10-16_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterson2019" class="citation news cs1">Waterson, Jim (16 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2019/oct/16/uk-drops-plans-for-online-pornography-age-verification-system">"UK drops plans for online pornography age verification system"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017163853/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2019/oct/16/uk-drops-plans-for-online-pornography-age-verification-system">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UK+drops+plans+for+online+pornography+age+verification+system&rft.date=2019-10-16&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Waterson&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2019%2Foct%2F16%2Fuk-drops-plans-for-online-pornography-age-verification-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516193348/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/website/Classified.nsf/c2fb077ba3f9b33980256b4f002da32c/876735e5fc9e485d802566c8002ec7e4?OpenDocument">"Smiles of a Summer Night"</a>. British Board of Film Classification. 17 September 1956. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbfc.co.uk/website/Classified.nsf/c2fb077ba3f9b33980256b4f002da32c/876735e5fc9e485d802566c8002ec7e4?OpenDocument">the original</a> on 16 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smiles+of+a+Summer+Night&rft.pub=British+Board+of+Film+Classification&rft.date=1956-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbfc.co.uk%2Fwebsite%2FClassified.nsf%2Fc2fb077ba3f9b33980256b4f002da32c%2F876735e5fc9e485d802566c8002ec7e4%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melonfarmers.co.uk/rejfilms.htm">"BBFC Banned Cinema Films"</a>. Melon Farmers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609184703/http://www.melonfarmers.co.uk/rejfilms.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBFC+Banned+Cinema+Films&rft.pub=Melon+Farmers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.melonfarmers.co.uk%2Frejfilms.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abcpoppins-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abcpoppins_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Culture/mary-poppins-new-film-rating-uk-discriminatory-language/story?id=107598503">"Why 'Mary Poppins' just got a new film rating in the UK"</a>. <i>ABC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Why+%27Mary+Poppins%27+just+got+a+new+film+rating+in+the+UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FGMA%2FCulture%2Fmary-poppins-new-film-rating-uk-discriminatory-language%2Fstory%3Fid%3D107598503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetley2011" class="citation book cs1">Petley, Julian (17 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MQbdCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA123"><i>Film and Video Censorship in Modern Britain</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748688357" title="Special:BookSources/9780748688357"><bdi>9780748688357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+and+Video+Censorship+in+Modern+Britain&rft.date=2011-05-17&rft.isbn=9780748688357&rft.aulast=Petley&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMQbdCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/nov/30/uk-film-classification-board-tightens-up-on-n-word-and-racism">"UK film classification board tightens up on N-word and racism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. 30 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=UK+film+classification+board+tightens+up+on+N-word+and+racism&rft.date=2021-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2021%2Fnov%2F30%2Fuk-film-classification-board-tightens-up-on-n-word-and-racism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Sherwin2007" class="citation news cs1">Adam Sherwin (6 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110517042948/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article2034139.ece">"Bart shows fans the unexpected as Simpsons film beats censor with a yellow streak"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article2034139.ece">the original</a> on 17 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Bart+shows+fans+the+unexpected+as+Simpsons+film+beats+censor+with+a+yellow+streak&rft.date=2007-07-06&rft.au=Adam+Sherwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Farts_and_entertainment%2Ffilm%2Farticle2034139.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090709015525/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/website/Classified.nsf/0/FE7CB3C02B883B9A8025712900617E02?OpenDocument">"The Ren & Stimpy Show – Fake Dad rated PG by the BBFC"</a>. British Board of Film Classification. 6 March 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbfc.co.uk/website/Classified.nsf/0/FE7CB3C02B883B9A8025712900617E02?OpenDocument">the original</a> on 9 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ren+%26+Stimpy+Show+%E2%80%93+Fake+Dad+rated+PG+by+the+BBFC&rft.pub=British+Board+of+Film+Classification&rft.date=2006-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbfc.co.uk%2Fwebsite%2FClassified.nsf%2F0%2FFE7CB3C02B883B9A8025712900617E02%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090709005209/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/website/Classified.nsf/0/F545F349E551DB8F802571450031ED83?OpenDocument">"Paranoia Agent rated 18 by the BBFC"</a>. British Board of Film Classification. 3 April 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbfc.co.uk/website/Classified.nsf/0/F545F349E551DB8F802571450031ED83?OpenDocument">the original</a> on 9 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paranoia+Agent+rated+18+by+the+BBFC&rft.pub=British+Board+of+Film+Classification&rft.date=2006-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbfc.co.uk%2Fwebsite%2FClassified.nsf%2F0%2FF545F349E551DB8F802571450031ED83%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100211162157/http://www.northwestnewwave.org.uk/campaigns.htm">"North West New Wave Campaigns"</a>. North West New Wave. 19 December 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northwestnewwave.org.uk/campaigns.htm">the original</a> on 11 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+West+New+Wave+Campaigns&rft.pub=North+West+New+Wave&rft.date=2009-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northwestnewwave.org.uk%2Fcampaigns.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/jun/06/human-centipede-sequel-bbfc">"The Human Centipede sequel just too horrible to show, says BBFC"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. UK. 6 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140310161520/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/jun/06/human-centipede-sequel-bbfc">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Human+Centipede+sequel+just+too+horrible+to+show%2C+says+BBFC&rft.date=2011-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2011%2Fjun%2F06%2Fhuman-centipede-sequel-bbfc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbfc_passes_human_centipede_with_cuts-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbfc_passes_human_centipede_with_cuts_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Underwood2011" class="citation cs2">John Underwood (7 October 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bestforfilm.com/film-news/the-human-centipede-ii-is-passed-for-uk-release/">"The Human Centipede II is passed for UK release"</a>, <i>Best For Film</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111017163359/http://bestforfilm.com/film-news/the-human-centipede-ii-is-passed-for-uk-release/">archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Best+For+Film&rft.atitle=The+Human+Centipede+II+is+passed+for+UK+release&rft.date=2011-10-07&rft.au=John+Underwood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbestforfilm.com%2Ffilm-news%2Fthe-human-centipede-ii-is-passed-for-uk-release%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbfc.co.uk/about-bbfc/media-centre/bbfc-announces-new-president">"BBFC Announces New President"</a> (Press release). British Board of Film Classification. 17 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130112023625/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/about-bbfc/media-centre/bbfc-announces-new-president">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBFC+Announces+New+President&rft.pub=British+Board+of+Film+Classification&rft.date=2012-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbfc.co.uk%2Fabout-bbfc%2Fmedia-centre%2Fbbfc-announces-new-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbfc.co.uk/about-us/news/bbfc-announces-natasha-kaplinsky-obe-as-new-president">"BBFC announces Natasha Kaplinsky OBE as new President"</a> (Press release). British Board of Film Classification. 28 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBFC+announces+Natasha+Kaplinsky+OBE+as+new+President&rft.pub=British+Board+of+Film+Classification&rft.date=2022-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbfc.co.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fnews%2Fbbfc-announces-natasha-kaplinsky-obe-as-new-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbfc.co.uk-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbfc.co.uk_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbfc.co.uk_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbfc.co.uk/new-CEO">"BBFC welcomes new Chief Executive Officer"</a> (Press release). British Board of Film Classification. 11 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160320124021/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/new-CEO">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBFC+welcomes+new+Chief+Executive+Officer&rft.pub=British+Board+of+Film+Classification&rft.date=2016-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbfc.co.uk%2Fnew-CEO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090706204259/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/news/press/20040630.html">"BBFC announces New Director"</a> (Press release). British Board of Film Classification. 30 June 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbfc.co.uk/news/press/20040630.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBFC+announces+New+Director&rft.pub=British+Board+of+Film+Classification&rft.date=2004-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbfc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpress%2F20040630.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbfc.co.uk/about-bbfc/media-centre/david-cooke-tenure">"David Cooke reflects on high profile classification decisions from his tenure as BBFC Director"</a> (Press release). British Board of Film Classification. 22 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160326105521/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/about-bbfc/media-centre/david-cooke-tenure">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Cooke+reflects+on+high+profile+classification+decisions+from+his+tenure+as+BBFC+Director&rft.pub=British+Board+of+Film+Classification&rft.date=2016-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbfc.co.uk%2Fabout-bbfc%2Fmedia-centre%2Fdavid-cooke-tenure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1947" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Leslie (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/miracleofmovies00lesl#page/162/mode/2up"><i>The Miracle of the Movies</i></a>. London: Burke Publishing Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Miracle+of+the+Movies&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Burke+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmiracleofmovies00lesl%23page%2F162%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Board_of_Film_Classification&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earlier_writing_on_the_BBFC">Earlier writing on the BBFC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Board_of_Film_Classification&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Earlier writing on the BBFC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldgate1995" class="citation book cs1">Aldgate, Anthony (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R3xZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Censorship and the Permissive Society: British Cinema and Theatre, 1955-1965</i></a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198112419" title="Special:BookSources/9780198112419"><bdi>9780198112419</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Censorship+and+the+Permissive+Society%3A+British+Cinema+and+Theatre%2C+1955-1965&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780198112419&rft.aulast=Aldgate&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR3xZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Baron, Saskia (writer and director) <i>Empire of the Censors</i> – two-part TV documentary, pc. Barraclough Carey, prod. Paul Kerr, BBC2, tx. 28 & 29 May 1995</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnowles1934" class="citation book cs1">Knowles, Dorothy (1934). <i>The Censor, the Drama and the Film</i>. London: George Allen & Unwin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Censor%2C+the+Drama+and+the+Film&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Knowles&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunnings1967" class="citation book cs1">Hunnings, Neville March (1967). <i>Film Censors and the Law</i>. London: Allen & Unwin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+Censors+and+the+Law&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Hunnings&rft.aufirst=Neville+March&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamberti2012" class="citation book cs1">Lamberti, Edward, ed. (2012). <i>Behind the Scenes at the BBFC: Film Classification from the Silver Screen to the Digital Age</i>. London: British Film Institute/Palgrave Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Scenes+at+the+BBFC%3A+Film+Classification+from+the+Silver+Screen+to+the+Digital+Age&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Film+Institute%2FPalgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathews1994" class="citation book cs1">Mathews, Tom Dewe (1994). <i>Censored</i>. London: Chatto & Windus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Censored&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Mathews&rft.aufirst=Tom+Dewe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrie1991" class="citation book cs1">Petrie, Duncan J. