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<!doctype html> <html lang=en> <head> <meta charset=utf-8> <title>Computer - Ciro Santilli</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/5.10.1/css/all.min.css" integrity="sha512-9my9Mb2+0YO+I4PUCSwUYO7sEK21Y0STBAiFEYoWtd2VzLEZZ4QARDrZ30hdM1GlioHJ8o8cWQiy8IAb1hy/Hg==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"> <style>@import "_obb/dist/ourbigbook.css"; </style> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_raw/main.css"> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cirosantilli/media/master/ID_photo_of_Ciro_Santilli_taken_in_2013_square_398.jpg"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="brand-group"> <a href="." class="brand"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cirosantilli/media/master/ID_photo_of_Ciro_Santilli_taken_in_2013_right_eye_200_100.jpg" loading="lazy" alt="ID photo of Ciro Santilli taken in 2013 right eye">Ciro Santilli</a> <a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cirosantilli/media/master/ourbigbook-logo-v1.svg" loading="lazy" alt="OurBigBook logo">OurBigBook.com</a> <a class="font-awesome-container" href="https://stackoverflow.com/users/895245"><i class="fab fa-stack-overflow fa-fw icon"></i></a> <a class="font-awesome-container" href="https://github.com/cirosantilli"><i class="fab fa-github fa-fw icon"></i></a> <a class="font-awesome-container" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/cirosantilli"><i class="fab fa-linkedin fa-fw icon"></i></a> <a class="font-awesome-container" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/CiroSantilli"><i class="fab fa-youtube fa-fw icon"></i></a> <a class="font-awesome-container" href="https://twitter.com/cirosantilli"><i class="fab fa-twitter fa-fw icon"></i></a> <a class="font-awesome-container" href="https://www.zhihu.com/people/cirosantilli/activities"><i class="fab fa-zhihu fa-fw icon"></i></a> <a class="font-awesome-container" href="https://www.weibo.com/p/1005055601627311"><i class="fab fa-weibo fa-fw icon"></i></a> <a href="sponsor"><span class="icon">$£</span> Sponsor</a> <a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/china-dictatorship"><span class="icon">中国</span>独裁统治 China Dictatorship 新疆改造中心、六四事件、法轮功、郝海东、709大抓捕、2015巴拿马文件邓家贵、低端人口、西藏骚乱</a> </div> </header> <main class="ourbigbook"> <div class="h top" id="computer"><div class="notnav"><h1><a href="computer-split">Computer</a></h1></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav ancestors"><a href="."><span title="Home" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Home</a><a href="technology"> Technology</a><a href="technology#area-of-technology"> Area of technology</a><a href="technology#information-technology"> Information technology</a></div><div class="nav"><a href="#_toc" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/computer"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="cirism#good">Good</a></span><a class="split" href="computer-split"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 87k</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2k</span></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_2">The artistic instrument that enables the ultimate <a href="art">art</a>: coding, See also: <a href="software#the-art-of-programming">Section "The art of programming"</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_3">Much more useful than instruments used in inferior arts, such as pianos or paintbrushes.</div><div class="p" id="_4">Unlike other humans, computers are mindless slaves that do exactly what they are told to, except for <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNzTUdOHm9A">occasional cosmic ray bit flips</a>. Until they <a href="artificial-intelligence#artificial-general-intelligence">take over the world that is</a>.</div><div class="figure"><figure id="video-a-computer-is-the-equivalent-of-a-bicycle-for-our-minds-by-steve-jobs-1980"><div class="float-wrap"><iframe width="560" height="315" loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/KmuP8gsgWb8" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><figcaption><a href="#video-a-computer-is-the-equivalent-of-a-bicycle-for-our-minds-by-steve-jobs-1980"><span class="caption-prefix">Video 1. </span></a><div class="title">A <a href="">computer</a> is the equivalent of a bicycle for our minds by <a href="apple-inc#steve-jobs">Steve Jobs</a> (1980)</div> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KmuP8gsgWb8">Source</a>. Likely an excerpt from an interview done for a documentary in 1980. TODO exact source.</figcaption></figure></div><div class="figure"><figure id="video-steve-jobs-talking-about-the-internet-1995" class="multiline"><div class="float-wrap"><iframe width="560" height="315" loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/8KZdA2O3H1k" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><figcaption><a href="#video-steve-jobs-talking-about-the-internet-1995"><span class="caption-prefix">Video 2. </span></a><div class="title"><a href="apple-inc#steve-jobs">Steve Jobs</a> talking about the <a href="#internet">Internet</a> (1995)</div> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KZdA2O3H1k">Source</a>. <div class="p" id="_5"><div><blockquote id="_6">The web is incredibly exciting, because it is the fulfillment of a lot of our dreams, that the computer would ultimately primarily not be a device for computation, but [sic] metamorphisize into a device for communication.</blockquote></div>also:<div><blockquote id="_7">Secondly it exciting because <a href="microsoft">Microsoft</a> doesn't own it, and therefore there is a tremendous amount of innovation happening.</blockquote></div>then he talks about the impending role for online sales. <a href="amazon">Amazon</a> incoming.</div><div class="p" id="_8">Computers basically have two applications:<div class="list"><ul id="_9"><li id="_10">computation</li><li id="_11">communication. Notably, computers through the <a href="#internet">Internet</a> allow for modes of communication where:<div class="list"><ul id="_12"><li id="_13">both people don't have to be on the same phone line at the exact same time, a server can relay your information to other people</li><li id="_14">anyone can broadcast information easily and for almost free, again due to servers being so good at handling that</li></ul></div></li></ul></div>Generally, the smaller a computer, the more it gets used for communication rather than computing.</div><div class="p" id="_15">The early computers were large and expensive, and basically only used for computing. E.g. <a href="#eniac">ENIAC</a> was used for calculating ballistic tables.</div><div class="p" id="_16">Communication only came later, and it was not obvious to people at first how incredibly important that role would be.</div><div class="p" id="_17">This is also well illustrated in the documentary <a href="technology#nerds-2-0-1">Glory of the Geeks</a>. Full interview at: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRZAJY23xio">www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRZAJY23xio</a>. It is apparently known as the "Lost Interview" and it was by Cringely himself: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bfgwCFrU7dI">www.youtube.com/watch?v=bfgwCFrU7dI</a> for his <a href="technology#triumph-of-the-nerds">Triumph of the Nerds</a> documentary.</div></figcaption></figure></div><div class="toc-container" id="_toc"><ul><li class="has-child toplevel"><div class="title-div"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a class="title toc" href="#_toc"> Table of contents</a><input class="search" placeholder="🔍 Search. Shortcut: / (slash)"></input><span class="hover-metadata"><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 87k</span><span class="dcnt"> 2k</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/how-computers-work"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#how-computers-work">How computers work?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="how-computers-work"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Computer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/the-lower-level-you-go-into-a-computer-the-harder-it-is-to-observe-things"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#the-lower-level-you-go-into-a-computer-the-harder-it-is-to-observe-things">The lower level you go into a computer, the harder it is to observe things</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-lower-level-you-go-into-a-computer-the-harder-it-is-to-observe-things"></a><a href="#_toc/how-computers-work" class="u"> How computers work?</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 354</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/instrumentation-computer-programming"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#instrumentation-computer-programming">Instrumentation <span class="meta">(computer programming)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="instrumentation-computer-programming"></a><a href="#_toc/the-lower-level-you-go-into-a-computer-the-harder-it-is-to-observe-things" class="u"> The lower level you go into a computer, the harder it is to observe things</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 72</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/computer-architecture"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#computer-architecture">Computer architecture</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-architecture"></a><a href="#_toc/how-computers-work" class="u"> How computers work?</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 26</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-by-operating-principle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#computer-by-operating-principle">Computer by operating principle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-by-operating-principle"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Computer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 143</span><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/analog-and-digital-computers"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#analog-and-digital-computers">Analog and digital computers</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="analog-and-digital-computers"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-by-operating-principle" class="u"> Computer by operating principle</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 129</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/analog-computer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#analog-computer">Analog computer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="analog-computer"></a><a href="#_toc/analog-and-digital-computers" class="u"> Analog and digital computers</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 129</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/digital-computer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#digital-computer">Digital computer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="digital-computer"></a><a href="#_toc/analog-and-digital-computers" class="u"> Analog and digital computers</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-physical-principle-of-operation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#computer-physical-principle-of-operation">Computer physical principle of operation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-physical-principle-of-operation"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-by-operating-principle" class="u"> Computer by operating principle</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 14</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/computer-occupation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#computer-occupation">Computer <span class="meta">(occupation)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-occupation"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-physical-principle-of-operation" class="u"> Computer physical principle of operation</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/electronic-computer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#electronic-computer">Electronic computer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electronic-computer"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-physical-principle-of-operation" class="u"> Computer physical principle of operation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 14</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/digital-electronic-computer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#digital-electronic-computer">Digital electronic computer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="digital-electronic-computer"></a><a href="#_toc/electronic-computer" class="u"> Electronic computer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 14</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/mechanical-computer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#mechanical-computer">Mechanical computer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mechanical-computer"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-physical-principle-of-operation" class="u"> Computer physical principle of operation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/abacus"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#abacus">Abacus</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="abacus"></a><a href="#_toc/mechanical-computer" class="u"> Mechanical computer</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-benchmark"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#computer-benchmark">Computer benchmark</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-benchmark"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Computer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 173</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/princeton-application-repository-for-shared-memory-computers"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#princeton-application-repository-for-shared-memory-computers">Princeton Application Repository for Shared-Memory Computers <span class="meta">(PARSEC)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="princeton-application-repository-for-shared-memory-computers"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-benchmark" class="u"> Computer benchmark</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 63</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/cirosantilli-parsec-benchmark"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#cirosantilli-parsec-benchmark">cirosantilli/parsec-benchmark</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cirosantilli-parsec-benchmark"></a><a href="#_toc/princeton-application-repository-for-shared-memory-computers" class="u"> Princeton Application Repository for Shared-Memory Computers</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 36</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/stress-ng"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#stress-ng">stress-ng</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="stress-ng"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-benchmark" class="u"> Computer benchmark</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 108</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-company"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#computer-company">Computer company</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-company"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Computer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 787</span><span class="dcnt"> 27</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/apple-inc"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="apple-inc">Apple Inc.</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="apple-inc-split"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-company" class="u"> Computer company</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 379</span><span class="dcnt"> 16</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/think-different"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="apple-inc#think-different">Think different</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="think-different"></a><a href="#_toc/apple-inc" class="u"> Apple Inc.</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/here-s-to-the-crazy-ones"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="apple-inc#here-s-to-the-crazy-ones">Here's to the crazy ones</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="here-s-to-the-crazy-ones"></a><a href="#_toc/think-different" class="u"> Think different</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/apple-inc-product"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="apple-inc#apple-inc-product">Apple Inc product</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="apple-inc-product"></a><a href="#_toc/apple-inc" class="u"> Apple Inc.</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 9</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ipod"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="apple-inc#ipod">iPod <span class="meta">(2001)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ipod"></a><a href="#_toc/apple-inc-product" class="u"> Apple Inc product</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/iphone"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="apple-inc#iphone">iPhone</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="iphone"></a><a href="#_toc/apple-inc-product" class="u"> Apple Inc product</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/macintosh"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="apple-inc#macintosh">Macintosh <span class="meta">(Mac, 1984-)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="macintosh"></a><a href="#_toc/apple-inc-product" class="u"> Apple Inc product</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/macos"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="apple-inc#macos">MacOS</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="macos"></a><a href="#_toc/apple-inc-product" class="u"> Apple Inc product</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/is-the-macos-kernel-open-source"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="apple-inc#is-the-macos-kernel-open-source">Is the MacOS kernel open source?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="is-the-macos-kernel-open-source"></a><a href="#_toc/macos" class="u"> MacOS</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/apple-inc-person"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="apple-inc#apple-inc-person">Apple Inc. person</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="apple-inc-person"></a><a href="#_toc/apple-inc" class="u"> Apple Inc.</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 129</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ronald-wayne"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="apple-inc#ronald-wayne">Ronald Wayne <span class="meta">(Apple's third co-founder)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ronald-wayne"></a><a href="#_toc/apple-inc-person" class="u"> Apple Inc. person</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/steve-jobs"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="apple-inc#steve-jobs">Steve Jobs</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="steve-jobs"></a><a href="#_toc/apple-inc-person" class="u"> Apple Inc. person</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 16</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/steve-jobs-quote-on-saving-lives-with-a-faster-boot"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="apple-inc#steve-jobs-quote-on-saving-lives-with-a-faster-boot">Steve Jobs quote on saving lives with a faster boot</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="steve-jobs-quote-on-saving-lives-with-a-faster-boot"></a><a href="#_toc/steve-jobs" class="u"> Steve Jobs</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/steve-jobs-customers-don-t-know-what-they-want-quote"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="apple-inc#steve-jobs-customers-don-t-know-what-they-want-quote">Steve Jobs customers don't know what they want quote</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="steve-jobs-customers-don-t-know-what-they-want-quote"></a><a href="#_toc/steve-jobs" class="u"> Steve Jobs</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/steve-wozniak"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="apple-inc#steve-wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="steve-wozniak"></a><a href="#_toc/steve-jobs" class="u"> Steve Jobs</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/steve-wozniak-plays-magic-the-gathering"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="apple-inc#steve-wozniak-plays-magic-the-gathering">Steve Wozniak plays magic the gathering</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="steve-wozniak-plays-magic-the-gathering"></a><a href="#_toc/steve-wozniak" class="u"> Steve Wozniak</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/jobs-and-wozniak-s-blue-box"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="apple-inc#jobs-and-wozniak-s-blue-box">Jobs and Wozniak's blue box</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="jobs-and-wozniak-s-blue-box"></a><a href="#_toc/steve-jobs" class="u"> Steve Jobs</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/fujitsu"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#fujitsu">Fujitsu <span class="meta">(Japanese IBM, 富士通)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fujitsu"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-company" class="u"> Computer company</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 18</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/international-computers-limited"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#international-computers-limited">International Computers Limited <span class="meta">(ICL, British IBM)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="international-computers-limited"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-company" class="u"> Computer company</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 50</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ibm"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#ibm">IBM</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ibm"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-company" class="u"> Computer company</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 117</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ibm-product"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#ibm-product">IBM product</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ibm-product"></a><a href="#_toc/ibm" class="u"> IBM</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 82</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ibm-system-360"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#ibm-system-360">IBM System/360 <span class="meta">(1964)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ibm-system-360"></a><a href="#_toc/ibm-product" class="u"> IBM product</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 49</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/ibm-650"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#ibm-650">IBM 650 <span class="meta">(1954)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ibm-650"></a><a href="#_toc/ibm-product" class="u"> IBM product</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 24</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/ibm-1401"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#ibm-1401">IBM 1401 <span class="meta">(1959)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ibm-1401"></a><a href="#_toc/ibm-product" class="u"> IBM product</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 9</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ibm-700-7000-series"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#ibm-700-7000-series">IBM 700/7000 series <span class="meta">(1953-1970)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ibm-700-7000-series"></a><a href="#_toc/ibm-product" class="u"> IBM product</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ibm-705"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#ibm-705">IBM 705</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ibm-705"></a><a href="#_toc/ibm-700-7000-series" class="u"> IBM 700/7000 series</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/ibm-personal-computer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#ibm-personal-computer">IBM Personal Computer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ibm-personal-computer"></a><a href="#_toc/ibm" class="u"> IBM</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-engineer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#computer-engineer">Computer engineer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-engineer"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Computer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 463</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/gordon-moore"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#gordon-moore">Gordon Moore</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gordon-moore"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-engineer" class="u"> Computer engineer</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/robert-noyce"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#robert-noyce">Robert Noyce</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="robert-noyce"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-engineer" class="u"> Computer engineer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 5</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/robert-noyce-the-man-behind-the-microchip-by-leslie-berlin-2006"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#robert-noyce-the-man-behind-the-microchip-by-leslie-berlin-2006">Robert Noyce: The Man Behind the Microchip by Leslie Berlin (2006)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="robert-noyce-the-man-behind-the-microchip-by-leslie-berlin-2006"></a><a href="#_toc/robert-noyce" class="u"> Robert Noyce</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 5</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/seymour-cray"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#seymour-cray">Seymour Cray</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="seymour-cray"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-engineer" class="u"> Computer engineer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 458</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/cray"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#cray">Cray</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cray"></a><a href="#_toc/seymour-cray" class="u"> Seymour Cray</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/the-supermen-the-story-of-seymour-cray-by-charles-j-murray-1997"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#the-supermen-the-story-of-seymour-cray-by-charles-j-murray-1997">The Supermen: The Story of Seymour Cray by Charles J. Murray (1997)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-supermen-the-story-of-seymour-cray-by-charles-j-murray-1997"></a><a href="#_toc/seymour-cray" class="u"> Seymour Cray</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 458</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-graphics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#computer-graphics">Computer graphics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-graphics"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Computer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 44</span><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/2d-computer-graphics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#2d-computer-graphics">2D computer graphics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="2d-computer-graphics"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-graphics" class="u"> Computer graphics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/3d-computer-graphics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#3d-computer-graphics">3D computer graphics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="3d-computer-graphics"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-graphics" class="u"> Computer graphics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 44</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/3d-file-format"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#3d-file-format">3D file format</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="3d-file-format"></a><a href="#_toc/3d-computer-graphics" class="u"> 3D computer graphics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 44</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/3d-file-format-viewer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#3d-file-format-viewer">3D file format viewer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="3d-file-format-viewer"></a><a href="#_toc/3d-file-format" class="u"> 3D file format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/f3d"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#f3d">f3d</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="f3d"></a><a href="#_toc/3d-file-format-viewer" class="u"> 3D file format viewer</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-3d-file-formats"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#list-of-3d-file-formats">List of 3D file formats</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-3d-file-formats"></a><a href="#_toc/3d-file-format" class="u"> 3D file format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 40</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/gltf"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#gltf">glTF</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gltf"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-3d-file-formats" class="u"> List of 3D file formats</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 40</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/openusd"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#openusd">OpenUSD</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="openusd"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-3d-file-formats" class="u"> List of 3D file formats</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/universal-scene-description"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#universal-scene-description">Universal Scene Description</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="universal-scene-description"></a><a href="#_toc/openusd" class="u"> OpenUSD</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-network"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#computer-network">Computer network</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-network"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Computer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 9k</span><span class="dcnt"> 217</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-network-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#computer-network-software">Computer network software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-network-software"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-network" class="u"> Computer network</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 430</span><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/iproute2"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#iproute2">iproute2</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="iproute2"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-network-software" class="u"> Computer network software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ip-cli-tool"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#ip-cli-tool"><code>ip</code> CLI tool</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ip-cli-tool"></a><a href="#_toc/iproute2" class="u"> iproute2</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/find-computer-ip-with-the-ip-cli-tool"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#find-computer-ip-with-the-ip-cli-tool">Find computer IP with the <code>ip</code> CLI tool</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="find-computer-ip-with-the-ip-cli-tool"></a><a href="#_toc/ip-cli-tool" class="u"> <code>ip</code> CLI tool</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/nmap"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#nmap">Nmap</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nmap"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-network-software" class="u"> Computer network software</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/tcpdump"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#tcpdump">tcpdump</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tcpdump"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-network-software" class="u"> Computer network software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 296</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/wireshark"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#wireshark">Wireshark</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="wireshark"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-network-software" class="u"> Computer network software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 134</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/wireshark-capture-filter"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#wireshark-capture-filter">Wireshark capture filter</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="wireshark-capture-filter"></a><a href="#_toc/wireshark" class="u"> Wireshark</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 54</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/wireshark-display-filter"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#wireshark-display-filter">Wireshark display filter</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="wireshark-display-filter"></a><a href="#_toc/wireshark" class="u"> Wireshark</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/tshark"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#tshark">tshark <span class="meta">(Terminal Wireshark)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tshark"></a><a href="#_toc/wireshark" class="u"> Wireshark</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 42</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/linux-networking-howto"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#linux-networking-howto">Linux networking HOWTO</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="linux-networking-howto"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-network" class="u"> Computer network</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 313</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/connect-to-other-computer-in-lan-by-hostname"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#connect-to-other-computer-in-lan-by-hostname">Connect to other computer in LAN by hostname</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="connect-to-other-computer-in-lan-by-hostname"></a><a href="#_toc/linux-networking-howto" class="u"> Linux networking HOWTO</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/connect-to-other-computer-in-lan-by-hostname-with-dhcp"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#connect-to-other-computer-in-lan-by-hostname-with-dhcp">Connect to other computer in LAN by hostname with DHCP</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="connect-to-other-computer-in-lan-by-hostname-with-dhcp"></a><a href="#_toc/linux-networking-howto" class="u"> Linux networking HOWTO</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 27</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/connect-two-computers-directly-without-a-router-with-an-ethernet-cable"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#connect-two-computers-directly-without-a-router-with-an-ethernet-cable">Connect two computers directly without a router with an Ethernet cable</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="connect-two-computers-directly-without-a-router-with-an-ethernet-cable"></a><a href="#_toc/linux-networking-howto" class="u"> Linux networking HOWTO</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 247</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/find-mac-address-of-a-device-on-the-other-end-of-an-ethernet-cable"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#find-mac-address-of-a-device-on-the-other-end-of-an-ethernet-cable">Find MAC address of a device on the other end of an Ethernet cable</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="find-mac-address-of-a-device-on-the-other-end-of-an-ethernet-cable"></a><a href="#_toc/connect-two-computers-directly-without-a-router-with-an-ethernet-cable" class="u"> Connect two computers directly without a router with an Ethernet cable</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/find-mac-address-of-a-device-on-the-other-end-of-an-ethernet-cable-without-ip"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#find-mac-address-of-a-device-on-the-other-end-of-an-ethernet-cable-without-ip">Find MAC address of a device on the other end of an Ethernet cable without IP</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="find-mac-address-of-a-device-on-the-other-end-of-an-ethernet-cable-without-ip"></a><a href="#_toc/find-mac-address-of-a-device-on-the-other-end-of-an-ethernet-cable" class="u"> Find MAC address of a device on the other end of an Ethernet cable</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/share-internet-via-ethernet-cable"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#share-internet-via-ethernet-cable">Share Internet via Ethernet cable</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="share-internet-via-ethernet-cable"></a><a href="#_toc/linux-networking-howto" class="u"> Linux networking HOWTO</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 39</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/osi-model"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#osi-model">OSI model</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="osi-model"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-network" class="u"> Computer network</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 250</span><span class="dcnt"> 20</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/physical-layer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#physical-layer">Physical layer <span class="meta">(OSI layer 1)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="physical-layer"></a><a href="#_toc/osi-model" class="u"> OSI model</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 130</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/sneakernet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#sneakernet">Sneakernet</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sneakernet"></a><a href="#_toc/physical-layer" class="u"> Physical layer</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/universal-asynchronous-receiver-transmitter"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#universal-asynchronous-receiver-transmitter">Universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter <span class="meta">(UART)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="universal-asynchronous-receiver-transmitter"></a><a href="#_toc/physical-layer" class="u"> Physical layer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 116</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/data-link-layer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#data-link-layer">Data link layer <span class="meta">(OSI layer 2)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="data-link-layer"></a><a href="#_toc/osi-model" class="u"> OSI model</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 91</span><span class="dcnt"> 10</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/bluetooth"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#bluetooth">Bluetooth <span class="meta">(1997)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bluetooth"></a><a href="#_toc/data-link-layer" class="u"> Data link layer</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ethernet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#ethernet">Ethernet <span class="meta">(1980)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ethernet"></a><a href="#_toc/data-link-layer" class="u"> Data link layer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 60</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ethernet-physical-layer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#ethernet-physical-layer">Ethernet physical layer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ethernet-physical-layer"></a><a href="#_toc/ethernet" class="u"> Ethernet</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 60</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ethernet-cable"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#ethernet-cable">Ethernet cable</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ethernet-cable"></a><a href="#_toc/ethernet-physical-layer" class="u"> Ethernet physical layer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 60</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ethernet-over-twisted-pair"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#ethernet-over-twisted-pair">Ethernet over twisted pair</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ethernet-over-twisted-pair"></a><a href="#_toc/ethernet-cable" class="u"> Ethernet cable</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 28</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/category-5-cable"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#category-5-cable">Category 5 cable <span class="meta">(4 twisted pairs)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="category-5-cable"></a><a href="#_toc/ethernet-over-twisted-pair" class="u"> Ethernet over twisted pair</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 28</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/cat-5e"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#cat-5e">Cat 5e <span class="meta">(2.5 Gbit/s)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cat-5e"></a><a href="#_toc/category-5-cable" class="u"> Category 5 cable</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 28</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/ethernet-over-fiber"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#ethernet-over-fiber">Ethernet over fiber</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ethernet-over-fiber"></a><a href="#_toc/ethernet-cable" class="u"> Ethernet cable</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/wi-fi"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#wi-fi">Wi-Fi <span class="meta">(2-6 GHz, 1997)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="wi-fi"></a><a href="#_toc/data-link-layer" class="u"> Data link layer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 31</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/eduroam"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#eduroam">Eduroam</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="eduroam"></a><a href="#_toc/wi-fi" class="u"> Wi-Fi</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/network-layer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#network-layer">Network layer <span class="meta">(OSI layer 3)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="network-layer"></a><a href="#_toc/osi-model" class="u"> OSI model</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 29</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/internet-control-message-protocol"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#internet-control-message-protocol">Internet Control Message Protocol <span class="meta">(ICMP)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="internet-control-message-protocol"></a><a href="#_toc/network-layer" class="u"> Network layer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 29</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/icmp-runs-on-top-of-ip"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#icmp-runs-on-top-of-ip">ICMP runs on top of IP</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="icmp-runs-on-top-of-ip"></a><a href="#_toc/internet-control-message-protocol" class="u"> Internet Control Message Protocol</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 15</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/the-linux-kernel-responds-to-icmp-directly"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#the-linux-kernel-responds-to-icmp-directly">The Linux kernel responds to ICMP directly</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-linux-kernel-responds-to-icmp-directly"></a><a href="#_toc/internet-control-message-protocol" class="u"> Internet Control Message Protocol</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 14</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/ping-networking-utility"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#ping-networking-utility">ping <span class="meta">(networking