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href="#Cooley's_methodology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cooley's methodology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooley's_methodology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory_on_transportation_and_the_shift_to_sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_on_transportation_and_the_shift_to_sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Theory on transportation and the shift to sociology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory_on_transportation_and_the_shift_to_sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Social organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooley_and_social_subjectivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooley_and_social_subjectivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Cooley and social subjectivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooley_and_social_subjectivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"looking-glass_self"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"looking-glass_self""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>The "looking-glass self"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"looking-glass_self"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Social process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooley's_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooley's_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cooley's works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooley's_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="تشارلز كولي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشارلز كولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Horton_Cooley" title="Charles Horton Cooley – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Charles Horton Cooley" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Horton_Cooley" title="Charles Horton Cooley – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Charles Horton Cooley" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Horton_Cooley" title="Charles Horton Cooley – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Charles Horton Cooley" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Horton_Cooley" title="Charles Horton Cooley – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Charles Horton Cooley" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cooley" title="Charles Cooley – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charles Cooley" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BB%CF%82_%CE%A7%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8A" title="Τσαρλς Χόρτον Κούλεϊ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσαρλς Χόρτον Κούλεϊ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cooley" title="Charles Cooley – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Charles Cooley" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Horton_Cooley" title="Charles Horton Cooley – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Charles Horton Cooley" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="چارلز کولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چارلز کولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Horton_Cooley" title="Charles Horton Cooley – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles Horton Cooley" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8_%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87" title="ચાર્લ્સ કૂલે – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચાર્લ્સ કૂલે" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87" title="चार्ल्स कूले – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चार्ल्स कूले" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cooley" title="Charles Cooley – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Charles Cooley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Horton_Cooley" title="Charles Horton Cooley – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charles Horton Cooley" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99" title="צ'ארלס הורטון קולי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'ארלס הורטון קולי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF" title="ಚಾರ್ಲ್ಸ್ ಹಾರ್ಟನ್ ಕೂಲಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಾರ್ಲ್ಸ್ ಹಾರ್ಟನ್ ಕೂಲಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Чарлз Хортон Кули – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чарлз Хортон Кули" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89_(%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89)" title="تشارلز كولى (اقتصادى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشارلز كولى (اقتصادى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cooley" title="Charles Cooley – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Charles Cooley" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="チャールズ・クーリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャールズ・クーリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cooley" title="Charles Cooley – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Charles Cooley" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cooley" title="Charles Cooley – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charles Cooley" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cooley" title="Charles Cooley – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Charles Cooley" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кули, Чарлз Хортон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кули, Чарлз Хортон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Horton_Cooley" title="Charles Horton Cooley – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Charles Horton Cooley" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cooley" title="Charles Cooley – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Charles Cooley" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Чарльз Кулі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чарльз Кулі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BA%AB%E5%88%A9" title="查爾斯·庫利 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="查爾斯·庫利" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q468172#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Charles Horton Cooley</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Cooley.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Charles_Cooley.png/220px-Charles_Cooley.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Charles_Cooley.png/330px-Charles_Cooley.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Charles_Cooley.