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3GKxCwAAQBAJ"><i>Creativity And Constraint In The British Film Industry</i></a>. Palgrave MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-21473-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-21473-0"><bdi>978-1-349-21473-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creativity+And+Constraint+In+The+British+Film+Industry&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-349-21473-0&rft.aulast=Petrie&rft.aufirst=Duncan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3GKxCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1981" class="citation journal cs1">Richards, Jeffrey (1981). "The British Board of Film Censors and Content Control in the 1930s". <i>Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 95–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01439688100260101">10.1080/01439688100260101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal+of+Film%2C+Radio+and+Television&rft.atitle=The+British+Board+of+Film+Censors+and+Content+Control+in+the+1930s&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-116&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01439688100260101&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1982" class="citation journal cs1">Richards, Jeffrey (1982). "The British Board of Film Censors and Content Control in the 1930s". <i>Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 39–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01439688200260031">10.1080/01439688200260031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal+of+Film%2C+Radio+and+Television&rft.atitle=The+British+Board+of+Film+Censors+and+Content+Control+in+the+1930s&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-48&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01439688200260031&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1982" class="citation journal cs1">Robertson, James Crighton (1982). "British Film Censorship Goes to War". <i>Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 49–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01439688200260041">10.1080/01439688200260041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal+of+Film%2C+Radio+and+Television&rft.atitle=British+Film+Censorship+Goes+to+War&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-64&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01439688200260041&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=James+Crighton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1985" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, James Crighton (1985). <i>The British Board of Film Censors: Film Censorship in Britain, 1896–1950</i>. London: Croom Helm.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Board+of+Film+Censors%3A+Film+Censorship+in+Britain%2C+1896%E2%80%931950&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=James+Crighton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1993" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, James Crighton (1993). <i>The Hidden Cinema: British Film Censorship in Action 1913–72</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09034-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09034-6"><bdi>978-0-415-09034-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hidden+Cinema%3A+British+Film+Censorship+in+Action+1913%E2%80%9372&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-09034-6&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=James+Crighton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Board+of+Film+Classification" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_on_the_BBFC_in_the_21st_century">Writing on the BBFC in the 21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Board_of_Film_Classification&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Writing on the BBFC in the 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barker, Martin. (2016). ‘Knowledge-U-Like’: The British Board of Film Classification and its Research. <i>Journal of British Cinema and Television</i>, <i>13</i>(1), 121–140.</li> <li>Barker, Martin, Mathijs, E., Sexton, J., Egan, K., Hunter, R., & Selfe, M. (2007). <i>Audiences And Receptions Of Sexual Violence In Contemporary Cinema</i>. University of Wales.</li> <li>French, Philip, & Petley, Julian. (2007). <i>Censoring the moving image</i>. Seagull Books.</li> <li>Kapka, Alexandra. (2017). ‘Cuts are not a viable option’: The British Board of Film Classification, <i>Hate Crime</i> and Censorship for Adults in the Digital Age. <i>Journal of British Cinema and Television</i>, <i>14</i>(1), 77–97.</li> <li>Kenny, Oliver. (2022). British Film Censorship in the Twenty-First Century. In S. Choe (Ed.), <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Violence in Film and Media</i> (pp. 143–168). Palgrave Macmillan.</li> <li>Petley, Julian. (2011). <i>Film and video censorship in contemporary Britain</i>. Edinburgh University Press.</li> <li>Pett, Emma. (2015). A new media landscape? The BBFC, extreme cinema as cult, and technological change. <i>New Review of Film and Television Studies</i>, <i>13</i>(1), 83–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/17400309.2014.982910</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Board_of_Film_Classification&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:British_Board_of_Film_Classification" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:British Board of Film Classification">British Board of Film Classification</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbfc.co.uk/">BBFC homepage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkingpix.co.uk/ArticleCensorship.html">Talking Pictures website</a>: Article by Nigel Watson about film censorship issues accompanied by classroom activities for students</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_game_content_rating_systems" title="Template:Video game content rating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_game_content_rating_systems" title="Template talk:Video game content rating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_game_content_rating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video game content rating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_game_content_rating_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_content_rating_system" title="Video game content rating system">Video game content rating systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Classification_Board" title="Australian Classification Board">Australian Classification Board</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Entertainment_Rating_Organization" title="Computer Entertainment Rating Organization">CERO</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_video_game_content_rating_system" title="Chilean video game content rating system">Chilean Rating System</a> (Chile)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_advisory_rating_system" title="Brazilian advisory rating system">ClassInd</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Rating_Association" title="Entertainment Software Rating Association">ESRA</a> (Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Rating_Board" title="Entertainment Software Rating Board">ESRB</a> (US, Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_and_Publication_Board" title="Film and Publication Board">FPB</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Rating_and_Administration_Committee" title="Game Rating and Administration Committee">Game Rating and Administration Committee</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Software_Rating_Regulations" title="Game Software Rating Regulations">Game Software Rating Regulations</a> (Taiwan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Games_Rating_Authority" title="Games Rating Authority">Games Rating Authority</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Authority_of_Media_Regulation" title="General Authority of Media Regulation">Gmedia</a> (Saudi Arabia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Age_Rating_Coalition" title="International Age Rating Coalition">IARC</a> (online)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Game_Rating_System" title="Indonesian Game Rating System">Indonesian Game Rating System</a> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/App_Store_(iOS)#Application_ratings" class="mw-redirect" title="App Store (iOS)">iOS App Store</a> (online)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Audiovisual_Institute_(Finland)" title="National Audiovisual Institute (Finland)">National Audiovisual Institute</a> (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_Office_(New_Zealand)" title="Classification Office (New Zealand)">OFLC</a> (New Zealand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Protecting_Children_from_Information_Harmful_to_Their_Health_and_Development" title="On Protecting Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development">RARS</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Guidelines_of_the_Mexican_System_of_Classification_Equivalencies_for_Video_Game_Content" title="General Guidelines of the Mexican System of Classification Equivalencies for Video Game Content">SMECCV</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEGI" title="PEGI">PEGI</a> (Europe, Israel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterhaltungssoftware_Selbstkontrolle" title="Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle">USK</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former/Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3DO_Rating_System" class="mw-redirect" title="3DO Rating System">3DO Rating System</a> (US)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BBFC</a>** (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Content_Rating_Association" title="Internet Content Rating Association">ICRA</a> (online)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Media_Rating_Board" title="Korea Media Rating Board">Korea Media Rating Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Media_Council_(United_Arab_Emirates)" title="National Media Council (United Arab Emirates)">NMC</a> (United Arab Emirates)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_Software_Advisory_Council" title="Recreational Software Advisory Council">Recreational Software Advisory Council</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicat_des_%C3%A9diteurs_de_logiciels_de_loisirs" title="Syndicat des éditeurs de logiciels de loisirs">SELL</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videogame_Rating_Council" title="Videogame Rating Council">Videogame Rating Council</a> (US)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_AO-rated_video_games" title="List of AO-rated video games">List of AO-rated video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_video_games_in_Australia" title="List of banned video games in Australia">List of banned video games in Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>*Not all of Europe uses the PEGI rating system.