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(PDF) Black Ranching Frontiers: African Cattle Herders of the Atlantic World, 1500-1900 (Yale University Press, 2012)
<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="YgGgjJPgoCQK4xE-pA8WZeMWWcrL7DcZ5nxJsBeBFoeB7GFpVOrsW-8gkQH-t-V4MaQjJxXVLj4-qjiR8mLf-g" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Black Ranching Frontiers: African Cattle Herders of the Atlantic World, 1500-1900 (Yale University Press, 2012)" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Andrew Sluyter" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/1530108/Black_Ranching_Frontiers_African_Cattle_Herders_of_the_Atlantic_World_1500_1900_Yale_University_Press_2012_" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Black Ranching Frontiers: African Cattle Herders of the Atlantic World, 1500-1900 (Yale University Press, 2012)" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="In Black Ranching Frontiers: African Cattle Herders of the Atlantic World, 1500–1900 (Yale University Press, 2012), I used innovative methods that combined complementary archival, material culture, and other primary sources to reveal the" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/27417/8954/118372060/s200_andrew.sluyter.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="book" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/1530108/Black_Ranching_Frontiers_African_Cattle_Herders_of_the_Atlantic_World_1500_1900_Yale_University_Press_2012_" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Black Ranching Frontiers: African Cattle Herders of the Atlantic World, 1500-1900 (Yale University Press, 2012)" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-book.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="In Black Ranching Frontiers: African Cattle Herders of the Atlantic World, 1500–1900 (Yale University Press, 2012), I used innovative methods that combined complementary archival, material culture, and other primary sources to reveal the" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://lsu.academia.edu/AndrewSluyter" /> <meta name="description" content="In Black Ranching Frontiers: African Cattle Herders of the Atlantic World, 1500–1900 (Yale University Press, 2012), I used innovative methods that combined complementary archival, material culture, and other primary sources to reveal the" /> <title>(PDF) Black Ranching Frontiers: African Cattle Herders of the Atlantic World, 1500-1900 (Yale University Press, 2012)</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/1530108/Black_Ranching_Frontiers_African_Cattle_Herders_of_the_Atlantic_World_1500_1900_Yale_University_Press_2012_" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; 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var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739800451000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739800451000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"In Black Ranching Frontiers: African Cattle Herders of the Atlantic World, 1500–1900 (Yale University Press, 2012), I used innovative methods that combined complementary archival, material culture, and other primary sources to reveal the long-silenced voices of people of African origin in the establishment of cattle ranching throughout the Americas, including iconic herding practices such as lassoing cattle from horseback that have long been assumed—wrongly—to have European origins. That book and subsequent research on the same topic published as journal articles and book chapters play a significant role in demonstrating that enslaved Africans did not just provide labor in colonial economies but, rather, played active roles in establishing the novel landscapes of the colonial Americas, many elements of which persist to the present.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Andrew Sluyter","url":"https://lsu.academia.edu/AndrewSluyter"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2012-04-30","headline":"Black Ranching Frontiers: African Cattle Herders of the Atlantic World, 1500-1900 (Yale University Press, 2012)","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/38894550/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["History","Geography","Human 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That book and subsequent research on the same topic published as journal articles and book chapters play a significant role in demonstrating that enslaved Africans did not just provide labor in colonial economies but, rather, played active roles in establishing the novel landscapes of the colonial Americas, many elements of which persist to the present.","more_info":"This book demonstrates for the first time that Africans played significant creative roles in establishing open-range cattle ranching in the Americas and thereby provides a new way of looking at and studying the history of land, labor, property, and commerce in the Atlantic world."