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="522" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cooley from 1902 <i>Michiganensian</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1864-08-17</span>)</span>August 17, 1864<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 7, 1929<span style="display:none">(1929-05-07)</span> (aged 65)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Elsie Cooley</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1890)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Mary Horton</li><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Cooley" title="Thomas M. Cooley">Thomas M. Cooley</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>The Theory of Transportation</i> (1894)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Mark_Baldwin" title="James Mark Baldwin">James Mark Baldwin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">George Herbert Mead</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Ellwood" title="Charles A. Ellwood">Charles A. Ellwood</a></li></ul></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or tradition</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">symbolic interactionism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i>Human Nature and the Social Order</i> (1902)</li><li><i>Social Organization</i> (1909)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable ideas</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Looking-glass_self" title="Looking-glass self">Looking-glass self</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influenced</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Stack_Sullivan" title="Harry Stack Sullivan">Harry Stack Sullivan</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles Horton Cooley</b> (August 17, 1864 – May 7, 1929) was an American <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the son of Michigan Supreme Court Judge <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Cooley" title="Thomas M. Cooley">Thomas M. Cooley</a>. He studied and went on to teach economics and sociology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. </p><p>He was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Association" title="American Sociological Association">American Sociological Association</a> in 1905 and became its eighth president in 1918. He is perhaps best known for his concept of the <a href="/wiki/Looking-glass_self" title="Looking-glass self">looking-glass self</a>, which is the concept that a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Horton_Cooley&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CharlesCooley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/CharlesCooley.jpg/220px-CharlesCooley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/CharlesCooley.jpg/330px-CharlesCooley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/CharlesCooley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Cooley as a young man</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles Horton Cooley was born in <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ann Arbor">Ann Arbor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, on August 17, 1864, to Mary Elizabeth Horton and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Cooley" title="Thomas M. Cooley">Thomas M. Cooley</a>. Thomas Cooley was the Supreme Court Judge for the state of Michigan, and he was one of the first three faculty members to found the University of Michigan Law School in 1859. He served as dean of the law school from 1859 to 1884. Cooley's mother, Mary, took an active interest in public affairs and traveled with her husband to several cities around the United States in relation to the Interstate Commerce Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was a very successful political figure who stressed the importance of education to his six children. Nevertheless, Cooley had a difficult childhood, which exacerbated his feelings of detachment towards his father.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intimidation and alienation he felt towards his own father caused him to suffer from a variety of illnesses<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> for fifteen years during his adolescence, some appearing to be <a href="/wiki/Psychosomatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychosomatic">psychosomatic</a>. He developed a speech impediment, among other insecurities, due to his lack of interaction with other children<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Cooley was a daydreamer and much of his "dreaming-life" had a substantial influence to his sociological works.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a child, he dealt with feelings of isolation and loneliness, which led him to develop an interest in reading and writing.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Horton_Cooley&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Horton_Cooley_grave_Cemetery_Forest_Hill_Cemetery.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Charles_Horton_Cooley_grave_Cemetery_Forest_Hill_Cemetery.JPG/220px-Charles_Horton_Cooley_grave_Cemetery_Forest_Hill_Cemetery.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Charles_Horton_Cooley_grave_Cemetery_Forest_Hill_Cemetery.JPG/330px-Charles_Horton_Cooley_grave_Cemetery_Forest_Hill_Cemetery.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Charles_Horton_Cooley_grave_Cemetery_Forest_Hill_Cemetery.JPG/440px-Charles_Horton_Cooley_grave_Cemetery_Forest_Hill_Cemetery.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption>Cooley grave in front of Cooley family <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest_Hill_Cemetery_(Ann_Arbor,_Michigan)" title="Forest Hill Cemetery (Ann Arbor, Michigan)">Forest Hill Cemetery, Ann Arbor</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the age of sixteen, Cooley began attending the University of Michigan. Cooley graduated from the University of Michigan in 1897, and continued with a year's training in mechanical engineering. Cooley returned to pursue a master's degree in political science and sociology in 1890. Following completion, he began teaching economics and sociology at UMich in the fall of 1892. Cooley went on to receive a PhD in philosophy in 1894. At this time he was interested in the subject matter of sociology, but due to the University of Michigan not having a sociology department, he had to continue the examination of his PhD through Columbia University.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, Cooley worked closely alongside American sociologist and economist, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Henry_Giddings" title="Franklin Henry Giddings">Franklin Henry Giddings</a> and developed his doctoral thesis, <i>The Theory of Transportation</i> in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>. </p><p>Since his father was honored nationwide, Cooley feared the idea of failure. He lacked direction in life and contemplated science, mathematics, social science, psychology or sociology as his field of study. He wished to write and think, and after reading philosopher <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>'s works, Cooley realized he had an interest in social problems. He shared his reflections of the works of Spencer in 1920, citing that while he brought many valuable viewpoints with the subject of Darwinian principles, he lacks sympathy and the appropriate usage of the sociological perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cooley decided that he wanted to study sociology because it gave him the ability to analyze social discrepancies. He taught the University of Michigan's very first sociology class in 1899. He also played a prominent role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">symbolic interactionism</a>, in which he worked heavily with another fellow staff member from the University of Michigan, psychologist John Dewey.