</li> <li>**The BBFC still exists as a motion picture rating system. Additionally, it continues to rate video games containing pornographic, or having external video material.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Cinema of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Cinema of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cinema of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_British_films" title="Lists of British films">Films by year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_before_1920" title="List of British films before 1920">Pre-1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1920" title="List of British films of 1920">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1921" title="List of British films of 1921">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1922" title="List of British films of 1922">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1923" title="List of British films of 1923">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1924" title="List of British films of 1924">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1925" title="List of British films of 1925">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1926" title="List of British films of 1926">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1927" title="List of British films of 1927">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1928" title="List of British films of 1928">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1929" title="List of British films of 1929">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1930" title="List of British films of 1930">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1931" title="List of British films of 1931">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1932" title="List of British films of 1932">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1933" title="List of British films of 1933">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1934" title="List of British films of 1934">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1935" title="List of British films of 1935">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1936" title="List of British films of 1936">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1937" title="List of British films of 1937">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1938" title="List of British films of 1938">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1939" title="List of British films of 1939">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1940" title="List of British films of 1940">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1941" title="List of British films of 1941">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1942" title="List of British films of 1942">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1943" title="List of British films of 1943">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1944" title="List of British films of 1944">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1945" title="List of British films of 1945">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1946" title="List of British films of 1946">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1947" title="List of British films of 1947">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1948" title="List of British films of 1948">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1949" title="List of British films of 1949">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1950" title="List of British films of 1950">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1951" title="List of British films of 1951">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1952" title="List of British films of 1952">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1953" title="List of British films of 1953">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1954" title="List of British films of 1954">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1955" title="List of British films of 1955">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1956" title="List of British films of 1956">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1957" title="List of British films of 1957">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1958" title="List of British films of 1958">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1959" title="List of British films of 1959">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1960" title="List of British films of 1960">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1961" title="List of British films of 1961">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1962" title="List of British films of 1962">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1963" title="List of British films of 1963">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1964" title="List of British films of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1965" title="List of British films of 1965">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1966" title="List of British films of 1966">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1967" title="List of British films of 1967">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1968" title="List of British films of 1968">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1969" title="List of British films of 1969">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1970" title="List of British films of 1970">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1971" title="List of British films of 1971">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1972" title="List of British films of 1972">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1973" title="List of British films of 1973">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1974" title="List of British films of 1974">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1975" title="List of British films of 1975">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1976" title="List of British films of 1976">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1977" title="List of British films of 1977">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1978" title="List of British films of 1978">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1979" title="List of British films of 1979">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1980" title="List of British films of 1980">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1981" title="List of British films of 1981">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1982" title="List of British films of 1982">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1983" title="List of British films of 1983">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1984" title="List of British films of 1984">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1985" title="List of British films of 1985">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1986" title="List of British films of 1986">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1987" title="List of British films of 1987">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1988" title="List of British films of 1988">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1989" title="List of British films of 1989">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1990" title="List of British films of 1990">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1991" title="List of British films of 1991">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1992" title="List of British films of 1992">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1993" title="List of British films of 1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1994" title="List of British films of 1994">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1995" title="List of British films of 1995">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1996" title="List of British films of 1996">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1997" title="List of British films of 1997">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1998" title="List of British films of 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1999" title="List of British films of 1999">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2000" title="List of British films of 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2001" title="List of British films of 2001">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2002" title="List of British films of 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2003" title="List of British films of 2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2004" title="List of British films of 2004">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2005" title="List of British films of 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2006" title="List of British films of 2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2007" title="List of British films of 2007">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2008" title="List of British films of 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2009" title="List of British films of 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2010" title="List of British films of 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2011" title="List of British films of 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2012" title="List of British films of 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2013" title="List of British films of 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2014" title="List of British films of 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2015" title="List of British films of 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2016" title="List of British films of 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2017" title="List of British films of 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2018" title="List of British films of 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2019" title="List of British films of 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2020" title="List of British films of 2020">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2021" title="List of British films of 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2022" title="List of British films of 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2023" title="List of British films of 2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2024" title="List of British films of 2024">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production companies<br />and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_film_studios" title="List of British film studios">studios</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aardman_Animations" title="Aardman Animations">Aardman Animations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Film" title="BBC Film">BBC Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Talk_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Talk Productions">Big Talk Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Lion_Films" title="British Lion Films">British Lion Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_Films" title="DNA Films">DNA Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Negative_(VFX)" class="mw-redirect" title="Double Negative (VFX)">Double Negative (VFX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealing_Studios" title="Ealing Studios">Ealing Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elstree_Studios_(Shenley_Road)" title="Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)">Elstree Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eon_Productions" title="Eon Productions">Eon Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film4_Productions" title="Film4 Productions">Film4 Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framestore" title="Framestore">Framestore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldcrest_Films" title="Goldcrest Films">Goldcrest Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_Film_Productions" title="Hammer Film Productions">Hammer Film Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HandMade_Films" title="HandMade Films">HandMade Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heyday_Films" title="Heyday Films">Heyday Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginarium" title="The Imaginarium">The Imaginarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_Pictures" title="Jellyfish