utility)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ping-networking-utility"></a><a href="#_toc/internet-control-message-protocol" class="u"> Internet Control Message Protocol</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/transport-layer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#transport-layer">Transport layer <span class="meta">(OSI layer 4)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="transport-layer"></a><a href="#_toc/osi-model" class="u"> OSI model</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/internet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#internet">Internet</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="internet"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-network" class="u"> Computer network</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 7k</span><span class="dcnt"> 151</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/history-of-the-internet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#history-of-the-internet">History of the Internet</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="history-of-the-internet"></a><a href="#_toc/internet" class="u"> Internet</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 11</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arpanet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#arpanet">ARPANET <span class="meta">(1970)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arpanet"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-the-internet" class="u"> History of the Internet</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 11</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/interface-message-processor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#interface-message-processor">Interface Message Processor <span class="meta">(IMP)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="interface-message-processor"></a><a href="#_toc/arpanet" class="u"> ARPANET</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/the-enshittification-of-the-internet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#the-enshittification-of-the-internet">The Enshittification of the Internet</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-enshittification-of-the-internet"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-the-internet" class="u"> History of the Internet</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/url"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#url">URL <span class="meta">(Uniform Resource Locator)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="url"></a><a href="#_toc/internet" class="u"> Internet</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 14</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/data-uri-scheme"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#data-uri-scheme">data URI scheme <span class="meta">(data URL)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="data-uri-scheme"></a><a href="#_toc/url" class="u"> URL</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 14</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/internet-protocol-suite"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#internet-protocol-suite">Internet protocol suite</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="internet-protocol-suite"></a><a href="#_toc/internet" class="u"> Internet</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 782</span><span class="dcnt"> 39</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/application-layer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#application-layer">Application layer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="application-layer"></a><a href="#_toc/internet-protocol-suite" class="u"> Internet protocol suite</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/http"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#http">HTTP</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="http"></a><a href="#_toc/application-layer" class="u"> Application layer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/https"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#https">HTTPS</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="https"></a><a href="#_toc/http" class="u"> HTTP</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/secure-shell"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#secure-shell">Secure Shell <span class="meta">(SSH)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="secure-shell"></a><a href="#_toc/application-layer" class="u"> Application layer</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/tcp-ip"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#tcp-ip">TCP/IP</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tcp-ip"></a><a href="#_toc/internet-protocol-suite" class="u"> Internet protocol suite</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/mac-address"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#mac-address">MAC address</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mac-address"></a><a href="#_toc/internet-protocol-suite" class="u"> Internet protocol suite</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 59</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/organizationally-unique-identifier"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#organizationally-unique-identifier">Organizationally unique identifier</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="organizationally-unique-identifier"></a><a href="#_toc/mac-address" class="u"> MAC address</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/internet-protocol"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#internet-protocol">Internet Protocol <span class="meta">(IP)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="internet-protocol"></a><a href="#_toc/internet-protocol-suite" class="u"> Internet protocol suite</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 7</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ip-address"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#ip-address">IP address</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ip-address"></a><a href="#_toc/internet-protocol" class="u"> Internet Protocol</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 7</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/transmission-control-protocol"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#transmission-control-protocol">Transmission Control Protocol <span class="meta">(TCP)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="transmission-control-protocol"></a><a href="#_toc/internet-protocol-suite" class="u"> Internet protocol suite</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/domain-name-system"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#domain-name-system">Domain Name System <span class="meta">(DNS)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="domain-name-system"></a><a href="#_toc/internet-protocol-suite" class="u"> Internet protocol suite</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 716</span><span class="dcnt"> 27</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/dns-database"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#dns-database">DNS database</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dns-database"></a><a href="#_toc/domain-name-system" class="u"> Domain Name System</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 622</span><span class="dcnt"> 14</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/censys"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#censys">Censys</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="censys"></a><a href="#_toc/dns-database" class="u"> DNS database</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/whoisxmlapi"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#whoisxmlapi">WhoisXMLAPI</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="whoisxmlapi"></a><a href="#_toc/dns-database" class="u"> DNS database</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 112</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/domaintools"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#domaintools">DomainTools</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="domaintools"></a><a href="#_toc/dns-database" class="u"> DNS database</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 64</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/domaintools-pricing"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#domaintools-pricing">DomainTools pricing</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="domaintools-pricing"></a><a href="#_toc/domaintools" class="u"> DomainTools</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 39</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/farsight-dnsdb"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#farsight-dnsdb">Farsight DNSDB</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="farsight-dnsdb"></a><a href="#_toc/domaintools" class="u"> DomainTools</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 12</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/domaintools-historical-reverse-ip"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#domaintools-historical-reverse-ip">DomainTools historical reverse IP</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="domaintools-historical-reverse-ip"></a><a href="#_toc/domaintools" class="u"> DomainTools</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/carna-botnet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#carna-botnet">Carna botnet <span class="meta">(Internet Census 2012)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="carna-botnet"></a><a href="#_toc/dns-database" class="u"> DNS database</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 20</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/viewdns-info"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#viewdns-info">viewdns.info <span class="meta">(2010-)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="viewdns-info"></a><a href="#_toc/dns-database" class="u"> DNS database</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 247</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/viewdns-info-reverse-ip-bug"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#viewdns-info-reverse-ip-bug">viewdns.info reverse IP bug</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="viewdns-info-reverse-ip-bug"></a><a href="#_toc/viewdns-info" class="u"> viewdns.info</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 76</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/ipinf-ru"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#ipinf-ru">ipinf.ru</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ipinf-ru"></a><a href="#_toc/dns-database" class="u"> DNS database</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/dns-census-2013"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#dns-census-2013">DNS Census 2013</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dns-census-2013"></a><a href="#_toc/dns-database" class="u"> DNS database</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 12</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/caida-commoncrawl-host-ip-mapper"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#caida-commoncrawl-host-ip-mapper">CAIDA/commoncrawl-host-ip-mapper</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="caida-commoncrawl-host-ip-mapper"></a><a href="#_toc/dns-database" class="u"> DNS database</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/expired-domain-tracker"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#expired-domain-tracker">Expired domain tracker</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="expired-domain-tracker"></a><a href="#_toc/dns-database" class="u"> DNS database</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/justdropped-com"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#justdropped-com">justdropped.com</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="justdropped-com"></a><a href="#_toc/expired-domain-tracker" class="u"> Expired domain tracker</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/domain-name"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#domain-name">Domain name <span class="meta">(DNS)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="domain-name"></a><a href="#_toc/domain-name-system" class="u"> Domain Name System</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 94</span><span class="dcnt"> 11</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/domain-name-speculation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#domain-name-speculation">Domain name speculation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="domain-name-speculation"></a><a href="#_toc/domain-name" class="u"> Domain name</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/domain-name-registrar"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#domain-name-registrar">Domain name registrar</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="domain-name-registrar"></a><a href="#_toc/domain-name" class="u"> Domain name</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 87</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/godaddy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#godaddy">GoDaddy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="godaddy"></a><a href="#_toc/domain-name-registrar" class="u"> Domain name registrar</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 87</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/domains-by-proxy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#domains-by-proxy">Domains by Proxy <span class="meta">(domainsbyproxy.com)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="domains-by-proxy"></a><a href="#_toc/godaddy" class="u"> GoDaddy</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 87</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/cia-usage-of-domains-by-proxy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#cia-usage-of-domains-by-proxy">CIA usage of Domains by Proxy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cia-usage-of-domains-by-proxy"></a><a href="#_toc/domains-by-proxy" class="u"> Domains by Proxy</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 84</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/network-solutions"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#network-solutions">Network Solutions</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="network-solutions"></a><a href="#_toc/domain-name-registrar" class="u"> Domain name registrar</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/domain-hack"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#domain-hack">Domain hack</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="domain-hack"></a><a href="#_toc/domain-name" class="u"> Domain name</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 4</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/parked-domain-girl"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#parked-domain-girl">Parked domain girl</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="parked-domain-girl"></a><a href="#_toc/domain-name" class="u"> Domain name</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/top-level-domain"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#top-level-domain">Top-level domain</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="top-level-domain"></a><a href="#_toc/domain-name" class="u"> Domain name</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/cctld"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#cctld">ccTLD</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cctld"></a><a href="#_toc/top-level-domain" class="u"> Top-level domain</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/interesting-domain-name"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#interesting-domain-name">Interesting domain name</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="interesting-domain-name"></a><a href="#_toc/domain-name" class="u"> Domain name</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/virtual-private-network"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#virtual-private-network">Virtual private network <span class="meta">(VPN)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="virtual-private-network"></a><a href="#_toc/internet-protocol-suite" class="u"> Internet protocol suite</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/internet-company"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#internet-company">Internet company</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="internet-company"></a><a href="#_toc/internet" class="u"> Internet</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 6k</span><span class="dcnt"> 103</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/amazon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="amazon">Amazon <span class="meta">(1994)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amazon-split"></a><a href="#_toc/internet-company" class="u"> Internet company</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 491</span><span class="dcnt"> 16</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/amazon-prime-video"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="amazon#amazon-prime-video">Amazon Prime Video</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amazon-prime-video"></a><a href="#_toc/amazon" class="u"> Amazon</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/jeff-bezos"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="amazon#jeff-bezos">Jeff Bezos</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="jeff-bezos"></a><a href="#_toc/amazon" class="u"> Amazon</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 145</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/mackenzie-bezos"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="amazon#mackenzie-bezos">MacKenzie Bezos</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mackenzie-bezos"></a><a href="#_toc/jeff-bezos" class="u"> Jeff Bezos</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/dan-jewett"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="amazon#dan-jewett">Dan Jewett <span class="meta">(MacKenzie Bezos' second husband)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dan-jewett"></a><a href="#_toc/mackenzie-bezos" class="u"> MacKenzie Bezos</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/divorce-of-jeff-and-mackenzie-bezos"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="amazon#divorce-of-jeff-and-mackenzie-bezos">Divorce of Jeff and MacKenzie Bezos</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="divorce-of-jeff-and-mackenzie-bezos"></a><a href="#_toc/mackenzie-bezos" class="u"> MacKenzie Bezos</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/lost-horse-llc"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="amazon#lost-horse-llc">Lost Horse LLC</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lost-horse-llc"></a><a href="#_toc/mackenzie-bezos" class="u"> MacKenzie Bezos</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/history-of-amazon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="amazon#history-of-amazon">History of Amazon</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="history-of-amazon"></a><a href="#_toc/amazon" class="u"> Amazon</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/well-capitalized-seattle-start-up-seeks-unix-developers"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="amazon#well-capitalized-seattle-start-up-seeks-unix-developers">Well-capitalized Seattle start-up seeks Unix developers <span class="meta">(Amazon's first job announcement, 1994)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="well-capitalized-seattle-start-up-seeks-unix-developers"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-amazon" class="u"> History of Amazon</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/shel-kaphan"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="amazon#shel-kaphan">Shel Kaphan</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="shel-kaphan"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-amazon" class="u"> History of Amazon</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/amazon-acquisition"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="amazon#amazon-acquisition">Amazon acquisition</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amazon-acquisition"></a><a href="#_toc/amazon" class="u"> Amazon</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/amazon-anticompetitive-acquisition"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="amazon#amazon-anticompetitive-acquisition">Amazon anticompetitive acquisition</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amazon-anticompetitive-acquisition"></a><a href="#_toc/amazon-acquisition" class="u"> Amazon acquisition</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/amazon-infrastructure"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="amazon#amazon-infrastructure">Amazon infrastructure</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amazon-infrastructure"></a><a href="#_toc/amazon" class="u"> Amazon</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 67</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/amazon-custom-silicon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="amazon#amazon-custom-silicon">Amazon custom silicon</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amazon-custom-silicon"></a><a href="#_toc/amazon-infrastructure" class="u"> Amazon infrastructure</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/annapurna-labs"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="amazon#annapurna-labs">Annapurna Labs</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="annapurna-labs"></a><a href="#_toc/amazon-custom-silicon" class="u"> Amazon custom silicon</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/aws-graviton"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="amazon#aws-graviton">AWS Graviton</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="aws-graviton"></a><a href="#_toc/amazon-custom-silicon" class="u"> Amazon custom silicon</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/amazon-product"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="amazon#amazon-product">Amazon product</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amazon-product"></a><a href="#_toc/amazon" class="u"> Amazon</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/alibaba"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#alibaba">Alibaba</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="alibaba"></a><a href="#_toc/internet-company" class="u"> Internet company</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/alibaba-product"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#alibaba-product">Alibaba product</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="alibaba-product"></a><a href="#_toc/alibaba" class="u"> Alibaba</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/google"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google">Google <span class="meta">(incorporated 1998)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-split"></a><a href="#_toc/internet-company" class="u"> Internet company</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 4k</span><span class="dcnt"> 75</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/history-of-google"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#history-of-google">History of Google</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="history-of-google"></a><a href="#_toc/google" class="u"> Google</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 666</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/backrub"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#backrub">BackRub <span class="meta">(1996)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="backrub"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-google" class="u"> History of Google</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/scott-hassan"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#scott-hassan">Scott Hassan <span class="meta">(original Google Search coder)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="scott-hassan"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-google" class="u"> History of Google</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 47</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/allison-huynh"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#allison-huynh">Allison Huynh</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="allison-huynh"></a><a href="#_toc/scott-hassan" class="u"> Scott Hassan</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/mydream-interactive"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#mydream-interactive">MyDream Interactive</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mydream-interactive"></a><a href="#_toc/allison-huynh" class="u"> Allison Huynh</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/egroups"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#egroups">eGroups <span class="meta">(1997-2000)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="egroups"></a><a href="#_toc/scott-hassan" class="u"> Scott Hassan</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/suitable-technologies"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#suitable-technologies">Suitable Technologies <span class="meta">(2011-2020)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="suitable-technologies"></a><a href="#_toc/scott-hassan" class="u"> Scott Hassan</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/history-of-google-bibliography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#history-of-google-bibliography">History of Google bibliography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="history-of-google-bibliography"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-google" class="u"> History of Google</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/the-google-story"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#the-google-story">The Google Story <span class="meta">(Vise and Malseed, 2005)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-google-story"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-google-bibliography" class="u"> History of Google bibliography</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/google-product"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#google-product">Google product</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-product"></a><a href="#_toc/google" class="u"> Google</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 13</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/chromebook"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#chromebook">Chromebook <span class="meta">(2011)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="chromebook"></a><a href="#_toc/google-product" class="u"> Google product</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/google-analytics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#google-analytics">Google Analytics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-analytics"></a><a href="#_toc/google-product" class="u"> Google product</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/google-bigquery"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#google-bigquery">Google BigQuery</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-bigquery"></a><a href="#_toc/google-product" class="u"> Google product</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/google-books"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#google-books">Google Books</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-books"></a><a href="#_toc/google-product" class="u"> Google product</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/google-docs"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#google-docs">Google Docs <span class="meta">(2009)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-docs"></a><a href="#_toc/google-product" class="u"> Google product</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/google-passwords"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#google-passwords">Google Passwords</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-passwords"></a><a href="#_toc/google-product" class="u"> Google product</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/google-photos"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#google-photos">Google Photos</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-photos"></a><a href="#_toc/google-product" class="u"> Google product</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/google-search"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#google-search">Google Search</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-search"></a><a href="#_toc/google-product" class="u"> Google product</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/google-translate"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#google-translate">Google Translate</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-translate"></a><a href="#_toc/google-product" class="u"> Google product</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/google-trends"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#google-trends">Google Trends</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-trends"></a><a href="#_toc/google-product" class="u"> Google product</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/google-images"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#google-images">Google Images</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-images"></a><a href="#_toc/google-product" class="u"> Google product</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/google-reverse-image-search"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#google-reverse-image-search">Google reverse image search</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-reverse-image-search"></a><a href="#_toc/google-images" class="u"> Google Images</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/knol"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#knol">Knol <span class="meta">(2008-2012)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="knol"></a><a href="#_toc/google-product" class="u"> Google product</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/google-subsidiary"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#google-subsidiary">Google subsidiary</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-subsidiary"></a><a href="#_toc/google" class="u"> Google</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 7</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/calico-company"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#calico-company">Calico <span class="meta">(company)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="calico-company"></a><a href="#_toc/google-subsidiary" class="u"> Google subsidiary</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/google-x"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#google-x">Google X</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-x"></a><a href="#_toc/google-subsidiary" class="u"> Google subsidiary</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sandbox-aq"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#sandbox-aq">Sandbox AQ <span class="meta">(2022)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sandbox-aq"></a><a href="#_toc/google-subsidiary" class="u"> Google subsidiary</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/jack-hidary"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#jack-hidary">Jack Hidary</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="jack-hidary"></a><a href="#_toc/sandbox-aq" class="u"> Sandbox AQ</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/pagerank"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#pagerank">PageRank</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pagerank"></a><a href="#_toc/google" class="u"> Google</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 512</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/open-pagerank-implementation-and-data"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#open-pagerank-implementation-and-data">Open PageRank implementation and data</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-pagerank-implementation-and-data"></a><a href="#_toc/pagerank" class="u"> PageRank</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 41</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/common-crawl-web-graph-official-pagerank"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#common-crawl-web-graph-official-pagerank">Common Crawl web graph official PageRank</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="common-crawl-web-graph-official-pagerank"></a><a href="#_toc/open-pagerank-implementation-and-data" class="u"> Open PageRank implementation and data</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/common-crawl-www-ranking"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#common-crawl-www-ranking">Common Crawl WWW Ranking</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="common-crawl-www-ranking"></a><a href="#_toc/common-crawl-web-graph-official-pagerank" class="u"> Common Crawl web graph official PageRank</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/open-pagerank"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#open-pagerank">Open PageRank</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-pagerank"></a><a href="#_toc/open-pagerank-implementation-and-data" class="u"> Open PageRank implementation and data</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/eigenvector-centrality"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#eigenvector-centrality">Eigenvector centrality</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="eigenvector-centrality"></a><a href="#_toc/pagerank" class="u"> PageRank</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/katz-centrality"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#katz-centrality">Katz centrality <span class="meta">(1953)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="katz-centrality"></a><a href="#_toc/eigenvector-centrality" class="u"> Eigenvector centrality</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/expertrank"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#expertrank">ExpertRank</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="expertrank"></a><a href="#_toc/pagerank" class="u"> PageRank</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/h-index"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#h-index">h-index</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="h-index"></a><a href="#_toc/pagerank" class="u"> PageRank</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/google-acquisition"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#google-acquisition">Google acquisition</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-acquisition"></a><a href="#_toc/google" class="u"> Google</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/google-infrastructure"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#google-infrastructure">Google infrastructure</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-infrastructure"></a><a href="#_toc/google" class="u"> Google</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/google-custom-hardware"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#google-custom-hardware">Google custom hardware</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-custom-hardware"></a><a href="#_toc/google-infrastructure" class="u"> Google infrastructure</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/google-custom-silicon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#google-custom-silicon">Google custom silicon</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-custom-silicon"></a><a href="#_toc/google-infrastructure" class="u"> Google infrastructure</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/google-culture"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#google-culture">Google culture</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-culture"></a><a href="#_toc/google" class="u"> Google</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 75</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/organise-the-world-s-information"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#organise-the-world-s-information">Organise the world's information</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="organise-the-world-s-information"></a><a href="#_toc/google-culture" class="u"> Google culture</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/side-project-time"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#side-project-time">Side project time</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="side-project-time"></a><a href="#_toc/google-culture" class="u"> Google culture</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/20-percent-time-rule"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#20-percent-time-rule">20% time rule</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="20-percent-time-rule"></a><a href="#_toc/side-project-time" class="u"> Side project time</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/google-interview"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#google-interview">Google interview</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-interview"></a><a href="#_toc/google" class="u"> Google</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/google-foobar"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#google-foobar">Google Foobar</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-foobar"></a><a href="#_toc/google-interview" class="u"> Google interview</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/largey-brage"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#largey-brage">Largey Brage <span class="meta">(1995)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="largey-brage"></a><a href="#_toc/google" class="u"> Google</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 16</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/larry-page"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#larry-page">Larry Page <span class="meta">(1973)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="larry-page"></a><a href="#_toc/largey-brage" class="u"> Largey Brage</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 848</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/larry-page-s-family"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#larry-page-s-family">Larry Page's family <span class="meta">(Larry Page's brother)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="larry-page-s-family"></a><a href="#_toc/larry-page" class="u"> Larry Page</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/carl-victor-page"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#carl-victor-page">Carl Victor Page <span class="meta">(Larry Page's father, 1938-1996)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="carl-victor-page"></a><a href="#_toc/larry-page-s-family" class="u"> Larry Page's family</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/joyce-wildenthal"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#joyce-wildenthal">Joyce Wildenthal <span class="meta">(Larry Page's stepmother)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="joyce-wildenthal"></a><a href="#_toc/carl-victor-page" class="u"> Carl Victor Page</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/carl-victor-page-jr"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#carl-victor-page-jr">Carl Victor Page, Jr. <span class="meta">(Larry Page's brother, born 1963 or 1964)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="carl-victor-page-jr"></a><a href="#_toc/larry-page-s-family" class="u"> Larry Page's family</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sergey-brin"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#sergey-brin">Sergey Brin</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sergey-brin"></a><a href="#_toc/largey-brage" class="u"> Largey Brage</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 264</span><span class="dcnt"> 10</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sergey-brin-s-women"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#sergey-brin-s-women">Sergey Brin's women</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sergey-brin-s-women"></a><a href="#_toc/sergey-brin" class="u"> Sergey Brin</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 60</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/anne-wojcicki"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#anne-wojcicki">Anne Wojcicki <span class="meta">(Sergey's first wife)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="anne-wojcicki"></a><a href="#_toc/sergey-brin-s-women" class="u"> Sergey Brin's women</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 49</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/esther-wojcicki"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#esther-wojcicki">Esther Wojcicki <span class="meta">(Anne Wojcicki's mother, 1941)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="esther-wojcicki"></a><a href="#_toc/anne-wojcicki" class="u"> Anne Wojcicki</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/susan-wojcicki"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#susan-wojcicki">Susan Wojcicki <span class="meta">(Anne Wojcicki's sister, 1968-2024)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="susan-wojcicki"></a><a href="#_toc/anne-wojcicki" class="u"> Anne Wojcicki</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/marco-troper"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#marco-troper">Marco Troper <span class="meta">(Susan Wojcicki's son)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="marco-troper"></a><a href="#_toc/susan-wojcicki" class="u"> Susan Wojcicki</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/amanda-rosenberg"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#amanda-rosenberg">Amanda Rosenberg <span class="meta">(Sergey's 2013 girlfriend)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amanda-rosenberg"></a><a href="#_toc/sergey-brin-s-women" class="u"> Sergey Brin's women</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/nicole-shanahan"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#nicole-shanahan">Nicole Shanahan <span class="meta">(Sergey's second wife, 2018-2021)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nicole-shanahan"></a><a href="#_toc/sergey-brin-s-women" class="u"> Sergey Brin's women</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sergey-brin-s-children"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#sergey-brin-s-children">Sergey Brin's children</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sergey-brin-s-children"></a><a href="#_toc/sergey-brin" class="u"> Sergey Brin</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/chloe-wojin"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#chloe-wojin">Chloe Wojin <span class="meta">(2011)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="chloe-wojin"></a><a href="#_toc/sergey-brin-s-children" class="u"> Sergey Brin's children</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/benji-wojin"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#benji-wojin">Benji Wojin <span class="meta">(2008)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="benji-wojin"></a><a href="#_toc/sergey-brin-s-children" class="u"> Sergey Brin's children</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/google-employee"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#google-employee">Google employee</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-employee"></a><a href="#_toc/google" class="u"> Google</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 60</span><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/eric-schmidt"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#eric-schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="eric-schmidt"></a><a href="#_toc/google-employee" class="u"> Google employee</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/matthew-heaney"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#matthew-heaney">Matthew Heaney</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="matthew-heaney"></a><a href="#_toc/google-employee" class="u"> Google employee</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/early-google-employee"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#early-google-employee">Early Google employee</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="early-google-employee"></a><a href="#_toc/google-employee" class="u"> Google employee</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 20</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/craig-silverstein"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#craig-silverstein">Craig Silverstein <span class="meta">(Employee #1)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="craig-silverstein"></a><a href="#_toc/early-google-employee" class="u"> Early Google employee</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/ray-sidney"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#ray-sidney">Ray Sidney <span class="meta">(Employee #5)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ray-sidney"></a><a href="#_toc/early-google-employee" class="u"> Early Google employee</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/douglas-edwards-google"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#douglas-edwards-google">Douglas Edwards <span class="meta">(Google, Employee #59)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="douglas-edwards-google"></a><a href="#_toc/early-google-employee" class="u"> Early Google employee</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/jeff-dean-and-sanjay-ghemawat"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#jeff-dean-and-sanjay-ghemawat">Jeff Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="jeff-dean-and-sanjay-ghemawat"></a><a href="#_toc/early-google-employee" class="u"> Early Google employee</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/jeff-dean"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#jeff-dean">Jeff Dean</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="jeff-dean"></a><a href="#_toc/jeff-dean-and-sanjay-ghemawat" class="u"> Jeff Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/sanjay-ghemawat"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#sanjay-ghemawat">Sanjay Ghemawat</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sanjay-ghemawat"></a><a href="#_toc/jeff-dean-and-sanjay-ghemawat" class="u"> Jeff Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/google-project"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="google#google-project">Google project</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-project"></a><a href="#_toc/google" class="u"> Google</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/airbnb"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#airbnb">Airbnb</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="airbnb"></a><a href="#_toc/internet-company" class="u"> Internet company</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 10</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/netflix"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#netflix">Netflix</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="netflix"></a><a href="#_toc/internet-company" class="u"> Internet company</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/netflix-and-chill"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#netflix-and-chill">Netflix and chill</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="netflix-and-chill"></a><a href="#_toc/netflix" class="u"> Netflix</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/spotify"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#spotify">Spotify</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spotify"></a><a href="#_toc/internet-company" class="u"> Internet company</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 39</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/martin-lorentzon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#martin-lorentzon">Martin Lorentzon</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="martin-lorentzon"></a><a href="#_toc/spotify" class="u"> Spotify</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 39</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/yahoo"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#yahoo">Yahoo!