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Horton_Cooley&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooley's_methodology"><span id="Cooley.27s_methodology"></span>Cooley's methodology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Horton_Cooley&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cooley's methodology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cooley is noted for his displeasure at the divisions within the sociological community over methodology. He preferred an empirical, observational approach. While he appreciated the use of statistics after working as a statistician in the Interstate Commerce Commission and Census Bureau, he preferred case studies: often using his own children as the subjects on his observation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also encouraged sociologists to use the method of sympathetic introspection when attempting to understand the consciousness of an individual. Cooley thought that the only practical method is to study the actual situation "closely" and "kindly" with other people involved, then gradually work out the evil from the mixture and replace it with good. Basically, the only way to understand a grotesque human being is to identify how and why his human nature has come to work that way. He felt it was necessary in order to truly understand the activities taken from the actor, effectively separating Cooley from a majority of sociologists who preferred more traditional, scientific techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory_on_transportation_and_the_shift_to_sociology">Theory on transportation and the shift to sociology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Horton_Cooley&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Theory on transportation and the shift to sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cooley's first major work, <i>The Theory of Transportation</i> <i>(1894)</i>, was his doctoral dissertation on economic theory. In his thesis, he discussed industrial growth and expansion during the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This piece was notable for its conclusion that towns and cities tend to be located at the confluence of transportation routes—the so-called "break" in transportation. His debt to German sociologists, particularly Albert Schäffle, has remained largely underresearched.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooley soon shifted to a broader analysis of the interplay of individual and social processes. In <i>Human Nature and the Social Order</i> (1902) he foreshadowed <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">George Herbert Mead</a>'s discussion of the symbolic ground of the self by detailing the way in which an individual's active participation in society affects the emergence of normal social participation. Cooley greatly extended this conception of the "<a href="/wiki/Looking-glass_self" title="Looking-glass self">looking-glass self</a>" (I am, who I think you think, that I am) in his next book, <i>Social Organization</i> (1909), in which he sketched a comprehensive approach to society and its major processes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_organization">Social organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Horton_Cooley&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Social organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first sixty pages of <i>Social Organization</i> (1909) were a sociological antidote to <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>. In that much-quoted segment, Cooley formulated the crucial role of <a href="/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary and secondary groups">primary groups</a> (family, playgroups and community of elders) as the source of one's morals, sentiments, and ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primary groups are the first groups of individuals one is introduced to and are also influenced in their ideas and beliefs. They are the result of intimate association and corporation, along with coinciding ideals and values. He argued that individuals have two different channels of life- one from heredity and the other from society. Heredity is biological and predisposed; it is the human nature that people are born with. Society is the human nature that is expressed in primary groups that we can find in all civilizations. But the impact of a primary group is so great that individuals cling to shared beliefs in more complex associations, and even create new primary groupings within formal organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i>Social Organization</i>, Cooley asks what makes up a society. He focuses on the relationship between the individual and the larger unity of the society. He viewed society and the individual as one since they cannot exist without one another: where society has a strong impact on individual behavior and vice versa. He also concluded that the more industrialized a society becomes, the more individualistic its inhabitants are. Cooley viewed society as a constant experiment in enlarging social experience and in coordinating variety. He, therefore, analyzed the operation of such complex social forms as formal institutions and social class systems and the subtle controls of public opinion. Class differences reflect different contributions to society, as well as the phenomena of aggrandizement (the increase of power or reputation of individuals and values) and exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooley_and_social_subjectivity">Cooley and social subjectivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Horton_Cooley&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cooley and social subjectivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cooley's theories regarding social subjectivity were described in a threefold necessity that had developed within the realm of society. The first of which was the necessity to create an understanding of social phenomena that highlighted the subjective mental processes of individuals. Yet, Cooley realized that these subjective processes were both the causes and effects of society's processes. The second necessity examined the development of a social dynamic conception that portrayed states of chaos as natural occurrences which could provide opportunities for "adaptive innovation." Finally, a need to manifest publics that were capable of exerting some form of "informed moral control" over current problems and future directions. </p><p>In regards to these aforementioned dilemmas, Cooley responded by stating "society and individual denote not separable phenomena but different aspects of the same thing, for a separate individual is an abstraction unknown to experience, and so likewise is society when regarded as something apart from individuals."