},"document_type":"book","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":0,"quality":"low","language":"en","title":"Black Ranching Frontiers: African Cattle Herders of the Atlantic World, 1500-1900 (Yale University Press, 2012)","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [27417]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":38894550,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Black Ranching Frontiers: African Cattle Herders of the Atlantic World, 1500-1900 (Yale University Press, 2012)”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/38894550/mini_magick20190223-13422-1xgoir9.png?1550979502" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Black Ranching Frontiers: African Cattle Herders of the Atlantic World, 1500-1900 (Yale University Press, 2012)</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="27417" href="https://lsu.academia.edu/AndrewSluyter"><img alt="Profile image of Andrew Sluyter" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/27417/8954/118372060/s65_andrew.sluyter.jpg" />Andrew Sluyter</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 page</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 1530108; 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That book and subsequent research on the same topic published as journal articles and book chapters play a significant role in demonstrating that enslaved Africans did not just provide labor in colonial economies but, rather, played active roles in establishing the novel landscapes of the colonial Americas, many elements of which persist to the present.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":38894550,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/1530108/Black_Ranching_Frontiers_African_Cattle_Herders_of_the_Atlantic_World_1500_1900_Yale_University_Press_2012_"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":38894550,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/1530108/Black_Ranching_Frontiers_African_Cattle_Herders_of_the_Atlantic_World_1500_1900_Yale_University_Press_2012_"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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By Andrew Sluyter</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="257597" href="https://uci.academia.edu/AlexBorucki">Alex Borucki</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Black Ranching Frontiers: African Cattle Herders of the Atlantic World, 1500–1900. By Andrew Sluyter","attachmentId":43443396,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22902194/Black_Ranching_Frontiers_African_Cattle_Herders_of_the_Atlantic_World_1500_1900_By_Andrew_Sluyter","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22902194/Black_Ranching_Frontiers_African_Cattle_Herders_of_the_Atlantic_World_1500_1900_By_Andrew_Sluyter"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="10310847" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10310847/How_Africans_and_Their_Descendants_Participated_in_Establishing_Open_Range_Cattle_Ranching_in_the_Americas_2015_">How Africans and Their Descendants Participated in Establishing Open-Range Cattle Ranching in the Americas (2015)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="27417" href="https://lsu.academia.edu/AndrewSluyter">Andrew Sluyter</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Following the introduction of cattle into the Caribbean in 1493, open-range ranching proliferated in a series of frontiers across the grasslands of the Americas through the nineteenth century, establishing novel social and environmental relations with consequences that persist to the present. While historians have recognized that Africans and Afro-descendants were involved in the establishment of those ranching frontiers, the emphasis has been on their labor rather than creative participation. Now material culture and other primary sources that complement archival documents have begun to reveal a fuller understanding of their roles. Two case studies illustrate how such complementary types of evidence reveal that African and Afro-descended herders took active roles in the processes of innovation regarding use of the lasso from horseback in North America and water-lifting technology in South America. Such contributions were critical to the expansion of open-range cattle throughout the Americas and consequent environmental transformations. Use link for full text PDF.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"How Africans and Their Descendants Participated in Establishing Open-Range Cattle Ranching in the Americas (2015)","attachmentId":53713939,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10310847/How_Africans_and_Their_Descendants_Participated_in_Establishing_Open_Range_Cattle_Ranching_in_the_Americas_2015_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10310847/How_Africans_and_Their_Descendants_Participated_in_Establishing_Open_Range_Cattle_Ranching_in_the_Americas_2015_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="1529352" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1529352/The_Role_of_Blacks_in_Establishing_Cattle_Ranching_in_Louisiana_in_the_Eighteenth_Century_2012_">The Role of Blacks in Establishing Cattle Ranching in Louisiana in the Eighteenth Century (2012)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="27417" href="https://lsu.academia.edu/AndrewSluyter">Andrew Sluyter</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A longstanding assumption posits that white ranchers from the French Caribbean colony of Saint-Domingue, now Haiti, provided the knowledge to establish the first cattle ranches in Louisiana in the mid-eighteenth century, that blacks merely provided the labor, and that the herding ecology involved was the same as that of the Acadian ranchers who followed. Reconstruction of the locations of the first major ranches and the backgrounds of their owners and slaves, however, reveals that none of them came to Louisiana from Saint-Domingue and that the ranches occupied the western margin of the Atchafalaya basin, an environment quite different than the prairies of southwestern Louisiana later inhabited by Acadian ranchers. While the sources cannot yield a complete account of the process through which cattle ranching became established, they do suggest that none of the white ranchers brought relevant experience from the Caribbean or France, that some of the blacks might have brought such experience from Africa, and that people of African, European, native, and mixed origins all contributed knowledge and creativity, as well as labor, in founding a distinctive herding ecology that differed substantially from that of the subsequent Acadian ranches. Use link for full text PDF.