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Glaseri</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Steinernema Glaseri"> <meta name="keywords" content="Steinernema Glaseri"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Steinernema Glaseri"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 6</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Steinernema Glaseri</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Interaction of Steinernema Glaseri, an Entomopathogenic Nematode with a Predatory Fungus Arthrobotrys Superba on Different Nutrient Media</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Varsha%20Baweja">Varsha Baweja</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Steinernema glaseri is known to be the most potent biocontrol agent against a number of insect pests of various orders and of diverse habitats under laboratory conditions. But in nature many micro pathogens may affect the efficacy of such entomopathogenic nematodes. Keeping this in view, the interaction of Steinernema glaseri with a predatory fungus Arthrobotrys superba was assessed on eight different nutrient media. The activity of A.superba was evaluated in terms of trap formation, conidiophore formation, and number of adhesive cells formed in the presence and absence of nematodes. The fungus failed to form any trap on any of the culture media in the absence of nematodes. However, in the presence of nematodes, the trap formation by the test fungus was increased but the number of conidiophores decreased with increase in dilution of Corn Meal Agar from 5% to 2%. Higher number of chlamydospores were observed in phenylalanine treated medium which indicates the inhibiting effect of phenylalanine on the growth of A. superba. Our results suggest that care should be taken during release of entomopathogenic nematodes in an agroecosystem for managing various insect pests in a more efficient manner. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Entomopathogenic%20Nematode" title="Entomopathogenic Nematode ">Entomopathogenic Nematode </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Steinernema%20Glaseri" title=" Steinernema Glaseri"> Steinernema Glaseri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Predatory%20Fungus" title=" Predatory Fungus"> Predatory Fungus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arthrobotrys%20Superba" title=" Arthrobotrys Superba"> Arthrobotrys Superba</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66140/interaction-of-steinernema-glaseri-an-entomopathogenic-nematode-with-a-predatory-fungus-arthrobotrys-superba-on-different-nutrient-media" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66140.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">278</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Effect of Biopesticide to Control Infestation of Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on the Culantro Eryngium foetidum L.</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Udomporn%20Pangnakorn">Udomporn Pangnakorn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sombat%20Chuenchooklin"> Sombat Chuenchooklin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Effect of the biopesticide from entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernema thailandensis n. sp.), bacteria ISR (Pseudomonas fluorescens), wood vinegar and fermented organic substances from plants: (neem Azadirachta indica + citronella grass Cymbopogon nardus Rendle + bitter bush Chromolaena odorata L.) were tested on culantro (Eryngium foetidum L.). The biopesticide was carried out for reduction infestation of the major insects pest (whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)). The experimental plots were located at farmers’ farm in Tumbol Takhian Luean, Nakhon Sawan Province, Thailand. This study was undertaken during the drought season (lately November to May). The populations of whitefly were observed and recorded every hour up to 3 hours with insect net and yellow sticky traps after the treatments were applied. The results showed that bacteria ISR was the highest effectiveness for control whitefly infestation on culantro, the whitefly numbers on insect net were 12.5, 10.0, and 7.5 after spraying in 1hr, 2hr, and 3hr, respectively. While the whitefly on yellow sticky traps showed 15.0, 10.0, and 10.0 after spraying in 1hr, 2hr, and 3hr, respectively. Furthermore, overall the experiments showed that treatment of bacteria ISR found the average whitefly numbers only 8.06 and 11.0 on insect net and sticky tap respectively, followed by treatment of nematode found the average whitefly with 9.87 and 11.43 on the insect net and sticky tap, respectively. Therefore, the application of biopesticide from entomopathogenic nematodes, bacteria ISR, organic substances from plants and wood vinegar combined with natural enemies is the alternative method of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for against infestation of whitefly. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=whitefly%20%28Bemisia%20tabaci%20Gennadius%29" title="whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius)">whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=culantro%20%28Eryngium%20foetidum%20L.%29" title=" culantro (Eryngium foetidum L.)"> culantro (Eryngium foetidum L.)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entomopathogenic%20nematode%20%28Steinernema%20thailandensis%20n.%20sp.%29" title=" entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernema thailandensis n. sp.)"> entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernema thailandensis n. sp.)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteria%20ISR%20%28Pseudomonas%20fluorescens%29" title=" bacteria ISR (Pseudomonas fluorescens)"> bacteria ISR (Pseudomonas fluorescens)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20vinegar" title=" wood vinegar"> wood vinegar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fermented%20organic%20substances" title=" fermented organic substances"> fermented organic substances</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36589/effect-of-biopesticide-to-control-infestation-of-whitefly-bemisia-tabaci-gennadius-on-the-culantro-eryngium-foetidum-l" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36589.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">374</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Acute and Chronic Effect of Biopesticide on Infestation of Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on the Culantro Cultivation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.