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this, he resolved to create a "Mental-Social" Complex of which he would term the "<a href="/wiki/Looking-glass_self" title="Looking-glass self">looking-glass self</a>." </p><p>The looking-glass self is created through the imagination of how one's self might be viewed through the eyes of another individual. This would later be termed "empathic introspection." This theory not only applied to the individual, but to the macro-level economic issues of society and macro-sociological conditions that develop over time. </p><p>To the economy, Cooley presented a divergent view from the norm, stating that "...even economic institutions could [not] be understood solely as a result of impersonal market forces." With regard to the sociological perspective and its relevancy toward traditions he states that the dissolution of traditions may be positive, thus creating "the sort of virtues, as well as of vices, that we find on the frontier: plain dealing, love of character and force, kindness, hope, hospitality and courage." He believed that sociology continues to contribute to the "growing efficiency of the intellectual processes that would enlighten the larger public will."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"looking-glass_self""><span id="The_.22looking-glass_self.22"></span>The "looking-glass self"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Horton_Cooley&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The "looking-glass self""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Looking-glass_self" title="Looking-glass self">Looking-glass self</a></div> <p>The "looking-glass self" is undoubtedly Cooley's most famous concept, and is widely known and accepted by psychologists and sociologists today. It expanded <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>'s idea of self to include the capacity of reflection on its own behavior. Other people's views build, change and maintain our self-image; thus, there is an <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">interaction</a> between how we see ourselves and how others see us. Through these interactions, human beings develop an idea of who they are. He argued that when we feel shame or pride, it is due to what we think others view us as. He also mentions that we do not always perceive someone's impressions correctly. For example, if a student incorrectly answers a question in class, they might later question their own intelligence or capacity to prepare sufficiently. The notion of the looking-glass self applies throughout an individual's life: interactions with new people time and again encourage self-evaluation based on a presumed impression given off.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, one's self-identity can be <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">socially constructed</a>. </p><p>In his 1902 work, <i>Human Nature and the Social Order</i>, Cooley defined this concept as: </p><p>"... a somewhat definite imagination of how one's self—that is, any idea he appropriates—appears in a particular mind, and the kind of self-feeling one has is determined by the attitude toward this attributed to that other mind... So in imagination, we perceive in another's mind some thought of our appearance, manners, aims, deeds, character, friends, and so on, and are variously affected by it."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, the three stages observed in the looking-glass self are outlines as: </p> <ul><li>You imagine how you appear to the other person.</li> <li>You imagine the judgment of the other person.</li> <li>You feel some sense of pride, happiness, guilt, or shame.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In line with William James's thoughts, the concept of the looking glass self-contributed to an increasing abandonment of the so-called Cartesian disjunction between the human mind and the external social world. Cooley sought to break down the barrier Cartesian thought had erected between the individual and its social context. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A self-idea of this sort seems to have three principal elements: the imagination of our appearance to the other person; the imagination of his judgment of that appearance, and some sort of self-feeling, such as pride or mortification.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Charles Cooley, <i>Human Nature and the Social Order</i>, p. 152</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_process">Social process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Horton_Cooley&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Social process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cooley's <i>Social Process</i> (1918) emphasized the non-rational, tentative nature of social organization and the significance of social competition. <i>Social Process</i> was an essay-based work that expressed Cooley's social theories. It was more philosophical than sociological. He interpreted modern difficulties as the clash of primary group values (love, ambition, loyalty) and institutional values (impersonal ideologies such as progress or <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>) (See also <a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism</a>). As societies try to cope with their difficulties, they adjust these two kinds of values to one another as best they can. Cooley also mentions the idea of heroes and hero worship. He believed that heroes were an aide or a servant to the internalization of social norms because they represent and serve as an example to reinforce social values.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Social Process</i> was Cooley's last major work, heavily influenced by Darwinian principles of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> and adaptation to collective (social) existence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Horton_Cooley&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cooley married Elsie Jones in 1890, who was the daughter of a professor of medicine at the University of Michigan. Mrs. Cooley differed from her husband in that she was outgoing, energetic, and capable of ordering their common lives in such a manner that mundane cares were not to weigh heavily on her husband. The couple had three children, a boy and two girls, and lived quietly and fairly withdrawn in a house close to the campus. The children served Cooley as his own domestic laboratory subjects for his study of genesis and growth of the self. He would observe imitation behavior in his three children and analyzed their reactions based on age. Even when he was not engaged in the observation of his own self and wished to observe others, he did not need to leave the domestic circle. Cooley also found pleasure in amateur botany and bird-watching in spare time away from his research. </p><p>Cooley's health began to deteriorate in 1928. He was diagnosed with an unidentified form of cancer in March 1929 and died two months later.