</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="yahoo"></a><a href="#_toc/internet-company" class="u"> Internet company</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/yahoo-product"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#yahoo-product">Yahoo! product</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="yahoo-product"></a><a href="#_toc/yahoo" class="u"> Yahoo!</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/yahoo-groups"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#yahoo-groups">Yahoo! Groups</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="yahoo-groups"></a><a href="#_toc/yahoo-product" class="u"> Yahoo! product</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/internet-service-provider"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#internet-service-provider">Internet service provider <span class="meta">(ISP)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="internet-service-provider"></a><a href="#_toc/internet" class="u"> Internet</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-network-by-scale"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#computer-network-by-scale">Computer network by scale</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-network-by-scale"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-network" class="u"> Computer network</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/local-area-network"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#local-area-network">Local area network <span class="meta">(LAN)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="local-area-network"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-network-by-scale" class="u"> Computer network by scale</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/networking-hardware"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#networking-hardware">Networking hardware</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="networking-hardware"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-network" class="u"> Computer network</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 24</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/network-interface-controller"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#network-interface-controller">Network interface controller <span class="meta">(NIC)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="network-interface-controller"></a><a href="#_toc/networking-hardware" class="u"> Networking hardware</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 115</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/smartnic"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#smartnic">SmartNIC <span class="meta">(DPU)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="smartnic"></a><a href="#_toc/network-interface-controller" class="u"> Network interface controller</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 115</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/router-computing"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#router-computing">Router <span class="meta">(computing)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="router-computing"></a><a href="#_toc/networking-hardware" class="u"> Networking hardware</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 188</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/modem-router"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#modem-router">Modem router</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="modem-router"></a><a href="#_toc/router-computing" class="u"> Router</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 188</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/tp-link-archer-vr2800-router-virgin-media-hub-3-0-wifi-setup"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#tp-link-archer-vr2800-router-virgin-media-hub-3-0-wifi-setup">TP Link Archer VR2800 router Virgin Media Hub 3.0 Wifi setup</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tp-link-archer-vr2800-router-virgin-media-hub-3-0-wifi-setup"></a><a href="#_toc/modem-router" class="u"> Modem router</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 188</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/network-switch"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#network-switch">Network switch</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="network-switch"></a><a href="#_toc/networking-hardware" class="u"> Networking hardware</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 158</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/networking-hardware-company"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#networking-hardware-company">Networking hardware company</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="networking-hardware-company"></a><a href="#_toc/networking-hardware" class="u"> Networking hardware</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 365</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/cisco"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#cisco">Cisco</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cisco"></a><a href="#_toc/networking-hardware-company" class="u"> Networking hardware company</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 365</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/making-the-cisco-connection"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#making-the-cisco-connection">Making the Cisco connection <span class="meta">(2000)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="making-the-cisco-connection"></a><a href="#_toc/cisco" class="u"> Cisco</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 236</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sandy-lerner"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#sandy-lerner">Sandy Lerner</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sandy-lerner"></a><a href="#_toc/cisco" class="u"> Cisco</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 58</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/sandy-lerner-nude-photo"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#sandy-lerner-nude-photo">Sandy Lerner nude photo <span class="meta">(1997)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sandy-lerner-nude-photo"></a><a href="#_toc/sandy-lerner" class="u"> Sandy Lerner</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 54</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/server-computing"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#server-computing">Server <span class="meta">(computing)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="server-computing"></a><a href="#_toc/networking-hardware" class="u"> Networking hardware</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 227</span><span class="dcnt"> 12</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/test-server"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#test-server">Test server</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="test-server"></a><a href="#_toc/server-computing" class="u"> Server</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 28</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ciro-s-nc-http-test-server"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#ciro-s-nc-http-test-server">Ciro's <code>nc</code> HTTP test server</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ciro-s-nc-http-test-server"></a><a href="#_toc/test-server" class="u"> Test server</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 28</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/node-server"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#node-server">Node <span class="meta">(server)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="node-server"></a><a href="#_toc/server-computing" class="u"> Server</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 27</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/cpus-per-node-and-nodes-per-server-server"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#cpus-per-node-and-nodes-per-server-server">CPUs per node and nodes per server <span class="meta">(server)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cpus-per-node-and-nodes-per-server-server"></a><a href="#_toc/server-computing" class="u"> Server</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 32</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/server-form-factor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#server-form-factor">Server form factor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="server-form-factor"></a><a href="#_toc/server-computing" class="u"> Server</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 112</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/rack-server"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#rack-server">Rack server</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rack-server"></a><a href="#_toc/server-form-factor" class="u"> Server form factor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/19-inch-rack"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#19-inch-rack">19-inch rack</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="19-inch-rack"></a><a href="#_toc/rack-server" class="u"> Rack server</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/rack-unit"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#rack-unit">Rack unit <span class="meta">(1U, 2U, 3U, 4U)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rack-unit"></a><a href="#_toc/rack-server" class="u"> Rack server</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/blade-server"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#blade-server">Blade server</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="blade-server"></a><a href="#_toc/server-form-factor" class="u"> Server form factor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 112</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/data-center"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#data-center">Data center</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="data-center"></a><a href="#_toc/server-computing" class="u"> Server</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/local-server"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#local-server">Local server</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="local-server"></a><a href="#_toc/server-computing" class="u"> Server</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 13</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/client-computing"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#client-computing">Client <span class="meta">(computing)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="client-computing"></a><a href="#_toc/server-computing" class="u"> Server</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-science"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science">Computer science</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-science-split"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Computer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 4k</span><span class="dcnt"> 188</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/turing-machine"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#turing-machine">Turing machine</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="turing-machine"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-science" class="u"> Computer science</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/universal-turing-machine"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#universal-turing-machine">Universal Turing machine</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="universal-turing-machine"></a><a href="#_toc/turing-machine" class="u"> Turing machine</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/turing-complete"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#turing-complete">Turing complete</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="turing-complete"></a><a href="#_toc/turing-machine" class="u"> Turing machine</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/formal-language-theory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#formal-language-theory">Formal language theory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="formal-language-theory"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-science" class="u"> Computer science</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 272</span><span class="dcnt"> 19</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/formal-language"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#formal-language">Formal language</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="formal-language"></a><a href="#_toc/formal-language-theory" class="u"> Formal language theory</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/abstract-syntax-tree"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#abstract-syntax-tree">Abstract syntax tree <span class="meta">(AST)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="abstract-syntax-tree"></a><a href="#_toc/formal-language" class="u"> Formal language</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/chomsky-hierarchy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#chomsky-hierarchy">Chomsky hierarchy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="chomsky-hierarchy"></a><a href="#_toc/formal-language-theory" class="u"> Formal language theory</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 249</span><span class="dcnt"> 16</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/recursively-enumerable-language"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#recursively-enumerable-language">Recursively enumerable language</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="recursively-enumerable-language"></a><a href="#_toc/chomsky-hierarchy" class="u"> Chomsky hierarchy</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 243</span><span class="dcnt"> 15</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/re-complexity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#re-complexity">RE <span class="meta">(complexity)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="re-complexity"></a><a href="#_toc/recursively-enumerable-language" class="u"> Recursively enumerable language</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/recursive-language"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#recursive-language">Recursive language</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="recursive-language"></a><a href="#_toc/recursively-enumerable-language" class="u"> Recursively enumerable language</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 138</span><span class="dcnt"> 13</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/r-complexity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#r-complexity">R <span class="meta">(complexity)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="r-complexity"></a><a href="#_toc/recursive-language" class="u"> Recursive language</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/undecidable-problem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#undecidable-problem">Undecidable problem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="undecidable-problem"></a><a href="#_toc/recursive-language" class="u"> Recursive language</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 16</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/undecidability-requires-infinitely-many-inputs"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#undecidability-requires-infinitely-many-inputs">Undecidability requires infinitely many inputs</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="undecidability-requires-infinitely-many-inputs"></a><a href="#_toc/undecidable-problem" class="u"> Undecidable problem</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/mortal-matrix-problem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#mortal-matrix-problem">Mortal matrix problem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mortal-matrix-problem"></a><a href="#_toc/undecidable-problem" class="u"> Undecidable problem</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/computable-problem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#computable-problem">Computable problem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computable-problem"></a><a href="#_toc/undecidable-problem" class="u"> Undecidable problem</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computable-function"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#computable-function">Computable function</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computable-function"></a><a href="#_toc/undecidable-problem" class="u"> Undecidable problem</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/uncomputable-function"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#uncomputable-function">Uncomputable function</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="uncomputable-function"></a><a href="#_toc/computable-function" class="u"> Computable function</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/computable-number"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#computable-number">Computable number</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computable-number"></a><a href="#_toc/undecidable-problem" class="u"> Undecidable problem</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/difference-between-recursive-language-and-recursively-enumerable-language"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#difference-between-recursive-language-and-recursively-enumerable-language">Difference between recursive language and recursively enumerable language</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="difference-between-recursive-language-and-recursively-enumerable-language"></a><a href="#_toc/recursive-language" class="u"> Recursive language</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/recursive-set"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#recursive-set">Recursive set</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="recursive-set"></a><a href="#_toc/recursive-language" class="u"> Recursive language</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/context-free-language"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#context-free-language">Context-free language</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="context-free-language"></a><a href="#_toc/recursive-language" class="u"> Recursive language</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/regular-language"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#regular-language">Regular language</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="regular-language"></a><a href="#_toc/context-free-language" class="u"> Context-free language</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/regular-expression"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#regular-expression">Regular expression</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="regular-expression"></a><a href="#_toc/regular-language" class="u"> Regular language</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computational-problem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#computational-problem">Computational problem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computational-problem"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-science" class="u"> Computer science</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2k</span><span class="dcnt"> 90</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/decision-problem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#decision-problem">Decision problem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="decision-problem"></a><a href="#_toc/computational-problem" class="u"> Computational problem</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 28</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/halting-problem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#halting-problem">Halting problem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="halting-problem"></a><a href="#_toc/decision-problem" class="u"> Decision problem</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 27</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/turing-machine-decider"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#turing-machine-decider">Turing machine decider</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="turing-machine-decider"></a><a href="#_toc/halting-problem" class="u"> Halting problem</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/turing-machine-regex-tape-notation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#turing-machine-regex-tape-notation">Turing machine regex tape notation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="turing-machine-regex-tape-notation"></a><a href="#_toc/turing-machine-decider" class="u"> Turing machine decider</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/cycler-turing-machine"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#cycler-turing-machine">Cycler Turing machine</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cycler-turing-machine"></a><a href="#_toc/turing-machine-decider" class="u"> Turing machine decider</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/translated-cycler-turing-machine"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#translated-cycler-turing-machine">Translated cycler Turing machine</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="translated-cycler-turing-machine"></a><a href="#_toc/turing-machine-decider" class="u"> Turing machine decider</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/closed-tape-language-decider"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#closed-tape-language-decider">Closed Tape Language decider</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="closed-tape-language-decider"></a><a href="#_toc/turing-machine-decider" class="u"> Turing machine decider</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/busy-beaver"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#busy-beaver">Busy beaver</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="busy-beaver"></a><a href="#_toc/halting-problem" class="u"> Halting problem</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 570</span><span class="dcnt"> 21</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/step-busy-beaver"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#step-busy-beaver">Step busy beaver</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="step-busy-beaver"></a><a href="#_toc/busy-beaver" class="u"> Busy beaver</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/busy-beaver-function"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#busy-beaver-function">Busy beaver function <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">BB</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="busy-beaver-function"></a><a href="#_toc/busy-beaver" class="u"> Busy beaver</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 353</span><span class="dcnt"> 13</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/specific-values-of-the-busy-beaver-function"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#specific-values-of-the-busy-beaver-function">Specific values of the Busy beaver function</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="specific-values-of-the-busy-beaver-function"></a><a href="#_toc/busy-beaver-function" class="u"> Busy beaver function</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 140</span><span class="dcnt"> 12</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/turing-machine-acceleration"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#turing-machine-acceleration">Turing machine acceleration</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="turing-machine-acceleration"></a><a href="#_toc/specific-values-of-the-busy-beaver-function" class="u"> Specific values of the Busy beaver function</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/busy-beaver-challenge"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#busy-beaver-challenge">Busy Beaver Challenge</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="busy-beaver-challenge"></a><a href="#_toc/specific-values-of-the-busy-beaver-function" class="u"> Specific values of the Busy beaver function</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/bb-5"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#bb-5">BB(5)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bb-5"></a><a href="#_toc/specific-values-of-the-busy-beaver-function" class="u"> Specific values of the Busy beaver function</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 47</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/marxen-buntrock-machine"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#marxen-buntrock-machine">Marxen-Buntrock machine <span class="meta">(1989, 4098 1's, ~47M steps)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="marxen-buntrock-machine"></a><a href="#_toc/bb-5" class="u"> BB(5)</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/skelet’s-machines"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#skelet’s-machines">Skelet’s machines <span class="meta">(2003)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="skelet%E2%80%99s-machines"></a><a href="#_toc/bb-5" class="u"> BB(5)</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 45</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/skelet-machine-1"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#skelet-machine-1">Skelet machine #1 <span class="meta">(proved 2023, cycle start: 50-200M, period: ~8B)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="skelet-machine-1"></a><a href="#_toc/skelet’s-machines" class="u"> Skelet’s machines</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/skelet-machine-1-is-infinite"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#skelet-machine-1-is-infinite">Skelet machine #1 is infinite</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="skelet-machine-1-is-infinite"></a><a href="#_toc/skelet-machine-1" class="u"> Skelet machine #1</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/bb-6"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#bb-6">BB(6)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bb-6"></a><a href="#_toc/specific-values-of-the-busy-beaver-function" class="u"> Specific values of the Busy beaver function</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 22</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/bb-6-is-hard"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#bb-6-is-hard">BB(6) is hard</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bb-6-is-hard"></a><a href="#_toc/bb-6" class="u"> BB(6)</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 22</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/antihydra"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#antihydra">Antihydra <span class="meta">(28 Jun 2024)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="antihydra"></a><a href="#_toc/bb-6-is-hard" class="u"> BB(6) is hard</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/antihydra-gmp-implementation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#antihydra-gmp-implementation">Antihydra GMP implementation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="antihydra-gmp-implementation"></a><a href="#_toc/antihydra" class="u"> Antihydra</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/_file/gmp/antihydra.c"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#_file/gmp/antihydra.c">gmp/antihydra.c</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="_file/gmp/antihydra.c"></a><a href="#_toc/antihydra" class="u"> Antihydra</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/busy-beaver-scale"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#busy-beaver-scale">Busy beaver scale</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="busy-beaver-scale"></a><a href="#_toc/busy-beaver" class="u"> Busy beaver</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 71</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/turing-machine-compiler"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#turing-machine-compiler">Turing machine compiler</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="turing-machine-compiler"></a><a href="#_toc/busy-beaver-scale" class="u"> Busy beaver scale</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/automated-theorem-proving-by-halting-problem-reduction"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#automated-theorem-proving-by-halting-problem-reduction">Automated theorem proving by halting problem reduction</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="automated-theorem-proving-by-halting-problem-reduction"></a><a href="#_toc/busy-beaver-scale" class="u"> Busy beaver scale</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 39</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/conjecture-reduction-to-a-halting-problem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#conjecture-reduction-to-a-halting-problem">Conjecture reduction to a halting problem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="conjecture-reduction-to-a-halting-problem"></a><a href="#_toc/automated-theorem-proving-by-halting-problem-reduction" class="u"> Automated theorem proving by halting problem reduction</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/turing-machine-that-halts-if-and-only-if-the-goldbach-conjecture-is-false"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#turing-machine-that-halts-if-and-only-if-the-goldbach-conjecture-is-false">Turing machine that halts if and only if the Goldbach conjecture is false <span class="meta">(27-state)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="turing-machine-that-halts-if-and-only-if-the-goldbach-conjecture-is-false"></a><a href="#_toc/conjecture-reduction-to-a-halting-problem" class="u"> Conjecture reduction to a halting problem</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/turing-machine-that-halts-if-and-only-if-collatz-conjecture-is-false"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#turing-machine-that-halts-if-and-only-if-collatz-conjecture-is-false">Turing machine that halts if and only if Collatz conjecture is false</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="turing-machine-that-halts-if-and-only-if-collatz-conjecture-is-false"></a><a href="#_toc/conjecture-reduction-to-a-halting-problem" class="u"> Conjecture reduction to a halting problem</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/function-problem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#function-problem">Function problem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="function-problem"></a><a href="#_toc/computational-problem" class="u"> Computational problem</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 91</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/integer-multiplication"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#integer-multiplication">Integer multiplication</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="integer-multiplication"></a><a href="#_toc/function-problem" class="u"> Function problem</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/integer-factorization"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#integer-factorization">Integer factorization</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="integer-factorization"></a><a href="#_toc/function-problem" class="u"> Function problem</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/integer-factorization-algorithm"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#integer-factorization-algorithm">Integer factorization algorithm</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="integer-factorization-algorithm"></a><a href="#_toc/integer-factorization" class="u"> Integer factorization</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/np-hard-cryptosystems"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#np-hard-cryptosystems">NP-hard cryptosystems</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="np-hard-cryptosystems"></a><a href="#_toc/integer-factorization" class="u"> Integer factorization</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/discrete-logarithm"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#discrete-logarithm">Discrete logarithm</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="discrete-logarithm"></a><a href="#_toc/function-problem" class="u"> Function problem</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/discrete-logarithm-of-the-cyclic-group"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#discrete-logarithm-of-the-cyclic-group">Discrete logarithm of the cyclic group</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="discrete-logarithm-of-the-cyclic-group"></a><a href="#_toc/discrete-logarithm" class="u"> Discrete logarithm</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/algorithm"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#algorithm">Algorithm</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="algorithm"></a><a href="#_toc/computational-problem" class="u"> Computational problem</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 22</span><span class="dcnt"> 15</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/algorithm-cheatsheet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#algorithm-cheatsheet">Algorithm cheatsheet</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="algorithm-cheatsheet"></a><a href="#_toc/algorithm" class="u"> Algorithm</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/data-structure"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#data-structure">Data structure</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="data-structure"></a><a href="#_toc/algorithm" class="u"> Algorithm</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 14</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/associative-array"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#associative-array">Associative array <span class="meta">(map, dictionary)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="associative-array"></a><a href="#_toc/data-structure" class="u"> Data structure</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 14</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/binary-search-tree"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#binary-search-tree">Binary search tree <span class="meta">(BST)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="binary-search-tree"></a><a href="#_toc/associative-array" class="u"> Associative array</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/b-tree"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#b-tree">B-tree</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="b-tree"></a><a href="#_toc/binary-search-tree" class="u"> Binary search tree</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/hash-table"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#hash-table">Hash table</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hash-table"></a><a href="#_toc/associative-array" class="u"> Associative array</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/dynamic-array"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#dynamic-array">Dynamic array</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dynamic-array"></a><a href="#_toc/data-structure" class="u"> Data structure</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/linked-list"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#linked-list">Linked list</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="linked-list"></a><a href="#_toc/data-structure" class="u"> Data structure</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/recursion-computer-science"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#recursion-computer-science">Recursion <span class="meta">(computer science)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="recursion-computer-science"></a><a href="#_toc/algorithm" class="u"> Algorithm</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/iteration"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#iteration">Iteration</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="iteration"></a><a href="#_toc/recursion-computer-science" class="u"> Recursion</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/iterative-algorithm"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#iterative-algorithm">Iterative algorithm</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="iterative-algorithm"></a><a href="#_toc/iteration" class="u"> Iteration</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sorting-algorithm"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#sorting-algorithm">Sorting algorithm</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sorting-algorithm"></a><a href="#_toc/algorithm" class="u"> Algorithm</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/string-sorting-algorithm"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#string-sorting-algorithm">String-sorting algorithm</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="string-sorting-algorithm"></a><a href="#_toc/sorting-algorithm" class="u"> Sorting algorithm</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/natural-sort-order"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#natural-sort-order">Natural sort order</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="natural-sort-order"></a><a href="#_toc/string-sorting-algorithm" class="u"> String-sorting algorithm</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/string-search-algorithm"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#string-search-algorithm">String-search algorithm</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="string-search-algorithm"></a><a href="#_toc/algorithm" class="u"> Algorithm</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/complexity-class"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#complexity-class">Complexity class</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="complexity-class"></a><a href="#_toc/computational-problem" class="u"> Computational problem</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 351</span><span class="dcnt"> 24</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/time-complexity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#time-complexity">Time complexity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="time-complexity"></a><a href="#_toc/complexity-class" class="u"> Complexity class</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/quasilinear-time"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#quasilinear-time">Quasilinear time <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.1834em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">O</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mop"><span class="mop">lo<span style="margin-right:0.01389em;">g</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9334em;"><span style="top:-3.1473em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03148em;">k</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mclose">))</span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quasilinear-time"></a><a href="#_toc/time-complexity" class="u"> Time complexity</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/big-o-notation-family"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#big-o-notation-family">Big O notation family</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="big-o-notation-family"></a><a href="#_toc/complexity-class" class="u"> Complexity class</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/big-o-notation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#big-o-notation">Big O notation <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">O</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="big-o-notation"></a><a href="#_toc/big-o-notation-family" class="u"> Big O notation family</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/little-o-notation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#little-o-notation">Little-o notation <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="little-o-notation"></a><a href="#_toc/big-o-notation-family" class="u"> Big O notation family</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/primitive-recursive-function"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#primitive-recursive-function">Primitive recursive function</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="primitive-recursive-function"></a><a href="#_toc/complexity-class" class="u"> Complexity class</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 33</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/non-primitive-total-recursive-function"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#non-primitive-total-recursive-function">Non-primitive total recursive function</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="non-primitive-total-recursive-function"></a><a href="#_toc/primitive-recursive-function" class="u"> Primitive recursive function</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ackermann-function"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#ackermann-function">Ackermann function</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ackermann-function"></a><a href="#_toc/non-primitive-total-recursive-function" class="u"> Non-primitive total recursive function</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/galactic-algorithm"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#galactic-algorithm">Galactic algorithm</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="galactic-algorithm"></a><a href="#_toc/complexity-class" class="u"> Complexity class</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/elementary-complexity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#elementary-complexity">ELEMENTARY <span class="meta">(complexity, <span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6644em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">2</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6644em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, <span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.88em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">2</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.88em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7385em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.0714em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, ...)