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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Medical uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fluid_solutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fluid_solutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Fluid solutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fluid_solutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medication_and_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medication_and_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Medication and treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medication_and_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Blood products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Imaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_in_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Use in sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_for_hangover_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_for_hangover_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Use for hangover treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_for_hangover_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bolus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bolus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Infusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Secondary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_and_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_and_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Methods and equipment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods_and_equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Methods and equipment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Methods_and_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peripheral_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peripheral_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Peripheral lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peripheral_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Central lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peripherally_inserted_central_catheter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peripherally_inserted_central_catheter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Peripherally inserted central catheter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peripherally_inserted_central_catheter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunneled_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunneled_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Tunneled lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunneled_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implantable_ports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implantable_ports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Implantable ports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implantable_ports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infusions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infusions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Infusions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infusions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Adverse effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adverse effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infection_and_inflammation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infection_and_inflammation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Infection and inflammation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infection_and_inflammation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infiltration_and_extravasation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infiltration_and_extravasation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Infiltration and extravasation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infiltration_and_extravasation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discovery_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Discovery and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Modern usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Intravenous therapy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="معالجة وريدية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معالجة وريدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Интравенозна инфузия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Интравенозна инфузия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B" title="སྡོད་རྩར་ཁབ་རྒྱག་པ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྡོད་རྩར་ཁབ་རྒྱག་པ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenozna_terapija" title="Intravenozna terapija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Intravenozna terapija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter%C3%A0pia_intravenosa" title="Teràpia intravenosa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teràpia intravenosa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infuze" title="Infuze – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Infuze" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Infusion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Infusion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapia_intravenosa" title="Terapia intravenosa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Terapia intravenosa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravejna_injekto" title="Intravejna injekto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Intravejna injekto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82_%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="تزریق وریدی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تزریق وریدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfusion_intraveineuse" title="Perfusion intraveineuse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Perfusion intraveineuse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapia_intravenosa" title="Terapia intravenosa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Terapia intravenosa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%A5_%EC%A3%BC%EC%82%AC" title="정맥 주사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정맥 주사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ներերակային բուժում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ներերակային բուժում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="अन्तःशिरा चिकित्सा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अन्तःशिरा चिकित्सा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infus" title="Infus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Infus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleboclisi" title="Fleboclisi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fleboclisi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99" title="עירוי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עירוי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrav%C3%A9n%C3%A1s_gy%C3%B3gyszeradagol%C3%A1s" title="Intravénás gyógyszeradagolás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Intravénás gyógyszeradagolás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infuus" title="Infuus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Infuus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E8%84%88%E6%B3%A8%E5%B0%84" title="静脈注射 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="静脈注射" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraven%C3%B8s_terapi" title="Intravenøs terapi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Intravenøs terapi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wlew_do%C5%BCylny" title="Wlew dożylny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wlew dożylny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapia_intravenosa" title="Terapia intravenosa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terapia intravenosa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapie_intravenoas%C4%83" title="Terapie intravenoasă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Terapie intravenoasă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Внутривенное вливание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Внутривенное вливание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Intravenous therapy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inf%C3%BAzia" title="Infúzia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Infúzia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenska_uporaba_zdravila" title="Intravenska uporaba zdravila – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Intravenska uporaba zdravila" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenozna_terapija" title="Intravenozna terapija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Intravenozna terapija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenozna_terapija" title="Intravenozna terapija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Intravenozna terapija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infuusio" title="Infuusio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Infuusio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infusion_(medicin)" title="Infusion (medicin) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medication administered into a vein</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"The Drip" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Drip_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Drip (disambiguation)">Drip (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Intravenous therapy</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ICU_IV_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a person being administered fluid through an intravenous line or cannula in the arm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/ICU_IV_1.jpg/280px-ICU_IV_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/ICU_IV_1.jpg/420px-ICU_IV_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/ICU_IV_1.jpg/560px-ICU_IV_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1291" data-file-height="1937" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A person receiving a medication through an intravenous line (<a href="/wiki/Cannula" title="Cannula">cannula</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">IV therapy, iv therapy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ICD-9-CM_Volume_3" title="ICD-9-CM Volume 3">ICD-9-CM</a></th><td class="infobox-data">38.93</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D007262">D007262</a></span></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640448" class="extiw" title="d:Q640448">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Intravenous therapy</b> (abbreviated as <b>IV therapy</b>) is a medical technique that administers fluids, medications and nutrients directly into a person's vein. The intravenous <a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">route of administration</a> is commonly used for rehydration or to provide nutrients for those who cannot, or will not—due to reduced mental states or otherwise—consume food or water <a href="/wiki/Per_os" class="mw-redirect" title="Per os">by mouth</a>. It may also be used to administer <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">medications</a> or other medical therapy such as <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">blood products</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a> to correct <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance" title="Electrolyte imbalance">electrolyte imbalances</a>. Attempts at providing intravenous therapy have been recorded as early as the 1400s, but the practice did not become widespread until the 1900s after the development of techniques for safe, effective use. </p><p>The intravenous route is the fastest way to deliver medications and <a href="/wiki/Fluid_replacement" title="Fluid replacement">fluid replacement</a> throughout the body as they are introduced directly into the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a> and thus quickly distributed. For this reason, the intravenous route of administration is also used for the consumption of some <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">recreational drugs</a>. Many therapies are administered as a "<a href="/wiki/Bolus_(medicine)" title="Bolus (medicine)">bolus</a>" or one-time dose, but they may also be administered as an extended <i>infusion</i> or <i>drip</i>. The act of administering a therapy intravenously, or placing an intravenous line ("IV line") for later use, is a procedure which should only be performed by a skilled professional. The most basic intravenous access consists of a needle piercing the skin and entering a vein which is connected to a <a href="/wiki/Syringe" title="Syringe">syringe</a> or to external tubing. This is used to administer the desired therapy. In cases where a patient is likely to receive many such interventions in a short period (with consequent risk of trauma to the vein), normal practice is to insert a <a href="/wiki/Cannula" title="Cannula">cannula</a> which leaves one end in the vein, and subsequent therapies can be administered easily through tubing at the other end. In some cases, multiple medications or therapies are administered through the same IV line. </p><p>IV lines are classified as "central lines" if they end in a large vein close to the heart, or as "peripheral lines" if their output is to a small vein in the periphery, such as the arm. An IV line can be threaded through a peripheral vein to end near the heart, which is termed a "peripherally inserted central catheter" or PICC line. If a person is likely to need long-term intravenous therapy, a medical port may be implanted to enable easier repeated access to the vein without having to pierce the vein repeatedly. A catheter can also be inserted into a central vein through the chest, which is known as a tunneled line. The specific type of catheter used and site of insertion are affected by the desired substance to be administered and the health of the veins in the desired site of insertion. </p><p>Placement of an IV line may cause pain, as it necessarily involves piercing the skin. Infections and inflammation (termed <a href="/wiki/Phlebitis" title="Phlebitis">phlebitis</a>) are also both common side effects of an IV line. Phlebitis may be more likely if the same vein is used repeatedly for intravenous access, and can eventually develop into a hard cord which is unsuitable for IV access. The unintentional administration of a therapy outside a vein, termed extravasation or infiltration, may cause other side effects. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Medical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:328px;max-width:328px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Intravenuos_administration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of an intravenous line inserted in the wrist." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Intravenuos_administration.jpg/160px-Intravenuos_administration.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Intravenuos_administration.jpg/240px-Intravenuos_administration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Intravenuos_administration.jpg/320px-Intravenuos_administration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Infuuszakjes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of two intravenous solution bags hanging from a pole." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Infuuszakjes.jpg/160px-Infuuszakjes.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Infuuszakjes.jpg/240px-Infuuszakjes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Infuuszakjes.jpg/320px-Infuuszakjes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: A person receiving fluids through an intravenous line in the wrist. Right: IV bags on a pole connected to IV lines.</div></div></div></div> <p>Intravenous (IV) access is used to administer medications and fluid replacement which must be distributed throughout the body, especially when rapid distribution is desired. Another use of IV administration is the avoidance of <a href="/wiki/First-pass_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="First-pass metabolism">first-pass metabolism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>. Substances that may be infused intravenously include <a href="/wiki/Volume_expander" title="Volume expander">volume expanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_product" title="Blood product">blood-based products</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_substitutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood substitutes">blood substitutes</a>, medications and nutrition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fluid_solutions">Fluid solutions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fluid solutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Volume_expander" title="Volume expander">Volume expander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buffer_solution" title="Buffer solution">Buffer solution</a></div> <p>Fluids may be administered as part of "volume expansion", or fluid replacement, through the intravenous route. Volume expansion consists of the administration of fluid-based solutions or suspensions designed to target specific areas of the body which need more water. There are two main types of volume expander: <a href="/wiki/Crystalloids" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalloids">crystalloids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloids</a>. Crystalloids are <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solutions</a> of mineral salts or other water-soluble molecules. Colloids contain larger insoluble molecules, such as <a href="/wiki/Gelatin" title="Gelatin">gelatin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">Blood</a> itself is considered a colloid.<sup id="cite_ref-CCRP2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCRP2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most commonly used crystalloid fluid is <a href="/wiki/Saline_(medicine)" title="Saline (medicine)">normal saline</a>, a solution of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> at 0.9% concentration, which is <a href="/wiki/Isotonicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotonicity">isotonic</a> with blood. Lactated Ringer's (also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Ringer%27s_lactate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringer's lactate">Ringer's lactate</a></i>) and the closely related <i>Ringer's acetate</i>, are mildly <a href="/wiki/Hypotonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypotonic">hypotonic</a> solutions often used in those who have significant <a href="/wiki/Burn" title="Burn">burns</a>. Colloids preserve a high <a href="/wiki/Colloid_osmotic_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloid osmotic pressure">colloid osmotic pressure</a> in the blood, while, on the other hand, this parameter is decreased by crystalloids due to hemodilution.<sup id="cite_ref-gregory_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gregory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crystalloids generally are much cheaper than colloids.<sup id="cite_ref-gregory_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gregory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Buffer_solution" title="Buffer solution">Buffer solutions</a> which are used to correct <a href="/wiki/Acidosis" title="Acidosis">acidosis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alkalosis" title="Alkalosis">alkalosis</a> are also administered through intravenous access. <a href="/wiki/Lactated_Ringer%27s_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactated Ringer's solution">Lactated Ringer's solution</a> used as a fluid expander or base solution to which medications are added also has some buffering effect. Another solution administered intravenously as a buffering solution is <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_sodium_bicarbonate" title="Intravenous sodium bicarbonate">sodium bicarbonate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medication_and_treatment">Medication and treatment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medication and treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_IV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of two intravenous solution bags (containing glucose and levofloxacin, respectively) and a paper log sheet hanging from a pole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Glass_IV.jpg/220px-Glass_IV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Glass_IV.jpg/330px-Glass_IV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Glass_IV.jpg/440px-Glass_IV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saline_(medicine)" title="Saline (medicine)">Saline</a> and 5% <a href="/wiki/Dextrose" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextrose">dextrose</a> solution (left), <a href="/wiki/Levofloxacin" title="Levofloxacin">levofloxacin</a> 750mg (right), and log sheet hanging from an IV pole</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medications</a> may be mixed into the fluids mentioned above, commonly normal saline, or <a href="/wiki/Dextrose" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextrose">dextrose</a> solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Flynn2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flynn2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared with other <a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">routes of administration</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">oral medications</a>, the IV route is the fastest way to deliver fluids and medications throughout the body.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, the IV route is commonly preferred in emergency situations or when a fast onset of action is desirable. In extremely high blood pressure (termed a hypertensive emergency), IV antihypertensives may be given to quickly decrease the blood pressure in a controlled manner to prevent organ damage.<sup id="cite_ref-JEM2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JEM2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In atrial fibrillation, IV <a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">amiodarone</a> may be administered to attempt to restore normal heart rhythm.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IV medications can also be used for chronic health conditions such as cancer, for which chemotherapy drugs are commonly administered intravenously. In some cases, such as with <a href="/wiki/Vancomycin" title="Vancomycin">vancomycin</a>, a loading or bolus dose of medicine is given before beginning a dosing regimen to more quickly increase the concentration of medication in the blood.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a> of an IV medication is by definition 100%, unlike oral administration where medication may not be fully absorbed, or may be metabolized prior to entering the bloodstream.<sup id="cite_ref-Flynn2007_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flynn2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some medications, there is virtually zero oral bioavailability. For this reason certain types of medications can only be given intravenously, as there is insufficient uptake by other <a href="/wiki/Routes_of_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Routes of administration">routes of administration</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BCcampus_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BCcampus-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such is the case of severe dehydration where the patient is required to be treated via IV therapy for a quick recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unpredictability of oral bioavailability in different people is also a reason for a medication to be administered IV, as with <a href="/wiki/Furosemide" title="Furosemide">furosemide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oral medications also may be less desirable if a person is nauseous or vomiting, or has severe diarrhea, as these may prevent the medicine from being fully absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. In these cases, a medication may be given IV only until the patient can tolerate an oral form of the medication. The switch from IV to oral administration is usually performed as soon as viable, as there is generally cost and time savings over IV administration. Whether a medication can be potentially switched to an oral form is sometimes considered when choosing appropriate antibiotic therapy for use in a hospital setting, as a person is unlikely to be discharged if they still require IV therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some medications, such as <a href="/wiki/Aprepitant" title="Aprepitant">aprepitant</a>, are chemically modified to be better suited for IV administration, forming a <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrug</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Fosaprepitant" title="Fosaprepitant">fosaprepitant</a>. This can be for pharmacokinetic reasons or to delay the effect of the drug until it can be metabolized into the active form.