Pictures">Jellyfish Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Films" title="London Films">London Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longcross_Studios" title="Longcross Studios">Longcross Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mister_Smith_Entertainment" title="Mister Smith Entertainment">Mister Smith Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_9_Films" title="Number 9 Films">Number 9 Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace Pictures">Palace Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_Pictures" title="Passion Pictures">Passion Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinewood_Group" title="Pinewood Group">Pinewood Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinewood_Studios" title="Pinewood Studios">Pinewood Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepperton_Studios" title="Shepperton Studios">Shepperton Studios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorded_Picture_Company" title="Recorded Picture Company">Recorded Picture Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Free_Productions" title="Scott Free Productions">Scott Free Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncopy_Inc." title="Syncopy Inc.">Syncopy Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S4C" title="S4C">S4C Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_Man_Films" title="Thin Man Films">Thin Man Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertigo_Films" title="Vertigo Films">Vertigo Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Studios_Leavesden" title="Warner Bros. Studios Leavesden">Warner Bros. Studios Leavesden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_Films" title="Warp Films">Warp Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_Studios" title="Wimbledon Studios">Wimbledon Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Title_Films" title="Working Title Films">Working Title Films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amicus_Productions" title="Amicus Productions">Amicus Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_British_Picture_Corporation" title="Associated British Picture Corporation">Associated British Picture Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Films" title="Astra Films">Astra Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_and_Dominions_Imperial_Studios" title="British and Dominions Imperial Studios">British and Dominions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Instructional_Films" title="British Instructional Films">British Instructional Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Films_Company" title="British National Films Company">British National Films Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butcher%27s_Film_Service" title="Butcher's Film Service">Butcher's Film Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Film_Company" title="Clarendon Film Company">Clarendon Film Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryanston_Films_(UK)" title="Bryanston Films (UK)">Bryanston Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Danzigers" title="The Danzigers">The Danzigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denham_Film_Studios" title="Denham Film Studios">Denham Film Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle-Lion_Films" title="Eagle-Lion Films">Eagle-Lion Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros_Films" title="Eros Films">Eros Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._B._Samuelson_Productions" title="G. B. Samuelson Productions">G. B. Samuelson Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gainsborough_Pictures" title="Gainsborough Pictures">Gainsborough Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_Studios" title="Gate Studios">Gate Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Film_Distributors" title="General Film Distributors">General Film Distributors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halas_and_Batchelor" title="Halas and Batchelor">Halas and Batchelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemdale_Film_Corporation" title="Hemdale Film Corporation">Hemdale Film Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepworth_Pictures" title="Hepworth Pictures">Hepworth Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_Film_Company" title="Ideal Film Company">Ideal Film Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Film_Company" title="London Film Company">London Film Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mancunian_Films" title="Mancunian Films">Mancunian Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-British_Studios" title="MGM-British Studios">MGM-British Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merton_Park_Studios" title="Merton Park Studios">Merton Park Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rank_Organisation" title="The Rank Organisation">The Rank Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Elstree_Centre" title="BBC Elstree Centre">Rock Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southall_Studios" title="Southall Studios">Southall Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoll_Pictures" title="Stoll Pictures">Stoll Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempean_Films" title="Tempean Films">Tempean Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigon_British_Film_Productions" title="Tigon British Film Productions">Tigon British Film Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwick_Films" title="Warwick Films">Warwick Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodfall_Film_Productions" title="Woodfall Film Productions">Woodfall Film Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolf_%26_Freedman_Film_Service" title="Woolf & Freedman Film Service">Woolf & Freedman Film Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres and<br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_horror_cinema" title="British horror cinema">British horror cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealing_comedies" title="Ealing comedies">Ealing comedies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gainsborough_melodramas" title="Gainsborough melodramas">Gainsborough melodramas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts" title="British Academy of Film and Television Arts">BAFTA</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Board of Film Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BFI_National_Archive" title="BFI National Archive">BFI National Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BFI_Southbank" title="BFI Southbank">BFI Southbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Society_of_Cinematographers" title="British Society of Cinematographers">British Society of Cinematographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Film_Foundation" title="Children's Film Foundation">Children's Film Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Exhibitors%27_Association" title="Cinema Exhibitors' Association">Cinema Exhibitors' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Film_and_Television_School" title="National Film and Television School">National Film and Television School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_and_Media_Museum" title="National Science and Media Museum">National Science and Media Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Screen" title="Northern Ireland Screen">Northern Ireland Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Screen">Scottish Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Film_Council" title="UK Film Council">UK Film Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_actors" title="List of British actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_film_directors" title="List of British film directors">Directors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of highest-grossing films in the United Kingdom">Box office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards" title="British Academy Film Awards">British Academy Film Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Independent_Film_Awards" title="British Independent Film Awards">British Independent Film Awards</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carry_On_(franchise)" title="Carry On (franchise)">Carry On</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Film censorship in the United Kingdom">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinematograph_Films_Act_1927" title="Cinematograph Films Act 1927">Cinematograph Films Act 1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eady_Levy" title="Eady Levy">Eady Levy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">Harry Potter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_British_film_certificates" title="History of British film certificates">History of British film certificates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Video_Charts" title="UK Video Charts">Home Video Charts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Production_of_the_James_Bond_films" title="Production of the James Bond films">James Bond</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BFI_London_Film_Festival" title="BFI London Film Festival">London Film Festival</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Look_at_Life_(film_series)" title="Look at Life (film series)">Look at Life</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_in_film" title="London in film">London in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_Live" title="National Theatre Live">National Theatre Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecinema" title="Telecinema">Telecinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Cinema of the United Kingdom">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Media in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Media in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass media in the United Kingdom">Media in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="UK_national_newspapers,_magazines,_and_other_periodicals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">UK national newspapers, magazines, and other periodicals</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Newspapers(History,_Circulation)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of newspapers in the United Kingdom">Newspapers</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_British_newspapers" title="History of British newspapers">History</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_circulation" title="List of newspapers in the United Kingdom by circulation">Circulation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Broadsheet" title="Broadsheet">Broadsheet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compact_(newspaper)" title="Compact (newspaper)">Compact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/I_(newspaper)" title="I (newspaper)">i</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-market_newspaper" title="Middle-market newspaper">Middle-market</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mail_on_Sunday" title="The Mail on Sunday">The Mail on Sunday</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)" title="Tabloid (newspaper format)">Tabloid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Mirror" title="Sunday Mirror">Sunday Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morning_Star_(British_newspaper)" title="Morning Star (British newspaper)">Morning Star</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_People" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sunday People">The Sunday People</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Star_(United_Kingdom)" title="Daily Star (United Kingdom)">Daily Star</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Star_Sunday" title="Daily Star Sunday">Daily Star Sunday</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Sport" title="Sunday Sport">Sunday Sport</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weekend_Sport_(tabloid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weekend Sport (tabloid)">Weekend Sport</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midweek_Sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Midweek Sport">Midweek Sport</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines and<br />other periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of magazines in the United Kingdom">List of magazines in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_by_circulation#United_Kingdom" title="List of magazines by circulation">List of magazines by circulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Radio_in_the_UK" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Radio in the United Kingdom">Radio in the