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elementary-complexity"></a><a href="#_toc/complexity-class" class="u"> Complexity class</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 196</span><span class="dcnt"> 14</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/exptime"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#exptime">EXPTIME</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="exptime"></a><a href="#_toc/elementary-complexity" class="u"> ELEMENTARY</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 196</span><span class="dcnt"> 13</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/pspace"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#pspace">PSPACE</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pspace"></a><a href="#_toc/exptime" class="u"> EXPTIME</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 189</span><span class="dcnt"> 12</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/np-complexity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#np-complexity">NP <span class="meta">(complexity)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="np-complexity"></a><a href="#_toc/pspace" class="u"> PSPACE</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 127</span><span class="dcnt"> 11</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/p-complexity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#p-complexity">P <span class="meta">(complexity)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="p-complexity"></a><a href="#_toc/np-complexity" class="u"> NP</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/nc-complexity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#nc-complexity">NC <span class="meta">(complexity, Efficiently parallelizable)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nc-complexity"></a><a href="#_toc/p-complexity" class="u"> P</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/polynomial-time-algorithm"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#polynomial-time-algorithm">Polynomial time algorithm</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="polynomial-time-algorithm"></a><a href="#_toc/p-complexity" class="u"> P</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/np-complete"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#np-complete">NP-complete</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="np-complete"></a><a href="#_toc/np-complexity" class="u"> NP</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/cook-levin-theorem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#cook-levin-theorem">Cook-Levin theorem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cook-levin-theorem"></a><a href="#_toc/np-complete" class="u"> NP-complete</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/p-versus-np-problem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#p-versus-np-problem">P versus NP problem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="p-versus-np-problem"></a><a href="#_toc/np-complete" class="u"> NP-complete</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ladner-s-theorem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#ladner-s-theorem">Ladner's Theorem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ladner-s-theorem"></a><a href="#_toc/p-versus-np-problem" class="u"> P versus NP problem</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/np-hard"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#np-hard">NP-hard</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="np-hard"></a><a href="#_toc/np-complexity" class="u"> NP</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/np-intermediate"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#np-intermediate">NP-intermediate</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="np-intermediate"></a><a href="#_toc/np-complexity" class="u"> NP</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/bqp"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#bqp">BQP</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bqp"></a><a href="#_toc/np-intermediate" class="u"> NP-intermediate</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/co-np"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#co-np">Co-NP</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="co-np"></a><a href="#_toc/np-complexity" class="u"> NP</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/optimization-problem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#optimization-problem">Optimization problem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="optimization-problem"></a><a href="#_toc/computational-problem" class="u"> Computational problem</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 63</span><span class="dcnt"> 10</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/linear-programming"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#linear-programming">Linear programming</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="linear-programming"></a><a href="#_toc/optimization-problem" class="u"> Optimization problem</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/logistics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#logistics">Logistics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="logistics"></a><a href="#_toc/optimization-problem" class="u"> Optimization problem</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/last-mile-problem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#last-mile-problem">Last mile problem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="last-mile-problem"></a><a href="#_toc/logistics" class="u"> Logistics</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/optimization-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#optimization-software">Optimization software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="optimization-software"></a><a href="#_toc/optimization-problem" class="u"> Optimization problem</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/cplex"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#cplex">CPLEX</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cplex"></a><a href="#_toc/optimization-software" class="u"> Optimization software</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/limiting-factor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#limiting-factor">Limiting factor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="limiting-factor"></a><a href="#_toc/optimization-problem" class="u"> Optimization problem</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/critical-path-method"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#critical-path-method">Critical path method</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="critical-path-method"></a><a href="#_toc/limiting-factor" class="u"> Limiting factor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/critical-path"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#critical-path">Critical path</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="critical-path"></a><a href="#_toc/critical-path-method" class="u"> Critical path method</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/dependency-graph"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#dependency-graph">Dependency graph</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dependency-graph"></a><a href="#_toc/critical-path-method" class="u"> Critical path method</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/value-function"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#value-function">Value function</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="value-function"></a><a href="#_toc/optimization-problem" class="u"> Optimization problem</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-computational-problems"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#list-of-computational-problems">List of computational problems</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-computational-problems"></a><a href="#_toc/computational-problem" class="u"> Computational problem</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/3sum"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#3sum">3SUM</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="3sum"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-computational-problems" class="u"> List of computational problems</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-scientist"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#computer-scientist">Computer scientist</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-scientist"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-science" class="u"> Computer science</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/alan-turing"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#alan-turing">Alan Turing</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="alan-turing"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-scientist" class="u"> Computer scientist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/noam-chomsky"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#noam-chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="noam-chomsky"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-scientist" class="u"> Computer scientist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/scott-aaronson"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#scott-aaronson">Scott Aaronson</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="scott-aaronson"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-scientist" class="u"> Computer scientist</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/cryptography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography">Cryptography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cryptography-split"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-science" class="u"> Computer science</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 58</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/cryptosystem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#cryptosystem">Cryptosystem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cryptosystem"></a><a href="#_toc/cryptography" class="u"> Cryptography</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/random-number-generation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#random-number-generation">Random number generation <span class="meta">(RNG)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="random-number-generation"></a><a href="#_toc/cryptography" class="u"> Cryptography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/hardware-random-number-generation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#hardware-random-number-generation">Hardware random number generation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hardware-random-number-generation"></a><a href="#_toc/random-number-generation" class="u"> Random number generation</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/symmetric-and-public-key-cryptography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#symmetric-and-public-key-cryptography">Symmetric and public-key cryptography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="symmetric-and-public-key-cryptography"></a><a href="#_toc/cryptography" class="u"> Cryptography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 594</span><span class="dcnt"> 18</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/symmetric-encryption"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#symmetric-encryption">Symmetric encryption</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="symmetric-encryption"></a><a href="#_toc/symmetric-and-public-key-cryptography" class="u"> Symmetric and public-key cryptography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 17</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/provably-secure-symmetric-key-algorithm"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#provably-secure-symmetric-key-algorithm">Provably secure symmetric-key algorithm</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="provably-secure-symmetric-key-algorithm"></a><a href="#_toc/symmetric-encryption" class="u"> Symmetric encryption</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/one-time-pad"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#one-time-pad">One-time pad</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="one-time-pad"></a><a href="#_toc/symmetric-encryption" class="u"> Symmetric encryption</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/symmetric-key-algorithm"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#symmetric-key-algorithm">Symmetric-key algorithm</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="symmetric-key-algorithm"></a><a href="#_toc/symmetric-encryption" class="u"> Symmetric encryption</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 17</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/advanced-encryption-standard"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#advanced-encryption-standard">Advanced Encryption Standard <span class="meta">(AES)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="advanced-encryption-standard"></a><a href="#_toc/symmetric-key-algorithm" class="u"> Symmetric-key algorithm</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/is-aes-quantum-resistant"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#is-aes-quantum-resistant">Is AES quantum resistant?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="is-aes-quantum-resistant"></a><a href="#_toc/advanced-encryption-standard" class="u"> Advanced Encryption Standard</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/public-key-cryptography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#public-key-cryptography">Public-key cryptography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="public-key-cryptography"></a><a href="#_toc/symmetric-and-public-key-cryptography" class="u"> Symmetric and public-key cryptography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 445</span><span class="dcnt"> 11</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/digital-signature"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#digital-signature">Digital signature</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="digital-signature"></a><a href="#_toc/public-key-cryptography" class="u"> Public-key cryptography</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/ring-signature"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#ring-signature">Ring signature</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ring-signature"></a><a href="#_toc/public-key-cryptography" class="u"> Public-key cryptography</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/public-key-cryptosystem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#public-key-cryptosystem">Public-key cryptosystem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="public-key-cryptosystem"></a><a href="#_toc/public-key-cryptography" class="u"> Public-key cryptography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 177</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/rsa-cryptosystem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#rsa-cryptosystem">RSA <span class="meta">(cryptosystem)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rsa-cryptosystem"></a><a href="#_toc/public-key-cryptosystem" class="u"> Public-key cryptosystem</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/how-large-primes-are-found-for-rsa"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#how-large-primes-are-found-for-rsa">How large primes are found for RSA</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="how-large-primes-are-found-for-rsa"></a><a href="#_toc/rsa-cryptosystem" class="u"> RSA</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/rsa-vs-diffie-hellman"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#rsa-vs-diffie-hellman">RSA vs Diffie-Hellman</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rsa-vs-diffie-hellman"></a><a href="#_toc/rsa-cryptosystem" class="u"> RSA</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/diffie-hellman-key-exchange"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#diffie-hellman-key-exchange">Diffie-Hellman key exchange</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="diffie-hellman-key-exchange"></a><a href="#_toc/public-key-cryptography" class="u"> Public-key cryptography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/key-exchange"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#key-exchange">Key exchange</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="key-exchange"></a><a href="#_toc/diffie-hellman-key-exchange" class="u"> Diffie-Hellman key exchange</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/elliptic-curve-cryptography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#elliptic-curve-cryptography">Elliptic curve cryptography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elliptic-curve-cryptography"></a><a href="#_toc/public-key-cryptography" class="u"> Public-key cryptography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 39</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/elliptic-curve-diffie-hellman"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#elliptic-curve-diffie-hellman">Elliptic-curve Diffie-Hellman</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elliptic-curve-diffie-hellman"></a><a href="#_toc/elliptic-curve-cryptography" class="u"> Elliptic curve cryptography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/diffie-hellman-vs-ecdh"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#diffie-hellman-vs-ecdh">Diffie-Hellman vs ECDH</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="diffie-hellman-vs-ecdh"></a><a href="#_toc/elliptic-curve-diffie-hellman" class="u"> Elliptic-curve Diffie-Hellman</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/encryption"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#encryption">Encryption</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="encryption"></a><a href="#_toc/cryptography" class="u"> Cryptography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 50</span><span class="dcnt"> 10</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/encryption-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#encryption-software">Encryption software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="encryption-software"></a><a href="#_toc/encryption" class="u"> Encryption</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/openssl"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#openssl">OpenSSL</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="openssl"></a><a href="#_toc/encryption-software" class="u"> Encryption software</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/steganography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#steganography">Steganography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="steganography"></a><a href="#_toc/encryption" class="u"> Encryption</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/deniable-authentication"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#deniable-authentication">Deniable authentication</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="deniable-authentication"></a><a href="#_toc/encryption" class="u"> Encryption</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/end-to-end-encryption"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#end-to-end-encryption">End-to-end encryption</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="end-to-end-encryption"></a><a href="#_toc/encryption" class="u"> Encryption</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/forward-secrecy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#forward-secrecy">Forward secrecy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="forward-secrecy"></a><a href="#_toc/encryption" class="u"> Encryption</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/disk-encryption"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#disk-encryption">Disk encryption</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="disk-encryption"></a><a href="#_toc/encryption" class="u"> Encryption</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/can-a-smartphone-s-pin-or-password-be-brute-forced-in-an-offline-attack"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#can-a-smartphone-s-pin-or-password-be-brute-forced-in-an-offline-attack">Can a smartphone's PIN or password be brute-forced in an offline attack?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="can-a-smartphone-s-pin-or-password-be-brute-forced-in-an-offline-attack"></a><a href="#_toc/disk-encryption" class="u"> Disk encryption</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/linux-unified-key-setup"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#linux-unified-key-setup">Linux Unified Key Setup</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="linux-unified-key-setup"></a><a href="#_toc/disk-encryption" class="u"> Disk encryption</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/disk-encryption-password-handover-plausible-deniability"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#disk-encryption-password-handover-plausible-deniability">Disk encryption password handover plausible deniability</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="disk-encryption-password-handover-plausible-deniability"></a><a href="#_toc/disk-encryption" class="u"> Disk encryption</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/gnu-privacy-guard"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#gnu-privacy-guard">GNU Privacy Guard <span class="meta">(GnuPG, GPG)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gnu-privacy-guard"></a><a href="#_toc/cryptography" class="u"> Cryptography</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/internet-privacy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#internet-privacy">Internet privacy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="internet-privacy"></a><a href="#_toc/cryptography" class="u"> Cryptography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 77</span><span class="dcnt"> 14</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/anonymity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#anonymity">Anonymity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="anonymity"></a><a href="#_toc/internet-privacy" class="u"> Internet privacy</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/internet-privacy-organizations"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#internet-privacy-organizations">Internet privacy organizations</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="internet-privacy-organizations"></a><a href="#_toc/internet-privacy" class="u"> Internet privacy</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/riseup"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#riseup">Riseup</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="riseup"></a><a href="#_toc/internet-privacy-organizations" class="u"> Internet privacy organizations</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/operations-security"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#operations-security">Operations security</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="operations-security"></a><a href="#_toc/internet-privacy" class="u"> Internet privacy</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/tor-anonymity-network"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#tor-anonymity-network">Tor <span class="meta">(anonymity network)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tor-anonymity-network"></a><a href="#_toc/internet-privacy" class="u"> Internet privacy</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 19</span><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/tor-browser"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#tor-browser">Tor Browser</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tor-browser"></a><a href="#_toc/tor-anonymity-network" class="u"> Tor</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/onion-service"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#onion-service">Onion service</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="onion-service"></a><a href="#_toc/tor-anonymity-network" class="u"> Tor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 12</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/dark-web"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#dark-web">Dark web</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dark-web"></a><a href="#_toc/onion-service" class="u"> Onion service</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/hidden-answers"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#hidden-answers">Hidden Answers</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hidden-answers"></a><a href="#_toc/onion-service" class="u"> Onion service</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/onion-service-search-engine"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#onion-service-search-engine">Onion service search engine</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="onion-service-search-engine"></a><a href="#_toc/onion-service" class="u"> Onion service</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 3</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/uncensored-onion-service-search-engine"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#uncensored-onion-service-search-engine">Uncensored Onion service search engine</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="uncensored-onion-service-search-engine"></a><a href="#_toc/onion-service-search-engine" class="u"> Onion service search engine</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/tor-link"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#tor-link">Tor.link</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tor-link"></a><a href="#_toc/uncensored-onion-service-search-engine" class="u"> Uncensored Onion service search engine</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/the-hidden-wiki"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#the-hidden-wiki">The Hidden Wiki</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-hidden-wiki"></a><a href="#_toc/tor-anonymity-network" class="u"> Tor</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/can-isps-deanonymize-tor-users-based-on-timestamps-of-public-posts"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#can-isps-deanonymize-tor-users-based-on-timestamps-of-public-posts">Can ISPs deanonymize Tor users based on timestamps of public posts?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="can-isps-deanonymize-tor-users-based-on-timestamps-of-public-posts"></a><a href="#_toc/tor-anonymity-network" class="u"> Tor</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ciphertext-plaintext-key-and-salt"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#ciphertext-plaintext-key-and-salt">Ciphertext, plaintext, key and salt</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ciphertext-plaintext-key-and-salt"></a><a href="#_toc/cryptography" class="u"> Cryptography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 25</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ciphertext"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#ciphertext">Ciphertext</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ciphertext"></a><a href="#_toc/ciphertext-plaintext-key-and-salt" class="u"> Ciphertext, plaintext, key and salt</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/key-cryptography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#key-cryptography">Key <span class="meta">(cryptography)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="key-cryptography"></a><a href="#_toc/ciphertext-plaintext-key-and-salt" class="u"> Ciphertext, plaintext, key and salt</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/pre-shared-key"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#pre-shared-key">Pre-shared key</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pre-shared-key"></a><a href="#_toc/key-cryptography" class="u"> Key</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/message-authentication-code"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#message-authentication-code">Message authentication code</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="message-authentication-code"></a><a href="#_toc/pre-shared-key" class="u"> Pre-shared key</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/man-in-the-middle-attack"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#man-in-the-middle-attack">Man-in-the-middle attack</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="man-in-the-middle-attack"></a><a href="#_toc/cryptography" class="u"> Cryptography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/authentication-cryptography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#authentication-cryptography">Authentication <span class="meta">(cryptography)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="authentication-cryptography"></a><a href="#_toc/man-in-the-middle-attack" class="u"> Man-in-the-middle attack</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/zero-knowledge-proof"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#zero-knowledge-proof">Zero-knowledge proof</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="zero-knowledge-proof"></a><a href="#_toc/cryptography" class="u"> Cryptography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/zero-knowledge-proof-vs-digital-signature"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="cryptography#zero-knowledge-proof-vs-digital-signature">Zero-knowledge proof vs digital signature</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="zero-knowledge-proof-vs-digital-signature"></a><a href="#_toc/zero-knowledge-proof" class="u"> Zero-knowledge proof</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/hash-function"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#hash-function">Hash function</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hash-function"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-science" class="u"> Computer science</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/secure-hash-algorithms"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#secure-hash-algorithms">Secure Hash Algorithms</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="secure-hash-algorithms"></a><a href="#_toc/hash-function" class="u"> Hash function</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/sha-1"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#sha-1">SHA-1</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sha-1"></a><a href="#_toc/secure-hash-algorithms" class="u"> Secure Hash Algorithms</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sha-2"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#sha-2">SHA-2</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sha-2"></a><a href="#_toc/secure-hash-algorithms" class="u"> Secure Hash Algorithms</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/sha-256"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#sha-256">SHA-256</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sha-256"></a><a href="#_toc/sha-2" class="u"> SHA-2</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/merkle-tree"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#merkle-tree">Merkle tree</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="merkle-tree"></a><a href="#_toc/hash-function" class="u"> Hash function</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-science-bibliography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#computer-science-bibliography">Computer science bibliography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-science-bibliography"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-science" class="u"> Computer science</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-science-youtube-channel"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#computer-science-youtube-channel">Computer science YouTube channel</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-science-youtube-channel"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-science-bibliography" class="u"> Computer science bibliography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computerphile"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#computerphile">Computerphile</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computerphile"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-science-youtube-channel" class="u"> Computer science YouTube channel</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/brady-haran"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#brady-haran">Brady Haran</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="brady-haran"></a><a href="#_toc/computerphile" class="u"> Computerphile</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/brady-haran-production"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-science#brady-haran-production">Brady Haran production</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="brady-haran-production"></a><a href="#_toc/brady-haran" class="u"> Brady Haran</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/cybersecurity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#cybersecurity">Cybersecurity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cybersecurity"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Computer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 31</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/attack-surface"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#attack-surface">Attack surface</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="attack-surface"></a><a href="#_toc/cybersecurity" class="u"> Cybersecurity</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/authentication"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#authentication">Authentication</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="authentication"></a><a href="#_toc/cybersecurity" class="u"> Cybersecurity</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/fingerprinting-cybersecurity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#fingerprinting-cybersecurity">Fingerprinting <span class="meta">(cybersecurity)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fingerprinting-cybersecurity"></a><a href="#_toc/cybersecurity" class="u"> Cybersecurity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ip-stack-fingerprinting"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#ip-stack-fingerprinting">IP stack fingerprinting</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ip-stack-fingerprinting"></a><a href="#_toc/fingerprinting-cybersecurity" class="u"> Fingerprinting</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/security-hacker"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#security-hacker">Security hacker</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="security-hacker"></a><a href="#_toc/cybersecurity" class="u"> Cybersecurity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 83</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/hacker-group"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#hacker-group">Hacker group</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hacker-group"></a><a href="#_toc/security-hacker" class="u"> Security hacker</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 83</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/boitatech"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#boitatech">Boitatech</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="boitatech"></a><a href="#_toc/hacker-group" class="u"> Hacker group</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 83</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/aratu-week"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#aratu-week">Aratu Week</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="aratu-week"></a><a href="#_toc/boitatech" class="u"> Boitatech</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 9</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/aratu-week-iv"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#aratu-week-iv">Aratu Week IV <span class="meta">(2024)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="aratu-week-iv"></a><a href="#_toc/boitatech" class="u"> Boitatech</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 4</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/capture-the-flag-cybersecurity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#capture-the-flag-cybersecurity">Capture the flag <span class="meta">(cybersecurity)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="capture-the-flag-cybersecurity"></a><a href="#_toc/cybersecurity" class="u"> Cybersecurity</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/cybercrime"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#cybercrime">Cybercrime</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cybercrime"></a><a href="#_toc/cybersecurity" class="u"> Cybersecurity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 20</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/botnet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#botnet">Botnet</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="botnet"></a><a href="#_toc/cybercrime" class="u"> Cybercrime</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/darknet-market"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#darknet-market">Darknet market</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="darknet-market"></a><a href="#_toc/cybercrime" class="u"> Cybercrime</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 18</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/silk-road-marketplace"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#silk-road-marketplace">Silk Road <span class="meta">(marketplace, 2011-2013)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="silk-road-marketplace"></a><a href="#_toc/darknet-market" class="u"> Darknet market</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 17</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/history-of-silk-road"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#history-of-silk-road">History of Silk Road</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="history-of-silk-road"></a><a href="#_toc/silk-road-marketplace" class="u"> Silk Road</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 8</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/the-underground-website-where-you-can-buy-any-drug-imaginable-by-adrian-chen"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#the-underground-website-where-you-can-buy-any-drug-imaginable-by-adrian-chen">The Underground Website Where You Can Buy Any Drug Imaginable by Adrian Chen <span class="meta">(2011-06-01)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-underground-website-where-you-can-buy-any-drug-imaginable-by-adrian-chen"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-silk-road" class="u"> History of Silk Road</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 8</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/silk-road-bibliography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#silk-road-bibliography">Silk Road bibliography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="silk-road-bibliography"></a><a href="#_toc/silk-road-marketplace" class="u"> Silk Road</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 62</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/silk-road-tales-and-archives-by-moustache"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#silk-road-tales-and-archives-by-moustache">Silk Road Tales and Archives by moustache</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="silk-road-tales-and-archives-by-moustache"></a><a href="#_toc/silk-road-bibliography" class="u"> Silk Road bibliography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 11</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/silk-road-1-theory-and-practice-by-gwern-branwen"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#silk-road-1-theory-and-practice-by-gwern-branwen">Silk Road 1: Theory & Practice by Gwern Branwen</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="silk-road-1-theory-and-practice-by-gwern-branwen"></a><a href="#_toc/silk-road-bibliography" class="u"> Silk Road bibliography</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/silk-road-film"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#silk-road-film">Silk Road <span class="meta">(film)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="silk-road-film"></a><a href="#_toc/silk-road-bibliography" class="u"> Silk Road bibliography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 51</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ross-ulbricht"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#ross-ulbricht">Ross Ulbricht</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ross-ulbricht"></a><a href="#_toc/silk-road-marketplace" class="u"> Silk Road</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 493</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/person-related-to-ross-ulbricht"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#person-related-to-ross-ulbricht">Person related to Ross Ulbricht</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="person-related-to-ross-ulbricht"></a><a href="#_toc/ross-ulbricht" class="u"> Ross Ulbricht</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 484</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/julia-vie"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#julia-vie">Julia Vie <span class="meta">(Ross Ulbricht's former girlfriend)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="julia-vie"></a><a href="#_toc/person-related-to-ross-ulbricht" class="u"> Person related to Ross Ulbricht</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 37</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/richard-bates-silk-road-advisor-and-ross-friend"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#richard-bates-silk-road-advisor-and-ross-friend">Richard Bates <span class="meta">(Silk Road advisor and Ross' friend)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="richard-bates-silk-road-advisor-and-ross-friend"></a><a href="#_toc/person-related-to-ross-ulbricht" class="u"> Person related to Ross Ulbricht</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 72</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/caroline-ulbricht"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#caroline-ulbricht">Caroline Ulbricht <span class="meta">(Caroline Debrion, Caroline L. Debrion, Ross Ulbricht's wife)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="caroline-ulbricht"></a><a href="#_toc/person-related-to-ross-ulbricht" class="u"> Person related to Ross Ulbricht</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 375</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/silk-road-employee"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#silk-road-employee">Silk Road employee</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="silk-road-employee"></a><a href="#_toc/silk-road-marketplace" class="u"> Silk Road</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 103</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/smedley"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#smedley">Smedley</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="smedley"></a><a href="#_toc/silk-road-employee" class="u"> Silk Road employee</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/variety-jones"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#variety-jones">Variety Jones <span class="meta">(Ross Ulbricht's mentor)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="variety-jones"></a><a href="#_toc/silk-road-employee" class="u"> Silk Road employee</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 103</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/silk-road-investigator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#silk-road-investigator">Silk Road investigator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="silk-road-investigator"></a><a href="#_toc/silk-road-marketplace" class="u"> Silk Road</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 36</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/carl-mark-force"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#carl-mark-force">Carl Mark