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blood_products">Blood products</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Blood products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Blood_product" title="Blood product">Blood product</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">Blood transfusion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blood_substitute" title="Blood substitute">Blood substitute</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Blood_product" title="Blood product">blood product</a> (or <i>blood-based product</i>) is any component of <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> which is collected from a donor for use in a <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">blood transfusion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blood transfusions can be used in massive blood loss due to <a href="/wiki/Physical_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical trauma">trauma</a>, or can be used to replace blood lost during <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>. Blood transfusions may also be used to treat a severe <a href="/wiki/Anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaemia">anaemia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thrombocytopenia" title="Thrombocytopenia">thrombocytopenia</a> caused by a <a href="/wiki/Blood_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood disease">blood disease</a>. Early blood transfusions consisted of <a href="/wiki/Whole_blood" title="Whole blood">whole blood</a>, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood, such as <a href="/wiki/Packed_red_blood_cells" title="Packed red blood cells">packed red blood cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fresh_frozen_plasma" title="Fresh frozen plasma">fresh frozen plasma</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cryoprecipitate" title="Cryoprecipitate">cryoprecipitate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parenteral_nutrition" title="Parenteral nutrition">Parenteral nutrition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patient_lying_in_hospital_bed_in_intensive_care_unit_in_Germany_in_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Patient_lying_in_hospital_bed_in_intensive_care_unit_in_Germany_in_2015.jpg/220px-Patient_lying_in_hospital_bed_in_intensive_care_unit_in_Germany_in_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Patient_lying_in_hospital_bed_in_intensive_care_unit_in_Germany_in_2015.jpg/330px-Patient_lying_in_hospital_bed_in_intensive_care_unit_in_Germany_in_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Patient_lying_in_hospital_bed_in_intensive_care_unit_in_Germany_in_2015.jpg/440px-Patient_lying_in_hospital_bed_in_intensive_care_unit_in_Germany_in_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1479" data-file-height="1818" /></a><figcaption>This patient of an <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">intensive care unit</a> of a German hospital could not eat due to a prior surgical operation of the <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdominal region</a> which was complicated by a severe <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>. He received <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a>, parenteral nutrition and pain killers via automated injection employing <a href="/wiki/Syringe_driver" title="Syringe driver">syringe drivers</a> (background, right).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Parenteral_nutrition" title="Parenteral nutrition">Parenteral nutrition</a> is the act of providing required nutrients to a person through an intravenous line. This is used in people who are unable to get nutrients normally, by <a href="/wiki/Eating" title="Eating">eating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digesting</a> food. A person receiving parenteral nutrition will be given an intravenous solution which may contain <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dextrose" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextrose">dextrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a>. The exact formulation of a parenteral nutrition used will depend on the specific nutritional needs of the person it is being given to. If a person is only receiving nutrition intravenously, it is called total parenteral nutrition (TPN), whereas if a person is only receiving some of their nutrition intravenously it is called partial parenteral nutrition (or supplemental parenteral nutrition).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imaging">Imaging</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Imaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Contrast_agent" title="Contrast agent">Contrast agent</a></div> <p>Medical imaging relies on being able to clearly distinguish internal parts of the body from each other. One way this is accomplished is through the administration of a <a href="/wiki/Contrast_agent" title="Contrast agent">contrast agent</a> into a vein.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specific imaging technique being employed will determine the characteristics of an appropriate contrast agent to increase visibility of blood vessels or other features. Common contrast agents are administered into a peripheral vein from which they are distributed throughout the circulation to the imaging site.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use_in_sports">Use in sports</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Use in sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IV rehydration was formerly a common technique for athletes.<sup id="cite_ref-usada_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usada-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency" title="World Anti-Doping Agency">World Anti-Doping Agency</a> prohibits intravenous injection of more than 100 mL per 12 hours, except under a medical exemption.<sup id="cite_ref-usada_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usada-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Anti-Doping_Agency" title="United States Anti-Doping Agency">United States Anti-Doping Agency</a> notes that, as well as the dangers inherent in IV therapy, "IVs can be used to change <a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">blood test</a> results (such as <a href="/wiki/Hematocrit" title="Hematocrit">hematocrit</a> where <a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin#Usage_as_doping_product" title="Erythropoietin">EPO</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blood_doping" title="Blood doping">blood doping</a> is being used), mask <a href="/wiki/Urine_test" title="Urine test">urine test</a> results (by dilution) or by administering prohibited substances in a way that will more quickly be cleared from the body in order to beat an anti-doping test".<sup id="cite_ref-usada_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usada-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Players suspended after attending "boutique IV clinics" which offer this sort of treatment include footballer <a href="/wiki/Samir_Nasri" title="Samir Nasri">Samir Nasri</a> in 2017<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and swimmer <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Lochte" title="Ryan Lochte">Ryan Lochte</a> in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use_for_hangover_treatment">Use for hangover treatment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Use for hangover treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1960s, John Myers developed the "<a href="/wiki/Myers%27_cocktail" title="Myers' cocktail">Myers' cocktail</a>", a non-prescription IV solution of vitamins and minerals marketed as a <a href="/wiki/Hangover_cure" class="mw-redirect" title="Hangover cure">hangover cure</a> and general <a href="/wiki/Wellness_(alternative_medicine)" title="Wellness (alternative medicine)">wellness</a> remedy.<sup id="cite_ref-Hess2014_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hess2014-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first "boutique IV" clinic, offering similar treatments, opened in Tokyo in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Hess2014_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hess2014-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These clinics, whose target market was described by <i><a href="/wiki/Elle_(magazine)" title="Elle (magazine)">Elle</a></i> as "health nuts who moonlight as heavy drinkers", have been publicized in the 2010s by glamorous celebrity customers.<sup id="cite_ref-Hess2014_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hess2014-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intravenous therapy is also used in people with acute ethanol toxicity to correct electrolyte and vitamin deficiencies which arise from alcohol consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Hypodermic_needle"></span> In some countries, non-prescription intravenous glucose is used to improve a person's energy, but is not a part of routine medical care in countries such as the United States where glucose solutions are prescription drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Improperly administered intravenous glucose (called "ringer" <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>), such as that which is administered clandestinely in store-front clinics, poses increased risks due to improper technique and oversight.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intravenous access is also sometimes used outside of a medical setting for the self-administration of recreational drugs, such as <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">fentanyl</a>, cocaine, methamphetamine, DMT, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intravenous therapy is also used for veterinary patient management.<sup id="cite_ref-Fluid-Therapy_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fluid-Therapy-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolus">Bolus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bolus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some medications can be administered as a <a href="/wiki/Bolus_(medicine)" title="Bolus (medicine)">bolus</a> dose, which is called an "IV push". A syringe containing the medication is connected to an access port in the primary tubing and the medication is administered through the port.<sup id="cite_ref-CCM2010_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCM2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bolus may be administered rapidly (with a fast depression of the syringe plunger) or may be administered slowly, over the course of a few minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-CCM2010_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCM2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact administration technique depends on the medication and other factors.<sup id="cite_ref-CCM2010_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCM2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, a bolus of plain IV solution (i.e. without medication added) is administered immediately after the bolus to further force the medicine into the bloodstream. This procedure is termed an "IV flush". Certain medications, such as potassium, are not able to be administered by IV push due to the extremely rapid onset of action and high level of effects.<sup id="cite_ref-CCM2010_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCM2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infusion">Infusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Infusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An infusion of medication may be used when it is desirable to have a constant blood concentration of a medication over time, such as with some antibiotics including beta-lactams.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhaese_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhaese-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Continuous infusions, where the next infusion is begun immediately following the completion of the prior, may also be used to limit variation in drug concentration in the blood (i.e. between the peak drug levels and the trough drug levels).<sup id="cite_ref-Dhaese_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhaese-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may also be used instead of intermittent bolus injections for the same reason, such as with <a href="/wiki/Furosemide" title="Furosemide">furosemide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infusions can also be intermittent, in which case the medication is administered over a period of time, then stopped, and this is later repeated. Intermittent infusion may be used when there are concerns about the stability of medicine in solution for long periods of time (as is common with continuous infusions), or to enable the administration of medicines which would be incompatible if administered at the same time in the same IV line, for example vancomycin.<sup id="cite_ref-EJDMP2018_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJDMP2018-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Failure to properly calculate and administer an infusion can result in adverse effects, termed infusion reactions. For this reason, many medications have a maximum recommended infusion rate, such as <a href="/wiki/Vancomycin" title="Vancomycin">vancomycin</a><sup id="cite_ref-EJDMP2018_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJDMP2018-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclonal antibodies">monoclonal antibodies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These infusion reactions can be severe, such as in the case of vancomycin, where the reaction is termed "red man syndrome".<sup id="cite_ref-EJDMP2018_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJDMP2018-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Secondary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any additional medication to be administered intravenously at the same time as an infusion may be connected to the primary tubing; this is termed a secondary IV, or IV piggyback.<sup id="cite_ref-CCM2010_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCM2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prevents the need for multiple IV access lines on the same person. When administering a secondary IV medication, the primary bag is held lower than the secondary bag so that the secondary medication can flow into the primary tubing, rather than fluid from the primary bag flowing into the secondary tubing. The fluid from the primary bag is needed to help flush any remaining medication from the secondary IV from the tubing.