UK</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#National_analogue_and_digital_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">National<br />stations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio" title="BBC Radio">BBC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_1" title="BBC Radio 1">BBC Radio 1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_1Xtra" title="BBC Radio 1Xtra">BBC Radio 1Xtra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_2" title="BBC Radio 2">BBC Radio 2</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4_Extra" title="BBC Radio 4 Extra">BBC Radio 4 Extra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live" title="BBC Radio 5 Live">BBC Radio 5 Live</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Sports_Extra" title="BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra">BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_6_Music" title="BBC Radio 6 Music">BBC Radio 6 Music</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Asian_Network" title="BBC Asian Network">BBC Asian Network</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_National_DAB" title="BBC National DAB">BBC National DAB</a> (multiplex)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Independent_National_Radio" title="Independent National Radio">Independent<br />/ commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Absolute_Radio_Network" title="Absolute Radio Network">Absolute Radio Network</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Forces_Broadcasting_Service" title="British Forces Broadcasting Service">BFBS Radio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Capital_(radio_network)" title="Capital (radio network)">Capital</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Capital_Xtra" title="Capital Xtra">Capital Xtra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classic_FM_(UK)" title="Classic FM (UK)">Classic FM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Digital_One" title="Digital One">Digital One</a> (multiplex)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gold_(British_radio_network)" title="Gold (British radio network)">Gold</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio" title="Greatest Hits Radio">Greatest Hits Radio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heart_(radio_network)" title="Heart (radio network)">Heart</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hits_Radio" title="Hits Radio">Hits Radio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jazz_FM_(UK)" title="Jazz FM (UK)">Jazz FM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kiss_Network" title="Kiss Network">Kiss Network</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/LBC" title="LBC">LBC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/LBC_News" title="LBC News">LBC News</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Magic_(UK_radio_station)" title="Magic (UK radio station)">Magic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Magic_Classical" title="Magic Classical">Magic Classical</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Premier_Christian_Radio" title="Premier Christian Radio">Premier Christian Radio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RNIB_Connect_Radio" title="RNIB Connect Radio">RNIB Connect Radio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sound_Digital" title="Sound Digital">Sound Digital</a> (multiplex)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Smooth_Radio_(2014)" title="Smooth Radio (2014)">Smooth Radio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Talksport" title="Talksport">talkSPORT</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Talkradio" title="Talkradio">TalkRadio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Times_Radio" title="Times Radio">Times Radio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_Christian_Broadcasters" title="United Christian Broadcasters">UCB UK</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Radio_UK" title="Virgin Radio UK">Virgin Radio UK</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Radio_X_(United_Kingdom)" title="Radio X (United Kingdom)">Radio X</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Local_and_regional_analogue_and_digital_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">Regional<br />and local<br />stations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BBC_Local_Radio" title="BBC Local Radio">BBC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#BBC_Local_Radio" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of BBC Local Radio stations</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Scotland" title="BBC Radio Scotland">BBC Radio Scotland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_nan_G%C3%A0idheal" title="BBC Radio nan Gàidheal">BBC Radio nan Gàidheal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Ulster" title="BBC Radio Ulster">BBC Radio Ulster</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Foyle" title="BBC Radio Foyle">BBC Radio Foyle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Wales" title="BBC Radio Wales">BBC Radio Wales</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cymru" title="BBC Radio Cymru">BBC Radio Cymru</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cymru_2" title="BBC Radio Cymru 2">Cymru 2</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Local_Radio" title="Independent Local Radio">Independent<br />/ commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Community_radio_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of community radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Commercial_radio" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of local commercial radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Semi-national_analogue_and_digital_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of semi-national / regional analogue and digital radio stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Hospital_radio_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of hospital radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pirate radio in the United Kingdom">Pirate radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restricted_Service_Licence" title="Restricted Service Licence">Restricted Service Licence</a> (RSL) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#RSL_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of RSL stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Satellite_radio_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of satellite radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Student_and_schools_radio" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of student and schools radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_House" title="Broadcasting House">Broadcasting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_the_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="FM broadcasting in the UK">FM broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dock10_(television_facility)" title="Dock10 (television facility)">Dock10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Academy" title="Radio Academy">Radio Academy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Academy_Awards" title="Radio Academy Awards">Radio Academy Awards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Independents_Group" title="Radio Independents Group">Radio Independents Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAJAR" title="RAJAR">RAJAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-listened-to_radio_programs" title="List of most-listened-to radio programs">Most listened to programmes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Television_in_the_UK" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Television in the United Kingdom">Television in the UK</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Principalchannels(List)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principal<br />channels<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_television_channels_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of television channels in the United Kingdom">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BBC_Television" title="BBC Television">BBC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_One" title="BBC One">BBC One</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Three" title="BBC Three">BBC Three</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Four" title="BBC Four">BBC Four</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_News_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC News (TV channel)">BBC News</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Parliament" title="BBC Parliament">BBC Parliament</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Alba" title="BBC Alba">BBC Alba</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Scotland_(TV_channel)" title="BBC Scotland (TV channel)">BBC Scotland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CBBC" title="CBBC">CBBC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CBeebies" title="CBeebies">CBeebies</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/ITV1" title="ITV1">ITV1</a>/<a href="/wiki/STV_(TV_channel)" title="STV (TV channel)">STV</a>/<a href="/wiki/UTV_(TV_channel)" title="UTV (TV channel)">UTV</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/ITV2" title="ITV2">ITV2</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/ITV3" title="ITV3">ITV3</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/ITV4" title="ITV4">ITV4</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/ITVBe" title="ITVBe">ITVBe</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Channel_Four_Television_Corporation" title="Channel Four Television Corporation">Channel 4</a>/<a href="/wiki/S4C_Authority" title="S4C Authority">S4C</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/S4C" title="S4C">S4C</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/E4_(TV_channel)" title="E4 (TV channel)">E4</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/E4_Extra" title="E4 Extra">E4 Extra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Film4" title="Film4">Film4</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/More4" title="More4">More4</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/4seven" title="4seven">4seven</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Networks_UK_%26_Australia" title="Paramount Networks UK & Australia">Paramount</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Channel_5_(British_TV_channel)" title="Channel 5 (British TV channel)">Channel 5</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/5Star" title="5Star">5Star</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/5USA" title="5USA">5USA</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/5Select" title="5Select">5Select</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/5Action" title="5Action">5Action</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(British_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (British TV channel)">Comedy Central</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_Extra" title="Comedy Central Extra">Comedy Central Extra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/MTV_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/MTV_Music_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV Music (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV Music</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/MTV_Hits_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV Hits (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV Hits</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/MTV_80s_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV 80s (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV 80s</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/MTV_90s_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV 90s (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV 90s</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (British and Irish TV channel)">Nickelodeon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nicktoons_(British_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicktoons (British TV channel)">Nicktoons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (British and Irish TV channel)">Nick Jr.