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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conflicts_of_the_Reconstruction_era" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Reconstruction_Era" title="Template:Campaignbox Reconstruction Era"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Reconstruction_Era" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Reconstruction Era"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Reconstruction_Era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Reconstruction Era"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conflicts_of_the_Reconstruction_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Conflicts of the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era"><span class="wrap">Reconstruction era</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis riots of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans massacre of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski riot</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opelousas_massacre" title="Opelousas massacre">Opelousas massacre</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barber%E2%80%93Mizell_feud" title="Barber–Mizell feud">Barber–Mizell feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowry_War" title="Lowry War">Lowry War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian race riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_massacre" title="Vicksburg massacre">Vicksburg massacre</a> (1874–1875)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_massacre" title="Hamburg massacre">Hamburg massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876</b> were a series of <a href="/wiki/Race_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Race riot">race riots</a> and civil unrest related to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>'s political campaign to take back control from <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> of the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_General_Assembly" title="South Carolina General Assembly">state legislature</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election,_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="South Carolina gubernatorial election, 1876">governor's office</a> through their paramilitary <a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a> division. Part of their plan was to disrupt Republican political activity and suppress <a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Black suffrage in the United States">black voting</a>, particularly in counties where populations of whites and blacks were close to equal. Former <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> general <a href="/wiki/Martin_W._Gary" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin W. Gary">Martin W. Gary</a>'s "Plan of the Campaign of 1876" gives the details of planned actions to accomplish this.<sup id="cite_ref-foley2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foley2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following incidents took place mostly in <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_South_Carolina" title="List of counties in South Carolina">counties</a> where blacks were in the majority, but not significantly. <a href="/wiki/The_Upstate" class="mw-redirect" title="The Upstate">The Upstate</a> counties had majorities of whites and racial disturbances were uncommon, whereas the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Low_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="South Carolina Low Country">Lowcountry</a> counties had an overwhelming black population. White militias were not so active there. In the <a href="/wiki/Midlands,_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Midlands, South Carolina">Midlands</a>, Edgefield District and <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a> area, Democrats exerted considerable effort to step up the Democratic vote and suppress black Republican voting by intimidation and violence, including outright murder and assassination of a black state representative. </p><p>In 1875 Charleston had a population that was 57% black, with a Charleston County population that was 73% black. Having had a tradition of a well-established class of free people of color in the city, African Americans organized to defend themselves during this volatile period.<sup id="cite_ref-meeks_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meeks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By suppressing the black majority in Edgefield County and election fraud (2,000 more votes were counted than the total number of registered voters in the county), the Democrats elected <a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Wade Hampton III</a> as the Democratic candidate by a narrow margin of slightly more than 1100 votes statewide. They also carried the state legislature. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="July">July</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: July"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hamburg_massacre">Hamburg massacre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hamburg massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_massacre" title="Hamburg massacre">Hamburg massacre</a></div> <p>Located across the <a href="/wiki/Savannah_River" title="Savannah River">Savannah River</a> from <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia" title="Augusta, Georgia">Augusta</a>, the small majority-black town of <a href="/wiki/Hamburg,_South_Carolina" title="Hamburg, South Carolina">Hamburg</a> in Aiken County was the site of a confrontation on Independence Day between white slaveholders and a unit of the Hamburg National Guard, made up of freedmen, who were parading. The slaveholders went to court to complain of being blocked on the street; their attorney demanded the militia give up their arms, which they refused to do. Trying to escape that night, two freedmen were killed by white paramilitary. The whites captured about two dozen blacks and formed a Dead Ring. They murdered four blacks outright that night on July 8 and wounded several more. <a href="/wiki/Ben_Tillman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Tillman">Ben Tillman</a> led one of the paramilitary groups and established renown for promoting <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Word of the events at Hamburg traveled throughout the state. A Coroner's jury indicted 94 white men in the attack, including "<a href="/wiki/Matthew_Calbraith_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Calbraith Butler">M. C. Butler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_R._Tillman" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin R. Tillman">Benjamin R. Tillman</a>, A. P. Butler<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others of the most prominent men in Aiken and Edgefield Counties, South Carolina, and Richmond County, Georgia"<sup id="cite_ref-toole_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toole-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it appears they were never prosecuted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="September">September</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charleston">Charleston</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Charleston"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By September, Charleston seethed with political activity. Following two Democratic meetings earlier in the week in which blacks explained why they had left the Republican Party, on the night of September 6 in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a>, a <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">black</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> club held a meeting at Archer's Hall on King Street. Two black speakers, including J.R. Jenkins, criticized the Republicans, including an insult to black women. After the meeting white Democrats escorted the last speaker from the meeting, and they were followed by Republicans who had heard the speech.