<sup id="cite_ref-CCM2010_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCM2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a bolus or secondary infusion is intended for administration in the same line as a primary infusion, the molecular compatibility of the solutions must be considered.<sup id="cite_ref-CCM2010_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCM2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondary compatibility is generally referred to as "y-site compatibility", named after the shape of the tubing which has a port for bolus administration.<sup id="cite_ref-CCM2010_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCM2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incompatibility of two fluids or medications can arise due to issues of molecular stability, changes in solubility, or degradation of one of the medications.<sup id="cite_ref-CCM2010_27-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCM2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_and_equipment">Methods and equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Methods and equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Access">Access</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Venous_access" title="Venous access">Venous access</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3522" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>IV infusion set (not yet in use)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intravenous_attempt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Intravenous_attempt.jpg/220px-Intravenous_attempt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Intravenous_attempt.jpg/330px-Intravenous_attempt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Intravenous_attempt.jpg/440px-Intravenous_attempt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A nurse inserting an 18-gauge IV needle with cannula</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Needle-insertion-angles-1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Needle-insertion-angles-1.png/220px-Needle-insertion-angles-1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Needle-insertion-angles-1.png/330px-Needle-insertion-angles-1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Needle-insertion-angles-1.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption> A needle for intravenous access should be inserted at an approximately 25-degree angle.</figcaption></figure> <p>The simplest form of intravenous access is by passing a hollow <a href="/wiki/Hypodermic_needle" title="Hypodermic needle">needle</a> through the skin directly into a vein. A syringe can be connected directly to this needle, which allows for a "bolus" dose to be administered. Alternatively, the needle may be placed and then connected to a length of tubing, allowing for an infusion to be administered.<sup id="cite_ref-Lippincott_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippincott-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 344–348">: 344–348 </span></sup> The type and location of venous access (i.e. a central line versus peripheral line, and in which vein the line is placed) can be affected by the potential for some medications to cause peripheral vasoconstriction, which limits circulation to peripheral veins.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A peripheral <a href="/wiki/Cannula" title="Cannula">cannula</a> is the most common intravenous access method utilized in <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-hospital">pre-hospital</a> care, and outpatient medicine. This may be placed in the arm, commonly either the wrist or the <a href="/wiki/Median_cubital_vein" title="Median cubital vein">median cubital vein</a> at the elbow. A <a href="/wiki/Tourniquet" title="Tourniquet">tourniquet</a> may be used to restrict the venous drainage of the limb and make the vein bulge, making it easier to locate and place a line in a vein. When used, a tourniquet should be removed before injecting medication to prevent <a href="/wiki/Extravasation_(intravenous)" title="Extravasation (intravenous)">extravasation</a>. The part of the catheter that remains outside the skin is called the connecting hub; it can be connected to a <a href="/wiki/Syringe" title="Syringe">syringe</a> or an intravenous infusion line, or capped with a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="heplock"></span><span class="vanchor-text">heplock</span></span> or saline lock, a needleless connection filled with a small amount of heparin or saline solution to prevent clotting, between uses of the catheter. Ported cannulae have an injection port on the top that is often used to administer medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-Lippincott_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippincott-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 349–354">: 349–354 </span></sup> </p><p>The thickness and size of needles and catheters can be given in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_gauge" title="Birmingham gauge">Birmingham gauge</a> or <a href="/wiki/French_catheter_scale" title="French catheter scale">French gauge</a>. A Birmingham gauge of 14 is a very large cannula (used in resuscitation settings) and 24-26 is the smallest. The most common sizes are 16-gauge (midsize line used for blood donation and transfusion), 18- and 20-gauge (all-purpose line for infusions and blood draws), and 22-gauge (all-purpose pediatric line). 12- and 14-gauge peripheral lines are capable of delivering large volumes of fluid very fast, accounting for their popularity in <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">emergency medicine</a>. These lines are frequently called "large bores" or "trauma lines".<sup id="cite_ref-Lippincott_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippincott-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 188–191, 349">: 188–191, 349 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peripheral_lines">Peripheral lines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Peripheral lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pediatric_patients_receiving_chemotherapy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pediatric_patients_receiving_chemotherapy.jpg/220px-Pediatric_patients_receiving_chemotherapy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pediatric_patients_receiving_chemotherapy.jpg/330px-Pediatric_patients_receiving_chemotherapy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Pediatric_patients_receiving_chemotherapy.jpg/440px-Pediatric_patients_receiving_chemotherapy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>An arm board is recommended for immobilizing the extremity for cannulation of the hand, the foot or the <a href="/wiki/Antecubital_fossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Antecubital fossa">antecubital fossa</a> in children.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_venous_catheter" title="Peripheral venous catheter">Peripheral venous catheter</a></div> <p>A peripheral intravenous line is inserted in <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vascular_system" title="Peripheral vascular system">peripheral veins</a>, such as the veins in the arms, hands, legs and feet. Medication administered in this way travels through the veins to the heart, from where it is distributed to the rest of the body through the circulatory system. The size of the peripheral vein limits the amount and rate of medication which can be administered safely.<sup id="cite_ref-PICChist_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PICChist-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A peripheral line consists of a short <a href="/wiki/Catheter" title="Catheter">catheter</a> inserted through the skin into a <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripheral vein">peripheral vein</a>. This is usually in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Cannula" title="Cannula">cannula</a>-over-needle device, in which a flexible plastic cannula comes mounted over a metal <a href="/wiki/Trocar" title="Trocar">trocar</a>. Once the tip of the needle and cannula are placed, the cannula is advanced inside the vein over the trocar to the appropriate position and secured. The trocar is then withdrawn and discarded. Blood samples may also be drawn from the line directly after the initial IV cannula insertion.<sup id="cite_ref-Lippincott_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippincott-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 344–348">: 344–348 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0181_Catheter_CentralVenousAccessDevice_NonTunneled.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Labelled computer-drawn illustration of parts of an inserted non-tunneled central intravenous line" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Blausen_0181_Catheter_CentralVenousAccessDevice_NonTunneled.png/220px-Blausen_0181_Catheter_CentralVenousAccessDevice_NonTunneled.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Blausen_0181_Catheter_CentralVenousAccessDevice_NonTunneled.png/330px-Blausen_0181_Catheter_CentralVenousAccessDevice_NonTunneled.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Blausen_0181_Catheter_CentralVenousAccessDevice_NonTunneled.png/440px-Blausen_0181_Catheter_CentralVenousAccessDevice_NonTunneled.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of a non-tunneled central venous access device</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_line_equipment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Central_line_equipment.jpg/220px-Central_line_equipment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Central_line_equipment.jpg/330px-Central_line_equipment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Central_line_equipment.jpg/440px-Central_line_equipment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The central line kit (out of its packaging)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_lines">Central lines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Central lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Central_venous_catheter" title="Central venous catheter">Central venous catheter</a></div> <p>A central line is an access method in which a catheter empties into a larger, more central vein (a vein within the torso), usually the <a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava" title="Superior vena cava">superior vena cava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava" title="Inferior vena cava">inferior vena cava</a> or the right atrium of the heart. There are several types of central IV access, categorized based on the route the catheter takes from the outside of the body to the central vein output.<sup id="cite_ref-Marino's_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marino's-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17–22">: 17–22 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peripherally_inserted_central_catheter">Peripherally inserted central catheter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Peripherally inserted central catheter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peripherally_inserted_central_catheter" title="Peripherally inserted central catheter">Peripherally inserted central catheter</a></div> <p>A peripherally inserted central catheter (also called a PICC line) is a type of central IV access which consists of a cannula inserted through a sheath into a peripheral vein and then carefully fed towards the heart, terminating at the superior vena cava or the right atrium. These lines are usually placed in peripheral veins in the arm, and may be placed using the <a href="/wiki/Seldinger_technique" title="Seldinger technique">Seldinger technique</a> under ultrasound guidance. An X-ray is used to verify that the end of the cannula is in the right place if fluoroscopy was not used during the insertion. An EKG can also be used in some cases to determine if the end of the cannula is in the correct location.<sup id="cite_ref-PICCbook_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PICCbook-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch.1, 5, 6">: Ch.1, 5, 6 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tunneled_lines">Tunneled lines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tunneled lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hickman_line_catheter_with_2_lumens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of an inserted Hickman line, which is a type of tunneled catheter, inserted in the chest." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hickman_line_catheter_with_2_lumens.jpg/150px-Hickman_line_catheter_with_2_lumens.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hickman_line_catheter_with_2_lumens.jpg/225px-Hickman_line_catheter_with_2_lumens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hickman_line_catheter_with_2_lumens.jpg/300px-Hickman_line_catheter_with_2_lumens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>A Hickman line, a type of tunneled catheter, inserted through the skin at the chest and tunneled to insert into the <a href="/wiki/Jugular_vein" title="Jugular vein">jugular vein</a> in the throat.