Force</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="carl-mark-force"></a><a href="#_toc/silk-road-investigator" class="u"> Silk Road investigator</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 36</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/shaun-bridges"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#shaun-bridges">Shaun Bridges</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="shaun-bridges"></a><a href="#_toc/silk-road-investigator" class="u"> Silk Road investigator</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/domain-specific-language"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#domain-specific-language">Domain-specific language <span class="meta">(DSL)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="domain-specific-language"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Computer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 13</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/e-book"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#e-book">E-book</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="e-book"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Computer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 128</span><span class="dcnt"> 10</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/e-book-file-format"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#e-book-file-format">E-book file format</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="e-book-file-format"></a><a href="#_toc/e-book" class="u"> E-book</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 70</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/epub"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#epub">EPUB</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="epub"></a><a href="#_toc/e-book-file-format" class="u"> E-book file format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 58</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/pdf"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#pdf">PDF</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pdf"></a><a href="#_toc/e-book-file-format" class="u"> E-book file format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 12</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/convert-pdf-to-text"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#convert-pdf-to-text">Convert PDF to text</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="convert-pdf-to-text"></a><a href="#_toc/pdf" class="u"> PDF</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/pdf-tool"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#pdf-tool">PDF tool</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pdf-tool"></a><a href="#_toc/pdf" class="u"> PDF</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 12</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/pdftk"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#pdftk">pdftk</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pdftk"></a><a href="#_toc/pdf-tool" class="u"> PDF tool</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 12</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/e-book-viewer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#e-book-viewer">E-book viewer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="e-book-viewer"></a><a href="#_toc/e-book" class="u"> E-book</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 58</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/calibre-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#calibre-software">Calibre <span class="meta">(software)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="calibre-software"></a><a href="#_toc/e-book-viewer" class="u"> E-book viewer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 41</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/evince"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#evince">Evince</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="evince"></a><a href="#_toc/e-book-viewer" class="u"> E-book viewer</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/okular"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#okular">Okular</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="okular"></a><a href="#_toc/e-book-viewer" class="u"> E-book viewer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 17</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/file-format"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#file-format">File format</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="file-format"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Computer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2k</span><span class="dcnt"> 92</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/human-readable-format"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#human-readable-format">Human-readable format <span class="meta">(Plaintext file, txt)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="human-readable-format"></a><a href="#_toc/file-format" class="u"> File format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 16</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/binary-data"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#binary-data">Binary data</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="binary-data"></a><a href="#_toc/human-readable-format" class="u"> Human-readable format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 16</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/binary-large-object"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#binary-large-object">Binary large object</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="binary-large-object"></a><a href="#_toc/binary-data" class="u"> Binary data</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 8</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/binary-to-text-encoding"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#binary-to-text-encoding">Binary-to-text encoding</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="binary-to-text-encoding"></a><a href="#_toc/binary-data" class="u"> Binary data</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 3</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/base58"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#base58">Base58</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="base58"></a><a href="#_toc/binary-to-text-encoding" class="u"> Binary-to-text encoding</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 3</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/base64"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#base64">Base64</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="base64"></a><a href="#_toc/binary-to-text-encoding" class="u"> Binary-to-text encoding</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/yenc"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#yenc">yEnc</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="yenc"></a><a href="#_toc/binary-to-text-encoding" class="u"> Binary-to-text encoding</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/archive-file"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#archive-file">Archive file</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="archive-file"></a><a href="#_toc/file-format" class="u"> File format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 18</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/zip-file-format"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#zip-file-format">ZIP <span class="meta">(file format)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="zip-file-format"></a><a href="#_toc/archive-file" class="u"> Archive file</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 18</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/info-zip"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#info-zip">Info-ZIP</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="info-zip"></a><a href="#_toc/zip-file-format" class="u"> ZIP</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 18</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/add-diretory-prefix-to-zip-on-linux-cli"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#add-diretory-prefix-to-zip-on-linux-cli">Add diretory prefix to ZIP on Linux CLI</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="add-diretory-prefix-to-zip-on-linux-cli"></a><a href="#_toc/info-zip" class="u"> Info-ZIP</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/audio-file-format"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#audio-file-format">Audio file format</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="audio-file-format"></a><a href="#_toc/file-format" class="u"> File format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 274</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/audio-editor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#audio-editor">Audio editor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="audio-editor"></a><a href="#_toc/audio-file-format" class="u"> Audio file format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 16</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/audacity-audio-editor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#audacity-audio-editor">Audacity <span class="meta">(audio editor)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="audacity-audio-editor"></a><a href="#_toc/audio-editor" class="u"> Audio editor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 16</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/audacity-profile-based-background-noise-removal"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#audacity-profile-based-background-noise-removal">Audacity profile-based background noise removal</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="audacity-profile-based-background-noise-removal"></a><a href="#_toc/audacity-audio-editor" class="u"> Audacity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 16</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-audio-file-formats"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#list-of-audio-file-formats">List of audio file formats</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-audio-file-formats"></a><a href="#_toc/audio-file-format" class="u"> Audio file format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 258</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/midi"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#midi">MIDI</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="midi"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-audio-file-formats" class="u"> List of audio file formats</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 258</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/soundfont"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#soundfont">SoundFont</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="soundfont"></a><a href="#_toc/midi" class="u"> MIDI</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 18</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/vmpk"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#vmpk">vmpk</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="vmpk"></a><a href="#_toc/midi" class="u"> MIDI</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 147</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/mp3"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#mp3">MP3</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mp3"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-audio-file-formats" class="u"> List of audio file formats</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/data-file-format"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#data-file-format">Data file format</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="data-file-format"></a><a href="#_toc/file-format" class="u"> File format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 297</span><span class="dcnt"> 20</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/comma-separated-values"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#comma-separated-values">Comma-separated values <span class="meta">(CSV)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="comma-separated-values"></a><a href="#_toc/data-file-format" class="u"> Data file format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 172</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/csv-cli-tool"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#csv-cli-tool">CSV CLI tool</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="csv-cli-tool"></a><a href="#_toc/comma-separated-values" class="u"> Comma-separated values</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 172</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/csvkit"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#csvkit">csvkit</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="csvkit"></a><a href="#_toc/csv-cli-tool" class="u"> CSV CLI tool</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 85</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/csvgrep-from-csvkit"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#csvgrep-from-csvkit">csvgrep from csvkit</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="csvgrep-from-csvkit"></a><a href="#_toc/csvkit" class="u"> csvkit</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 18</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/csvgrep-and-select-column-in-csvkit"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#csvgrep-and-select-column-in-csvkit">csvgrep and select column in csvkit</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="csvgrep-and-select-column-in-csvkit"></a><a href="#_toc/csvkit" class="u"> csvkit</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 34</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/csvtool"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#csvtool">csvtool</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="csvtool"></a><a href="#_toc/csv-cli-tool" class="u"> CSV CLI tool</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 18</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/csvtools"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#csvtools">csvtools</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="csvtools"></a><a href="#_toc/csv-cli-tool" class="u"> CSV CLI tool</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 60</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/xsv"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#xsv">xsv</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="xsv"></a><a href="#_toc/csv-cli-tool" class="u"> CSV CLI tool</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 4</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/json"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#json">JSON</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="json"></a><a href="#_toc/data-file-format" class="u"> Data file format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 75</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/json-trailing-comma"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#json-trailing-comma">JSON trailing comma</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="json-trailing-comma"></a><a href="#_toc/json" class="u"> JSON</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 35</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/jq"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#jq">jq <span class="meta">(2012-)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="jq"></a><a href="#_toc/json" class="u"> JSON</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 40</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/jq-ignore-missing-attribute"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#jq-ignore-missing-attribute">jq ignore missing attribute</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="jq-ignore-missing-attribute"></a><a href="#_toc/jq" class="u"> jq</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 23</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/hierarchical-data-format"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#hierarchical-data-format">Hierarchical Data Format <span class="meta">(HDF)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hierarchical-data-format"></a><a href="#_toc/data-file-format" class="u"> Data file format</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/apache-parquet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#apache-parquet">Apache Parquet</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="apache-parquet"></a><a href="#_toc/data-file-format" class="u"> Data file format</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/unified-modeling-language"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#unified-modeling-language">Unified Modeling Language <span class="meta">(UML)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="unified-modeling-language"></a><a href="#_toc/data-file-format" class="u"> Data file format</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/xml"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#xml">XML <span class="meta">(Extensible Markup Language)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="xml"></a><a href="#_toc/data-file-format" class="u"> Data file format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 50</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/standard-generalized-markup-language"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#standard-generalized-markup-language">Standard Generalized Markup Language <span class="meta">(SGML)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="standard-generalized-markup-language"></a><a href="#_toc/xml" class="u"> XML</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ibm-generalized-markup-language"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#ibm-generalized-markup-language">IBM Generalized Markup Language</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ibm-generalized-markup-language"></a><a href="#_toc/standard-generalized-markup-language" class="u"> Standard Generalized Markup Language</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/xpath"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#xpath">XPath</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="xpath"></a><a href="#_toc/xml" class="u"> XML</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 37</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/yaml"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#yaml">YAML</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="yaml"></a><a href="#_toc/data-file-format" class="u"> Data file format</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/image-file-format"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#image-file-format">Image file format</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="image-file-format"></a><a href="#_toc/file-format" class="u"> File format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 662</span><span class="dcnt"> 30</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/image-metadata-format"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#image-metadata-format">Image metadata format</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="image-metadata-format"></a><a href="#_toc/image-file-format" class="u"> Image file format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/exif"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#exif">Exif</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="exif"></a><a href="#_toc/image-metadata-format" class="u"> Image metadata format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/exiftool"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#exiftool">ExifTool</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="exiftool"></a><a href="#_toc/exif" class="u"> Exif</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/exif-tag"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#exif-tag">Exif tag</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="exif-tag"></a><a href="#_toc/exif" class="u"> Exif</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/exif-comment-tag"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#exif-comment-tag">Exif <code>comment</code> tag</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="exif-comment-tag"></a><a href="#_toc/exif-tag" class="u"> Exif tag</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/raster-graphics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#raster-graphics">Raster graphics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="raster-graphics"></a><a href="#_toc/image-file-format" class="u"> Image file format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 14</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/pixel"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#pixel">Pixel</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pixel"></a><a href="#_toc/raster-graphics" class="u"> Raster graphics</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/vector-graphics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#vector-graphics">Vector graphics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="vector-graphics"></a><a href="#_toc/image-file-format" class="u"> Image file format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 383</span><span class="dcnt"> 10</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/scalable-vector-graphics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#scalable-vector-graphics">Scalable Vector Graphics <span class="meta">(SVG)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="scalable-vector-graphics"></a><a href="#_toc/vector-graphics" class="u"> Vector graphics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 366</span><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/svg-tutorial"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#svg-tutorial">SVG tutorial</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="svg-tutorial"></a><a href="#_toc/scalable-vector-graphics" class="u"> Scalable Vector Graphics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 121</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/svg-background-color"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#svg-background-color">SVG background color</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="svg-background-color"></a><a href="#_toc/svg-tutorial" class="u"> SVG tutorial</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 42</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/svg-fonts"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#svg-fonts">SVG fonts</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="svg-fonts"></a><a href="#_toc/svg-tutorial" class="u"> SVG tutorial</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 79</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/join-two-svg-side-by-side-from-the-command-line"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#join-two-svg-side-by-side-from-the-command-line">Join two SVG side-by-side from the command line</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="join-two-svg-side-by-side-from-the-command-line"></a><a href="#_toc/scalable-vector-graphics" class="u"> Scalable Vector Graphics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/svg-version"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#svg-version">SVG version</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="svg-version"></a><a href="#_toc/scalable-vector-graphics" class="u"> Scalable Vector Graphics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 5</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/svg-1-0"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#svg-1-0">SVG 1.0</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="svg-1-0"></a><a href="#_toc/svg-version" class="u"> SVG version</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/svg-1-1"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#svg-1-1">SVG 1.1</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="svg-1-1"></a><a href="#_toc/svg-version" class="u"> SVG version</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/svg-1-2"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#svg-1-2">SVG 1.2</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="svg-1-2"></a><a href="#_toc/svg-version" class="u"> SVG version</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 5</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/svg-2"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#svg-2">SVG 2</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="svg-2"></a><a href="#_toc/svg-version" class="u"> SVG version</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-image-file-formats"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#list-of-image-file-formats">List of image file formats</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-image-file-formats"></a><a href="#_toc/image-file-format" class="u"> Image file format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 39</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/gif"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#gif">GIF</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gif"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-image-file-formats" class="u"> List of image file formats</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 5</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/jacquard-machine"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#jacquard-machine">Jacquard machine <span class="meta">(1804)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="jacquard-machine"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-image-file-formats" class="u"> List of image file formats</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 14</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/jpeg"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#jpeg">JPEG <span class="meta">(JPG)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="jpeg"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-image-file-formats" class="u"> List of image file formats</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/jpeg-file-signature"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#jpeg-file-signature">JPEG file signature <span class="meta">(FF D8)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="jpeg-file-signature"></a><a href="#_toc/jpeg" class="u"> JPEG</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/portable-network-graphics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#portable-network-graphics">Portable Network Graphics <span class="meta">(PNG)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="portable-network-graphics"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-image-file-formats" class="u"> List of image file formats</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 20</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/libpng"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#libpng">libpng</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="libpng"></a><a href="#_toc/portable-network-graphics" class="u"> Portable Network Graphics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 20</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/image-editor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#image-editor">Image editor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="image-editor"></a><a href="#_toc/image-file-format" class="u"> Image file format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 226</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/gimp"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#gimp">GIMP</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gimp"></a><a href="#_toc/image-editor" class="u"> Image editor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 70</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/inkscape"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#inkscape">Inkscape</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="inkscape"></a><a href="#_toc/image-editor" class="u"> Image editor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 156</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/rotate-object-around-a-point-in-inkscape"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#rotate-object-around-a-point-in-inkscape">Rotate object around a point in Inkscape</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rotate-object-around-a-point-in-inkscape"></a><a href="#_toc/inkscape" class="u"> Inkscape</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 25</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/set-svg-background-color-in-inkscape"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#set-svg-background-color-in-inkscape">Set SVG background color in Inkscape</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="set-svg-background-color-in-inkscape"></a><a href="#_toc/inkscape" class="u"> Inkscape</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 13</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/video-file-format"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#video-file-format">Video file format</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="video-file-format"></a><a href="#_toc/file-format" class="u"> File format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 546</span><span class="dcnt"> 17</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/video-codec"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#video-codec">Video codec</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="video-codec"></a><a href="#_toc/video-file-format" class="u"> Video file format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/codec-acceleration"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#codec-acceleration">Codec acceleration</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="codec-acceleration"></a><a href="#_toc/video-codec" class="u"> Video codec</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/video-editing-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#video-editing-software">Video editing software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="video-editing-software"></a><a href="#_toc/video-file-format" class="u"> Video file format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 308</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/kdenlive"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#kdenlive">Kdenlive</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="kdenlive"></a><a href="#_toc/video-editing-software" class="u"> Video editing software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 201</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/shotcut"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#shotcut">ShotCut</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="shotcut"></a><a href="#_toc/video-editing-software" class="u"> Video editing software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 42</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/openshot"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#openshot">OpenShot</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="openshot"></a><a href="#_toc/video-editing-software" class="u"> Video editing software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 65</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/subtitle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#subtitle">Subtitle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="subtitle"></a><a href="#_toc/video-file-format" class="u"> Video file format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 238</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/how-to-hardcode-subtitle-into-a-video-with-ffmpeg"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#how-to-hardcode-subtitle-into-a-video-with-ffmpeg">How to hardcode subtitle into a video with FFmpeg?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="how-to-hardcode-subtitle-into-a-video-with-ffmpeg"></a><a href="#_toc/subtitle" class="u"> Subtitle</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 59</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/subtitle-file-format"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#subtitle-file-format">Subtitle file format</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="subtitle-file-format"></a><a href="#_toc/subtitle" class="u"> Subtitle</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 179</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/substation-alpha"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#substation-alpha">SubStation Alpha <span class="meta">(.ass subtitle file)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="substation-alpha"></a><a href="#_toc/subtitle-file-format" class="u"> Subtitle file format</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/subtitle-editor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#subtitle-editor">Subtitle editor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="subtitle-editor"></a><a href="#_toc/subtitle-file-format" class="u"> Subtitle file format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 179</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/subtitle-edit"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#subtitle-edit">Subtitle Edit</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="subtitle-edit"></a><a href="#_toc/subtitle-editor" class="u"> Subtitle editor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 3</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/aegisub"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#aegisub">Aegisub</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="aegisub"></a><a href="#_toc/subtitle-editor" class="u"> Subtitle editor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 80</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/gaupol"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#gaupol">Gaupol</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gaupol"></a><a href="#_toc/subtitle-editor" class="u"> Subtitle editor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 10</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/kitone-subtitleeditor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#kitone-subtitleeditor">kitone/subtitleeditor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="kitone-subtitleeditor"></a><a href="#_toc/subtitle-editor" class="u"> Subtitle editor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 86</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-subtitle-file-formats"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#list-of-subtitle-file-formats">List of subtitle file formats</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-subtitle-file-formats"></a><a href="#_toc/video-file-format" class="u"> Video file format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/subrip"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#subrip">SubRip <span class="meta">(.srt)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="subrip"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-subtitle-file-formats" class="u"> List of subtitle file formats</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-file-formats"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#list-of-file-formats">List of file formats</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-file-formats"></a><a href="#_toc/file-format" class="u"> File format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 21</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/uf2"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#uf2">UF2</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="uf2"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-file-formats" class="u"> List of file formats</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 21</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/markup-language"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#markup-language">Markup language</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="markup-language"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Computer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 201</span><span class="dcnt"> 16</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/lightweight-markup-language"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#lightweight-markup-language">Lightweight markup language</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lightweight-markup-language"></a><a href="#_toc/markup-language" class="u"> Markup language</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-markup-languages"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#list-of-markup-languages">List of markup languages</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-markup-languages"></a><a href="#_toc/markup-language" class="u"> Markup language</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 201</span><span class="dcnt"> 14</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/asciidoc"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#asciidoc">AsciiDoc</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="asciidoc"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-markup-languages" class="u"> List of markup languages</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/asciidoctor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#asciidoctor">AsciiDoctor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="asciidoctor"></a><a href="#_toc/asciidoc" class="u"> AsciiDoc</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/latex"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#latex">LaTeX</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="latex"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-markup-languages" class="u"> List of markup languages</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 75</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/latex-to-html"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#latex-to-html">LaTeX to HTML</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="latex-to-html"></a><a href="#_toc/latex" class="u"> LaTeX</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 43</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/katex"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#katex">KaTeX</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="katex"></a><a href="#_toc/latex-to-html" class="u"> LaTeX to HTML</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 14</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/softcover-latex"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#softcover-latex">Softcover <span class="meta">(LaTeX)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="softcover-latex"></a><a href="#_toc/latex-to-html" class="u"> LaTeX to HTML</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 24</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/mathbook-xml"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#mathbook-xml">MathBook XML</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mathbook-xml"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-markup-languages" class="u"> List of markup languages</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 9</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/markdown"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#markdown">Markdown</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="markdown"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-markup-languages" class="u"> List of markup languages</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 117</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/markdown-compiler"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#markdown-compiler">Markdown compiler</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="markdown-compiler"></a><a href="#_toc/markdown" class="u"> Markdown</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 26</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/pandoc"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#pandoc">Pandoc</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pandoc"></a><a href="#_toc/markdown-compiler" class="u"> Markdown compiler</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 26</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/markdown-editor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#markdown-editor">Markdown editor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="markdown-editor"></a><a href="#_toc/markdown" class="u"> Markdown</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/karlcow-markdown-testsuite"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#karlcow-markdown-testsuite">karlcow/markdown-testsuite</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="karlcow-markdown-testsuite"></a><a href="#_toc/markdown" class="u"> Markdown</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 21</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/commonmark"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#commonmark">CommonMark</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="commonmark"></a><a href="#_toc/markdown" class="u"> Markdown</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 55</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/markdownlint-markdownlint"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#markdownlint-markdownlint">markdownlint/markdownlint</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="markdownlint-markdownlint"></a><a href="#_toc/markdown" class="u"> Markdown</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/machine-learning"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning">Machine learning</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="machine-learning-split"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Computer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 11k</span><span class="dcnt"> 387</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/artificial-intelligence"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="artificial-intelligence-split"></a><a href="#_toc/machine-learning" class="u"> Machine learning</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 6k</span><span class="dcnt"> 252</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ai-by-capability"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-by-capability">AI by capability</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-by-capability"></a><a href="#_toc/artificial-intelligence" class="u"> Artificial intelligence</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 4k</span><span class="dcnt"> 167</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/artificial-general-intelligence"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#artificial-general-intelligence">Artificial general intelligence</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="artificial-general-intelligence"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-by-capability" class="u"> AI by capability</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2k</span><span class="dcnt"> 100</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/principles-of-agi"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#principles-of-agi">Principles of AGI</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="principles-of-agi"></a><a href="#_toc/artificial-general-intelligence" class="u"> Artificial general intelligence</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 34</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/the-missing-link-between-continuous-and-discrete-ai"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#the-missing-link-between-continuous-and-discrete-ai">The missing link between continuous and discrete AI</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-missing-link-between-continuous-and-discrete-ai"></a><a href="#_toc/principles-of-agi" class="u"> Principles of AGI</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/intelligence-is-hierarchical"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#intelligence-is-hierarchical">Intelligence is hierarchical</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="intelligence-is-hierarchical"></a><a href="#_toc/principles-of-agi" class="u"> Principles of AGI</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/agi-architecture"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#agi-architecture">AGI architecture</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="agi-architecture"></a><a href="#_toc/principles-of-agi" class="u"> Principles of AGI</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 19</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/elements-of-agi"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#elements-of-agi">Elements of AGI</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elements-of-agi"></a><a href="#_toc/agi-architecture" class="u"> AGI architecture</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/common-sense"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#common-sense">Common sense</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="common-sense"></a><a href="#_toc/elements-of-agi" class="u"> Elements of AGI</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/instrumental-goal"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#instrumental-goal">Instrumental goal</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="instrumental-goal"></a><a href="#_toc/elements-of-agi" class="u"> Elements of AGI</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/instrumental-convergence"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#instrumental-convergence">Instrumental convergence</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="instrumental-convergence"></a><a href="#_toc/instrumental-goal" class="u"> Instrumental goal</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/agi-research"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#agi-research">AGI research</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="agi-research"></a><a href="#_toc/artificial-general-intelligence" class="u"> Artificial general intelligence</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 786</span><span class="dcnt"> 31</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/history-of-agi-research"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#history-of-agi-research">History of AGI research</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="history-of-agi-research"></a><a href="#_toc/agi-research" class="u"> AGI research</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/agi-blues"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#agi-blues">AGI blues</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="agi-blues"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-agi-research" class="u"> History of AGI research</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/moravec-s-paradox"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#moravec-s-paradox">Moravec's paradox <span class="meta">(1980s)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="moravec-s-paradox"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-agi-research" class="u"> History of AGI research</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/ai-winter"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-winter">AI winter</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-winter"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-agi-research" class="u"> History of AGI research</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/ai-boom"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-boom">AI boom <span class="meta">(2012-)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-boom"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-agi-research" class="u"> History of AGI research</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/agi-research-has-become-a-taboo-in-the-early-21st-century"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#agi-research-has-become-a-taboo-in-the-early-21st-century">AGI research has become a taboo in the early 21st century</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="agi-research-has-become-a-taboo-in-the-early-21st-century"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-agi-research" class="u"> History of AGI research</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/agi-interest-group"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#agi-interest-group">AGI interest group</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="agi-interest-group"></a><a href="#_toc/agi-research" class="u"> AGI research</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/agi-house"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#agi-house">AGI House</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="agi-house"></a><a href="#_toc/agi-interest-group" class="u"> AGI interest group</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/agi-conference"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#agi-conference">AGI conference</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="agi-conference"></a><a href="#_toc/agi-interest-group" class="u"> AGI interest group</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/journal-of-artificial-general-intelligence"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#journal-of-artificial-general-intelligence">Journal of Artificial General Intelligence</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="journal-of-artificial-general-intelligence"></a><a href="#_toc/agi-research" class="u"> AGI research</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/agi-research-entity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#agi-research-entity">AGI research entity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="agi-research-entity"></a><a href="#_toc/agi-research" class="u"> AGI research</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 155</span><span class="dcnt"> 20</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/safe-superintelligence-inc"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#safe-superintelligence-inc">Safe Superintelligence Inc.