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cooley's_works"><span id="Cooley.27s_works"></span>Cooley's works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Horton_Cooley&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cooley's works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1891: <i>The Social Significance of Street Railways,</i> Publications of the American Economic Association 6, 71–73</li> <li>1894: <i>Competition and Organization,</i> Publications of the Michigan Political Science Association 1, 33–45</li> <li>1894: <i>The Theory of Transportation</i>, Baltimore: Publications of the American Economic Association 9</li> <li>1896: <i>Nature versus Nurture' in the Making of Social Careers</i>, Proceedings of the 23rd Conference of Charities and Corrections: 399–405</li> <li>1897: <i>Genius, Fame and the Comparison of Races</i>, Philadelphia: Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 9, 1–42</li> <li>1897: <i>The Process of Social Change,</i> Political Science Quarterly 12, 63–81</li> <li>1899: <i>Personal Competition: Its Place in the Social Order and the Effect upon Individuals; with Some Considerations on Success</i>, Economic Studies 4,</li> <li>1902: <i>Human Nature and the Social Order</i>, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, revised edn 1922</li> <li>1902: <i>The Decrease of Rural Population in the Southern Peninsula of Michigan</i>, Publications of the Michigan Political Science Association 4, 28–37</li> <li>1904: <i>Discussion of Franklin H. Giddings', A Theory of Social Causation</i>, Publications of the American Economic Association, Third Series, 5, 426–431</li> <li>1907: <i>Social Consciousness</i>, Publications of the American Sociological Society 1, 97–109</li> <li>1907: <i>Social Consciousness</i>, American Journal of Sociology 12, 675–687 Previously published as above.</li> <li>1908: <i>A Study of the Early Use of Self-Words by a Child</i>, Psychological Review 15, 339–357</li> <li>1909: <i>Social Organization: a Study of the Larger Mind</i>, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons</li> <li>1909: <i>Builder of Democracy</i>, Survey, 210–213</li> <li>1912: <i>Discussion of Simon Patten's The Background of Economic Theories</i>, Publications of the American Sociological Society 7, 132</li> <li>1912: <i>Valuation as a Social Process</i>, Psychological Bulletin 9, Also published as part of Social Process</li> <li>1913: <i>The Institutional Character of Pecuniary Valuation</i>, American Journal of Sociology 18, 543–555. Also published as part of Social Process</li> <li>1913: <i>The Sphere of Pecuniary Valuation</i>, American Journal of Sociology 19, 188–203. Also published as part of <i>Social Process</i></li> <li>1915: <i>The Progress of Pecuniary Valuation</i>, Quarterly Journal of Economics 30, 1–21. Also published as part of <i>Social Process</i></li> <li>1916: <i>Builder of Democracy</i>, Survey 36, 116</li> <li>1917: <i>Social Control in International Relations</i>, Publications of the American Sociological Society 12, 207–216</li> <li>1918: <i>Social Process</i>, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons</li> <li>1918: <i>A Primary Culture for Democracy</i>, Publications of the American Sociological Society 13, 1–10</li> <li>1918: <i>Political Economy and Social Process</i>, <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Political_Economy" title="Journal of Political Economy">Journal of Political Economy</a> 25, 366–374</li> <li>1921: <i>Reflections Upon the Sociology of Herbert Spencer</i>, American Journal of Sociology 26, 129–145</li> <li>1924: <i>Now and Then</i>, Journal of Applied Sociology 8, 259–262.</li> <li>1926: <i>The Roots of Social Knowledge</i>, American Journal of Sociology 32, 59–79.</li> <li>1926: <i>Heredity or Environment</i>, Journal of Applied Sociology 10, 303–307</li> <li>1927: <i>Life and the Student</i>, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons</li> <li>1928: <i>Case Study of Small Institutions as a Method of Research</i>, Publications of the American Sociological Society 22, 123–132</li> <li>1928: <i>Sumner and Methodology</i>, Sociology and Social Research 12, 303–306</li> <li>1929: <i>The Life-Study Method as Applied to Rural Social Research</i>, Publications of the American Sociological Society 23, 248–254</li> <li>1930: <i>The Development of Sociology at Michigan</i>. pp. 3–14 in <i>Sociological Theory and Research, being Selected papers of Charles Horton Cooley</i>, edited by Robert Cooley Angell, New York: Henry Holt</li> <li>1930: <i>Sociological Theory and Social Research</i>, New York: Henry Holt</li> <li>1933: <i>Introductory Sociology</i>, with Robert C Angell and <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Julliard_Carr" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowell Julliard Carr">Lowell J Carr</a>, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Horton_Cooley&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Cartesian doubt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Horton_Cooley&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAngell1930" class="citation journal cs1">Angell, Robert C. (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2570174">"Cooley's Heritage to Social Research"</a>. <i>Social Forces</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 340–347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2570174">10.2307/2570174</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-7732">0037-7732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Forces&rft.atitle=Cooley%27s+Heritage+to+Social+Research&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=340-347&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2570174&rft.issn=0037-7732&rft.aulast=Angell&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2570174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Horton+Cooley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jandy, Edward C. (1938) 1942 Charles Horton Cooley: His Life and Social Theory. Introduction by Willard Waller. New York: Dryden Press. Originally the author's thesis/dissertation, published in 1938. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asanet.org/charles-h-cooley">“Charles H. Cooley.” 2009. <i>American Sociological Association</i>. June 15. http://www.asanet.org/charles-h-cooley.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perma.cc/8S5Y-KNRM">Archived</a> on April 7, 2018 from the original.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Page, Charles H. 1964. <i>Class and American Sociology: From Ward to Ross</i>. New York: Octagon Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, Willard W. 1970. <i>Willard W. Waller on the Family, Education, and War: Selected Writings</i>. Edited by William J. Goode, Jr Frank F. Fustenberg, and Larry R. Mitchell. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-87152-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-87152-3">978-0-226-87152-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritzer, George, and Jeff Stepnisky. 2013. <i>Sociological Theory.