</figcaption></figure> <p>A tunneled line is a type of central access which is inserted under the skin, and then travels a significant distance through surrounding tissue before reaching and penetrating the central vein. Using a tunneled line reduces the risk of infection as compared to other forms of access, as bacteria from the skin surface are not able to travel directly into the vein.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These catheters are often made of materials that resist infection and clotting. Types of tunneled central lines include the <a href="/wiki/Hickman_line" title="Hickman line">Hickman line</a> or Broviac catheter. A tunnelled line is an option for long term venous access necessary for <a href="/wiki/Hemodialysis" title="Hemodialysis">hemodialysis</a> in people with poor kidney function. <sup id="cite_ref-JVA2016_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVA2016-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Implantable_ports">Implantable ports</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Implantable ports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Port_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Port (medical)">Port (medical)</a></div> <p>An implanted port is a central line that does not have an external connector protruding from the skin for administration of medication. Instead, a port consists of a small reservoir covered with silicone rubber which is implanted under the skin, which then covers the reservoir. Medication is administered by injecting medication through the skin and the silicone port cover into the reservoir. When the needle is withdrawn, the reservoir cover reseals itself. A port cover is designed to function for hundreds of needle sticks during its lifetime. Ports may be placed in an arm or in the chest area.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infusions">Infusions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Infusions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Equipment used to place and administer an IV line for infusion consists of a bag, usually hanging above the height of the person, and sterile tubing through which the medicine is administered. In a basic "gravity" IV, a bag is simply hung above the height of the person and the solution is pulled via gravity through a tube attached to a needle inserted into a vein. Without extra equipment, it is not possible to precisely control the rate of administration. For this reason, a setup may also incorporate a clamp to regulate flow. Some IV lines may be placed with "<a href="/wiki/Y-Set_(intravenous_therapy)" title="Y-Set (intravenous therapy)">Y-sites</a>", devices which enable a secondary solution to be administered through the same line (known as piggybacking). Some systems employ a <a href="/wiki/Drip_chamber" title="Drip chamber">drip chamber</a>, which prevents air from entering the bloodstream (causing an <a href="/wiki/Air_embolism" title="Air embolism">air embolism</a>), and allows visual estimation of flow rate of the solution.<sup id="cite_ref-Lippincott_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippincott-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 316–321, 344–348">: 316–321, 344–348 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Infusionspumpe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a simple, single infusion IV pump" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Infusionspumpe.JPG/170px-Infusionspumpe.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Infusionspumpe.JPG/255px-Infusionspumpe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Infusionspumpe.JPG/340px-Infusionspumpe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Infusion_pump" title="Infusion pump">infusion pump</a> suitable for a single IV line</figcaption></figure> <p>Alternatively, an <a href="/wiki/Infusion_pump" title="Infusion pump">infusion pump</a> allows precise control over the flow rate and total amount delivered. A pump is programmed based on the number and size of infusions being administered to ensure all medicine is fully administered without allowing the access line to run dry. Pumps are primarily utilized when a constant flow rate is important, or where changes in rate of administration would have consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-Lippincott_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippincott-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 316–321, 344–348">: 316–321, 344–348 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Techniques">Techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To reduce pain associated with the procedure, medical staff may apply a topical local anaesthetic (such as <a href="/wiki/EMLA" class="mw-redirect" title="EMLA">EMLA</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tetracaine" title="Tetracaine">Ametop</a>) to the skin of the chosen venipuncture area about 45 minutes beforehand.<sup id="cite_ref-Lippincott_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippincott-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 344–348">: 344–348 </span></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Blown_vein"></span> If the cannula is not inserted correctly, or the vein is particularly fragile and ruptures, blood may extravasate into the surrounding tissues; this situation is known as a <b>blown vein</b> or "tissuing". Using this cannula to administer medications causes <a href="/wiki/Extravasation" title="Extravasation">extravasation</a> of the drug, which can lead to <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>, causing pain and tissue damage, and even <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">necrosis</a> depending on the medication. The person attempting to obtain the access must find a new access site proximal to the "blown" area to prevent extravasation of medications through the damaged vein. For this reason it is advisable to site the first cannula at the most distal appropriate vein.<sup id="cite_ref-Lippincott_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippincott-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 355–359">: 355–359 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Adverse effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pain">Pain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Pain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Placement of an intravenous line inherently causes pain when the skin is broken and is considered <a href="/wiki/Invasiveness_of_surgical_procedures" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasiveness of surgical procedures">medically invasive</a>. For this reason, when other forms of administration may suffice, intravenous therapy is usually not preferred. This includes the treatment of mild or moderate <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a> with <a href="/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapy" title="Oral rehydration therapy">oral rehydration therapy</a> which is an option, as opposed to parenteral rehydration through an IV line.<sup id="cite_ref-ACEPfive_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACEPfive-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children in <a href="/wiki/Emergency_departments" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency departments">emergency departments</a> being treated for dehydration have better outcomes with oral treatment than intravenous therapy due to the pain and complications of an intravenous line.<sup id="cite_ref-ACEPfive_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACEPfive-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vapocoolant" class="mw-redirect" title="Vapocoolant">Cold spray</a> may decrease the pain of putting in an IV.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain medications also have specific sensations of pain associated with their administration IV. This includes <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, which when administered IV can cause a burning or painful sensation.<sup id="cite_ref-AJM2020_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJM2020-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incidence of side effects specific to a medication can be affected by the type of access (peripheral versus central), the rate of administration, or the quantity of drug administered. When medications are administered too rapidly through an IV line, a set of vague symptoms such as redness or rash, fever, and others may occur; this is termed an "infusion reaction" and is prevented by decreasing the rate of administration of the medication. When <a href="/wiki/Vancomycin" title="Vancomycin">vancomycin</a> is involved, this is commonly termed "Red Man syndrome" after the rapid flushing which occurs after rapid administration.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infection_and_inflammation">Infection and inflammation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Infection and inflammation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As placement of an intravenous line requires breaking the skin, there is a risk of infection. Skin-dwelling organisms such as <a href="/wiki/Coagulase-negative_staphylococcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coagulase-negative staphylococcus">coagulase-negative staphylococcus</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans">Candida albicans</a></i> may enter through the insertion site around the catheter, or bacteria may be accidentally introduced inside the catheter from contaminated equipment. Infection of an IV access site is usually local, causing easily visible swelling, redness, and fever. However, pathogens may also enter the bloodstream, causing <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>, which can be sudden and life-threatening. A central IV line poses a higher risk of sepsis, as it can deliver bacteria directly into the central circulation. A line which has been in place for a longer period of time also increases the risk of infection.<sup id="cite_ref-Lippincott_32-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippincott-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 358, 373">: 358, 373 </span></sup> </p><p>Inflammation of the vein may also occur, called thrombophlebitis or simply phlebitis. This may be caused by infection, the catheter itself, or the specific fluids or medication being given. Repeated instances of phlebitis can cause scar tissue to build up along a vein. A peripheral IV line cannot be left in the vein indefinitely out of concern for the risk of infection and phlebitis, among other potential complications. However, recent studies have found that there is no increased risk of complications in those whose IVs were replaced only when clinically indicated versus those whose IVs were replaced routinely.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If placed with proper aseptic technique, it is not recommended to change a peripheral IV line more frequently than every 72–96 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phlebitis is particularly common in intravenous drug users,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and those undergoing chemotherapy,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose veins can become sclerotic and difficult to access over time, sometimes forming a hard, painful "venous cord". The presence of a cord is a cause of discomfort and pain associated with IV therapy, and makes it more difficult for an IV line to be placed as a line cannot be placed in an area with a cord.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infiltration_and_extravasation">Infiltration and extravasation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Infiltration and extravasation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(medical)" title="Infiltration (medical)">Infiltration (medical)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extravasation" title="Extravasation">Extravasation</a></div> <p>Infiltration occurs when a <a href="/wiki/Blister_agent" title="Blister agent">non-vesicant</a> IV fluid or medication enters the surrounding tissue as opposed to the desired vein. It may occur when the vein itself ruptures, when the vein is damaged during insertion of the intravascular access device, or from increased vein porosity. Infiltration may also occur if the puncture of the vein by the needle becomes the path of least resistance—such as a cannula which has been left inserted, causing the vein to scar. It can also occur upon insertion of an IV line if a tourniquet is not promptly removed. Infiltration is characterized by coolness and pallor to the skin as well as localized swelling or edema. It is treated by removing the intravenous line and elevating the affected limb so the collected fluids drain away. Injections of <a href="/wiki/Hyaluronidase" title="Hyaluronidase">hyaluronidase</a> around the area can be used to speed the dispersal of the fluid/drug.