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Role of Blacks in Establishing Cattle Ranching in Louisiana in the Eighteenth Century (2012)","attachmentId":53678765,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1529352/The_Role_of_Blacks_in_Establishing_Cattle_Ranching_in_Louisiana_in_the_Eighteenth_Century_2012_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1529352/The_Role_of_Blacks_in_Establishing_Cattle_Ranching_in_Louisiana_in_the_Eighteenth_Century_2012_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="9601331" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9601331/Review_of_African_ethnobotany_in_the_Americas_2012_edited_by_Robert_Voeks_and_John_Rashford">Review of African ethnobotany in the Americas (2012), edited by Robert Voeks and John Rashford.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="60328" href="https://jmu.academia.edu/CaseWatkins">Case Watkins</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">AAG Review of Books, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review of African ethnobotany in the Americas (2012), edited by Robert Voeks and John Rashford.","attachmentId":35809684,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9601331/Review_of_African_ethnobotany_in_the_Americas_2012_edited_by_Robert_Voeks_and_John_Rashford","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9601331/Review_of_African_ethnobotany_in_the_Americas_2012_edited_by_Robert_Voeks_and_John_Rashford"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="173510" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/173510/The_role_of_black_Barbudans_in_the_establishment_of_open_range_cattle_herding_in_the_colonial_Caribbean_and_South_Carolina_2009_">The role of black Barbudans in the establishment of open-range cattle herding in the colonial Caribbean and South Carolina (2009)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="27417" href="https://lsu.academia.edu/AndrewSluyter">Andrew Sluyter</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Some significant problems remain in understanding the establishment of open-range cattle herding in the Caribbean and North America, especially regarding the role of blacks in that process. Research to date has identified the Greater Antilles, especially Spanish Cuba and British Jamaica, as the sole Caribbean sources of settlers who established the herding systems of, respectively, Mexico and South Carolina. Yet an open-range cattle herding system also occurred in the British Lesser Antilles, which provided many of the settlers for the South Carolina colony. Archival and field research in Antigua and Barbuda provide the basis for comprehensive reconstruction of that system's material culture and herding ecology, demonstration of the role of blacks in its operation, and comparison with other relevant systems to consider whether the British Lesser Antilles might also have been involved in the process through which open-range cattle herders established themselves in South Carolina during the late seventeenth century. Use link for full text PDF.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The role of black Barbudans in the establishment of open-range cattle herding in the colonial Caribbean and South Carolina (2009)","attachmentId":53671740,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/173510/The_role_of_black_Barbudans_in_the_establishment_of_open_range_cattle_herding_in_the_colonial_Caribbean_and_South_Carolina_2009_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/173510/The_role_of_black_Barbudans_in_the_establishment_of_open_range_cattle_herding_in_the_colonial_Caribbean_and_South_Carolina_2009_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="6616204" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6616204/A_maroon_legacy_Sketching_African_contributions_to_live_fencing_practices_in_early_Spanish_America">A maroon legacy? Sketching African contributions to live fencing practices in early Spanish America</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7709225" href="https://unm.academia.edu/ChrisDuvall">Chris Duvall</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Geographers have generally neglected African influences in attempting to understand the historical development of cultural landscapes in the tropical and subtropical Americas. In this paper, I analyze the early post-Columbian history of live fencing in the Americas, focusing on Spanish-held areas in the 1500s and 1600s. Live fences characterize many modern landscapes in the tropical and subtropical Americas, but the historical geography of these landscape features is poorly known. I show that live fences bear Native American, European and African inheritances, but argue that the African contribution was particularly significant. Specifically, escaped slaves – or maroons – like many contemporaneous communities in Africa, experienced conditions of endemic warfare and labour shortage. Live fences were an effective and labour-efficient means of defence, and all descriptions of live fences in the tropical and subtropical Americas before about 1800 were observed in maroon settlements. As African communities integrated into the multicultural societies of tropical and subtropical America other benefits of live fencing came to be more widely valued and integral to land management throughout the region – though its African inheritance has been forgotten. To understand more completely the historical cultural ecology of the Americas, geographers must challenge the deeply rooted belief that Africans contributed only labour in the development of New World landscapes.