</i> (9th ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-802701-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-802701-7">978-0-07-802701-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooley1920" class="citation journal cs1">Cooley, Charles H. (1920-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F213134">"Reflections Upon the Sociology of Herbert Spencer"</a>. <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 129–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F213134">10.1086/213134</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015002302308">2027/mdp.39015002302308</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2763664">2763664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Reflections+Upon+the+Sociology+of+Herbert+Spencer&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-145&rft.date=1920-01-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015002302308&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2763664%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F213134&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F213134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Horton+Cooley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood, Arthur Evans. 1930. “Charles Horton Cooley: An Appreciation.” <i>American Journal of Sociology</i> 35, no. 5 (March): 707–717. <a href="//doi.org/10.1086/215190" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1086/215190">doi:10.1086/215190</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez-EscobarBreeze2015" class="citation book cs1">López-Escobar, Esteban; Breeze, Ruth (2015). <i>Schäffle and Cooley on public opinion. In: Publizistik und Gesellschaftliche Verantwortung. Festschrift für Wolfgang Donsbach</i>. Wiesbaden: Springer. pp. 215–226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-658-04704-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-658-04704-7"><bdi>978-3-658-04704-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sch%C3%A4ffle+and+Cooley+on+public+opinion.+In%3A+Publizistik+und+Gesellschaftliche+Verantwortung.+Festschrift+f%C3%BCr+Wolfgang+Donsbach.&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=215-226&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-658-04704-7&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez-Escobar&rft.aufirst=Esteban&rft.au=Breeze%2C+Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Horton+Cooley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClow1919" class="citation journal cs1">Clow, Frederick R. (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2763653">"Cooley's Doctrine of Primary Groups"</a>. <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>25</b> (3): 326–347. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9602">0002-9602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Cooley%27s+Doctrine+of+Primary+Groups&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=326-347&rft.date=1919&rft.issn=0002-9602&rft.aulast=Clow&rft.aufirst=Frederick+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2763653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Horton+Cooley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooley, Charles Horton. 1902. <i>Human Nature and the Social Order</i>. New York: C. Scribner’s Sons. Available (free) at the <a href="//archive.org/details/humannaturesocia00cooluoft" class="extiw" title="iarchive:humannaturesocia00cooluoft">Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine, Donald Nathan. 1995. <i>Visions of the Sociological Tradition</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooley1902" class="citation book cs1">Cooley, Charles (1902). <i>Human Nature & Social Order</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Nature+%26+Social+Order&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Horton+Cooley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann, Doug. 2008. <i>Understanding Society: A Survey of Modern Social Theory</i>. New York: Oxford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwartz, Barry. 1985. “Emerson, Cooley, and the American Heroic Vision.” <i>Symbolic Interaction</i> 8, no. 1 (Spring): 103–120. doi <a href="//doi.org/10.1525/si.1985.8.1.103" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1525/si.1985.8.1.103">10.1525/si.1985.8.1.103</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobs, Glenn. 2006. <i>Charles Horton Cooley: Imagining Social Reality</i>. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-519-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-519-7">978-1-55849-519-7</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Horton_Cooley&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_A._Coser" title="Lewis A. Coser">Coser, Lewis A.</a> <i>Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context</i>. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971.</li> <li>Dewey, Richard. "Charles Horton Cooley: Pioneer in Psychosociology." Chap. 43 in <i>Introduction to the History of Sociology</i>, edited by Harry E. Barnes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1922</li> <li>Gutman, Robert. “Cooley: A Perspective.” <i>American Sociological Review</i> 23, no. 3 (June 1958): 251–256. JSTOR. <a href="//doi.org/10.2307/2089238" class="extiw" title="doi:10.2307/2089238">doi:10.2307/2089238</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann,_Doug2008" class="citation cs2">Mann, Doug (2008), <i>Understanding society : a survey of modern social theory</i>, Oxford University Press, pg.183</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+society+%3A+a+survey+of+modern+social+theory&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+pg.183&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Mann%2C+Doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Horton+Cooley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mead, George Herbert. "Cooley's Contribution to American Social Thought." <i>American Journal of Sociology</i> 35, no. 5 (March 1930): 693–706. <a href="//doi.org/10.1086/215190" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1086/215190">doi:10.1086/215190</a>Full text <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brocku.ca/MeadProject/Mead/pubs2/papers/Mead_1930a.html">available</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brock_University" title="Brock University">Brock University</a>'s Mead Project).</li> <li>Lemert, Charles C., ed. <i>Social Theory: The Multicultural and Classic Readings</i>. 4th ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2010.</li> <li>Sica, Alan, ed. <i>Social Thought: From the Enlightenment to the Present</i>. Boston: Pearson, 2005.</li> <li>Bakker, J. I. (Hans). “A Unique Ontology? Cooley's Notion of Communication and the Social.” Symbolic Interaction, vol. 37, no. 4, 2014, pp. 614–617. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/symbinte.37.4.614.</li> <li>Burke A. Hinsdale and Isaac Newton Demmon, History of the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1906), pp. 335.</li> <li>“Charles H. Cooley.” American Sociological Association, American Sociological Association, 27 Mar. 2018, www.asanet.org/charles-h-cooley.</li> <li>“Perception Is Reality: The Looking-Glass Self.” Lesley University, The Atlantic, lesley.edu/article/perception-is-reality-the-looking-glass-self.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Horton_Cooley&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Charles_Horton_Cooley" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Charles Horton Cooley">Charles Horton Cooley</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Works by Charles H. Cooley available from the <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Cooley/cool_bib.html">Mead Project</a></i> at the Brock University in Ontario, Canada.