<sup id="cite_ref-meeks_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meeks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The whites fired a pistol above the heads of gathering black Republicans but that attracted more African Americans, and fighting started. US troops escorted the black Democrats to safety, but the whites and police were outnumbered and could not quell the mob. Blacks continued to roam, looting on King Street and nearby, as the outnumbered police (a mixed group racially) could not quell their activity. They were escorted safely to <a href="/wiki/The_Citadel_(military_college)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Citadel (military college)">The Citadel</a> grounds at Marion Square.<sup id="cite_ref-meeks_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meeks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unusually, more whites than blacks were injured in this riot; the one white death was attributed to a mistaken shot by a white man.<sup id="cite_ref-meeks_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meeks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No Democratic rifle clubs intervened that evening after consultation with the police; they feared provoking a larger riot.<sup id="cite_ref-meeks_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meeks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their officers met the next day, making a plan to have rifle clubs available at short notice every night when political meetings were held. Tensions remained high in the city but their officers met the next day, and guns for sale in the city were quickly gone. Two nights later the Democrats met at Hibernian Hall without incident.<sup id="cite_ref-meeks_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meeks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inability of Governor Chamberlain and the local law authorities to preserve the peace convinced the people of the state of the failure of <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> rule. Southerners portrayed the actions of freedmen as menacing, trying to win over public opinion in the North.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northerners found the continuing insurgency in the southern states to be disheartening. Historian Ehren K. Foley noted that the event "demonstrated the continued mobilization and strength of both the Republican party and the African American community in the low country of South Carolina. The event also demonstrated the willingness of both sides to deploy force for political ends." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ellenton_Riot">Ellenton Riot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ellenton Riot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ellenton_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellenton riot">Ellenton riot</a></div> <p>In September 1876 the Ellenton riot occurred. It started September 15 and lasted to the 21st. The initiation of the Ellenton riot began when a white posse attempted to serve warrants of arrest issued by an African-American Magistrate Prince Rivers[1] for two people suspected of breaking and entering. The events escalated until two white men and 39 African-American were killed. The most notable being Simon P. Coker who served as a member of the Legislature from Barnwell[2][3] </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="October">October</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: October"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cainhoy">Cainhoy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cainhoy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Charleston County, leaders of the political parties arranged some of what they called discussion meetings, as the Democrats were still seeking Republican audiences, and both parties would have speakers. Given the tensions and violent incidents, they agreed that attendees should not bring arms (rifles and shotguns) into the meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-meeks_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meeks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Republican Party meeting was scheduled at the <a href="/wiki/White_Church,_Cainhoy" title="White Church, Cainhoy">White Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cainhoy,_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Cainhoy, South Carolina">Cainhoy</a> on October 16, about 12 miles from Charleston. Learning of this, Democrats from Charleston chartered the steamer <i>Pocosin</i> and about 150 white men went to Cainhoy for the meeting. The meeting had an audience of about 500, mostly black.<sup id="cite_ref-meeks_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meeks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the South, men of both races regularly carried pistols, which were not counted as "arms."<sup id="cite_ref-meeks_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meeks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaders had asked the men to leave those weapons behind, and many blacks had stashed their weapons in the swamp and an old house near the church. When some young whites found the rifles, they approached the meeting. One gun discharged accidentally and the crowd began to disperse; one of the whites shot an elderly black man, who was killed. Blacks raced to retrieve their arms and pursued the retreating Democrats, who had only pistols and were outnumbered. </p><p>The incident at Cainhoy resulted in the death of one black man and five to six whites, plus wounding of an estimated 16 to 50.<sup id="cite_ref-meeks_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meeks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds,_p380_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds,_p380-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the only one of these political incidents in 1876 in which more whites were killed than blacks. According to Reynolds, the black Republicans avoided being taken by surprise by the Democrats and succeeded in running them off.