</a></dd> <dd>Nick Jr. Too</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">Sky UK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Challenge_(TV_channel)" title="Challenge (TV channel)">Challenge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Arts" title="Sky Arts">Sky Arts</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Atlantic" title="Sky Atlantic">Sky Atlantic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Cinema" title="Sky Cinema">Sky Cinema</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Comedy" title="Sky Comedy">Sky Comedy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Crime" title="Sky Crime">Sky Crime</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Documentaries" title="Sky Documentaries">Sky Documentaries</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_(European_TV_channel)" title="History (European TV channel)">Sky History</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H2_(A%26E_Networks)" title="H2 (A&E Networks)">Sky History 2</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Kids_(TV_channel)" title="Sky Kids (TV channel)">Sky Kids</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Max" title="Sky Max">Sky Max</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Mix" title="Sky Mix">Sky Mix</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Nature" title="Sky Nature">Sky Nature</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Replay" title="Sky Replay">Sky Replay</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sci-Fi" title="Sky Sci-Fi">Sky Sci-Fi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Showcase" title="Sky Showcase">Sky Showcase</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Box_Office" title="Sky Box Office">Sky Sports Box Office</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports_F1" title="Sky Sports F1">Sky Sports F1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports_News" title="Sky Sports News">Sky Sports News</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports_Racing" title="Sky Sports Racing">Sky Sports Racing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports" title="Sky Sports">Sky Sports</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Witness_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Witness (TV channel)">Sky Witness</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UKTV" title="UKTV">UKTV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/U%26Alibi" title="U&Alibi">U&Alibi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/U%26Dave" title="U&Dave">U&Dave</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/U%26Drama" title="U&Drama">U&Drama</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/U%26Eden" title="U&Eden">U&Eden</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/U%26Gold" title="U&Gold">U&Gold</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/U%26W" title="U&W">U&W</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/U%26Yesterday" title="U&Yesterday">U&Yesterday</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery_EMEA" title="Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA">Warner Bros. Discovery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Animal_Planet_(British_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal Planet (British TV channel)">Animal Planet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Boomerang_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Boomerang (British and Irish TV channel)">Boomerang</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Cartoon Network (British and Irish TV channel)">Cartoon Network</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartoonito_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Cartoonito (British and Irish TV channel)">Cartoonito</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CNN_International" title="CNN International">CNN International</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Channel_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Discovery Channel (British and Irish TV channel)">Discovery Channel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Discovery_History" title="Discovery History">Discovery History</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Science_(European_TV_channel)" title="Discovery Science (European TV channel)">Discovery Science</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Turbo" title="Discovery Turbo">Discovery Turbo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/DMAX_(British_TV_channel)" title="DMAX (British TV channel)">DMAX</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eurosport_1" title="Eurosport 1">Eurosport 1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eurosport_2" title="Eurosport 2">Eurosport 2</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Food_Network" title="Food Network">Food Network</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/HGTV_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="HGTV (British and Irish TV channel)">HGTV</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Investigation_Discovery_(European_TV_channel)" title="Investigation Discovery (European TV channel)">Investigation Discovery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Quest_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quest (TV channel)">Quest</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Quest_Red" title="Quest Red">Quest Red</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Really_(TV_channel)" title="Really (TV channel)">Really</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/TLC_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="TLC (British and Irish TV channel)">TLC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/TNT_Sports_(United_Kingdom)" title="TNT Sports (United Kingdom)">TNT Sports</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Narrative Entertainment UK Limited</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Great!_Action" title="Great! Action">Great! Action</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great!_Movies" title="Great! Movies">Great! Movies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great!_Romance" title="Great! Romance">Great! Romance</a></dd> <dd>Great! Real</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great!_TV" title="Great! TV">Great! TV</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pop_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Pop (British and Irish TV channel)">Pop</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pop_Max" title="Pop Max">Pop Max</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services<br />and<br />platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Amazon Prime Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_iPlayer" title="BBC iPlayer">BBC iPlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television_by_region#United_Kingdom" title="Cable television by region">cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_4_(VoD_service)" title="Channel 4 (VoD service)">Channel 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Digital television in the United Kingdom">digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom">digital terrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_DTT_channels_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of DTT channels in the United Kingdom">List of channels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EE_TV" title="EE TV">EE TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freely" title="Freely">Freely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freesat" title="Freesat">Freesat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freesat%2B" title="Freesat+">Freesat+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeview_(UK)" title="Freeview (UK)">Freeview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High-definition television in the United Kingdom">high-definition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HD_channels_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of HD channels in the United Kingdom">List of channels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITVX" title="ITVX">ITVX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STV_Player" title="STV Player">STV Player</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local television in the United Kingdom">local television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My5" title="My5">My5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now_(streaming_service)" title="Now (streaming service)">Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount%2B" title="Paramount+">Paramount+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_Player" title="Pop Player">Pop Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restricted_Service_Licence" title="Restricted Service Licence">Restricted Service Licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom#Satellite_television" title="Television in the United Kingdom">satellite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-to-air_channels_at_Astra_28.2%C2%B0E_(Ireland_and_the_United_Kingdom)" title="List of free-to-air channels at Astra 28.2°E (Ireland and the United Kingdom)">List of channels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Group" title="Sky Group">Sky Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freesat_from_Sky" title="Freesat from Sky">Freesat from Sky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Demand_(Sky)" title="On Demand (Sky)">On Demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky%2B" title="Sky+">Sky+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky%2B_HD" title="Sky+ HD">Sky+ HD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkTalk_TV" title="TalkTalk TV">TalkTalk TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVPlayer" title="TVPlayer">TVPlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_(streaming_service)" title="U (streaming service)">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_TV" title="Virgin TV">Virgin Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FilmFlex" title="FilmFlex">FilmFlex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TiVo" title="TiVo">TiVo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%2B" title="V+">V+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouView" title="YouView">YouView</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analogue_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Analogue television in the United Kingdom">analogue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analogue_terrestrial_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Analogue terrestrial television in the United Kingdom">analogue terrestrial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Store" title="BBC Store">BBC Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkTalk_TV_Store" title="TalkTalk TV Store">TalkTalk TV Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film4oD" title="Film4oD">Film4oD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Digital" title="Real Digital">Real Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Up_TV" title="Top Up TV">Top Up TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3_Mills_Studios" title="3 Mills Studios">3 Mills Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Cymru_Wales_New_Broadcasting_House" title="BBC Cymru Wales New Broadcasting House">BBC Cymru Wales New Broadcasting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Elstree_Centre" title="BBC Elstree Centre">BBC Elstree Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Pacific_Quay" title="BBC Pacific Quay">BBC Pacific Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bottle_Yard_Studios" title="The Bottle Yard Studios">The Bottle Yard Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_House" title="Broadcasting House">Broadcasting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_House,_Belfast" title="Broadcasting House, Belfast">Broadcasting House, Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_House,_Bristol" title="Broadcasting House, Bristol">Broadcasting House, Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dock10_(television_facility)" title="Dock10 (television facility)">Dock10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elstree_Studios_(Shenley_Road)" title="Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)">Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Street_Studios" title="Gas Street Studios">Gas Street Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Leeds_Studios" title="The Leeds Studios">The Leeds Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Maidstone_Studios" title="The Maidstone Studios">The Maidstone Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailbox_Birmingham" title="Mailbox Birmingham">Mailbox Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaCityUK" title="MediaCityUK">MediaCityUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granada_Studios" title="Granada Studios">Old