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070809111448/http://www2.pfeiffer.edu/~lridener/DSS/INDEX.HTML#cooley">Two of Cooley's works online</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived August 9, 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asanet.org/">American Sociological Association</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Sociological_Association" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Sociological_Association_presidents" title="Template:American Sociological Association presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Sociological_Association_presidents" title="Template talk:American Sociological Association presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Sociological_Association_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Sociological Association presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Sociological_Association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Association" title="American Sociological Association">American Sociological Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1906–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Lester Frank Ward</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">William Graham Sumner</a> (1908–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Henry_Giddings" title="Franklin Henry Giddings">Franklin Henry Giddings</a> (1910–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion_Woodbury_Small" title="Albion Woodbury Small">Albion Woodbury Small</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Alsworth_Ross" title="Edward Alsworth Ross">Edward Alsworth Ross</a> (1914–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Edgar_Vincent" title="George Edgar Vincent">George Edgar Vincent</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Elliott_Howard" title="George Elliott Howard">George Elliott Howard</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cooley" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Cooley">Charles Cooley</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Blackmar" title="Frank W. Blackmar">Frank W. Blackmar</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Q._Dealey" title="James Q. Dealey">James Q. Dealey</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Hayes" title="Edward C. Hayes">Edward C. Hayes</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Lichtenberger" title="James P. Lichtenberger">James P. Lichtenberger</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_G._Weatherly" title="Ulysses G. Weatherly">Ulysses G. Weatherly</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Ellwood" title="Charles A. Ellwood">Charles A. Ellwood</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Park" title="Robert E. Park">Robert E. Park</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gillin" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lewis Gillin">John Lewis Gillin</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._I._Thomas" title="W. I. Thomas">W. I. Thomas</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Gillette" title="John M. Gillette">John M. Gillette</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fielding_Ogburn" title="William Fielding Ogburn">William Fielding Ogburn</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Odum" title="Howard W. Odum">Howard W. Odum</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_S._Bogardus" title="Emory S. Bogardus">Emory S. Bogardus</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_L._Bernard" title="Luther L. Bernard">Luther L. Bernard</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Reuter" title="Edward B. Reuter">Edward B. Reuter</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Burgess" title="Ernest Burgess">Ernest Burgess</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Stuart_Chapin" title="F. Stuart Chapin">F. Stuart Chapin</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pratt_Fairchild" title="Henry Pratt Fairchild">Henry Pratt Fairchild</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Faris" title="Ellsworth Faris">Ellsworth Faris</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Hankins" title="Frank H. Hankins">Frank H. Hankins</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Sutherland" title="Edwin Sutherland">Edwin Sutherland</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morrison_MacIver" title="Robert Morrison MacIver">Robert Morrison MacIver</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_A._Queen" title="Stuart A. Queen">Stuart A. Queen</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Sanderson" title="Dwight Sanderson">Dwight Sanderson</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Lundberg" title="George A. Lundberg">George A. Lundberg</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Vance" title="Rupert Vance">Rupert Bayless Vance</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Young" title="Kimball Young">Kimball Young</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Cleveland_Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Cleveland Taylor (page does not exist)">Carl Cleveland Taylor</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Cleveland_Taylor" class="extiw" title="de:Carl Cleveland Taylor">de</a>]</span> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Wirth" title="Louis Wirth">Louis Wirth</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Franklin_Frazier" title="E. Franklin Frazier">E. Franklin Frazier</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_S._Cottrell_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonard S. Cottrell Jr. (page does not exist)">Leonard S. Cottrell Jr.</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Slater_Cottrell" class="extiw" title="de:Leonard Slater Cottrell">de</a>]</span> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Angell" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert C. Angell">Robert C. Angell</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Swaine_Thomas" title="Dorothy Swaine Thomas">Dorothy Swaine Thomas</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_A._Stouffer" title="Samuel A. Stouffer">Samuel A. Stouffer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florian_Znaniecki" title="Florian Znaniecki">Florian Znaniecki</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Young_(sociologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Young (sociologist) (page does not exist)">Donald Young</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Blumer" title="Herbert Blumer">Herbert Blumer</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Robert K. Merton</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Murphy_Williams" title="Robin Murphy Williams">Robin M. Williams Jr.