CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135b3dfdfcd3f4b',cH: 'd01C8RAC28zon3crcv5NXgpKAsCy88K2hlsxD6Plt4Y-1739794524-1.2.1.1-heqOoU_mfXQS3lIh_1S_GD.6NAfRQZ8CnLnH.y3CFX9kEFmhSc.rBvhzlLoxiAoS',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=multi-factor%20authentication&__cf_chl_tk=8kuWKWsk5ZAyQDC9RA7Y.8xNnmTdiBLiojpDni7PnNk-1739794524-1.0.1.1-Nd_SYIAM7_XwDbucLPx9yOG6ncaIdoSwUpFSZA_nlpM",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739794524',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=multi-factor%20authentication&__cf_chl_f_tk=8kuWKWsk5ZAyQDC9RA7Y.8xNnmTdiBLiojpDni7PnNk-1739794524-1.0.1.1-Nd_SYIAM7_XwDbucLPx9yOG6ncaIdoSwUpFSZA_nlpM",md: "Z8xGdsfYBhl_A3KXdxid8fRQxS7_obNdBVlYGgloGPw-1739794524-1.2.1.1-PhvIF91b0gdl_Y6YJJZEBLdiNLTJGTwtEcataxCQh5m3rzqIjMby9_WxnnJQ4S2Lam6EAh_wb3FbV57cYoOp1Ppz0DFEAgv9DZ81vbm0V48K4rNxWuYE7gqIwr08CN3h37GftUsQw3vKRDb.8VxdF.IQW3gpe2B.J2bjXQN.60sqzfQW0euflqkDXvfSwu9hoG3fBEFYdcFQ3MWFR1TIhQzonK1Mw7zeufsRDVBipzM.1_oDzFNelIRmgtWp2PeFwVNP5LqTg.5DiuAkb1VmhDFU8sQsURARUfMsAXCsQEGW8bXN8QiAUIaO7i4hUgmwEjgKL_BUBb9VodU4ibn6h7tAtNwe1BDlRi5Skvqx7V7ssV6Iaca7clBQdwBVf692qWU0FqEr1lp9R7g8kcZp_DIrFzWvb1I7hOc7lIC0XobpqTVjcrFENkF3XNkA1Q_W6yAAK402tIWGhfTMzTZIQCCfsJFJWFDD2vLfCb_WdMnN3s06KxUrc3xpn24iFv8E6FXddvXAM4m02ug_vYKRW7KAhzaBN1tMRPA9wbVvfPtqWZBRYAXcxN8M04sS5pALcHAVokTvMm6APJ5AO8cxa5XH6yAUaE636gskShgVsO1QNSkB3NY0GbqmCnqZ_Rpi0pIY.QCHHREq3YpzXzI.QcQDstH_0E1zQD9yFoUM2OTlK7usK3cW2IleiFaKjkJvTrSRgum4sh9rgZMhnYqmJXof1m3Hdo9VAmUOQV7NfQJwyo93iEGzGOV28NpdqmbkomxW4n2QuShS3_Y.jY1ZN4F0vVninVi.JRR6iH4TBMb0jF9gT45lA_vSZeunCxBeTlUfMl7lBu.4wrqoPGedTnQRa25Hv5ogfFocVKShTinyzuDkvhD5THkju8xS8nFi0mdHFiFwG7PLbBFSpvaYCNjj2b622RduF17OEztHaa4P9KcnhVkQl.hLIViY.fylmLJUEO3yY0kX9.jWyiWbXxt0LAZ4BP8i_XxeRvJxwYfFAhwSOPtHsYcPrzmSWcsepqT58s85K5.U.VFaPnGR9cxI3SEj5Hb_a9odqWF28XOE0Im43XdtAAu4rChPo0LOP968NGO11xXNqENvYqMck8Mv9EWfCxpGlk.4XQVe6eMsagfiqc7SLeK1blnPIQ0E3O8LVKwD5gzM_64IXOcdb6DiF_NNVlisOyHhJtKfQO_3Jerz0Yp38MSfoJgtTVdkeM3n_tDn91u6N82NVk3FY6PxlI8J_x.o.CJi3R.LNFquH3Tb10Fd30DikBE24SESrvmPEFrItLCXMVfCJMCH9C5i45XQVbZHfPBvsQB9TN1BnNhnpAQpgvy5h86zI20Nl3FqalTqrhP_jHQjr1Yk94AEDOHxgDxgwbRWGhsgrGmhJdyu1n_4FM1fnEtFC8hz7L8hBAr59MgNCrDe0C1p.GNUi7souRjoztZhIDHWHZGdi9W5ide.VsCTVR1Xg9Xjrn22.KrUjLWi_O__pv9EmB7oQW7wM1YyohMm0gAcZBlrPFd6MQIiMXDDRHudbRm8Yc2iKgWTrt5Mqg74Swpm2rehF4atd8Ax93zwLUtfV3fXtGq8KmUnthfLmh9Y90C7vfmWg1Vjb3WdyKOjrDgXjyNbqLUB5DAuyxR9gGcWGKx5GthR1NkqzN2JFg0Wye8kRWw67R.vcd55ZE_A3KcDnkOXOwBOXf54RN4sstqmlt1xJ46biGrbaAs_4eQx7gWhCJuvXH8JSyLLNrUrtxMQDgJf_IOibqeTy_P1pZO2kHqfE1.QmO0BbUGRQOc0ZaorKLMFoo1fZM7HXSIEDeZy3SWvl.GHIc4hWVNAwjW7KGi_t2lTRgDaRWCI7D5wRdvI07aWeZb57dEQ8mDs43fXqVzcZdp_JsqGUKfUSr47hEH0OXx6elfXmDmajRWPAi7Kcqmgn9dzfU2lCI6n5FmDS_hIufke_mICsPsdxAnQxuUbvYt_W3p6QoyKwvKyvdNNTpj0SQx90Q7UkkLzTh_xyQ",mdrd: "hngYFcfGRDfUwFq7R_9JrfxmdLmentNUNtwsk5a2b04-1739794524-1.2.1.1-1Pein3uh7gZn0Ds4pjCrWmuOVSRtE6FATYvHfLpacHy0HxUKYnYdy1mLiwl9LY1uj_d68WQv.j5IVJQu6h822PnYwE5UWb0yI7iR3DDlP_RRmzVdUpVuTiZwTz836nt2cFhtxi5vca8EspQMamK1rkyFuQjKr4ujOCphCLlWsX9GOePusrwdLoPhBpPdvkA0.wF4jQQBCRniZJpa2Cy6moEnxqV7XDmvM69S698hVVOjn.koAfLaJIuj1bLiu5ZPAntF3RCRkcAB4pYfbWejZyxuZe3P8EYj9BYr74SjZzVQ3nvWKzvEJ8BfdsudhpWYDCc7hfDqCJQnC9ukXSA7K3GZpAEy3.QyGzuiD_Y0n0RlByah.vDZYqwF_kTuiYNucXA18yVqRPQoDWojOFWQTvQSqeuhY5PMt0O8THiOWrOkUUUPZBuEErHvEyD92i4wgPN1NDmjYEMpxcCfLFragY4VcAbl4rTRsEsOye0ICR48i6K7h7R9yv6GTXYEdBCKvpKsYA8d0hJ.xM2HBku1cO98h0ePiFsWp.53Tl5DXT4QFFXltFXOPHzCURFZ4CRLQPKO9oHXzaduxNs_4PVZkL6v.oNsfvBvuzQIiMmrwMrjM7X3kx9tRsP1U1P1JwSXKFJkRiRskgc56JNWlCRaPoJMYF4Eb5qVZQcNmXzouZesG.QMyGM4aVr18jwBbAPRuuGVIzq9Wgm9tr_ujK9FtsfIQLy7PZWnw8LDj30gKSN1KAlPEA8a_9wdzjYuCA.LFoBFLGMxH7CKdedhYLuKVwij6KEj9oIENox4aEC.vwh5vCcBBDuFZMhMVdxPrKErowSSmRNWEdjDgV080BO50JZFUDgOAXo1z23EIaS55G0uIwnaDIXljnN4LxI5UmZDh09TCbbAqnGnW4xFhQr2JCPV3igEQBSJtt7j.fx0Nk1gE5uTET676E6fxCu3VuqjCvX0RxkTqfsO6dVWZLong3UP3.oTUMb8qytX5XNHGuTHHgDGacal39RYDSQUHqH.XUFoiA5tlnbmiDsDCMNWWDfqK3I5S14KnGozJaVQmtntTMK3BwaCYMBObzGunKts6iYvvepXQNW.7tEuHi9z.K.XCVx62LUlU9a_2_Tqmi5_ZAetN4HEZzKfQcQTWa7sH0d7ySm4nO.y2J5ieez.Isecwx3NoM0Ne3GZuDpl13JViMGopqE4OMyuWH.JIn0S1wFrAh0uV29QESm1wbHGIXrmdhkXQ0CGUo3LdrUs1g8qJM77X.0cur5O6zsINsyQHYDVPUlcaJEedRcSUkAMuOLNhnsVxna6tjD5ZMKkwPma7T.hFlso_05Gc4MrJae03jVGrdyOVVckO.Zb9N75RmfXk2bWWkTV_j0EecZxlBKQOEGW35UM4fLlQB6h47rSSrtmN0k8cKV0oJUB6WEF_wowNGCUH8gINwP6zaJSUh3Q.3Fu4TiDdLGoJzdNI5OsCzMSdjLobpp2Qn7MUytngERIlSuY30vF83exPiyr5iakaLXPOrFKpOAQQsrmEL872JG13tOKEDiG0lpszrk4qG2tDIxNHF0KYSUxf4AI46.ZBL6.5yDcKgNLSptmiw6awbPWXkLZxgvOD7_MxRQnmjjNDjzFraLJsK9_7NP7LYtIYuHeYL0dSU5BUiETkMso.1cWZSJwCiusQCvGTLsGzYvXAi.pDKtzJeWPDVoNZHBB1_K9fUBI7qKRR5UAgvW1IOsFuT8qigVI3jEola442yoTUR95RnmvRrKu_Kn4__4DJTW3PIQNO4_N0ScMTDzCkO2A7nRfXfOwnMIYdyomwPTWTp0xfbhf.E1Di1aIPzA_v5jOFqApxw9cZULFFhflh41UCrsoz6jPITKPISwPkfscyI9o7Fqkve5RM3ppvZqGeV9X_GXi79CERj5GiMhhVWsmc3CbWjoUgqqYMgR67NqirIvwzLA_gE0l2_t5dsQlMBctO._rh1EfmP_CNnc9Tk9w5diCQRHFmj9__EH4ACFyBr5ghDTAP2APpwJxe.s"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135b3dfdfcd3f4b';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=multi-factor%20authentication&__cf_chl_rt_tk=8kuWKWsk5ZAyQDC9RA7Y.8xNnmTdiBLiojpDni7PnNk-1739794524-1.0.1.1-Nd_SYIAM7_XwDbucLPx9yOG6ncaIdoSwUpFSZA_nlpM" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>