Granada Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_Studios" title="Riverside Studios">Riverside Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roath_Lock" title="Roath Lock">Roath Lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sharp_Project" title="The Sharp Project">The Sharp Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Campus" title="Sky Campus">Sky Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Studios_Manchester" title="Space Studios Manchester">Space Studios Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_Centre,_London" title="Television Centre, London">Television Centre, London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_House,_Cardiff" title="Broadcasting House, Cardiff">Broadcasting House, Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickenson_Road_Studios" title="Dickenson Road Studios">Dickenson Road Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_Studios" title="Fountain Studios">Fountain Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hospital_Club" title="The Hospital Club">The Hospital Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lime_Grove_Studios" title="Lime Grove Studios">Lime Grove Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limehouse_Studios" title="Limehouse Studios">Limehouse Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_London_Studios" title="The London Studios">The London Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-British_Studios" title="MGM-British Studios">MGM-British Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Broadcasting_House,_Manchester" title="New Broadcasting House, Manchester">New Broadcasting House, Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pebble_Mill_Studios" title="Pebble Mill Studios">Pebble Mill Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddington_Studios" title="Teddington Studios">Teddington Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_Centre,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Television Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne">Television Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_Centre,_Southampton" title="Television Centre, Southampton">Television Centre, Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Boat_Studios" title="Upper Boat Studios">Upper Boat Studios</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Television in Northern Ireland">Television in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Scotland" title="Television in Scotland">in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Wales" title="Television in Wales">in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_TV_channels_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of former TV channels in the United Kingdom">Defunct channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Television_Festival" title="Edinburgh International Television Festival">Edinburgh International Television Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Television in the United Kingdom">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_British_television" title="List of years in British television">List of years</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of television stations in the United Kingdom">List of channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Student television in the United Kingdom">Student television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom#Viewing_statistics" title="Television in the United Kingdom">Viewing statistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_watched_television_broadcasts#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most watched television broadcasts">Most-watched broadcasts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Companies_and_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Companies and organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<br />companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascential" title="Ascential">Ascential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banijay_UK_Productions" title="Banijay UK Productions">Banijay UK Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauer_Media_Audio_UK" title="Bauer Media Audio UK">Bauer Media Audio UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">BT Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Four_Television_Corporation" title="Channel Four Television Corporation">Channel Four Television Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail_and_General_Trust" title="Daily Mail and General Trust">Daily Mail and General Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentsu_International" title="Dentsu International">Dentsu International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economist_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Economist Group">Economist Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMI_Music_Publishing" title="EMI Music Publishing">EMI Music Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_plc" title="Future plc">Future plc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Media_%26_Entertainment" title="Global Media & Entertainment">Global Media & Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Media_Group" title="Guardian Media Group">Guardian Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Media_Group" title="Haymarket Media Group">Haymarket Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informa" title="Informa">Informa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITN" title="ITN">ITN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_plc" title="ITV plc">ITV plc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative_Capital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narrative Capital (page does not exist)">Narrative Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_World" title="National World">National World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_Broadcasting" title="News Broadcasting">News Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_UK" title="News UK">News UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsquest" title="Newsquest">Newsquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_%26_Shell" title="Northern & Shell">Northern & Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearson_plc" title="Pearson plc">Pearson plc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_Holdings" title="Press Holdings">Press Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reach_plc" title="Reach plc">Reach plc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELX" title="RELX">RELX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Group" title="Sky Group">Sky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STV_Group" title="STV Group">STV Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syco" class="mw-redirect" title="Syco">Syco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkTalk_Group" title="TalkTalk Group">TalkTalk Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Networks_UK_%26_Australia" title="Paramount Networks UK & Australia">Paramount Networks UK & Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media_O2" title="Virgin Media O2">Virgin Media O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company (UK) Ltd.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery_EMEA" title="Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA">Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arqiva" title="Arqiva">Arqiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_book_publishers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of largest book publishers of the United Kingdom">List of largest UK book publishers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government and<br />regulatory bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_Standards_Authority_(United_Kingdom)" title="Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)">Advertising Standards Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Board" title="BBC Board">BBC Board</a> (formerly: <a href="/wiki/BBC_Trust" title="BBC Trust">BBC Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Governors_of_the_BBC" title="Board of Governors of the BBC">Board of Governors of the BBC</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Board of Film Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture,_Media_and_Sport_Committee" title="Culture, Media and Sport Committee">Culture, Media, and Sport Select Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" title="Department for Culture, Media and Sport">Department for Culture, Media and Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Press_Standards_Organisation" title="Independent Press Standards Organisation">Independent Press Standards Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_Recognition_Panel" title="Press Recognition Panel">Press Recognition Panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S4C_Authority" title="S4C Authority">S4C Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry and<br />trades bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts" title="British Academy of Film and Television Arts">British Academy of Film and Television Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry" title="British Phonographic Industry">British Phonographic Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting,_Entertainment,_Cinematograph_and_Theatre_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union">Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearcast" title="Clearcast">Clearcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_TV_Group" title="Digital TV Group">Digital TV Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_(trade_union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equity (trade union)">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everyone_TV" title="Everyone TV">Everyone TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_Against_Copyright_Theft" title="Federation Against Copyright Theft">Federation Against Copyright Theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Publishers_Guild" title="Independent Publishers Guild">Independent Publishers Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Journalists" title="National Union of Journalists">National Union of Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Publishers_Association" title="The Publishers Association">The Publishers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Television_Society" title="Royal Television Society">Royal Television Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Independent_Broadcasting" title="United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting">United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Academy" title="BBC Academy">BBC Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Film_and_Television_School" title="National Film and Television School">National Film and Television School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_and_Media_Museum" title="National Science and Media Museum">National Science and Media Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Regional_and_student_media" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regional and student media</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Media in England <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Birmingham" title="Media in Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_London" title="Media in London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Manchester" title="Media in Manchester">Manchester</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Scotland" title="Media of Scotland">Media in Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Aberdeen" title="Media in Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Dundee" title="Media in Dundee">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Glasgow" title="Media in Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Wales" title="Media of Wales">Media in Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Cardiff" title="Media in Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Student media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Student_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Student television in the United Kingdom">Student television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_student_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of student newspapers in the United Kingdom">Student press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Mass media in the United Kingdom">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pornography_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_pornography" title="Template:British