</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Davis" title="Kingsley Davis">Kingsley Davis</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_P._Becker" title="Howard P. Becker">Howard P. Becker</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._L._Faris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert E. L. Faris (page does not exist)">Robert E. L. Faris</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld" title="Paul Lazarsfeld">Paul Lazarsfeld</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Hughes_(sociologist)" title="Everett Hughes (sociologist)">Everett Hughes</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Homans" title="George C. Homans">George C. Homans</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin" title="Pitirim Sorokin">Pitirim Sorokin</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbert_E._Moore" title="Wilbert E. Moore">Wilbert E. Moore</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_P._Loomis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles P. Loomis (page does not exist)">Charles P. Loomis</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hauser" title="Philip Hauser">Philip Hauser</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Marshall_Rose" title="Arnold Marshall Rose">Arnold Marshall Rose</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_H._Turner" title="Ralph H. Turner">Ralph H. Turner</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Bendix" title="Reinhard Bendix">Reinhard Bendix</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Sewell" title="William H. Sewell">William H. Sewell</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Goode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William J. Goode (page does not exist)">William J. Goode</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirra_Komarovsky" title="Mirra Komarovsky">Mirra Komarovsky</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Blau" title="Peter Blau">Peter Blau</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_A._Coser" title="Lewis A. Coser">Lewis A. Coser</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_McClung_Lee" title="Alfred McClung Lee">Alfred McClung Lee</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton_Yinger" title="John Milton Yinger">John Milton Yinger</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Hawley" title="Amos Hawley">Amos Hawley</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_M._Blalock_Jr." title="Hubert M. Blalock Jr.">Hubert M. Blalock Jr.</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Rossi" title="Peter H. Rossi">Peter H. Rossi</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Foote_Whyte" title="William Foote Whyte">William Foote Whyte</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Erving Goffman</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_S._Rossi" title="Alice S. Rossi">Alice S. Rossi</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Short_Jr." title="James F. Short Jr.">James F. Short Jr.</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai_T._Erikson" title="Kai T. Erikson">Kai T. Erikson</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_White_Riley" title="Matilda White Riley">Matilda White Riley</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_L._Kohn" title="Melvin L. Kohn">Melvin L. Kohn</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Gans" title="Herbert J. Gans">Herbert J. Gans</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Huber" title="Joan Huber">Joan Huber</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Julius_Wilson" title="William Julius Wilson">William Julius Wilson</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Lieberson" title="Stanley Lieberson">Stanley Lieberson</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Samuel_Coleman" title="James Samuel Coleman">James Samuel Coleman</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipset" title="Seymour Martin Lipset">Seymour Martin Lipset</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Gamson" title="William A. Gamson">William A. Gamson</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitai_Etzioni" title="Amitai Etzioni">Amitai Etzioni</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maureen_T._Hallinan" title="Maureen T. Hallinan">Maureen T. Hallinan</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Smelser" title="Neil Smelser">Neil Smelser</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Quadagno" title="Jill Quadagno">Jill Quadagno</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Portes" title="Alejandro Portes">Alejandro Portes</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Feagin" title="Joe Feagin">Joe Feagin</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Massey" title="Douglas Massey">Douglas Massey</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Reskin" title="Barbara Reskin">Barbara Reskin</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Bielby" title="William T. Bielby">William T. Bielby</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Burawoy" title="Michael Burawoy">Michael Burawoy</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Duster" title="Troy Duster">Troy Duster</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Fuchs_Epstein" title="Cynthia Fuchs Epstein">Cynthia Fuchs Epstein</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Fox_Piven" title="Frances Fox Piven">Frances Fox Piven</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_L._Kalleberg" title="Arne L. Kalleberg">Arne L. Kalleberg</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hill_Collins" title="Patricia Hill Collins">Patricia Hill Collins</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Nakano_Glenn" title="Evelyn Nakano Glenn">Evelyn Nakano Glenn</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Collins" title="Randall Collins">Randall Collins</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Olin_Wright" title="Erik Olin Wright">Erik Olin Wright</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_L._Ridgeway" title="Cecilia L. Ridgeway">Cecilia L. Ridgeway</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Lareau" title="Annette Lareau">Annette Lareau</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_England" title="Paula England">Paula England</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Milkman" title="Ruth Milkman">Ruth Milkman</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Lamont" title="Michèle Lamont">Michèle Lamont</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Bonilla-Silva" title="Eduardo Bonilla-Silva">Eduardo Bonilla-Silva</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Romero" title="Mary Romero">Mary Romero</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Williams_(sociologist)" title="Christine Williams (sociologist)">Christine Williams</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldon_Morris" title="Aldon Morris">Aldon Morris</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Menj%C3%ADvar" title="Cecilia Menjívar">Cecilia Menjívar</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudence_Carter" title="Prudence Carter">Prudence Carter</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468172#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468172#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a 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