%20Pangnakorn">U. Pangnakorn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Chuenchooklin"> S. Chuenchooklin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Acute and chronic effects of biopesticide from entomopathogenic nematode (<em>Steinernema thailandensis</em> n. sp.), bacteria ISR (<em>Pseudomonas fluorescens</em>), wood vinegar and fermented organic substances from plants: (neem <em>Azadirachta indica</em> + citronella grass <em>Cymbopogon nardus </em>Rendle + bitter bush <em>Chromolaena odorata </em>L<em>.</em>) were tested on culantro (<em>Eryngium foetidum</em> L.). The biopesticide was investigated for infestation reduction of the major insect pest whitefly (<em>Bemisia tabaci</em> (Gennadius)). The experimental plots were located at a farm in Nakhon Sawan Province, Thailand. This study was undertaken during the drought season (late November to May). Effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated in terms of acute and chronic effect. The populations of whitefly were observed and recorded every hour up to 3 hours with insect nets and yellow sticky traps after the treatments were applied for the acute effect. The results showed that bacteria ISR had the highest effectiveness for controlling whitefly infestation on culantro; the whitefly numbers on insect nets were 12.5, 10.0 and 7.5 after 1 hr, 2 hr, and 3 hr, respectively while the whitefly on yellow sticky traps showed 15.0, 10.0 and 10.0 after 1 hr, 2 hr, and 3 hr, respectively. For chronic effect, the whitefly was continuously collected and recorded at weekly intervals; the result showed that treatment of bacteria ISR found the average whitefly numbers only 8.06 and 11.0 on insect nets and sticky traps respectively, followed by treatment of nematode where the average whitefly was 9.87 and 11.43 on the insect nets and sticky traps, respectively. In addition, the minor insect pests were also observed and collected. The biopesticide influenced the reduction number of minor insect pests (red spider mites, beet armyworm, short-horned grasshopper, pygmy locusts, etc.) with only a few found on the culantro cultivation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=whitefly%20%28Bemisia%20tabaci%20Gennadius%29" title="whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius)">whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=culantro%20%28Eryngium%20foetidum%20L.%29" title=" culantro (Eryngium foetidum L.)"> culantro (Eryngium foetidum L.)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acute%20and%20chronic%20effect" title=" acute and chronic effect"> acute and chronic effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entomopathogenic%20nematode%20%28Steinernema%20thailandensis%20n.%20sp.%29" title=" entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernema thailandensis n. sp.)"> entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernema thailandensis n. sp.)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteria%20ISR%20%28Pseudomonas%20fluorescens%29" title=" bacteria ISR (Pseudomonas fluorescens)"> bacteria ISR (Pseudomonas fluorescens)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43237/acute-and-chronic-effect-of-biopesticide-on-infestation-of-whitefly-bemisia-tabaci-gennadius-on-the-culantro-cultivation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43237.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Interaction of Cucurbitacin-Containing Phytonematicides and Biocontrol Agents on Cultivated Tomato Plants and Nematode Numbers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jacqueline%20T.%20Madaure">Jacqueline T. Madaure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phatu%20W.%20Mashela"> Phatu W. Mashela</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Interactive effects of cucurbitacin-containing phytonematicides and biocontrol agents on growth and nematode suppression on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) had not been documented. The objective of this study was to determine the interactive effects of Nemafric-BL phytonematicide, Trichoderma harzianum and Steinernema feltiae on growth of tomato plants and suppression of root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes. A 2x2x2 trial was conducted using tomato cv. ‘HTX’ on a field infested with Meloidogyne species. The treatments were applied at commercial rates. At 56 days after treatments, interactions were significant (P ≤ 0.05) for selected plant variables, without significant interactions on nematode variables. In conclusion, results of the current study did not support the combination of the test products for nematode suppression, except that some combinations improved plant growth. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cucumis%20africanus" title="cucumis africanus">cucumis africanus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cucurbitacin%20b" title=" cucurbitacin b"> cucurbitacin b</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethnobotanicals" title=" ethnobotanicals"> ethnobotanicals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entomopathogenic%20nematodes" title=" entomopathogenic nematodes"> entomopathogenic nematodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20enemies" title=" natural enemies"> natural enemies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20extracts" title=" plant extracts"> plant extracts</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72591/interaction-of-cucurbitacin-containing-phytonematicides-and-biocontrol-agents-on-cultivated-tomato-plants-and-nematode-numbers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72591.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">196</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Sublethal Effects of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Fungus against the Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus (Olivier) (Curculionidae: Coleoptera)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Manzoor">M. Manzoor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20N.%20%20Ahmad"> J. N. Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20M.%20Giblin%20Davis"> R. M. Giblin Davis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Javed"> N. Javed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20S.