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A maroon legacy? Sketching African contributions to live fencing practices in early Spanish America","attachmentId":39426749,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6616204/A_maroon_legacy_Sketching_African_contributions_to_live_fencing_practices_in_early_Spanish_America","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6616204/A_maroon_legacy_Sketching_African_contributions_to_live_fencing_practices_in_early_Spanish_America"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="43990270" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43990270/THE_SIGNIFICANCE_OF_THE_AFRO_FRONTIER_IN_AMERICAN_HISTORY_BLACKDOM_BARRATRY_AND_BAWDYHOUSES_IN_THE_BORDERLANDS_1900_1930">THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE AFRO-FRONTIER IN AMERICAN HISTORY BLACKDOM, BARRATRY, AND BAWDYHOUSES IN THE BORDERLANDS 1900 - 1930</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="167561195" href="https://utep.academia.edu/TimothyNelsonPhDRecognizedExpertHistorianofBlackdomNewMexico">Timothy E . Nelson, Ph.D., Expert Historian of Blackdom, New Mexico and The Significance of Afro-Frontierism</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Dissertation, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Introduction: The current narratives about Black people migrating from the South to America’s western frontier at the turn of the Twentieth Century fundamentally fail to capture the full nature of the extraordinary undertaking Black migrants endured with both great success and failure. Exoduster was a pervasive term that characterizes Black migration during the late Nineteenth Century and early Twentieth Century. The theme of Exoduster literature filtered the activities of Black people through the lens of fear. The “exodus” captured the idea that Black people migrated to escape the horrors of racist subjugation and violence indicative of Southern politics and culture. Often stories of All-Black Towns describe a promised land—one ordained by God and predetermined for the refugees. These scholarly narratives imply Black inferiority or lacking control over their fate. Narratives about frontier spaces reflect peoples’ entrepreneurship, opportunism, and grit. However, compared to the narratives focused on White frontiersmen, Black peoples within the same period and in the same spaces appear feckless side notes to the historical trajectory of history. Blackdom’s history offers the opportunity to construct a new narrative that allows for the further expansion in the study of Black People of the West with the use of a new conceptual framework. Afro-Frontierism.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE AFRO-FRONTIER IN AMERICAN HISTORY BLACKDOM, BARRATRY, AND BAWDYHOUSES IN THE BORDERLANDS 1900 - 1930","attachmentId":81595699,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43990270/THE_SIGNIFICANCE_OF_THE_AFRO_FRONTIER_IN_AMERICAN_HISTORY_BLACKDOM_BARRATRY_AND_BAWDYHOUSES_IN_THE_BORDERLANDS_1900_1930","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43990270/THE_SIGNIFICANCE_OF_THE_AFRO_FRONTIER_IN_AMERICAN_HISTORY_BLACKDOM_BARRATRY_AND_BAWDYHOUSES_IN_THE_BORDERLANDS_1900_1930"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="36471745" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36471745/Chapter_3_Little_Liberia_The_African_American_Agricultural_Colony_in_Baja_California">Chapter 3. Little Liberia: The African American Agricultural Colony in Baja California</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="60102845" href="https://nmsu.academia.edu/LauraHooton">Laura Hooton</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Farming across Borders: A Transnational History of the North American West, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Chapter 3 of Farming Across Borders: A Transnational History of the North American West, edited by Sterling Evans and available from Texas A&M University Press. The book is also available under Project MUSE, link is for specific chapter.