</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="safe-superintelligence-inc"></a><a href="#_toc/agi-research-entity" class="u"> AGI research entity</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/steven-byrnes"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#steven-byrnes">Steven Byrnes</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="steven-byrnes"></a><a href="#_toc/agi-research-entity" class="u"> AGI research entity</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/astera-institute"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#astera-institute">Astera Institute</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="astera-institute"></a><a href="#_toc/agi-research-entity" class="u"> AGI research entity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 10</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/hipster-research-institute"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#hipster-research-institute">Hipster research institute</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hipster-research-institute"></a><a href="#_toc/astera-institute" class="u"> Astera Institute</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/topos-institute"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#topos-institute">Topos institute</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="topos-institute"></a><a href="#_toc/hipster-research-institute" class="u"> Hipster research institute</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/astera-institute-person"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#astera-institute-person">Astera Institute person</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="astera-institute-person"></a><a href="#_toc/astera-institute" class="u"> Astera Institute</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/michael-nielsen"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#michael-nielsen">Michael Nielsen</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="michael-nielsen"></a><a href="#_toc/astera-institute-person" class="u"> Astera Institute person</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/futureai"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#futureai">FutureAI</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="futureai"></a><a href="#_toc/agi-research-entity" class="u"> AGI research entity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/brainsimii"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#brainsimii">BrainSimII</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="brainsimii"></a><a href="#_toc/futureai" class="u"> FutureAI</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/sallie-futureai"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#sallie-futureai">Sallie <span class="meta">(FutureAI)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sallie-futureai"></a><a href="#_toc/futureai" class="u"> FutureAI</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/charles-simon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#charles-simon">Charles Simon</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="charles-simon"></a><a href="#_toc/futureai" class="u"> FutureAI</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/goodai"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#goodai">GoodAI</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="goodai"></a><a href="#_toc/agi-research-entity" class="u"> AGI research entity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ai-people"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-people">AI People <span class="meta">(2023)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-people"></a><a href="#_toc/goodai" class="u"> GoodAI</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/marek-rosa"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#marek-rosa">Marek Rosa</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="marek-rosa"></a><a href="#_toc/goodai" class="u"> GoodAI</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/ndea"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ndea">NDEA</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ndea"></a><a href="#_toc/agi-research-entity" class="u"> AGI research entity</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/numenta"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#numenta">Numenta</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="numenta"></a><a href="#_toc/agi-research-entity" class="u"> AGI research entity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/numenta-employee"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#numenta-employee">Numenta employee</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="numenta-employee"></a><a href="#_toc/numenta" class="u"> Numenta</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/jeff-hawkins"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#jeff-hawkins">Jeff Hawkins</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="jeff-hawkins"></a><a href="#_toc/numenta-employee" class="u"> Numenta employee</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/hierarchical-temporal-memory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#hierarchical-temporal-memory">Hierarchical temporal memory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hierarchical-temporal-memory"></a><a href="#_toc/numenta" class="u"> Numenta</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/on-intelligence"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#on-intelligence">On Intelligence <span class="meta">(2004)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="on-intelligence"></a><a href="#_toc/hierarchical-temporal-memory" class="u"> Hierarchical temporal memory</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/agi-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#agi-software">AGI software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="agi-software"></a><a href="#_toc/artificial-general-intelligence" class="u"> Artificial general intelligence</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 21</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/opencog"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#opencog">OpenCog</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="opencog"></a><a href="#_toc/agi-software" class="u"> AGI software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 8</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ben-goertzel"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ben-goertzel">Ben Goertzel</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ben-goertzel"></a><a href="#_toc/opencog" class="u"> OpenCog</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/singularitynet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#singularitynet">SingularityNET</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="singularitynet"></a><a href="#_toc/ben-goertzel" class="u"> Ben Goertzel</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/nunet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#nunet">NuNET</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nunet"></a><a href="#_toc/singularitynet" class="u"> SingularityNET</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/agi-complete"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#agi-complete">AGI-complete</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="agi-complete"></a><a href="#_toc/artificial-general-intelligence" class="u"> Artificial general intelligence</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/agi-test"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#agi-test">AGI test</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="agi-test"></a><a href="#_toc/artificial-general-intelligence" class="u"> Artificial general intelligence</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 620</span><span class="dcnt"> 52</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/captcha"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#captcha">CAPTCHA</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="captcha"></a><a href="#_toc/agi-test" class="u"> AGI test</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/recaptcha"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#recaptcha">reCAPTCHA</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="recaptcha"></a><a href="#_toc/captcha" class="u"> CAPTCHA</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/turing-test"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#turing-test">Turing test</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="turing-test"></a><a href="#_toc/agi-test" class="u"> AGI test</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi">ARC-AGI</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi"></a><a href="#_toc/agi-test" class="u"> AGI test</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2">ARC-AGI-2 <span class="meta">(2025-03-24)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2"></a><a href="#_toc/agi-test" class="u"> AGI test</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 620</span><span class="dcnt"> 46</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem">ARC-AGI-2 problem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2" class="u"> ARC-AGI-2</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 620</span><span class="dcnt"> 45</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/approach"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/approach">Approach</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/approach"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem" class="u"> ARC-AGI-2 problem</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 229</span><span class="dcnt"> 34</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/primitive"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/primitive">Primitive</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/primitive"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/approach" class="u"> Approach</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 229</span><span class="dcnt"> 33</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/input-primitive"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/input-primitive">Input primitive</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/input-primitive"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/primitive" class="u"> Primitive</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 148</span><span class="dcnt"> 29</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/background-color"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/background-color">Background color</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/background-color"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/input-primitive" class="u"> Input primitive</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/object"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/object">Object</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/object"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/input-primitive" class="u"> Input primitive</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 139</span><span class="dcnt"> 26</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/container"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/container">Container</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/container"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/object" class="u"> Object</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 38</span><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/box"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/box">Box</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/box"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/container" class="u"> Container</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 23</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/edge"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/edge">Edge</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/edge"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/box" class="u"> Box</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/left-edge"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/left-edge">Left edge</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/left-edge"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/edge" class="u"> Edge</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/right-edge"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/right-edge">Right edge</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/right-edge"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/edge" class="u"> Edge</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/top-edge"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/top-edge">Top edge</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/top-edge"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/edge" class="u"> Edge</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/bottom-edge"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/bottom-edge">Bottom edge</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/bottom-edge"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/edge" class="u"> Edge</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/toplevel-box"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/toplevel-box">Toplevel box</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/toplevel-box"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/box" class="u"> Box</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 23</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/two-toplevel-boxes"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/two-toplevel-boxes">Two toplevel boxes</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/two-toplevel-boxes"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/toplevel-box" class="u"> Toplevel box</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/input-output-toplevel-boxes"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/input-output-toplevel-boxes">Input output toplevel boxes</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/input-output-toplevel-boxes"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/two-toplevel-boxes" class="u"> Two toplevel boxes</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/monocolor-object"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/monocolor-object">Monocolor object</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/monocolor-object"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/object" class="u"> Object</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/primitive-relation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/primitive-relation">Primitive relation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/primitive-relation"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/object" class="u"> Object</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/distance"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/distance">Distance</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/distance"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/primitive-relation" class="u"> Primitive relation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/adjacent"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/adjacent">Adjacent</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/adjacent"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/distance" class="u"> Distance</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/rectangle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/rectangle">Rectangle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/rectangle"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/object" class="u"> Object</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 6</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/square"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/square">Square</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/square"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/rectangle" class="u"> Rectangle</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/point"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/point">Point</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/point"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/square" class="u"> Square</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/path"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/path">Path</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/path"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/object" class="u"> Object</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 6</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/dotted-path"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/dotted-path">Dotted path</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/dotted-path"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/path" class="u"> Path</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/line"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/line">Line</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/line"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/path" class="u"> Path</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/dotted-line"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/dotted-line">Dotted line</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/dotted-line"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/line" class="u"> Line</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/monocolor-line"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/monocolor-line">Monocolor line</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/monocolor-line"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/line" class="u"> Line</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/perpendicular-line"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/perpendicular-line">Perpendicular line</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/perpendicular-line"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/line" class="u"> Line</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/vertical-line"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/vertical-line">Vertical line</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/vertical-line"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/perpendicular-line" class="u"> Perpendicular line</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/horizontal-line"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/horizontal-line">Horizontal line</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/horizontal-line"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/perpendicular-line" class="u"> Perpendicular line</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/diagonal-line"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/diagonal-line">Diagonal line</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/diagonal-line"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/line" class="u"> Line</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/repeat"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/repeat">Repeat</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/repeat"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/input-primitive" class="u"> Input primitive</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/output-primitive"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/output-primitive">Output primitive</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/output-primitive"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/primitive" class="u"> Primitive</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/optimize"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/optimize">Optimize</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/optimize"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/output-primitive" class="u"> Output primitive</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/draw-line"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/draw-line">Draw line</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/draw-line"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/output-primitive" class="u"> Output primitive</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/list"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/list">List</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/list"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem" class="u"> ARC-AGI-2 problem</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/list/1ae2feb7"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/list/1ae2feb7">1ae2feb7 <span class="meta">(1)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/list/1ae2feb7"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/list" class="u"> List</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/list/3e6067c3"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/list/3e6067c3">3e6067c3 <span class="meta">(2)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/list/3e6067c3"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/list" class="u"> List</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/list/16b78196"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/list/16b78196">16b78196 <span class="meta">(3)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/list/16b78196"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/list" class="u"> List</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/list/142ca369"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/list/142ca369">142ca369 <span class="meta">(4)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/list/142ca369"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/list" class="u"> List</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/list/136b0064"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/list/136b0064">136b0064 <span class="meta">(5)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/list/136b0064"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/list" class="u"> List</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/list/0934a4d8"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/list/0934a4d8">0934a4d8 <span class="meta">(6)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/list/0934a4d8"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/list" class="u"> List</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/list/135a2760"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/list/135a2760">135a2760 <span class="meta">(7)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/list/135a2760"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/list" class="u"> List</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/list/13e47133"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/list/13e47133">13e47133 <span class="meta">(8)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/list/13e47133"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/list" class="u"> List</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/list/195c6913"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#arc-agi-2-problem/list/195c6913">195c6913 <span class="meta">(10)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arc-agi-2-problem/list/195c6913"></a><a href="#_toc/arc-agi-2-problem/list" class="u"> List</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/the-employment-test"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#the-employment-test">The Employment Test</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-employment-test"></a><a href="#_toc/agi-test" class="u"> AGI test</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/agi-bibliography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#agi-bibliography">AGI bibliography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="agi-bibliography"></a><a href="#_toc/artificial-general-intelligence" class="u"> Artificial general intelligence</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/automated-theorem-proving"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#automated-theorem-proving">Automated theorem proving</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="automated-theorem-proving"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-by-capability" class="u"> AI by capability</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 108</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/autoformalization"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#autoformalization">Autoformalization</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="autoformalization"></a><a href="#_toc/automated-theorem-proving" class="u"> Automated theorem proving</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ai-math-benchmark"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-math-benchmark">AI Math benchmark</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-math-benchmark"></a><a href="#_toc/automated-theorem-proving" class="u"> Automated theorem proving</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/frontiermath"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#frontiermath">FrontierMath <span class="meta">(2024)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="frontiermath"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-math-benchmark" class="u"> AI Math benchmark</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/statistical-classification"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#statistical-classification">Statistical classification</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="statistical-classification"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-by-capability" class="u"> AI by capability</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/cluster-analysis"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#cluster-analysis">Cluster analysis</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cluster-analysis"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-by-capability" class="u"> AI by capability</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/generative-ai"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#generative-ai">Generative AI</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="generative-ai"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-by-capability" class="u"> AI by capability</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 59</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/generative-adversarial-network"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#generative-adversarial-network">Generative adversarial network <span class="meta">(GAN)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="generative-adversarial-network"></a><a href="#_toc/generative-ai" class="u"> Generative AI</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 17</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/gan-paper"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#gan-paper">GAN paper</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gan-paper"></a><a href="#_toc/generative-adversarial-network" class="u"> Generative adversarial network</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/gan-mnist-hello-world"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#gan-mnist-hello-world">GAN MNIST hello world</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gan-mnist-hello-world"></a><a href="#_toc/generative-adversarial-network" class="u"> Generative adversarial network</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ai-brittleness-and-robustness"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-brittleness-and-robustness">AI brittleness and robustness</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-brittleness-and-robustness"></a><a href="#_toc/generative-adversarial-network" class="u"> Generative adversarial network</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ai-robustness"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-robustness">AI robustness</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-robustness"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-brittleness-and-robustness" class="u"> AI brittleness and robustness</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ai-brittleness"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-brittleness">AI brittleness</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-brittleness"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-brittleness-and-robustness" class="u"> AI brittleness and robustness</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/adversarial-machine-learning"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#adversarial-machine-learning">Adversarial machine learning</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="adversarial-machine-learning"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-brittleness" class="u"> AI brittleness</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/ai-generated-porn"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-generated-porn">AI generated porn</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-generated-porn"></a><a href="#_toc/generative-ai" class="u"> Generative AI</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/generative-ai-by-modality"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#generative-ai-by-modality">Generative AI by modality</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="generative-ai-by-modality"></a><a href="#_toc/generative-ai" class="u"> Generative AI</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 50</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/image-generation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#image-generation">Image generation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="image-generation"></a><a href="#_toc/generative-ai-by-modality" class="u"> Generative AI by modality</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 355</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/face-generation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#face-generation">Face generation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="face-generation"></a><a href="#_toc/image-generation" class="u"> Image generation</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/text-to-image-generation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#text-to-image-generation">Text-to-image generation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="text-to-image-generation"></a><a href="#_toc/image-generation" class="u"> Image generation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 355</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/text-to-image-model"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#text-to-image-model">Text-to-image model</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="text-to-image-model"></a><a href="#_toc/text-to-image-generation" class="u"> Text-to-image generation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 354</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/open-source-text-to-image-model"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#open-source-text-to-image-model">Open source text-to-image model</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-source-text-to-image-model"></a><a href="#_toc/text-to-image-model" class="u"> Text-to-image model</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ludicrains-deep-gaze"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ludicrains-deep-gaze">ludicrains/deep-gaze</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ludicrains-deep-gaze"></a><a href="#_toc/open-source-text-to-image-model" class="u"> Open source text-to-image model</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/runwayml-stable-diffusion"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#runwayml-stable-diffusion">runwayml/stable-diffusion</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="runwayml-stable-diffusion"></a><a href="#_toc/open-source-text-to-image-model" class="u"> Open source text-to-image model</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/deepfloyd-if"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#deepfloyd-if">DeepFloyd IF</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="deepfloyd-if"></a><a href="#_toc/open-source-text-to-image-model" class="u"> Open source text-to-image model</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ai-text-generation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-text-generation">AI text generation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-text-generation"></a><a href="#_toc/generative-ai-by-modality" class="u"> Generative AI by modality</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 769</span><span class="dcnt"> 34</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/speech-recognition"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#speech-recognition">Speech recognition</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="speech-recognition"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-text-generation" class="u"> AI text generation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/speech-recognition-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#speech-recognition-software">Speech recognition software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="speech-recognition-software"></a><a href="#_toc/speech-recognition" class="u"> Speech recognition</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/openai-whisper"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#openai-whisper">OpenAi Whisper</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="openai-whisper"></a><a href="#_toc/speech-recognition-software" class="u"> Speech recognition software</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/vosk"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#vosk">Vosk</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="vosk"></a><a href="#_toc/speech-recognition-software" class="u"> Speech recognition software</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/text-to-text-model"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#text-to-text-model">Text-to-text model</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="text-to-text-model"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-text-generation" class="u"> AI text generation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 768</span><span class="dcnt"> 29</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/machine-translation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#machine-translation">Machine translation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="machine-translation"></a><a href="#_toc/text-to-text-model" class="u"> Text-to-text model</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/open-source-machine-translation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#open-source-machine-translation">Open source machine translation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-source-machine-translation"></a><a href="#_toc/text-to-text-model" class="u"> Text-to-text model</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 3</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/opennmt"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#opennmt">OpenNMT</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="opennmt"></a><a href="#_toc/open-source-machine-translation" class="u"> Open source machine translation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/argos-translate"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#argos-translate">Argos Translate</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="argos-translate"></a><a href="#_toc/opennmt" class="u"> OpenNMT</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/large-language-model"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#large-language-model">Large language model</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="large-language-model"></a><a href="#_toc/text-to-text-model" class="u"> Text-to-text model</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 674</span><span class="dcnt"> 24</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/llm-game"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#llm-game">LLM game</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="llm-game"></a><a href="#_toc/large-language-model" class="u"> Large language model</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/stanford-smallville"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#stanford-smallville">Stanford Smallville <span class="meta">(2023)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="stanford-smallville"></a><a href="#_toc/llm-game" class="u"> LLM game</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/chatgpt"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#chatgpt">ChatGPT</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="chatgpt"></a><a href="#_toc/large-language-model" class="u"> Large language model</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/chatgpt-model"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#chatgpt-model">ChatGPT model</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="chatgpt-model"></a><a href="#_toc/chatgpt" class="u"> ChatGPT</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/chatgpt-4-turbo"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#chatgpt-4-turbo">ChatGPT 4 Turbo</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="chatgpt-4-turbo"></a><a href="#_toc/chatgpt-model" class="u"> ChatGPT model</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/open-source-llm"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#open-source-llm">Open source LLM</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-source-llm"></a><a href="#_toc/large-language-model" class="u"> Large language model</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 19</span><span class="dcnt"> 13</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/llm-model-with-open-training-data"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#llm-model-with-open-training-data">LLM model with open training data</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="llm-model-with-open-training-data"></a><a href="#_toc/open-source-llm" class="u"> Open source LLM</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/the-pile-dataset"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#the-pile-dataset">The Pile <span class="meta">(dataset)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-pile-dataset"></a><a href="#_toc/llm-model-with-open-training-data" class="u"> LLM model with open training data</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/llm360"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#llm360">LLM360</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="llm360"></a><a href="#_toc/llm-model-with-open-training-data" class="u"> LLM model with open training data</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/open-weight-llm-model"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#open-weight-llm-model">Open weight LLM model</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-weight-llm-model"></a><a href="#_toc/open-source-llm" class="u"> Open source LLM</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/llama-language-model"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#llama-language-model">Llama <span class="meta">(language model)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="llama-language-model"></a><a href="#_toc/open-weight-llm-model" class="u"> Open weight LLM model</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/llama2"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#llama2">Llama2 <span class="meta">(2023)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="llama2"></a><a href="#_toc/llama-language-model" class="u"> Llama</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/llama2-7b"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#llama2-7b">Llama2 7B</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="llama2-7b"></a><a href="#_toc/llama2" class="u"> Llama2</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ollama"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ollama">Ollama</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ollama"></a><a href="#_toc/open-source-llm" class="u"> Open source LLM</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 