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infiltration is one of the most common adverse effects of IV therapy<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is usually not serious unless the infiltrated fluid is a medication damaging to the surrounding tissue, most commonly a vesicant or <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapeutic_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemotherapeutic agent">chemotherapeutic agent</a>. In such cases, the infiltration is termed <a href="/wiki/Extravasation" title="Extravasation">extravasation</a>, and may cause <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">necrosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others_2">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the solutions administered are colder than the temperature of the body, induced hypothermia can occur. If the temperature change to the heart is rapid, <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_fibrillation" title="Ventricular fibrillation">ventricular fibrillation</a> may result.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, if a solution which is not <a href="/wiki/Isoosmolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoosmolar">balanced in concentration</a> is administered, a person's <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a> may become imbalanced. In hospitals, regular blood tests may be used to proactively monitor electrolyte levels.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_and_development">Discovery and development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Discovery and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first recorded attempt at administering a therapeutic substance via IV injection was in 1492, when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Pope Innocent VIII</a> fell ill and was administered blood from healthy individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Millam_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millam-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this occurred, the treatment did not work and resulted in the death of the donors while not healing the pope.<sup id="cite_ref-Millam_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millam-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This story is disputed by some, who claim that the idea of blood transfusions could not have been considered by the medical professionals at the time, or that a complete description of blood circulation was not published until over 100 years later. The story is attributed to potential errors in translation of documents from the time, as well as potentially an intentional fabrication, whereas others still consider it to be accurate.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the leading medical history textbooks for medical and nursing students has claimed that the entire story was an anti-semitic fabrication.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1656 <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Sir Christopher Wren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a> worked on the subject. As stated by Wren, "I Have Injected Wine and Ale in a liveing Dog into the Mass of Blood by a Veine, in good Quantities, till I have made him extremely drunk, but soon after he Pisseth it out." The dog survived, grew fat, and was later stolen from his owner. Boyle attributed authorship to Wren.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lower_(physician)" title="Richard Lower (physician)">Richard Lower</a> showed it was possible for blood to be transfused from animal to animal and from animal to man intravenously, a <a href="/wiki/Xenotransfusion" title="Xenotransfusion">xenotransfusion</a>. He worked with <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edmund_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edmund King">Edmund King</a> to transfuse sheep's blood into a man who was mentally ill. Lower was interested in advancing science but also believed the man could be helped, either by the infusion of fresh blood or by the removal of old blood. It was difficult to find people who would agree to be transfused, but an eccentric scholar, Arthur Coga, consented and the procedure was carried out by Lower and King before the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> on 23 November 1667.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transfusion gathered some popularity in France and Italy, but medical and theological debates arose, resulting in transfusion being prohibited in France. </p><p>There was virtually no recorded success with any attempts at injection therapy until the 1800s, when in 1831 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Latta" title="Thomas Latta">Thomas Latta</a> studied the use of IV fluid replacements for <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Millam_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millam-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first solutions which saw widespread use for IV injections were simple "saline-like solutions", which were followed by experiments with various other liquids, including milk, sugar, honey, and egg yolk.<sup id="cite_ref-Millam_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millam-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1830s, <a href="/wiki/James_Blundell_(physician)" title="James Blundell (physician)">James Blundell</a>, an English obstetrician, used intravenous administration of blood to treat women bleeding profusely during or after delivery.<sup id="cite_ref-Millam_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millam-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This predated the understanding of <a href="/wiki/Blood_type" title="Blood type">blood type</a>, leading to unpredictable results. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Modern usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intravenous therapy was expanded by Italian physician <a href="/wiki/Guido_Baccelli" title="Guido Baccelli">Guido Baccelli</a> in the late 1890s<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and further developed in the 1930s by Samuel Hirschfeld, Harold T. Hyman and <a href="/wiki/Justine_Johnstone" title="Justine Johnstone">Justine Johnstone Wanger</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was not widely available until the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a time, roughly the 1910s–1920s, when fluid replacement that today would be done intravenously was likelier to be done with a <a href="/wiki/Murphy_drip" title="Murphy drip">Murphy drip</a>, a rectal infusion; and IV therapy took years to increasingly displace that route. In the 1960s, the concept of providing a person's complete nutritional needs through an IV solution began to be seriously considered. The first parenteral nutrition supplementation consisted of <a href="/wiki/Hydrolyzed_protein" title="Hydrolyzed protein">hydrolyzed proteins</a> and dextrose.<sup id="cite_ref-Millam_56-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millam-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed in 1975 with the introduction of intravenous <a href="/wiki/Fat_emulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat emulsion">fat emulsions</a> and vitamins which were added to form "total parenteral nutrition", or that which includes protein, fat, and carbohydrates.<sup id="cite_ref-Millam_56-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millam-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_bag" title="Banana bag">Banana bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">Dialysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_warmer" title="Fluid warmer">Fluid warmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypodermic_needle" title="Hypodermic needle">Hypodermic needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_support" title="Life support">Life support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needleless_connector" title="Needleless connector">Needleless connector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehydrex" title="Rehydrex">Rehydrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saline_flush" title="Saline flush">Saline flush</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CCRP2020-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CCRP2020_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite 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Anesthesiology 2009; 111:923–924 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181b56163">https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181b56163</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felts, J. H. (2000). Richard Lower: anatomist and physiologist. Annals of internal medicine, 133(6), 485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacGillivray2009" class="citation journal cs1">MacGillivray N (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1757177409342141">"Dr Thomas Latta: the father of intravenous infusion therapy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Infection_Prevention" title="Journal of Infection Prevention">Journal of Infection Prevention</a></i>. <b>10</b> (Suppl. 1): 3–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1757177409342141">10.1177/1757177409342141</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Infection+Prevention&rft.atitle=Dr+Thomas+Latta%3A+the+father+of+intravenous+infusion+therapy&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=Suppl.+1&rft.pages=3-6&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1757177409342141&rft.aulast=MacGillivray&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F1757177409342141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntravenous+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, the Nobel Prize Nomination Database: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/redirector/?redir=archive/">https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/redirector/?redir=archive/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley1995" class="citation book cs1">Stanley A (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uRJt7QqA7GEC"><i>Mothers and daughters of invention: notes for a revised history of technology</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. pp. 141–142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2197-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2197-8"><bdi>978-0-8135-2197-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Influence of velocity on the response to intravenous injections". <i><a href="/wiki/Archives_of_Internal_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Archives of Internal Medicine">Archives of Internal Medicine</a></i>. <b>47</b> (2): 259–287. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchinte.1931.00140200095007">10.1001/archinte.1931.00140200095007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Influence+of+velocity+on+the+response+to+intravenous+injections&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=259-287&rft.date=1931-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchinte.1931.00140200095007&rft.aulast=Hirschfeld&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Hyman%2C+Harold+Thomas&rft.au=Wanger%2C+Justine+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntravenous+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeggel2012" class="citation web cs1">Geggel L (3 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/03/spotlight-on-a-rare-condition/">"A Royal Spotlight on a Rare Condition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Royal+Spotlight+on+a+Rare+Condition&rft.date=2012-12-03&rft.aulast=Geggel&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwell.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F12%2F03%2Fspotlight-on-a-rare-condition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntravenous+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Royal College of Nursing, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcn.org.uk/clinical-topics/infection-prevention-and-control/standards-for-infusion-therapy">Standards for Infusion Therapy</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180903205051/https://www.rcn.org.uk/-/media/royal-college-of-nursing/documents/publications/2016/december/005704.pdf?la=en&hash=37F253A9C126155D23B5AC6A6C719C8521BECF81">Archive of the 4th edition (December 2016)</a> via the Internet Wayback Machine)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intravenous_therapy&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Intravenous_therapy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Intravenous therapy">Intravenous therapy</a> at Wikimedia 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style="width:1%">Infused substances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood_product" title="Blood product">Blood-based product</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whole_blood" title="Whole blood">Whole blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_frozen_within_24_hours" title="Plasma frozen within 24 hours">PF24</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fresh_frozen_plasma" title="Fresh frozen plasma">Fresh frozen plasma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cryosupernatant" title="Cryosupernatant">Cryosupernatant</a> + <a href="/wiki/Cryoprecipitate" title="Cryoprecipitate">Cryoprecipitate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood_substitute" title="Blood substitute">Blood substitute</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin-based_oxygen_carriers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers">Hemoglobin-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volume_expander" title="Volume expander">Volume expander</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ringer%27s_lactate_solution" title="Ringer's lactate solution">Ringer's lactate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saline_(medicine)" title="Saline (medicine)">Normal saline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_sugar_solution" title="Intravenous sugar solution">Sugar solution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Buffer_solutions">Buffers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ringer%27s_lactate_solution" title="Ringer's lactate solution">Ringer's lactate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_sodium_bicarbonate" title="Intravenous sodium bicarbonate">Sodium bicarbonate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_therapy" title="Immunoglobulin therapy">Immunoglobulin therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_globulin" title="Gamma globulin">Gamma globulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">Interferon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parenteral_nutrition" title="Parenteral nutrition">Parenteral nutrition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_sugar_solution" title="Intravenous sugar solution">Sugar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_injection" title="Drug injection">Drug injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_ascorbic_acid" title="Intravenous ascorbic acid">Ascorbic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Access points</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_venous_catheter" title="Peripheral venous catheter">Peripheral venous catheter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripherally_inserted_central_catheter" title="Peripherally inserted central catheter">Peripherally inserted central catheter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seldinger_technique" title="Seldinger technique">Seldinger technique</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_venous_catheter" title="Central venous catheter">Central venous catheter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infusion_pump" title="Infusion pump">Infusion pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_venous_catheter" title="Central venous catheter">CVC</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-lumen_catheter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Single-lumen catheter (page does not exist)">SLC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple-lumen_catheter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multiple-lumen catheter (page does not exist)">MLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripherally_inserted_central_catheter" title="Peripherally inserted central catheter">PICC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Implantable_catheter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Implantable catheter (page does not exist)">Implantable catheter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Port (medical)">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodilution_catheter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermodilution catheter (page does not exist)">Thermodilution catheter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialysis_catheter" title="Dialysis catheter">Dialysis catheter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific risks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_embolism" title="Air embolism">Air embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extravasation_(intravenous)" title="Extravasation (intravenous)">Extravasation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emergency_medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emergency_medicine" title="Template:Emergency medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emergency_medicine" title="Template talk:Emergency medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emergency_medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emergency medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emergency_medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emergency medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">Emergency department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">Emergency medical services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_nursing" title="Emergency nursing">Emergency nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_psychiatry" title="Emergency psychiatry">Emergency psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hour_(medicine)" title="Golden hour (medicine)">Golden hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_emergency" title="Medical emergency">Medical emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_emergency_medicine" title="International emergency medicine">International emergency medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_emergency_medicine" title="Pediatric emergency medicine">Pediatric emergency medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-hospital_emergency_medicine" title="Pre-hospital emergency medicine">Pre-hospital emergency medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_trauma" title="Major trauma">Major trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_center" title="Trauma center">Trauma center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triage" title="Triage">Triage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_medical_equipment" title="Category:Emergency medical equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_valve_mask" title="Bag valve mask">Bag valve mask</a> (BVM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_tube" title="Chest tube">Chest tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defibrillation" title="Defibrillation">Defibrillation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automated_external_defibrillator" title="Automated external defibrillator">AED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implantable_cardioverter-defibrillator" title="Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator">ICD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">Electrocardiogram</a> (ECG/EKG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraosseous_infusion" title="Intraosseous infusion">Intraosseous infusion</a> (IO)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intravenous therapy</a> (IV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracheal_intubation" title="Tracheal intubation">Tracheal intubation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_tube" title="Laryngeal tube">Laryngeal tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combitube" title="Combitube">Combitube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_airway" title="Nasopharyngeal airway">Nasopharyngeal airway</a> (NPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oropharyngeal_airway" title="Oropharyngeal airway">Oropharyngeal airway</a> (OPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_mask" title="Pocket mask">Pocket mask</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drugs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine / Adrenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate" title="Magnesium sulfate">Magnesium sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">Sodium bicarbonate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_medicine_organisations" title="Category:Emergency medicine organisations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Emergency_Medicine" title="International Federation for Emergency Medicine">International Federation for Emergency Medicine</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Emergency_Medicine" title="International Conference on Emergency Medicine">International Conference on Emergency Medicine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Emergency_Physicians" title="American College of Emergency Physicians">American College of Emergency Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_College_for_Emergency_Medicine" title="Australasian College for Emergency Medicine">Australasian College for Emergency Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_of_Emergency_Physicians" title="Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians">Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Emergency_Medicine" title="Royal College of Emergency Medicine">Royal College of Emergency Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Society_for_Emergency_Medicine" title="European Society for Emergency Medicine">European Society for Emergency Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Society_for_Emergency_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Society for Emergency Medicine">Asian Society for Emergency Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Emergency_Medicine" title="American Academy of Emergency Medicine">American Academy of Emergency Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_medicine_courses" title="Category:Emergency medicine courses">Courses</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_life_support" title="Category:Emergency life support">Life support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">First aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation" title="Cardiopulmonary resuscitation">Cardiopulmonary resuscitation</a> (CPR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth-to-mouth_resuscitation" title="Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation">Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_life_support" title="Basic life support">Basic life support</a> (BLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_cardiac_life_support" title="Advanced cardiac life support">Advanced cardiac life support</a> (ACLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_trauma_life_support" title="Advanced trauma life support">Advanced trauma life support</a> (ATLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_Resuscitation_Program" title="Neonatal Resuscitation Program">Neonatal Resuscitation Program</a> (NRP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_Care_of_at-Risk_Newborns" title="Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns">Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns</a> (ACoRN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_basic_life_support" title="Pediatric basic life support">Pediatric basic life support</a> (PBLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_Advanced_Life_Support" class="mw-redirect" title="Pediatric Advanced Life Support">Pediatric Advanced Life Support</a> (PALS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Life_Support_in_Obstetrics" title="Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics">Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics</a> (ALSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_of_the_Critically_Ill_Surgical_Patient" title="Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient">Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient</a> (CCrISP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scoring systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NACA_score" title="NACA score">NACA score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injury_Severity_Score" title="Injury Severity Score">Injury Severity Score</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_medicine" title="Category:Emergency medicine">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_emergency_medicine" title="Outline of emergency medicine">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Routes_of_administration,_dosage_forms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Routes_of_administration,_dosage_forms" title="Template:Routes of administration, dosage forms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Routes_of_administration,_dosage_forms" title="Template talk:Routes of administration, dosage forms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Routes_of_administration,_dosage_forms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Routes of administration, dosage forms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Routes_of_administration,_dosage_forms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dosage_form" title="Dosage form">dosage forms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">Oral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Digestive tract</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enteral_administration" title="Enteral administration">enteral</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(pharmacy)" title="Tablet (pharmacy)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(pharmacy)" title="Capsule (pharmacy)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastille" title="Pastille">Pastille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_release_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time release technology">Time release technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmotic-controlled_release_oral_delivery_system" title="Osmotic-controlled release oral delivery system">Osmotic delivery system</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FlattenedRoundPills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/FlattenedRoundPills.jpg/60px-FlattenedRoundPills.