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Chapter 3. Little Liberia: The African American Agricultural Colony in Baja California","attachmentId":62057490,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36471745/Chapter_3_Little_Liberia_The_African_American_Agricultural_Colony_in_Baja_California","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36471745/Chapter_3_Little_Liberia_The_African_American_Agricultural_Colony_in_Baja_California"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="70437937" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70437937/Slave_cowboys_in_the_cattle_lands_of_southern_brazil_1800_1850">Slave cowboys in the cattle lands of southern brazil, 1800-1850</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17661668" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SpencerLeitman">Spencer Leitman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Revista de História, 1975</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Perhaps the most striking feature of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in the first part of the nineteenth century was the presence of slave cowboys. Giuseppe Garibaldi, who had fought for many years in Rio Grande do Sul alongside the black Ragamuffins in the Ragamuffin War, 1835-1845, considered these recently freed slaves among the finest busters, ropers, and horse soldiers in all the province, so famous for its gauchos (1). Venezuela, Texas, and Cuba had slave cowboys., too, but the data on the social organization and culture in these areas is lacking (2). Slave cowboys in the Spanish lands, it appears, were used in small numbers before the develompent of large scale plantation agriculture, as was the case in Cuba (3). However, after a search through the secondary socio-historic literature on Latin America, one is left with the impression that slavery and ranching did not mix. Two Pla-(1).-Giuseppe Garibaldi, The Life of General Garibaldi Written by Himself. Trans, by Theodore Dwight (New York, 1859), 86; The Portuguese crown also considered slaves excellent cowbovs. In 1820 the crown ordered four slaves from the Royal Ranch in Rio Grande do Sul to Maranhão to instruct slaves there in the use of the lasso and bolas.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Slave cowboys in the cattle lands of southern brazil, 1800-1850","attachmentId":80190711,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70437937/Slave_cowboys_in_the_cattle_lands_of_southern_brazil_1800_1850","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/70437937/Slave_cowboys_in_the_cattle_lands_of_southern_brazil_1800_1850"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":38894550,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":38894550,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_38894550" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="49262329" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49262329/Cows_and_Conquistadors_A_Contribution_on_the_Colonial_Origins_of_Comparative_Development">Cows and Conquistadors: A Contribution on the Colonial Origins of Comparative Development</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="133948518" href="https://udelar.academia.edu/Sebasti%C3%A1nTorres">Sebastián Torres</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Development Studies, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cows and Conquistadors: A Contribution on the Colonial Origins of Comparative Development","attachmentId":67645901,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49262329/Cows_and_Conquistadors_A_Contribution_on_the_Colonial_Origins_of_Comparative_Development","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/49262329/Cows_and_Conquistadors_A_Contribution_on_the_Colonial_Origins_of_Comparative_Development"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="88643852" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/88643852/Black_Conquistadors_Armed_Africans_in_Early_Spanish_America">Black Conquistadors: Armed Africans in Early Spanish America</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11551163" href="https://psu-us.academia.edu/MatthewRestall">Matthew Restall</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Americas, 2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Black Conquistadors: Armed Africans in Early Spanish America","attachmentId":92577799,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88643852/Black_Conquistadors_Armed_Africans_in_Early_Spanish_America","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/88643852/Black_Conquistadors_Armed_Africans_in_Early_Spanish_America"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="62787705" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62787705/Americas_First_Slave_Revolt_Indians_and_African_Slaves_in_Espanola_1500_1534">America's First Slave Revolt: Indians and African Slaves in Espanola, 1500-1534</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51255994" href="https://uwf.academia.edu/ErinStone">Erin Stone</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ethnohistory, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"America's First Slave Revolt: Indians and African Slaves in Espanola, 1500-1534","attachmentId":75446084,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/62787705/Americas_First_Slave_Revolt_Indians_and_African_Slaves_in_Espanola_1500_1534","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/62787705/Americas_First_Slave_Revolt_Indians_and_African_Slaves_in_Espanola_1500_1534"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="123309748" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/123309748/C_Daniel_Dawson_Treasure_in_the_Terror_The_African_Cultural_Legacy_in_the_Americas">C. Daniel Dawson; Treasure in the Terror: The African Cultural Legacy in the Americas</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="246644" href="https://independent.academia.edu/henryvanMaasakker">henry van Maasakker</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2002</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"C. 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