pornography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_pornography" title="Template talk:British pornography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_pornography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British pornography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pornography_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pornography in the United Kingdom">Pornography in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obscene_Publications_Acts" title="Obscene Publications Acts">Obscene Publications Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Recordings_Act_1984" title="Video Recordings Act 1984">Video Recordings Act 1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_63_of_the_Criminal_Justice_and_Immigration_Act_2008" title="Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008">Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audiovisual_Media_Services_Regulations_2014" title="Audiovisual Media Services Regulations 2014">Audiovisual Media Services Regulations 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Economy_Act_2017" title="Digital Economy Act 2017">Digital Economy Act 2017</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Board of Film Classification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_British_film_certificates" title="History of British film certificates">History of British film certificates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R18_(British_Board_of_Film_Classification)" title="R18 (British Board of Film Classification)">R18 certificate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PhonepayPlus" class="mw-redirect" title="PhonepayPlus">PhonepayPlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_UK_Internet_age_verification_system" title="Proposed UK Internet age verification system">Proposed age verification system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Book censorship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Hill" title="Fanny Hill">Fanny Hill</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Chatterley%27s_Lover" title="Lady Chatterley's Lover">Lady Chatterley's Lover</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Penguin_Books_Ltd" title="R v Penguin Books Ltd">R v Penguin Books Ltd</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pornography channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/40%2B_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="40+ (TV channel)">40+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adult_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="The Adult Channel">The Adult Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babes_and_Brazzers" title="Babes and Brazzers">Babes and Brazzers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babestation" title="Babestation">Babestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babeworld" title="Babeworld">Babeworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Hustler" title="Blue Hustler">Blue Hustler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAYtv" title="GAYtv">GAYtv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hustler_TV_(Europe)" title="Hustler TV (Europe)">Hustler TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playboy_One" title="Playboy One">Playboy One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_TV" title="Portland TV">Portland TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_Station" title="Sex Station">Sex Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SmileTV" title="SmileTV">SmileTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_X" title="Television X">Television X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivid_TV_(Europe)" title="Vivid TV (Europe)">Vivid TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television shows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Babestation" title="Babestation">Babestation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Babeworld" title="Babeworld">Babeworld</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Electric_Blue_(TV_series)" title="Electric Blue (TV series)">Electric Blue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sex_Station" title="Sex Station">Sex Station</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TVX_Callgirls_Live" class="mw-redirect" title="TVX Callgirls Live">TVX Callgirls Live</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UK_Raw!" title="UK Raw!">UK Raw!</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pornographic actors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yasmeena_Ali" title="Yasmeena Ali">Yasmeena Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Anderson_(actress)" title="Sophie Anderson (actress)">Sophie Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Barry" title="Cathy Barry">Cathy Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baxendale-Walker" title="Paul Baxendale-Walker">Paul Baxendale-Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantha_Bentley" title="Samantha Bentley">Samantha Bentley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Bone" title="John T. Bone">John T. Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicky_Crane" title="Nicky Crane">Nicky Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Daly" title="Eileen Daly">Eileen Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Davis_(actor)" title="Mark Davis (actor)">Mark Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Delphine" title="Belle Delphine">Belle Delphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Dover" title="Ben Dover">Ben Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linzi_Drew" title="Linzi Drew">Linzi Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hay" title="Derek Hay">Derek Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara_Knite" title="Sahara Knite">Sahara Knite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiran_Lee" title="Keiran Lee">Keiran Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linsey_Dawn_McKenzie" title="Linsey Dawn McKenzie">Linsey Dawn McKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Millington" title="Mary Millington">Mary Millington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_More" title="Rebecca More">Rebecca More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilde_Oscar" title="Wilde Oscar">Wilde Oscar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuppy_Owens" title="Tuppy Owens">Tuppy Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Parker" title="Kay Parker">Kay Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiona_Richmond" title="Fiona Richmond">Fiona Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiden_Shaw" title="Aiden Shaw">Aiden Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Dong_Silver" title="Long Dong Silver">Long Dong Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Tate" title="Tanya Tate">Tanya Tate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Thorne" title="Michelle Thorne">Michelle Thorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve_Vorley" class="mw-redirect" title="Eve Vorley">Eve Vorley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Wane" title="Taylor Wane">Taylor Wane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_pornographic_actors" title="List of British pornographic actors">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baxendale-Walker" title="Paul Baxendale-Walker">Paul Baxendale-Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristen_Bjorn" title="Kristen Bjorn">Kristen Bjorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Bone" title="John T. Bone">John T. Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Davis_(actor)" title="Mark Davis (actor)">Mark Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Dover" title="Ben Dover">Ben Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Duncombe,_7th_Baron_Feversham" title="Jasper Duncombe, 7th Baron Feversham">Jasper Duncombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiran_Lee" title="Keiran Lee">Keiran Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jesnor_Lindsay" title="John Jesnor Lindsay">John Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Span" title="Anna Span">Anna Span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Tate" title="Tanya Tate">Tanya Tate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viv_Thomas" title="Viv Thomas">Viv Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve_Vorley" class="mw-redirect" title="Eve Vorley">Eve Vorley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Wane" title="Taylor Wane">Taylor Wane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Freedom_Awards" title="Sexual Freedom Awards">Sexual Freedom Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHAFTA_Awards_(adult_video)" title="SHAFTA Awards (adult video)">SHAFTA Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Adult_Film_and_Television_Awards" title="UK Adult Film and Television Awards">UK Adult Film and Television Awards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazine publishers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Raymond_(publisher)" title="Paul Raymond (publisher)">Paul Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sullivan_(businessman)" title="David Sullivan (businessman)">David Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Desmond" title="Richard Desmond">Richard Desmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Star_Publications" title="Gold Star Publications">Gold Star Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Gay" title="Russell Gay">Russell Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Marks" title="Harrison Marks">Harrison Marks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mayfair_(magazine)" title="Mayfair (magazine)">Mayfair</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knave_(British_magazine)" title="Knave (British magazine)">Knave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Men_Only" title="Men Only">Men Only</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Club_International" title="Club International">Club International</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cremorne" title="The Cremorne">The Cremorne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Escort_(magazine)" title="Escort (magazine)">Escort</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Filament_(magazine)" title="Filament (magazine)">Filament</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Razzle_(magazine)" title="Razzle (magazine)">Razzle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fiesta_(magazine)" title="Fiesta (magazine)">Fiesta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penthouse_Forum" title="Penthouse Forum">Forum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asian_Babes" title="Asian Babes">Asian Babes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_World" title="Men's World">Men's World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pearl_(magazine)" title="The Pearl (magazine)">The Pearl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Photo_Bits" title="Photo Bits">Photo Bits</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quim_(magazine)" title="Quim (magazine)">Quim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suck_(publication)" title="Suck (publication)">Suck</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whitehouse_(magazine)" title="Whitehouse (magazine)">Whitehouse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zoo_Weekly" title="Zoo Weekly">Zoo Weekly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Sport" title="Daily Sport">Daily Sport</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Sport" title="Sunday Sport">Sunday Sport</a></i> (newspapers)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Whitehouse" title="Mary Whitehouse">Mary Whitehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Pakenham,_7th_Earl_of_Longford" title="Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford">Lord Longford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediawatch-UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediawatch-UK">Mediawatch-UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pornography_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-pornography movement in the United Kingdom">UK anti-pornography movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_British_pornography" title="Outline of British pornography">Outline of British pornography</a> - <a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Europe" title="Pornography in Europe">Pornography in Europe</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861670#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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