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/FlattenedRoundPills.jpg/90px-FlattenedRoundPills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/FlattenedRoundPills.jpg/120px-FlattenedRoundPills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexaaquatitanium(III)-solution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg/60px-Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg/90px-Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg/120px-Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="1816" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decoction" title="Decoction">Decoction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elixir" title="Elixir">Elixir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electuary" title="Electuary">Electuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">Emulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effervescent_tablet" title="Effervescent tablet">Effervescent powder or tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_encapsulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular encapsulation">Molecular encapsulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder" title="Powder">Powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softgel" title="Softgel">Softgel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">Suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrup" title="Syrup">Syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture" title="Tincture">Tincture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oral_mucosa" title="Oral mucosa">Oral mucosa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buccal_administration" title="Buccal administration">buccal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublabial_administration" title="Sublabial administration">sublabial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublingual_administration" title="Sublingual administration">sublingual</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orally_disintegrating_tablet" title="Orally disintegrating tablet">Orally disintegrating tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_film_drug_delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin film drug delivery">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollipop#Medicinal_use" title="Lollipop">Lollipop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_(liquid)" title="Drop (liquid)">Sublingual drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat_lozenge" title="Throat lozenge">Lozenges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effervescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Effervescent">Effervescent</a> tablet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">Chewing gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mouthwash" title="Mouthwash">Mouthwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothpaste" title="Toothpaste">Toothpaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li>Spray</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Respiratory tract</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inhalation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry-powder_inhaler" title="Dry-powder inhaler">Dry-powder inhaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">Smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inhaler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Inhaler.jpg/60px-Inhaler.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Inhaler.jpg/90px-Inhaler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Inhaler.jpg/120px-Inhaler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1715" /></a></span><br /><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><br /><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic_vaporizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anesthetic vaporizer">Anesthetic vaporizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heated_humidified_high-flow_therapy" title="Heated humidified high-flow therapy">Heated humidified high-flow therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_inhalants" title="List of medical inhalants">Medical inhalants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metered-dose_inhaler" title="Metered-dose inhaler">Metered-dose inhaler</a> (MDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebulizer" title="Nebulizer">Nebulizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Vaporizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_mask" title="Oxygen mask">Oxygen mask</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cannula" title="Nasal cannula">Nasal cannula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_concentrator" title="Oxygen concentrator">Oxygen concentrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaesthetic_machine" title="Anaesthetic machine">Anaesthetic machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_inhalants" title="List of medical inhalants">Medical inhalants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_analgesia_machine" title="Relative analgesia machine">Relative analgesia machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmic_drug_administration" title="Ophthalmic drug administration">Ophthalmic</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">otic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_administration" title="Nasal administration">nasal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg/30px-Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg/45px-Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg/60px-Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_spray" title="Nasal spray">Nasal spray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_drop" title="Ear drop">Ear drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_drop" title="Eye drop">Eye drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insufflation_(medicine)" title="Insufflation (medicine)">Insufflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioadhesive" title="Bioadhesive">Mucoadhesive microdisc</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Urogenital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessary" title="Pessary">Pessary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_ring" title="Vaginal ring">Vaginal ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douche" title="Douche">Douche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">Intrauterine device</a> (IUD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra-amniotic_administration" title="Extra-amniotic administration">Extra-amniotic infusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Intravesical infusion</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rectal_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectal (medicine)">Rectal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enteral_administration" title="Enteral administration">enteral</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glycerin_suppositories.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/30px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/45px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/60px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1623" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppository" title="Suppository">Suppository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enema" title="Enema">Enema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy_drip" title="Murphy drip">Murphy drip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_enema" title="Nutrient enema">Nutrient enema</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">Dermal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">topical</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SPF15SunBlock.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/40px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG" decoding="async" width="40" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/60px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/80px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical_cream" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical cream">Topical cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical_gel" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical gel">Topical gel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liniment" title="Liniment">Liniment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paste_(rheology)" title="Paste (rheology)">Paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_film_drug_delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin film drug delivery">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfoxide" title="Dimethyl sulfoxide">DMSO</a> solution</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iontophoresis" title="Iontophoresis">Iontophoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liposome" title="Liposome">Liposomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfersome" title="Transfersome">Transfersome vesicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream_(pharmaceutical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cream (pharmaceutical)">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotion" title="Lotion">Lotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_balm" title="Lip balm">Lip balm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shampoo" title="Shampoo">Medicated shampoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermal_patch" title="Dermal patch">Dermal patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_patch" title="Transdermal patch">Transdermal patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_spray" title="Transdermal spray">Transdermal spray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_injector" title="Jet injector">Jet injector</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parenteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenteral">Parenterals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Injection_(medicine)" title="Injection (medicine)">Injections</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Infusion_pump" title="Infusion pump">infusions</a></li></ul></div><br /><small><i>(into tissue/blood)</i></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transdermal" title="Transdermal">transdermal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Intradermal_injection" title="Intradermal injection">Intradermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">Subcutaneous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injector_pen" title="Injector pen">Injector pen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_implant" title="Transdermal implant">Transdermal implant</a></li> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Injection_Syringe_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Injection_Syringe_01.jpg/60px-Injection_Syringe_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Injection_Syringe_01.jpg/90px-Injection_Syringe_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Injection_Syringe_01.jpg/120px-Injection_Syringe_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="1386" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy#Major_organ_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomy">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracavernous_injection" title="Intracavernous injection">Intracavernous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravitreal_administration" title="Intravitreal administration">Intravitreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intra-articular_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Intra-articular injection">Intra-articular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">Central nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intracerebral_injection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intracerebral injection (page does not exist)">Intracerebral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrathecal_administration" title="Intrathecal administration">Intrathecal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidural_administration" title="Epidural administration">Epidural</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system" title="Human musculoskeletal system">musculoskeletal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">Intravenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracardiac_injection" title="Intracardiac injection">Intracardiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">Intramuscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraosseous_infusion" title="Intraosseous infusion">Intraosseous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraperitoneal_injection" title="Intraperitoneal injection">Intraperitoneal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanocell" title="Nanocell">Nanocell injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient-controlled_analgesia" title="Patient-controlled analgesia">Patient-controlled analgesia</a> pump</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIC_line" class="mw-redirect" title="PIC line">PIC line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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