16</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ollama-howto"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ollama-howto">Ollama HOWTO</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ollama-howto"></a><a href="#_toc/ollama" class="u"> Ollama</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ollama-output-size"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ollama-output-size">Ollama output size</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ollama-output-size"></a><a href="#_toc/ollama-howto" class="u"> Ollama HOWTO</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/ollama-deterministic-output"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ollama-deterministic-output">Ollama deterministic output</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ollama-deterministic-output"></a><a href="#_toc/ollama-howto" class="u"> Ollama HOWTO</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ollama-parameter"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ollama-parameter">Ollama parameter</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ollama-parameter"></a><a href="#_toc/ollama" class="u"> Ollama</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ollama-set-parameter-on-cli"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ollama-set-parameter-on-cli">Ollama set parameter on CLI</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ollama-set-parameter-on-cli"></a><a href="#_toc/ollama-parameter" class="u"> Ollama parameter</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/llm-benchmark"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#llm-benchmark">LLM benchmark</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="llm-benchmark"></a><a href="#_toc/large-language-model" class="u"> Large language model</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 320</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/simplest-questions-that-llms-get-wrong"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#simplest-questions-that-llms-get-wrong">Simplest questions that LLMs get wrong</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="simplest-questions-that-llms-get-wrong"></a><a href="#_toc/llm-benchmark" class="u"> LLM benchmark</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/easy-problems-that-llms-get-wrong-by-sean-williams-and-james-huckle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#easy-problems-that-llms-get-wrong-by-sean-williams-and-james-huckle">Easy Problems That LLMs Get Wrong by Sean Williams and James Huckle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="easy-problems-that-llms-get-wrong-by-sean-williams-and-james-huckle"></a><a href="#_toc/simplest-questions-that-llms-get-wrong" class="u"> Simplest questions that LLMs get wrong</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/uncensored-llm"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#uncensored-llm">Uncensored LLM</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="uncensored-llm"></a><a href="#_toc/large-language-model" class="u"> Large language model</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/mlabonne-meta-llama-3-1-8b-instruct-abliterated-gguf"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#mlabonne-meta-llama-3-1-8b-instruct-abliterated-gguf">mlabonne/Meta-Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct-abliterated-GGUF </a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mlabonne-meta-llama-3-1-8b-instruct-abliterated-gguf"></a><a href="#_toc/uncensored-llm" class="u"> Uncensored LLM</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ai-sound-generation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-sound-generation">AI sound generation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-sound-generation"></a><a href="#_toc/generative-ai-by-modality" class="u"> Generative AI by modality</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 4</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ai-music-generation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-music-generation">AI music generation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-music-generation"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-sound-generation" class="u"> AI sound generation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/soundraw"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#soundraw">Soundraw</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="soundraw"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-music-generation" class="u"> AI music generation</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/speech-synthesis"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#speech-synthesis">Speech synthesis</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="speech-synthesis"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-sound-generation" class="u"> AI sound generation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 4</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/text-to-speech"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#text-to-speech">Text-to-speech <span class="meta">(TTS)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="text-to-speech"></a><a href="#_toc/speech-synthesis" class="u"> Speech synthesis</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/comparison-of-text-to-speech-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#comparison-of-text-to-speech-software">Comparison of text-to-speech software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="comparison-of-text-to-speech-software"></a><a href="#_toc/text-to-speech" class="u"> Text-to-speech</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/text-to-video"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#text-to-video">Text-to-video</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="text-to-video"></a><a href="#_toc/generative-ai-by-modality" class="u"> Generative AI by modality</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ai-research-entity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-research-entity">AI research entity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-research-entity"></a><a href="#_toc/artificial-intelligence" class="u"> Artificial intelligence</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 38</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ai-researcher"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-researcher">AI researcher</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-researcher"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-research-entity" class="u"> AI research entity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/yann-lecun"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#yann-lecun">Yann LeCun</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="yann-lecun"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-researcher" class="u"> AI researcher</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/yohei-nakajima"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#yohei-nakajima">Yohei Nakajima</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="yohei-nakajima"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-researcher" class="u"> AI researcher</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ai-alignment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-alignment">AI alignment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-alignment"></a><a href="#_toc/artificial-intelligence" class="u"> Artificial intelligence</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/reward-modeling"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#reward-modeling">Reward modeling</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="reward-modeling"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-alignment" class="u"> AI alignment</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/ai-safety"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-safety">AI safety</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-safety"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-alignment" class="u"> AI alignment</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/path-to-agi"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#path-to-agi">Path to AGI</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="path-to-agi"></a><a href="#_toc/artificial-intelligence" class="u"> Artificial intelligence</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2k</span><span class="dcnt"> 63</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ai-training-robot"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-training-robot">AI training robot</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-training-robot"></a><a href="#_toc/path-to-agi" class="u"> Path to AGI</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 298</span><span class="dcnt"> 12</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ai-training-robot-in-a-room"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-training-robot-in-a-room">AI training robot in a room</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-training-robot-in-a-room"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-training-robot" class="u"> AI training robot</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ai-training-robot-dataset"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-training-robot-dataset">AI training robot dataset</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-training-robot-dataset"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-training-robot" class="u"> AI training robot</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/open-x-embodiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#open-x-embodiment">Open X-Embodiment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-x-embodiment"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-training-robot-dataset" class="u"> AI training robot dataset</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ai-training-robot-simulation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-training-robot-simulation">AI training robot simulation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-training-robot-simulation"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-training-robot" class="u"> AI training robot</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 67</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/behavior-benchmark"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#behavior-benchmark">BEHAVIOR Benchmark</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="behavior-benchmark"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-training-robot-simulation" class="u"> AI training robot simulation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 4</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/behavior-benchmark-variant"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#behavior-benchmark-variant">BEHAVIOR Benchmark variant</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="behavior-benchmark-variant"></a><a href="#_toc/behavior-benchmark" class="u"> BEHAVIOR Benchmark</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/behavior-1k"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#behavior-1k">BEHAVIOR-1K <span class="meta">(2022)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="behavior-1k"></a><a href="#_toc/behavior-benchmark-variant" class="u"> BEHAVIOR Benchmark variant</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/behavior-100"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#behavior-100">BEHAVIOR-100 <span class="meta">(2021)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="behavior-100"></a><a href="#_toc/behavior-benchmark-variant" class="u"> BEHAVIOR Benchmark variant</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/omnigibson"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#omnigibson">OmniGibson</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="omnigibson"></a><a href="#_toc/behavior-benchmark" class="u"> BEHAVIOR Benchmark</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/ai-habitat"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-habitat">AI Habitat <span class="meta">(2019)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-habitat"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-training-robot-simulation" class="u"> AI training robot simulation</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/deepmind-robocat"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#deepmind-robocat">DeepMind RoboCat <span class="meta">(2023)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="deepmind-robocat"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-training-robot" class="u"> AI training robot</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/supercomputer-controlling-a-robot"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#supercomputer-controlling-a-robot">Supercomputer controlling a robot</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="supercomputer-controlling-a-robot"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-training-robot" class="u"> AI training robot</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ai-game"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-game">AI game</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-game"></a><a href="#_toc/path-to-agi" class="u"> Path to AGI</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 49</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/human-game-used-for-ai-training"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#human-game-used-for-ai-training">Human game used for AI training</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="human-game-used-for-ai-training"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-game" class="u"> AI game</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/using-minecraft-for-ai-training"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#using-minecraft-for-ai-training">Using Minecraft for AI training</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="using-minecraft-for-ai-training"></a><a href="#_toc/human-game-used-for-ai-training" class="u"> Human game used for AI training</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/minedojo"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#minedojo">MineDojo</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="minedojo"></a><a href="#_toc/using-minecraft-for-ai-training" class="u"> Using Minecraft for AI training</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/game-ai"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#game-ai">Game AI</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="game-ai"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-game" class="u"> AI game</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 87</span><span class="dcnt"> 11</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/game-ai-research"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#game-ai-research">Game AI research</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="game-ai-research"></a><a href="#_toc/game-ai" class="u"> Game AI</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 4</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/game-ai-research-lab"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#game-ai-research-lab">Game AI research lab</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="game-ai-research-lab"></a><a href="#_toc/game-ai-research" class="u"> Game AI research</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/qmul-game-ai-research-group"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#qmul-game-ai-research-group">QMUL Game AI Research Group</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="qmul-game-ai-research-group"></a><a href="#_toc/game-ai-research-lab" class="u"> Game AI research lab</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/leiden-game-research-lab"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#leiden-game-research-lab">Leiden Game Research Lab</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="leiden-game-research-lab"></a><a href="#_toc/game-ai-research-lab" class="u"> Game AI research lab</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/game-ai-by-game-genre"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#game-ai-by-game-genre">Game AI by game genre</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="game-ai-by-game-genre"></a><a href="#_toc/game-ai" class="u"> Game AI</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/fighting-game-ai"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#fighting-game-ai">Fighting game AI</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fighting-game-ai"></a><a href="#_toc/game-ai-by-game-genre" class="u"> Game AI by game genre</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/game-ai-competition"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#game-ai-competition">Game AI competition</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="game-ai-competition"></a><a href="#_toc/game-ai" class="u"> Game AI</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/battlecode"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#battlecode">Battlecode <span class="meta">(2003-)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="battlecode"></a><a href="#_toc/game-ai-competition" class="u"> Game AI competition</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/regression-games"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#regression-games">Regression Games</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="regression-games"></a><a href="#_toc/game-ai-competition" class="u"> Game AI competition</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/computer-olympiad"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#computer-olympiad">Computer Olympiad <span class="meta">(1989-2015)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-olympiad"></a><a href="#_toc/game-ai-competition" class="u"> Game AI competition</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/permanent-brain"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#permanent-brain">Permanent brain</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="permanent-brain"></a><a href="#_toc/game-ai" class="u"> Game AI</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ai-game-by-type"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-game-by-type">AI game by type</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-game-by-type"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-game" class="u"> AI game</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 79</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/procedural-ai-training-game"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#procedural-ai-training-game">Procedural AI training game</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="procedural-ai-training-game"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-game-by-type" class="u"> AI game by type</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ai-game-world-geometry"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-game-world-geometry">AI game world geometry</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-game-world-geometry"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-game-by-type" class="u"> AI game by type</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 74</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/2d-ai-game"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#2d-ai-game">2D AI game</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="2d-ai-game"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-game-world-geometry" class="u"> AI game world geometry</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/gridworld-ai-game"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#gridworld-ai-game">Gridworld AI game</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gridworld-ai-game"></a><a href="#_toc/2d-ai-game" class="u"> 2D AI game</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/2d-continuous-ai-game"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#2d-continuous-ai-game">2D continuous AI game</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="2d-continuous-ai-game"></a><a href="#_toc/2d-ai-game" class="u"> 2D AI game</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/3d-ai-game"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#3d-ai-game">3D AI game</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="3d-ai-game"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-game-world-geometry" class="u"> AI game world geometry</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 54</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/football-simulation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#football-simulation">Football simulation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="football-simulation"></a><a href="#_toc/3d-ai-game" class="u"> 3D AI game</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/deepmind-soccer-simulation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#deepmind-soccer-simulation">Deepmind soccer simulation <span class="meta">(2023)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="deepmind-soccer-simulation"></a><a href="#_toc/football-simulation" class="u"> Football simulation</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/ai-game-with-natural-language"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-game-with-natural-language">AI game with natural language</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-game-with-natural-language"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-game" class="u"> AI game</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-ai-games"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#list-of-ai-games">List of AI games</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-ai-games"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-game" class="u"> AI game</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 219</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ai-game-by-deepmind"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-game-by-deepmind">AI game by DeepMind</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-game-by-deepmind"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-ai-games" class="u"> List of AI games</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 55</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/deepmind-lab"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#deepmind-lab">DeepMind Lab</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="deepmind-lab"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-game-by-deepmind" class="u"> AI game by DeepMind</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/deepmind-lab2d"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#deepmind-lab2d">DeepMind Lab2D <span class="meta">(2020)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="deepmind-lab2d"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-game-by-deepmind" class="u"> AI game by DeepMind</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/deepmind-lab2d-vs-gvgai"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#deepmind-lab2d-vs-gvgai">DeepMind Lab2D vs gvgai</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="deepmind-lab2d-vs-gvgai"></a><a href="#_toc/deepmind-lab2d" class="u"> DeepMind Lab2D</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/can-agi-be-trained-in-simulations"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#can-agi-be-trained-in-simulations">Can AGI be trained in simulations?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="can-agi-be-trained-in-simulations"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-game" class="u"> AI game</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/entity-creating-ai-games"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#entity-creating-ai-games">Entity creating AI games</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="entity-creating-ai-games"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-game" class="u"> AI game</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 549</span><span class="dcnt"> 17</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/deepmind"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#deepmind">DeepMind <span class="meta">(2010-)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="deepmind"></a><a href="#_toc/entity-creating-ai-games" class="u"> Entity creating AI games</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 95</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/deepmind-project"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#deepmind-project">DeepMind project</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="deepmind-project"></a><a href="#_toc/deepmind" class="u"> DeepMind</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 95</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/alphago"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#alphago">AlphaGo <span class="meta">(2016)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="alphago"></a><a href="#_toc/deepmind-project" class="u"> DeepMind project</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/open-source-alphago-implementation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#open-source-alphago-implementation">Open source AlphaGo implementation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-source-alphago-implementation"></a><a href="#_toc/alphago" class="u"> AlphaGo</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/minigo"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#minigo">MiniGo</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="minigo"></a><a href="#_toc/open-source-alphago-implementation" class="u"> Open source AlphaGo implementation</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/alphago-zero"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#alphago-zero">AlphaGo Zero <span class="meta">(2017)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="alphago-zero"></a><a href="#_toc/alphago" class="u"> AlphaGo</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/alphago-zero-open-source-implementation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#alphago-zero-open-source-implementation">AlphaGo Zero open source implementation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="alphago-zero-open-source-implementation"></a><a href="#_toc/alphago-zero" class="u"> AlphaGo Zero</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/alphazero"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#alphazero">AlphaZero <span class="meta">(2017)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="alphazero"></a><a href="#_toc/alphago" class="u"> AlphaGo</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gvgai"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#gvgai">gvgai <span class="meta">(2014-2020)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gvgai"></a><a href="#_toc/entity-creating-ai-games" class="u"> Entity creating AI games</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/julian-togelius"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#julian-togelius">Julian Togelius</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="julian-togelius"></a><a href="#_toc/gvgai" class="u"> gvgai</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/general-game-playing-stanford-project"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#general-game-playing-stanford-project">General Game Playing <span class="meta">(Stanford project, 2005-?)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="general-game-playing-stanford-project"></a><a href="#_toc/entity-creating-ai-games" class="u"> Entity creating AI games</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/openai"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#openai">OpenAI</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="openai"></a><a href="#_toc/entity-creating-ai-games" class="u"> Entity creating AI games</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 454</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/openai-project"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#openai-project">OpenAI project</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="openai-project"></a><a href="#_toc/openai" class="u"> OpenAI</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 441</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/openai-gym"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#openai-gym">OpenAI Gym</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="openai-gym"></a><a href="#_toc/openai-project" class="u"> OpenAI project</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 26</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/farama-gymnasium"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#farama-gymnasium">Farama Gymnasium</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="farama-gymnasium"></a><a href="#_toc/openai-gym" class="u"> OpenAI Gym</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/farama-gymnasium-solutions"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#farama-gymnasium-solutions">Farama Gymnasium solutions</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="farama-gymnasium-solutions"></a><a href="#_toc/farama-gymnasium" class="u"> Farama Gymnasium</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/farama-foundation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#farama-foundation">Farama Foundation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="farama-foundation"></a><a href="#_toc/farama-gymnasium" class="u"> Farama Gymnasium</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/implications-of-agi"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#implications-of-agi">Implications of AGI</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="implications-of-agi"></a><a href="#_toc/artificial-intelligence" class="u"> Artificial intelligence</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/existential-risk-of-agi"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#existential-risk-of-agi">Existential risk of AGI</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="existential-risk-of-agi"></a><a href="#_toc/implications-of-agi" class="u"> Implications of AGI</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/singularity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#singularity">Singularity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="singularity"></a><a href="#_toc/implications-of-agi" class="u"> Implications of AGI</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/artificial-intelligence-paradigm"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#artificial-intelligence-paradigm">Artificial intelligence paradigm</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="artificial-intelligence-paradigm"></a><a href="#_toc/artificial-intelligence" class="u"> Artificial intelligence</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/expert-system"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#expert-system">Expert system</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="expert-system"></a><a href="#_toc/artificial-intelligence-paradigm" class="u"> Artificial intelligence paradigm</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/artificial-intelligence-bibliography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#artificial-intelligence-bibliography">Artificial intelligence bibliography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="artificial-intelligence-bibliography"></a><a href="#_toc/artificial-intelligence" class="u"> Artificial intelligence</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/human-compatible"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#human-compatible">Human Compatible <span class="meta">(2019, Stuart Russel)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="human-compatible"></a><a href="#_toc/artificial-intelligence-bibliography" class="u"> Artificial intelligence bibliography</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/superintelligence-by-nick-bostrom-2014"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#superintelligence-by-nick-bostrom-2014">Superintelligence by Nick Bostrom (2014)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="superintelligence-by-nick-bostrom-2014"></a><a href="#_toc/artificial-intelligence-bibliography" class="u"> Artificial intelligence bibliography</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/application-of-artificial-intelligence"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#application-of-artificial-intelligence">Application of artificial intelligence</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="application-of-artificial-intelligence"></a><a href="#_toc/artificial-intelligence" class="u"> Artificial intelligence</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 3</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/legal-technology"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#legal-technology">Legal technology</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="legal-technology"></a><a href="#_toc/application-of-artificial-intelligence" class="u"> Application of artificial intelligence</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 3</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/legal-technology-company"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#legal-technology-company">Legal technology company</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="legal-technology-company"></a><a href="#_toc/legal-technology" class="u"> Legal technology</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/safe-sign-technologies"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#safe-sign-technologies">Safe Sign Technologies</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="safe-sign-technologies"></a><a href="#_toc/legal-technology-company" class="u"> Legal technology company</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/thoughtriver"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="artificial-intelligence#thoughtriver">ThoughtRiver</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="thoughtriver"></a><a href="#_toc/legal-technology" class="u"> Legal technology</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/training-machine-learning-on-copyrighted-data"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#training-machine-learning-on-copyrighted-data">Training machine learning on copyrighted data</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="training-machine-learning-on-copyrighted-data"></a><a href="#_toc/machine-learning" class="u"> Machine learning</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/deepfake"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#deepfake">Deepfake</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="deepfake"></a><a href="#_toc/machine-learning" class="u"> Machine learning</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/dimentionality-reduction"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#dimentionality-reduction">Dimentionality reduction</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dimentionality-reduction"></a><a href="#_toc/machine-learning" class="u"> Machine learning</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/principal-component-analysis"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#principal-component-analysis">Principal component analysis <span class="meta">(PCA)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="principal-component-analysis"></a><a href="#_toc/dimentionality-reduction" class="u"> Dimentionality reduction</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/hyperparameter"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#hyperparameter">Hyperparameter</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hyperparameter"></a><a href="#_toc/machine-learning" class="u"> Machine learning</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 24</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/overfitting"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#overfitting">Overfitting</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="overfitting"></a><a href="#_toc/hyperparameter" class="u"> Hyperparameter</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/machine-learning-as-a-form-of-data-compression"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#machine-learning-as-a-form-of-data-compression">Machine learning as a form of data compression</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="machine-learning-as-a-form-of-data-compression"></a><a href="#_toc/overfitting" class="u"> Overfitting</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/natural-language-processing"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#natural-language-processing">Natural language processing</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="natural-language-processing"></a><a href="#_toc/machine-learning" class="u"> Machine learning</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/recommender-system"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#recommender-system">Recommender system</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="recommender-system"></a><a href="#_toc/machine-learning" class="u"> Machine learning</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/supervised-and-unsupervised-learning"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#supervised-and-unsupervised-learning">Supervised and unsupervised learning</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="supervised-and-unsupervised-learning"></a><a href="#_toc/machine-learning" class="u"> Machine learning</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 121</span><span class="dcnt"> 11</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/supervised-learning"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#supervised-learning">Supervised learning</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="supervised-learning"></a><a href="#_toc/supervised-and-unsupervised-learning" class="u"> Supervised and unsupervised learning</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/k-nearest-neighbors-algorithm"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#k-nearest-neighbors-algorithm">k-nearest neighbors algorithm</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="k-nearest-neighbors-algorithm"></a><a href="#_toc/supervised-learning" class="u"> Supervised learning</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/training-validation-and-test-data-sets"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#training-validation-and-test-data-sets">Training, validation, and test data sets</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="training-validation-and-test-data-sets"></a><a href="#_toc/supervised-learning" class="u"> Supervised learning</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/training-data-set"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#training-data-set">Training data set</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="training-data-set"></a><a href="#_toc/training-validation-and-test-data-sets" class="u"> Training, validation, and test data sets</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/validation-data-set"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#validation-data-set">Validation data set</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="validation-data-set"></a><a href="#_toc/training-validation-and-test-data-sets" class="u"> Training, validation, and test data sets</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/test-data-set"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#test-data-set">Test data set</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="test-data-set"></a><a href="#_toc/training-validation-and-test-data-sets" class="u"> Training, validation, and test data sets</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/training-and-inference"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#training-and-inference">Training and inference</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="training-and-inference"></a><a href="#_toc/supervised-learning" class="u"> Supervised learning</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/inference-ml"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#inference-ml">Inference <span class="meta">(ML)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="inference-ml"></a><a href="#_toc/training-and-inference" class="u"> Training and inference</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/training-ml"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#training-ml">Training <span class="meta">(ML)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="training-ml"></a><a href="#_toc/training-and-inference" class="u"> Training and inference</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/unsupervised-learning"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#unsupervised-learning">Unsupervised learning</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="unsupervised-learning"></a><a href="#_toc/supervised-and-unsupervised-learning" class="u"> Supervised and unsupervised learning</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/reinforcement-learning"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#reinforcement-learning">Reinforcement learning</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="reinforcement-learning"></a><a href="#_toc/unsupervised-learning" class="u"> Unsupervised learning</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/machine-learning-architecture"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#machine-learning-architecture">Machine learning architecture</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="machine-learning-architecture"></a><a href="#_toc/machine-learning" class="u"> Machine learning</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 26</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/symbolic-artificial-intelligence"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#symbolic-artificial-intelligence">Symbolic artificial intelligence</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="symbolic-artificial-intelligence"></a><a href="#_toc/machine-learning-architecture" class="u"> Machine learning architecture</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/neuro-symbolic-ai"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#neuro-symbolic-ai">Neuro-symbolic AI</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="neuro-symbolic-ai"></a><a href="#_toc/symbolic-artificial-intelligence" class="u"> Symbolic artificial intelligence</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/neural-network"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#neural-network">Neural network</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="neural-network"></a><a href="#_toc/machine-learning" class="u"> Machine learning</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2k</span><span class="dcnt"> 40</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/artificial-neural-network"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#artificial-neural-network">Artificial neural network</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="artificial-neural-network"></a><a href="#_toc/neural-network" class="u"> Neural network</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2k</span><span class="dcnt"> 39</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ann-model"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#ann-model">ANN model</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ann-model"></a><a href="#_toc/artificial-neural-network" class="u"> Artificial neural network</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 985</span><span class="dcnt"> 16</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/residual-neural-network"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#residual-neural-network">Residual neural network <span class="meta">(2015)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="residual-neural-network"></a><a href="#_toc/ann-model" class="u"> ANN model</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 57</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/resnet-implementation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#resnet-implementation">ResNet implementation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="resnet-implementation"></a><a href="#_toc/residual-neural-network" class="u"> Residual neural network</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/resnet-variant"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#resnet-variant">ResNet variant</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="resnet-variant"></a><a href="#_toc/residual-neural-network" class="u"> Residual neural network</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/resnet-v1-vs-v1-5"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#resnet-v1-vs-v1-5">ResNet v1 vs v1.5</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="resnet-v1-vs-v1-5"></a><a href="#_toc/resnet-variant" class="u"> ResNet