%20Haider"> M. S. Haider</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The invasive Red Palm Weevil (RPW) (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus [Olivier] (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is one of the most destructive palm pests in the world. Synthetic pesticides are environmentally hazardous pest control strategies being used in the past with emerging need of eco-friendly biological approaches including microbial entomopathogens for RPW management. The sublethal effects of a single entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) Beauveria bassiana (WG-11) (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) and two entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) and Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Nematoda: Rhabditida) were evaluated in various combinations against laboratory-reared 3rd, 5th and 8th instar larvae of RPW in laboratory assays. Individual and combined effects of both entomopathogens (EP) were observed after the pre-application of B. bassiana fungus at 1-2-week intervals. A number of parameters were measured after the application of sub-lethal doses of EPF such as diet consumption, development, frass production, mortality, and weight gain. Combined treatments were tested for additive and synergistic effects. Synergism was more frequently observed in B. bassiana and S. carpocapsae combined treatments than in B. bassiana and H. bacteriophora combinations. Early instar larvae of RPW were more susceptible than older instars. Synergistic effects were observed in the 3rd and 5th instars exposed to B. bassiana and S. carpocapsae at 0, 7 and 14-day intervals. Whereas, in 8th instar larvae, the synergistic effect was observed only in B. bassiana and S. carpocapsae treatments after 0 and 7 days intervals. EPN treatments decreased pupation, egg hatching and emergence of adults. Lethal effects of nematodes were also observed in all growth stages of R. ferrugineus. Reduced larval weight, increased larval, pre-pupal and pupal duration, reduced adult weight and life span were observed. Sub-lethal concentrations of both entomopathogens induced variations in the different developmental stages and reduced food consumption, frass production, growth, and weight gain. So, on the basis of results, it is concluded that synthetic pesticides should be replaced with environmentally friendly sustainable biopesticides. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20bacteriophora" title="H. bacteriophora">H. bacteriophora</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20carpocapsae" title=" S. carpocapsae"> S. carpocapsae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20bassiana" title=" B. bassiana"> B. bassiana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mortality" title=" mortality"> mortality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108739/sublethal-effects-of-entomopathogenic-nematodes-and-fungus-against-the-red-palm-weevil-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-olivier-curculionidae-coleoptera" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108739.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">169</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Species Profiling of Scarab Beetles with the Help of Light Trap in Western Himalayan Region of Uttarakhand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajay%20Kumar%20Pandey">Ajay Kumar Pandey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> White grub (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), locally known as Kurmula, Pagra, Chinchu, is a major destructive pest in western Himalayan region of Uttarakhand state of India. Various crops like cereals (up land paddy, wheat, and barley), vegetables (capsicum, cabbage, tomato, cauliflower, carrot etc) and some pulse (like pigeon pea, green gram, black gram) are grown with limited availability of primary resources. Among the various limitations in successful cultivation of these crops, white grub has been proved a major constraint in for all crops grown in hilly area. The losses incurred due to white grubs are huge in case of commercial crops like sugarcane, groundnut, potato, maize and upland rice. Moreover, it has been proved major constraint in potato production in mid and higher hills of India. Adults emerge in May-June following the onset of monsoon and thereafter defoliate the apple, apricot, plum, and walnut during night while 2nd and 3rd instar grubs feed on live roots of cultivated as well as non cultivated crops from August to January. Survey was conducted in hilly (Pauri and Tehri) as well as plain area (Haridwar district) of Uttarakhand state. Collection of beetle was done from various locations from August to September of five consecutive years with the help of light trap and directly from host plant. The grub was also collected by excavating one square meter area from different locations and reared in laboratory to find out adult. During the collection, the diseased or dead cadaver were also collected and brought in the laboratory and identified the causal organisms. Total 25 species of white grub was identified out of which Holotrichia longipennis, Anomala dimidiata, Holotrichia lineatopennis, Maladera insanabilis, Brahmina sp. make complex problem in different area of Uttarakhand where they cause severe damage to various crops. During the survey, it was observed that white grubs beetles have variation in preference of host plant, even in choice of fruit and leaves of host plant. It was observed that, a white grub species, which identified as Lepidiota mansueta Burmeister., was causing severe havoc to sugarcane crop grown in major sugarcane growing belt of Haridwar district. The study also revealed that Bacillus cereus, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Steinernema, Heterorhabditis are major disease causing agents in immature stage of white grub under rain-fed condition of Uttarakhand which caused 15.55 to 21.63 percent natural mortality of grubs with an average of 18.91 percent. However, among the microorganisms, B. cereus found to be significantly more efficient (7.03 percent mortality) then the entomopathogenic fungi (3.80 percent mortality) and nematodes (3.20 percent mortality). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lepidiota" title="Lepidiota">Lepidiota</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=profiling" title=" profiling"> profiling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uttarakhand" title=" Uttarakhand"> Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=whitegrub" title=" whitegrub"> whitegrub</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77013/species-profiling-of-scarab-beetles-with-the-help-of-light-trap-in-western-himalayan-region-of-uttarakhand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77013.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">220</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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