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds,_p380_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds,_p380-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most historians note that the Democrats were put off balance by the black resistance. With the threat of retaliatory attacks by the whites, Governor <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Henry_Chamberlain" title="Daniel Henry Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a> sent a <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">company</a> of <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Federal troops</a> to the town to prevent any more bloodshed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edgefield">Edgefield</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Edgefield"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On October 17, a group of six white men of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(South_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Shirts (South Carolina)">Red Shirts</a> were leaving a Democratic meeting in <a href="/wiki/Edgefield,_South_Carolina" title="Edgefield, South Carolina">Edgefield</a> and were ambushed by two black brothers from a cotton patch about three miles outside the town. One of the white men was shot and killed, and the other departed to fetch the coroner and some reinforcements. Several other black men joined the brothers in the cotton field and fired their rifles, wounding the coroner in the leg. The Red Shirts threatened retaliation, but were restrained by General <a href="/wiki/Martin_Witherspoon_Gary" title="Martin Witherspoon Gary">Martin Gary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Wade Hampton</a> because the black men were on state property. A total of five black men were arrested for the assault.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="November">November</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: November"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charleston_2">Charleston</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Charleston"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Charleston on the afternoon of November 8, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_William_McGregor_Mackey" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund William McGregor Mackey">Edmund W. M. Mackey</a>, a white Republican leader, read aloud the election results from <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> newspapers to a crowd of blacks at the corner of Meeting and Broad streets. As he walked down Broad street to the office of the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Post_and_Courier" title="The Post and Courier">News and Courier</a>,</i> a drunk white man struck Mackey's face with his hat and in the ensuing scuffle, a gunshot went off. The blacks at the outskirts of the crowd yelled that Mackey had been killed and rushed to him. White men fired at them, and both groups dispersed after arrival of police. </p><p>A number of the black policeman joined the rebellion instead of restoring order.<sup id="cite_ref-NewberryHerald_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewberryHerald-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A white man who asked for assistance from a black police officer was clubbed, and the black policeman fired their guns indiscriminately at any white person they saw. A call to action went out to all the rifle clubs and <a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(South_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Shirts (South Carolina)">Red Shirts</a> in Charleston; more than 500 paramilitary white men assembled by five o'clock. Two <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">companies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">federal troops</a> approached the rifle clubs to get them to back down and reestablish order. The whites suffered one killed and twelve wounded, while the blacks had one killed and ten wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-NewberryHerald_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewberryHerald-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beaufort">Beaufort</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Beaufort"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During election night of November 7 in <a href="/wiki/Beaufort,_South_Carolina" title="Beaufort, South Carolina">Beaufort</a> after the closing of the polls, a black Democrat was assaulted and beaten by black Republicans. The next day he went to report the beating to a trial justice. He sent Constable J. H. Shuman on November 14 to make arrests, but was killed when the black Republicans violently resisted arrest. Outraged <a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(South_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Shirts (South Carolina)">red shirts</a> across the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Low_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="South Carolina Low Country">Lowcountry</a> gathered and restored order in the area while heeding calls from <a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Wade Hampton</a> to limit bloodshed and show mercy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election,_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="South Carolina gubernatorial election, 1876">South Carolina gubernatorial election, 1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">History of South Carolina</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-foley2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-foley2_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screconstruction.org/Reconstruction/Citations_files/GaryCampaign.pdf">Ehlen K. Foley, "Sites of Violence: Cainhoy Riot," Citations: "Plan of the Campaign of 1876"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141105180816/http://www.screconstruction.org/Reconstruction/Citations_files/GaryCampaign.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-11-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Papers of Martin Witherspoon Gary, South Caroliniana Library, Columbia, South Carolina, accessed 26 October 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meeks-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meeks_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meeks_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meeks_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meeks_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meeks_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meeks_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meeks_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meeks_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meeks_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meeks_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27567894">Melinda Meeks Hennessy, "Racial Violence During Reconstruction: The 1876 Riots in Charleston and Cainhoy"</a>, <i>South Carolina Historical Magazine,</i> Vol. 86, No. 2, (April 1985), 104-106 <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes.com-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes.com_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/00/05/21/reviews/000521.21dewlt.html">Kantrowitz, Stephen. "Book Review of <i>Ben Tillman and the Reconstruction of White Supremacy</i>"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>,</i> 21 May 2000, includes Chapter One online of the book.