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height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fragonard%2C_The_Reader.jpg/330px-Fragonard%2C_The_Reader.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fragonard%2C_The_Reader.jpg/440px-Fragonard%2C_The_Reader.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3182" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Jean-Honoré Fragonard, "Lugeja", (u 1770-72)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:The_Bookworm_-_Grohmann_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Bookworm_-_Grohmann_Museum.jpg/220px-The_Bookworm_-_Grohmann_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="401" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Bookworm_-_Grohmann_Museum.jpg/330px-The_Bookworm_-_Grohmann_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Bookworm_-_Grohmann_Museum.jpg/440px-The_Bookworm_-_Grohmann_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3118" data-file-height="5680" /></a><figcaption>Carl Spitzweg, "Raamatukoi" (u 1851)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Sara_Svensson_Woman_reading.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sara_Svensson_Woman_reading.jpg/220px-Sara_Svensson_Woman_reading.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sara_Svensson_Woman_reading.jpg/330px-Sara_Svensson_Woman_reading.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sara_Svensson_Woman_reading.jpg/440px-Sara_Svensson_Woman_reading.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Sara Svensson, "Lugev naine" (1883)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Johan_Gudmundsen-Holmgreen_L%C3%A6sende_Lille_Pige_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Johan_Gudmundsen-Holmgreen_L%C3%A6sende_Lille_Pige_1900.jpg/220px-Johan_Gudmundsen-Holmgreen_L%C3%A6sende_Lille_Pige_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Johan_Gudmundsen-Holmgreen_L%C3%A6sende_Lille_Pige_1900.jpg/330px-Johan_Gudmundsen-Holmgreen_L%C3%A6sende_Lille_Pige_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Johan_Gudmundsen-Holmgreen_L%C3%A6sende_Lille_Pige_1900.jpg/440px-Johan_Gudmundsen-Holmgreen_L%C3%A6sende_Lille_Pige_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Johan Gudmundsen-Holmgreen, "Lugev tüdruk" (1900)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Georgette_Agutte_-_Marcel_Sembat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Georgette_Agutte_-_Marcel_Sembat.jpg/220px-Georgette_Agutte_-_Marcel_Sembat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Georgette_Agutte_-_Marcel_Sembat.jpg/330px-Georgette_Agutte_-_Marcel_Sembat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Georgette_Agutte_-_Marcel_Sembat.jpg/440px-Georgette_Agutte_-_Marcel_Sembat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1832" data-file-height="2326" /></a><figcaption>Georgette Agutte (1867-1922), "Marcel Sembat lugemas" (abikaasa portree, <i>s.d.</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lugeja</b> on see, kes loeb. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proosa">Proosa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lugeja&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Proosa""><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Vähese andega ja rohkem lugemusele kui mõistusele tuginevate inimeste üldine viga on see, et nad kunstlikke tõlgitsusi kergemini omaks võtavad kui loomulikke. (lk 24)</li> <li>Paljulugemine teeb upsakaks ja pedandiks, paljunägemine teeb inimese elutargaks, leplikuks ja kasulikuks. Raamatutark tegeleb liialt mingi ainsa idee viimistlemisega; teine (maailma vaatleja) omandab igalt poolt midagi, kujundab ennast kõige järgi, näeb, kui vähe maailm abstraktsetest õpetlastest huvitub, ja muutub maailmakodanikuks. (lk 49) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Lichtenberg">Georg Lichtenberg</a>, "Aforisme", tlk <a href="/wiki/August_Sang" title="August Sang">August Sang</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Kersti_Merilaas" title="Kersti Merilaas">Kersti Merilaas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loomingu_Raamatukogu" title="Loomingu