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This refers to Colonel A.P. Butler (1826-1902), seated as State Senator from Aiken County in 1877, not U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Butler" title="Andrew Butler">Andrew Butler</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toole-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-toole_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genealogytrails.com/scar/aiken/aiken_hx2.htm">Gasper Loren Toole II, <i>Ninety Years of Aiken County Memoirs of Aiken County and Its People</i></a>, Chapter IV: The Red Shirts and Reconstruction", 1958, hosted at Genealogy Trails, accessed 27 October 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds,_p380-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds,_p380_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds,_p380_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynolds, p380</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewberryHerald-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NewberryHerald_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewberryHerald_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026909/1876-11-15/ed-1/seq-2.pdf">"The Charleston Riot"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Newberry herald</i>. Newbury S.C. 1876-11-16. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Newberry+herald&rft.atitle=The+Charleston+Riot&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1876-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn84026909%2F1876-11-15%2Fed-1%2Fseq-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Carolina+civil+disturbances+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrago1998" class="citation book cs1">Drago, Edmund L. (1998). <i>Hurrah for Hampton!: Black Red Shirts in South Carolina during Reconstruction</i>. University of Arkansas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55728-541-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55728-541-1"><bdi>1-55728-541-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hurrah+for+Hampton%21%3A+Black+Red+Shirts+in+South+Carolina+during+Reconstruction&rft.pub=University+of+Arkansas+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-55728-541-1&rft.aulast=Drago&rft.aufirst=Edmund+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Carolina+civil+disturbances+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgar1998" class="citation book cs1">Edgar, Walter (1998). <i>South Carolina A History</i>. University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57003-255-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57003-255-6"><bdi>1-57003-255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Carolina+A+History&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-57003-255-6&rft.aulast=Edgar&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Carolina+civil+disturbances+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1969" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, John S. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reconstructioni01reyngoog"><i>Reconstruction in South Carolina</i></a>. Negro University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-1638-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8371-1638-4"><bdi>0-8371-1638-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstruction+in+South+Carolina&rft.pub=Negro+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-8371-1638-4&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freconstructioni01reyngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Carolina+civil+disturbances+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1935" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Alfred B. (1935). <i>Hampton and his Red Shirts; South Carolina's Deliverance in 1876</i>. Walker, Evans & Cogswell Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hampton+and+his+Red+Shirts%3B+South+Carolina%27s+Deliverance+in+1876&rft.pub=Walker%2C+Evans+%26+Cogswell+Company&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Alfred+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Carolina+civil+disturbances+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudiansky2008" class="citation book cs1">Budiansky, Stephen (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodyshirtterro0000budi"><i>The Bloody Shirt: Terror After the Civil War</i></a></span>. Penguin Group (USA) Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-01840-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-01840-6"><bdi>978-0-670-01840-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bloody+Shirt%3A+Terror+After+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=Penguin+Group+%28USA%29+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-670-01840-6&rft.aulast=Budiansky&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbloodyshirtterro0000budi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Carolina+civil+disturbances+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p>Congressional Serial Set U.S. Government Printing Office, 1877 </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876&oldid=1230300083">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876&oldid=1230300083</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Category:History of the Southern United States">History of the Southern United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1876_in_South_Carolina" title="Category:1876 in South Carolina">1876 in South Carolina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Riots_and_civil_disorder_during_the_Reconstruction_Era" title="Category:Riots and civil disorder during the Reconstruction Era">Riots and civil disorder during the Reconstruction Era</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Riots_and_civil_disorder_in_South_Carolina" title="Category:Riots and civil disorder in South Carolina">Riots and civil disorder in South Carolina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_racism_in_South_Carolina" title="Category:History of racism in South Carolina">History of racism in South Carolina</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description" title="Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description">Short description with empty Wikidata description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2007" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2007">Articles needing additional references from December 2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 June 2024, at 22:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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