Raamatukogu">Loomingu Raamatukogu</a>, nr 28, 1972</li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li>Kirjutaja, kes tutvustab lugejatele oma <a href="/wiki/Raamat" title="Raamat">raamatut</a>, mis sisaldab mõtteid, mida ta ei ole ehk küll ise välja mõelnud (sest kui palju on siis meie ajal õigupoolest võimalik välja mõelda midagi tõeliselt <a href="/wiki/Uus" class="mw-redirect" title="Uus">uut</a>?), kuid vähemasti <i>leidnud</i> ja enda omaks teinud, millega ta on pikki aastaid elanud justkui oma <a href="/wiki/Hing" title="Hing">hinge</a> ning <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCda" title="Süda">südame</a> omandusega: seesugune kirjutaja, julgeksin ma väita, annab oma raamatuga, olgu see siis hea või halb, teatud mõttes osa oma hingest <a href="/wiki/Publik" title="Publik">publiku</a> kätesse. Ta ei avalda mitte ainult seda, millega tema vaim on teatud ajavahemikes ja teatud asjaoludel tegelnud, millised kahtlused on teda vaevanud ning kuidas ta on neist võitu saanud, vaid arvestab ka (sest mis imeasi ahvatleks muidu literaadiks hakkama ja oma südamele lähedasi teemasid talitsematu rahvahulgaga jagama?), ta arvestab üksikute, ehk õige väheste samamoodi meelestatud hingedega, kellele need või nendesarnased mõtted on aastate labürindis oluliseks saanud. Nendega peab ta ise nähtamatuks jäädes nõu, nendega jagab ta oma tundmusi, samuti ootab neilt paremaid mõtteid ning õpetussõnu, kui nad on jõudnud temast kaugemale. Selline hingede ja südamete läbikäimine on ainus ning suurim heategu, mis on sündinud <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCkikunst" title="Trükikunst">raamatutrükkimisest</a>, mis muidu on kirjutavatele rahvastele sünnitanud kahju niisama palju kui kasu. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_von_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried von Herder">Johann Gottfried von Herder</a>, "Mõtteid inimkonna ajaloo filosoofiast", tlk Krista Räni, sari: Avatud Eesti raamat, Tartu: Ilmamaa, 2019, lk 13-14, eessõna</li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li>Heale autorile jääb alati hirm, et lugejad võivad märgata, millised mõtted tulid talle pähe liiga hilja. Ent lugejad on ses asjas märksa leebemad, kui arvatakse, ega märka neidki mõtteid, mis on kirja pandud. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kraus" title="Karl Kraus">Karl Kraus</a>, "Aforisme", tlk Krista Läänemets, Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 31, 1999, lk 32</li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li>"Nutikas poiss see <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>."</li></ul> <dl><dd>"Miks tema <a href="/wiki/Must_nimekiri" title="Must nimekiri">mustas nimekirjas</a> ei ole?"</dd> <dd>"Bossist ei ole mõttega lugejat. Muidu oleksid William ja <a href="/wiki/Piibel" title="Piibel">piibel</a> ammu ära keelatud." <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Lidman" title="Sara Lidman">Sara Lidman</a>, "Mina ja mu poeg", tlk Arnold Ravel, Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 20/22, 1963, lk 101 [Lõuna-Aafrika põlisrahva salajane lugemisring, mida minajutustaja pealt kuulab]</li></ul></dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li>Nii tuleb ilmsiks kirjutuse kogu olemus: <a href="/wiki/Tekst" title="Tekst">tekst</a> koosneb paljudest kirjutustest, mis pärinevad eri <a href="/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur">kultuuridest</a> ja on üksteisega <a href="/wiki/Dialoog" title="Dialoog">dialoogis</a>, väitluses või parodeerivas seoses; kuid on üks paik, kus see paljusus kokku saab, ning selleks paigaks pole mitte <a href="/wiki/Autor" title="Autor">autor</a>, nagu siiani on arvatud, vaid lugeja: lugeja on see ruum, kus liituvad kõik <a href="/wiki/Tsitaat" title="Tsitaat">tsitaadid</a>, millest kirjutus koosneb, ilma et ükski neist kaotsi läheks; teksti ühtsus ei ole tema päritolus, vaid tema adressaadis, ent see adressaat ei saa enam olla konkreetne isik: lugeja on inimene ilma <a href="/wiki/Minevik" title="Minevik">mineviku</a>, eluloo ja psüühikata; ta on pelgalt keegi, kes kogub ühele väljale kokku kõik need jäljed, millest kirjutatu koosneb. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a>, "Autori surm" (1968). Tõlkinud <a href="/wiki/Marek_Tamm" title="Marek Tamm">Marek Tamm</a>. Rmt: R. Barthes, "Autori surm. Valik kirjandusteoreetilisi esseid". Tallinn: Varrak, 2002, lk 125</li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li>Väiksust pole mõtet karta. On olemas nn Enzensbergeri konstant. E. meelest on igas riigis sõltumata selle suurusest 1032 lugejat, ühepalju nii Brasiilias kui ka Slovakkias. (Ma ei suuda kunagi meeles pidada, kui palju täpselt. Võiksin ju suurustada, et küsisin seda "äsja" temalt endalt, aga temagi paistis olevat kuidagi kõhklev. Alguses olevat ta mõelnud ainult luule lugejaid.) Me ei ole lugeva rahva maa ega ole seda iial ka olnud. Rahvas ei loe. Siin pole erandit: ainult lugeja on lugeja. See lause pole lihtsalt tautoloogia. <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9ter_Esterhazy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Péter Esterhazy (pole veel kirjutatud)">Péter Esterhazy</a>, "Väljajäetud laused", rmt: "Sõnade imelisest elust", tlk Lauri Eesmaa, Loomingu Raamatukogu, nr 36, 2020, lk 43</li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li>Olen seda vankumatut <a href="/wiki/Usk" title="Usk">usku</a>, et <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B5lkija" class="mw-redirect" title="Tõlkija">tõlkija</a> ainus eesmärk saab olla võimalikult autoritruu ja täpne, kuigi mitte sõnasõnaline tõlge. Mingit lisaeesmärki ei kujuta ma ette. Tõlkija peab enese maha salgama, varju jääma, tähtis on <a href="/wiki/Autor" title="Autor">autor</a> ja tema tekst. Kuigi – iga tõlkija isikupära jääb tõlkesse siiski ja paratamatult. Kuid me anname endale aru vastutusest. Autori ees ja ka lugeja ees.</li> <li>Tõlkekirjandus mõjutab suuresti lugeja keelekasutust, meie <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keele</a> käekäiku üleüldse. Nõnda peaksid ka kõikvõimalikud põnevikud ja muu meelt lahutav lugemisvara olema väga hästi tõlgitud. Nad ei ole seda mitte alati. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piret_Saluri" title="Piret Saluri">Piret Saluri</a>, intervjuu: Mari Peegel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epl.ee/artikkel/486316">"Piret Saluri: "Sinuhes" köidab mind elu ise"</a>, Eesti Päevaleht, 15. jaanuar 2010</li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teadmised" class="mw-redirect" title="Teadmised">Teadmiste</a> omandamine <a href="/wiki/Raamat" title="Raamat">raamatutest</a> annab teistsuguse kogemuse kui <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lugemine" title="Lugemine">Lugemine</a> on suhteliselt aeganõudev ning et seda protsessi lihtsustada, on stiil oluline. Kuna ei ole võimalik lugeda kõiki raamatuid mingil teemal, veel vähem üldse kõiki raamatuid, või süstematiseerida lihtsalt kõike, mida on loetud, asetab raamatutest õppimine rõhu kontseptuaalsele mõtlemisele – võimele ära tunda võrreldavaid andmeid ja sündmusi ning projitseerida mustreid tulevikku. Ja stiil viib lugeja suhtesse autori või teemaga, kinnistades ainet ja esteetikat. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, "Maailmakord: mõtisklusi rahvaste iseloomust ja ajaloo kulust" (World Order, 2014), tõlkinud <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elle_Vaht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elle Vaht (pole veel kirjutatud)">Elle Vaht</a>, Tallinn: Varrak, 2017, lk 315</li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li>Tunnistan, et tõlkija vaiksed rõõmuhetked on need, mil tal õnnestub luua mõni uus <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B5na" title="Sõna">sõna</a>, nii et ka <a href="/wiki/Toimetaja" title="Toimetaja">toimetaja</a> seda aktsepteerib ja lugeja mõistab. (lk 9) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mati_Sirkel" title="Mati Sirkel">Mati Sirkel</a>, "Arusaamatus ja arusaam", rmt: "Tõlkija hääl II" Tallinn: SA Kultuurileht, 2014, lk 8-9</li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li>Kirjanike Liidus on vist juba mõni nelisada liiget. Viissada? Mitu neist on kirjanikud? <a href="/wiki/Kolm" title="Kolm">Kolm</a> või <a href="/wiki/Neli" title="Neli">neli</a>? No ütleme <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCmme" title="Kümme">kümme</a>, siis saab igaüks end hinges nende kümne hulka lugeda, sealhulgas ka ma ise, sest on tõesti päevi, ja neid tuleb aastas rohkem ette kui üks või kaks, kui minagi mõtlen endast kui kirjanikust. Aga mis see loeb? Sest kirjandus pole mitte see, mida kirjanikud kirjutavad, vaid see, mida lugejad loevad. Lõpuks nemad teevad kirjanduse. Ja lugejaid peab olema veel mitu tuhvi. Kõigepealt lai lugejaskond. Siis vahepealne, ütleme, haritud lugejaskond, ja siis veel eliit, väikesearvuline, aga ometi tooniandev. Kui üks tuhv ära kaob, on varsti kõik kadunud. Kui see ülemine enam tooni ei anna, lakkab kirjandus olemast, jäävad vaid juhuslikud raamatud, toodang. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B5nu_%C3%95nnepalu" title="Tõnu Õnnepalu">Tõnu Õnnepalu</a>, "Aaker (Muskoka, Ontario, CA)". Tallinn: EKSA, 2019, lk 124</li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirjanik" title="Kirjanik">Kirjanik</a> televisiooni tõttu ei kadunud, kuid lugeja kadus. <ul><li><span style="color: #808080;">Писатель из-за телевидения не исчез, но читатель пропал.</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihhail_%C5%BDvanetski" title="Mihhail Žvanetski">Mihhail Žvanetski</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ee/books?id=pQ3bDwAAQBAJ&">"Одесский пароход"</a>, 2020</li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li>Tähenduslikke <a href="/wiki/Aastaarv" title="Aastaarv">aastaarve</a> ritta seada võib ju kes iganes, ent <a href="/wiki/Aino_Pervik" title="Aino Pervik">Aino Perviku</a> silmade kaudu nähtuna saavad ajad avaraks, selgeks, tähenduslikuks, aga ühtaegu ka nii küsitavaks, mõteldavaks, uut mõtestamist nõudvaks. Pervikul on seda <a href="/wiki/Raamat" title="Raamat">raamatut</a> kirja pannes olnud lugeja vastu määratul määral <a href="/wiki/Austus" title="Austus">austust</a>. Sõnade vahele on jäetud <a href="/wiki/%C3%95hk" title="Õhk">õhku</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Ruum" title="Ruum">ruumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avarus" title="Avarus">avarust</a> on selles pisikeses raamatus tohutumalt palju. Mida <a href="/wiki/Kujutlusv%C3%B5ime" title="Kujutlusvõime">kujutlusvõimelisem</a> ja targem lugeja, seda enam on tal sealt leida. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilja_Kiisler" title="Vilja Kiisler">Vilja Kiisler</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vikerkaar.ee/archives/27093">"Vähem on vahel rohkem"</a>, Vikerkaar, nr 4, 2021 (Arvustus: <a href="/wiki/Aino_Pervik" title="Aino Pervik">Aino Pervik</a>. "Miniatuurid mälupõhjast". Tallinn: Salv, 2020.)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li>"Ma tunnen ennast nii tobedalt!" ütlen käsi rutjudes. "Mina muudkui patrasin <a href="/wiki/Raamat" title="Raamat">raamatutest</a> nagu mingi <a href="/wiki/Asjatundja" class="mw-redirect" title="Asjatundja">asjatundja</a>, kui tegelikult on ilmselgelt asjatundja hoopis <i>tema</i>. Ju jäi tal minust mulje kui erakordsest lollpeast." Mu <a href="/wiki/Aju" title="Aju">aju</a> lausa rappub, kui ma oma <a href="/wiki/Rumalus" title="Rumalus">rumalusele</a> mõtlen, ja ma annan selle paigale sundimiseks endale vastu otsmikku laksu.</li></ul> <dl><dd>Rosie, silmad suured, paneb käed mu õlgadele. "Ei ole nii! Tema on <a href="/wiki/Kirjanik" title="Kirjanik">kirjanik</a>, sina oled lugeja. Sina <i>oledki</i> asjatundja!" (lk 60-61) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Raisin" title="Rebecca Raisin">Rebecca Raisin</a>, "Aria ratastel raamatupood", tlk Piret Lemetti, Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, 2022</li></ul></dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li>Noortekirjandusest ostetakse poest peamiselt tõlkeid, mitte kohalikke autoreid, keda pigem laenutatakse. 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