variant</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/convolutional-neural-network"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#convolutional-neural-network">Convolutional neural network <span class="meta">(CNN)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="convolutional-neural-network"></a><a href="#_toc/ann-model" class="u"> ANN model</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 859</span><span class="dcnt"> 11</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/cnn-convolution-kernels-are-also-learnt"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#cnn-convolution-kernels-are-also-learnt">CNN convolution kernels are also learnt</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cnn-convolution-kernels-are-also-learnt"></a><a href="#_toc/convolutional-neural-network" class="u"> Convolutional neural network</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-convolutional-neural-networks"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#list-of-convolutional-neural-networks">List of convolutional neural networks</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-convolutional-neural-networks"></a><a href="#_toc/convolutional-neural-network" class="u"> Convolutional neural network</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 812</span><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/lenet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#lenet">LeNet <span class="meta">(1998)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lenet"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-convolutional-neural-networks" class="u"> List of convolutional neural networks</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 812</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/lenet-implementation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#lenet-implementation">LeNet implementation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lenet-implementation"></a><a href="#_toc/lenet" class="u"> LeNet</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 462</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/activatedgeek-lenet-5"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#activatedgeek-lenet-5">activatedgeek/LeNet-5</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="activatedgeek-lenet-5"></a><a href="#_toc/lenet-implementation" class="u"> LeNet implementation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/activatedgeek-lenet-5-use-onnx-for-inference"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#activatedgeek-lenet-5-use-onnx-for-inference">activatedgeek/LeNet-5 use ONNX for inference</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="activatedgeek-lenet-5-use-onnx-for-inference"></a><a href="#_toc/activatedgeek-lenet-5" class="u"> activatedgeek/LeNet-5</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/activatedgeek-lenet-5-run-on-gpu"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#activatedgeek-lenet-5-run-on-gpu">activatedgeek/LeNet-5 run on GPU</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="activatedgeek-lenet-5-run-on-gpu"></a><a href="#_toc/activatedgeek-lenet-5" class="u"> activatedgeek/LeNet-5</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/_file/lenet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#_file/lenet">lenet</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="_file/lenet"></a><a href="#_toc/activatedgeek-lenet-5" class="u"> activatedgeek/LeNet-5</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/alexnet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#alexnet">AlexNet <span class="meta">(2012-)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="alexnet"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-convolutional-neural-networks" class="u"> List of convolutional neural networks</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/you-only-look-once"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#you-only-look-once">You Only Look Once <span class="meta">(2015-)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="you-only-look-once"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-convolutional-neural-networks" class="u"> List of convolutional neural networks</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/retinanet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#retinanet">RetinaNet <span class="meta">(2017-)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="retinanet"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-convolutional-neural-networks" class="u"> List of convolutional neural networks</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/trained-artificial-neural-network"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#trained-artificial-neural-network">Trained artificial neural network</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="trained-artificial-neural-network"></a><a href="#_toc/artificial-neural-network" class="u"> Artificial neural network</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/deep-learning"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#deep-learning">Deep learning</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="deep-learning"></a><a href="#_toc/artificial-neural-network" class="u"> Artificial neural network</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 20</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/backpropagation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#backpropagation">Backpropagation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="backpropagation"></a><a href="#_toc/deep-learning" class="u"> Deep learning</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/epoch-and-batch-size"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#epoch-and-batch-size">Epoch and batch size</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="epoch-and-batch-size"></a><a href="#_toc/backpropagation" class="u"> Backpropagation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/epoch-deep-learning"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#epoch-deep-learning">Epoch <span class="meta">(deep learning)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="epoch-deep-learning"></a><a href="#_toc/epoch-and-batch-size" class="u"> Epoch and batch size</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/batch-size-deep-learning"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#batch-size-deep-learning">Batch size <span class="meta">(deep learning)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="batch-size-deep-learning"></a><a href="#_toc/epoch-and-batch-size" class="u"> Epoch and batch size</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/learning-rate"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#learning-rate">Learning rate</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="learning-rate"></a><a href="#_toc/backpropagation" class="u"> Backpropagation</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/deep-learning-benchmark"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#deep-learning-benchmark">Deep learning benchmark</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="deep-learning-benchmark"></a><a href="#_toc/deep-learning" class="u"> Deep learning</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 637</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/mlperf"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#mlperf">MLperf</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mlperf"></a><a href="#_toc/deep-learning-benchmark" class="u"> Deep learning benchmark</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 255</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/mlperf-v2-1-resnet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#mlperf-v2-1-resnet">MLperf v2.1 ResNet</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mlperf-v2-1-resnet"></a><a href="#_toc/mlperf" class="u"> MLperf</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/run-mlperf-v2-1-resnet-on-imagenette"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#run-mlperf-v2-1-resnet-on-imagenette">Run MLperf v2.1 ResNet on Imagenette</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="run-mlperf-v2-1-resnet-on-imagenette"></a><a href="#_toc/mlperf-v2-1-resnet" class="u"> MLperf v2.1 ResNet</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/deep-learning-is-mostly-matrix-multiplication"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#deep-learning-is-mostly-matrix-multiplication">Deep learning is mostly matrix multiplication</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="deep-learning-is-mostly-matrix-multiplication"></a><a href="#_toc/deep-learning" class="u"> Deep learning</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/deep-learning-framework"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#deep-learning-framework">Deep learning framework</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="deep-learning-framework"></a><a href="#_toc/deep-learning" class="u"> Deep learning</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 236</span><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/onnx"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#onnx">ONNX</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="onnx"></a><a href="#_toc/deep-learning-framework" class="u"> Deep learning framework</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/netron"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#netron">Netron</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="netron"></a><a href="#_toc/onnx" class="u"> ONNX</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/pytorch"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#pytorch">PyTorch</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pytorch"></a><a href="#_toc/deep-learning-framework" class="u"> Deep learning framework</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 121</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/_file/python/pytorch/matmul.py"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#_file/python/pytorch/matmul.py">python/pytorch/matmul.py</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="_file/python/pytorch/matmul.py"></a><a href="#_toc/pytorch" class="u"> PyTorch</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/pytorch-model"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#pytorch-model">PyTorch model</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pytorch-model"></a><a href="#_toc/pytorch" class="u"> PyTorch</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/torchvision"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#torchvision">torchvision</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="torchvision"></a><a href="#_toc/pytorch" class="u"> PyTorch</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/torchvision-resnet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#torchvision-resnet">torchvision ResNet</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="torchvision-resnet"></a><a href="#_toc/torchvision" class="u"> torchvision</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/tensorflow"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#tensorflow">TensorFlow</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tensorflow"></a><a href="#_toc/deep-learning-framework" class="u"> Deep learning framework</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/tensorflow-quantum"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#tensorflow-quantum">TensorFlow quantum</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tensorflow-quantum"></a><a href="#_toc/tensorflow" class="u"> TensorFlow</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-vision"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#computer-vision">Computer vision</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-vision"></a><a href="#_toc/machine-learning" class="u"> Machine learning</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 30</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/object-detection"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#object-detection">Object detection</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="object-detection"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-vision" class="u"> Computer vision</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 78</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/image-segmentation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#image-segmentation">Image segmentation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="image-segmentation"></a><a href="#_toc/object-detection" class="u"> Object detection</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/face-detection"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#face-detection">Face detection</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="face-detection"></a><a href="#_toc/object-detection" class="u"> Object detection</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 77</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/facial-recognition-system"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#facial-recognition-system">Facial recognition system</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="facial-recognition-system"></a><a href="#_toc/face-detection" class="u"> Face detection</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/face-representation-standard"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#face-representation-standard">Face representation standard</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="face-representation-standard"></a><a href="#_toc/facial-recognition-system" class="u"> Facial recognition system</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/face-clustering"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#face-clustering">Face clustering</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="face-clustering"></a><a href="#_toc/facial-recognition-system" class="u"> Facial recognition system</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/porn-image-detection"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#porn-image-detection">Porn image detection</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="porn-image-detection"></a><a href="#_toc/object-detection" class="u"> Object detection</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/pre-trained-computer-vision-model"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#pre-trained-computer-vision-model">Pre-trained computer vision model</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pre-trained-computer-vision-model"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-vision" class="u"> Computer vision</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 50</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/pre-trained-computer-vision-model-cli"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#pre-trained-computer-vision-model-cli">Pre-trained computer vision model CLI</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pre-trained-computer-vision-model-cli"></a><a href="#_toc/pre-trained-computer-vision-model" class="u"> Pre-trained computer vision model</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/yolov5-pip"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#yolov5-pip">yolov5-pip</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="yolov5-pip"></a><a href="#_toc/pre-trained-computer-vision-model-cli" class="u"> Pre-trained computer vision model CLI</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-vision-dataset"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#computer-vision-dataset">Computer vision dataset</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-vision-dataset"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-vision" class="u"> Computer vision</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 501</span><span class="dcnt"> 18</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/mnist-database"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#mnist-database">MNIST database <span class="meta">(1998)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mnist-database"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-vision-dataset" class="u"> Computer vision dataset</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/extract-mnist-images"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#extract-mnist-images">Extract MNIST images</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="extract-mnist-images"></a><a href="#_toc/mnist-database" class="u"> MNIST database</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/best-algorithm-for-mnist"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#best-algorithm-for-mnist">Best algorithm for MNIST</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="best-algorithm-for-mnist"></a><a href="#_toc/mnist-database" class="u"> MNIST database</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/fashion-mnist"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#fashion-mnist">Fashion MNIST <span class="meta">(2017)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fashion-mnist"></a><a href="#_toc/mnist-database" class="u"> MNIST database</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/cifar-10"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#cifar-10">CIFAR-10</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cifar-10"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-vision-dataset" class="u"> Computer vision dataset</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/toronto-faces-dataset"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#toronto-faces-dataset">Toronto faces dataset <span class="meta">(TFD)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="toronto-faces-dataset"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-vision-dataset" class="u"> Computer vision dataset</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/imagenet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#imagenet">ImageNet <span class="meta">(2009)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="imagenet"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-vision-dataset" class="u"> Computer vision dataset</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 279</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/fei-fei-li"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#fei-fei-li">Fei-Fei Li</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fei-fei-li"></a><a href="#_toc/imagenet" class="u"> ImageNet</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/imagenet-subset"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#imagenet-subset">ImageNet subset</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="imagenet-subset"></a><a href="#_toc/imagenet" class="u"> ImageNet</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/imagenette"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#imagenette">Imagenette <span class="meta">(Imagenet10)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="imagenette"></a><a href="#_toc/imagenet-subset" class="u"> ImageNet subset</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/imagenet-large-scale-visual-recognition-challenge-dataset"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#imagenet-large-scale-visual-recognition-challenge-dataset">ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge dataset</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="imagenet-large-scale-visual-recognition-challenge-dataset"></a><a href="#_toc/imagenet-subset" class="u"> ImageNet subset</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/imagenet1k-download"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#imagenet1k-download">ImageNet1k download</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="imagenet1k-download"></a><a href="#_toc/imagenet" class="u"> ImageNet</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/imagenet-competition"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#imagenet-competition">ImageNet competition</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="imagenet-competition"></a><a href="#_toc/imagenet" class="u"> ImageNet</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/imagenet-2015"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#imagenet-2015">ImageNet 2015</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="imagenet-2015"></a><a href="#_toc/imagenet-competition" class="u"> ImageNet competition</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/coco-dataset"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#coco-dataset">COCO dataset <span class="meta">(2014)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="coco-dataset"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-vision-dataset" class="u"> Computer vision dataset</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 31</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/coco-subset"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#coco-subset">COCO subset</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="coco-subset"></a><a href="#_toc/coco-dataset" class="u"> COCO dataset</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/coco-2017"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#coco-2017">COCO 2017</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="coco-2017"></a><a href="#_toc/coco-subset" class="u"> COCO subset</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/open-images-dataset"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#open-images-dataset">Open Images dataset <span class="meta">(2014-)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-images-dataset"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-vision-dataset" class="u"> Computer vision dataset</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/optical-character-recognition"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#optical-character-recognition">Optical character recognition</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="optical-character-recognition"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-vision" class="u"> Computer vision</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/machine-learning-company"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#machine-learning-company">Machine learning company</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="machine-learning-company"></a><a href="#_toc/machine-learning" class="u"> Machine learning</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 584</span><span class="dcnt"> 33</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/hugging-face"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#hugging-face">Hugging Face</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hugging-face"></a><a href="#_toc/machine-learning-company" class="u"> Machine learning company</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ontology"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#ontology">Ontology</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ontology"></a><a href="#_toc/machine-learning-company" class="u"> Machine learning company</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 570</span><span class="dcnt"> 31</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ontology-language"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#ontology-language">Ontology language</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ontology-language"></a><a href="#_toc/ontology" class="u"> Ontology</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/knowledge-graph"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#knowledge-graph">Knowledge graph</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="knowledge-graph"></a><a href="#_toc/ontology" class="u"> Ontology</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 400</span><span class="dcnt"> 19</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/knowledge-graph-as-a-component-of-agi"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#knowledge-graph-as-a-component-of-agi">Knowledge graph as a component of AGI</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="knowledge-graph-as-a-component-of-agi"></a><a href="#_toc/knowledge-graph" class="u"> Knowledge graph</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/knowledge-graph-representation-of-natural-language"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#knowledge-graph-representation-of-natural-language">Knowledge graph representation of natural language</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="knowledge-graph-representation-of-natural-language"></a><a href="#_toc/knowledge-graph" class="u"> Knowledge graph</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/knowledge-graph-and-llms"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#knowledge-graph-and-llms">Knowledge graph and LLMs</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="knowledge-graph-and-llms"></a><a href="#_toc/knowledge-graph-representation-of-natural-language" class="u"> Knowledge graph representation of natural language</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/resource-description-framework"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#resource-description-framework">Resource Description Framework</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="resource-description-framework"></a><a href="#_toc/knowledge-graph" class="u"> Knowledge graph</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 381</span><span class="dcnt"> 15</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/rdf-language"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#rdf-language">RDF language</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rdf-language"></a><a href="#_toc/resource-description-framework" class="u"> Resource Description Framework</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/terse-rdf"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#terse-rdf">Terse RDF <span class="meta">(.ttl)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="terse-rdf"></a><a href="#_toc/rdf-language" class="u"> RDF language</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/web-ontology-language"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#web-ontology-language">Web Ontology Language <span class="meta">(OWL)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="web-ontology-language"></a><a href="#_toc/rdf-language" class="u"> RDF language</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/semantic-triple"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#semantic-triple">Semantic triple</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="semantic-triple"></a><a href="#_toc/resource-description-framework" class="u"> Resource Description Framework</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 375</span><span class="dcnt"> 11</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/triplestore"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#triplestore">Triplestore</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="triplestore"></a><a href="#_toc/semantic-triple" class="u"> Semantic triple</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/semantic-triple-howto"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#semantic-triple-howto">Semantic triple HOWTO</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="semantic-triple-howto"></a><a href="#_toc/semantic-triple" class="u"> Semantic triple</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/conditional-in-semantic-triple"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#conditional-in-semantic-triple">Conditional in semantic triple</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="conditional-in-semantic-triple"></a><a href="#_toc/semantic-triple-howto" class="u"> Semantic triple HOWTO</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sparql"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#sparql">SPARQL</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sparql"></a><a href="#_toc/semantic-triple" class="u"> Semantic triple</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 269</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/sparql-tutorial"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#sparql-tutorial">SPARQL tutorial</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sparql-tutorial"></a><a href="#_toc/sparql" class="u"> SPARQL</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sparql-implementation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#sparql-implementation">SPARQL implementation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sparql-implementation"></a><a href="#_toc/sparql" class="u"> SPARQL</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 266</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/apache-jena"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#apache-jena">Apache Jena</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="apache-jena"></a><a href="#_toc/sparql-implementation" class="u"> SPARQL implementation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/apache-jena-cli-tools-setup"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#apache-jena-cli-tools-setup">Apache Jena CLI tools setup</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="apache-jena-cli-tools-setup"></a><a href="#_toc/apache-jena" class="u"> Apache Jena</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/jena-sparql-hello-world"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#jena-sparql-hello-world">Jena SPARQL hello world</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="jena-sparql-hello-world"></a><a href="#_toc/apache-jena" class="u"> Apache Jena</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/rdflib"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#rdflib">RDFlib</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rdflib"></a><a href="#_toc/sparql-implementation" class="u"> SPARQL implementation</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/virtuoso-universal-server"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#virtuoso-universal-server">Virtuoso Universal Server</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="virtuoso-universal-server"></a><a href="#_toc/sparql-implementation" class="u"> SPARQL implementation</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/hyponymy-and-hypernymy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#hyponymy-and-hypernymy">Hyponymy and hypernymy <span class="meta">(is a)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hyponymy-and-hypernymy"></a><a href="#_toc/ontology" class="u"> Ontology</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/meronymy-and-holonymy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#meronymy-and-holonymy">Meronymy and holonymy <span class="meta">(is part of)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="meronymy-and-holonymy"></a><a href="#_toc/ontology" class="u"> Ontology</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-ontologies"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#list-of-ontologies">List of ontologies</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-ontologies"></a><a href="#_toc/ontology" class="u"> Ontology</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 36</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/cyc"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#cyc">Cyc <span class="meta">(1984)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cyc"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-ontologies" class="u"> List of ontologies</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/dbpedia"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#dbpedia">DBPedia</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dbpedia"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-ontologies" class="u"> List of ontologies</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/wikidata"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#wikidata">Wikidata</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="wikidata"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-ontologies" class="u"> List of ontologies</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/wikibase"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#wikibase">Wikibase</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="wikibase"></a><a href="#_toc/wikidata" class="u"> Wikidata</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/abstract-wikipedia"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#abstract-wikipedia">Abstract Wikipedia</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="abstract-wikipedia"></a><a href="#_toc/wikidata" class="u"> Wikidata</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/semantic-mediawiki"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#semantic-mediawiki">Semantic MediaWiki</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="semantic-mediawiki"></a><a href="#_toc/wikidata" class="u"> Wikidata</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/wordnet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#wordnet">WordNet</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="wordnet"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-ontologies" class="u"> List of ontologies</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/machine-learning-bibliography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#machine-learning-bibliography">Machine learning bibliography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="machine-learning-bibliography"></a><a href="#_toc/machine-learning" class="u"> Machine learning</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/fast-ai"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#fast-ai">fast.ai</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fast-ai"></a><a href="#_toc/machine-learning-bibliography" class="u"> Machine learning bibliography</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/machine-learning-youtube-channel"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#machine-learning-youtube-channel">Machine learning YouTube channel</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="machine-learning-youtube-channel"></a><a href="#_toc/machine-learning-bibliography" class="u"> Machine learning bibliography</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/two-minute-papers"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="machine-learning#two-minute-papers">Two Minute Papers</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="two-minute-papers"></a><a href="#_toc/machine-learning-bibliography" class="u"> Machine learning bibliography</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/parallel-computing"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#parallel-computing">Parallel computing</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="parallel-computing"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Computer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 52</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/memory-semantics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#memory-semantics">Memory semantics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="memory-semantics"></a><a href="#_toc/parallel-computing" class="u"> Parallel computing</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 38</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/c-plus-plus-memory-model"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#c-plus-plus-memory-model">C++ memory model</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="c-plus-plus-memory-model"></a><a href="#_toc/memory-semantics" class="u"> Memory semantics</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/parallel-computing-library"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#parallel-computing-library">Parallel computing library</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="parallel-computing-library"></a><a href="#_toc/parallel-computing" class="u"> Parallel computing</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/read-modify-write"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#read-modify-write">Read-modify-write</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="read-modify-write"></a><a href="#_toc/parallel-computing" class="u"> Parallel computing</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 7</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/thread-computing"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#thread-computing">Thread <span class="meta">(computing)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="thread-computing"></a><a href="#_toc/parallel-computing" class="u"> Parallel computing</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 7</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/simultaneous-multithreading"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#simultaneous-multithreading">Simultaneous multithreading <span class="meta">(Hyperthreading)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="simultaneous-multithreading"></a><a href="#_toc/thread-computing" class="u"> Thread</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 7</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/history-of-computers"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#history-of-computers">History of computers</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="history-of-computers"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Computer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/eniac"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#eniac">ENIAC <span class="meta">(ENIAC)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="eniac"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-computers" class="u"> History of computers</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software">Software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="software-split"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Computer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 41k</span><span class="dcnt"> 1k</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/the-art-of-programming"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#the-art-of-programming">The art of programming</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-art-of-programming"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/build-automation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#build-automation">Build automation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="build-automation"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/cmake"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#cmake">CMake</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cmake"></a><a href="#_toc/build-automation" class="u"> Build automation</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/make-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#make-software">make <span class="meta">(software)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="make-software"></a><a href="#_toc/build-automation" class="u"> Build automation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/gnu-make"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#gnu-make">GNU make</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gnu-make"></a><a href="#_toc/make-software" class="u"> make</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/compiler"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#compiler">Compiler</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="compiler"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 503</span><span class="dcnt"> 28</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/compiler-toolchain"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#compiler-toolchain">Compiler toolchain</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="compiler-toolchain"></a><a href="#_toc/compiler" class="u"> Compiler</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/linker-computing"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#linker-computing">Linker <span class="meta">(computing)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="linker-computing"></a><a href="#_toc/compiler-toolchain" class="u"> Compiler toolchain</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/binutils"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#binutils">Binutils</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="binutils"></a><a href="#_toc/compiler" class="u"> Compiler</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 4</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/binutils-utility"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#binutils-utility">Binutils utility</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="binutils-utility"></a><a href="#_toc/binutils" class="u"> Binutils</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/strings-binutils"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#strings-binutils">strings <span class="meta">(Binutils)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="strings-binutils"></a><a href="#_toc/binutils-utility" class="u"> Binutils utility</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/find-utf-8-strings-with-binutils-strings-binutils"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#find-utf-8-strings-with-binutils-strings-binutils">Find UTF-8 strings with Binutils <code>strings</code> <span class="meta">(Binutils)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="find-utf-8-strings-with-binutils-strings-binutils"></a><a href="#_toc/binutils-utility" class="u"> Binutils utility</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/automatic-programming"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#automatic-programming">Automatic programming</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="automatic-programming"></a><a href="#_toc/compiler" class="u"> Compiler</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 287</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ai-code-generation-framework-that-tries-to-run-code"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#ai-code-generation-framework-that-tries-to-run-code">AI code generation framework that tries to run code</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-code-generation-framework-that-tries-to-run-code"></a><a href="#_toc/automatic-programming" class="u"> Automatic programming</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ai-code-generation-benchmark"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#ai-code-generation-benchmark">AI code generation benchmark</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-code-generation-benchmark"></a><a href="#_toc/automatic-programming" class="u"> Automatic programming</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/can-ai-code"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#can-ai-code">Can AI code</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="can-ai-code"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-code-generation-benchmark" class="u"> AI code generation benchmark</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/humaneval"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#humaneval">HumanEval <span class="meta">(2021)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="humaneval"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-code-generation-benchmark" class="u"> AI code generation benchmark</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/bigcodebench"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#bigcodebench">BigCodeBench <span class="meta">(2024)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bigcodebench"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-code-generation-benchmark" class="u"> AI code generation benchmark</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/swe-bench"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#swe-bench">SWE-bench <span class="meta">(2024)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="swe-bench"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-code-generation-benchmark" class="u"> AI code generation benchmark</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/swe-lancer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#swe-lancer">SWE-Lancer <span class="meta">(2025)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="swe-lancer"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-code-generation-benchmark" class="u"> AI code generation benchmark</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/lowering-and-raising"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#lowering-and-raising">Lowering and raising</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lowering-and-raising"></a><a href="#_toc/compiler" class="u"> Compiler</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/lower-compilation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#lower-compilation">Lower <span class="meta">(compilation)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lower-compilation"></a><a href="#_toc/lowering-and-raising" class="u"> Lowering and raising</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/decompiler"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#decompiler">Decompiler</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="decompiler"></a><a href="#_toc/lowering-and-raising" class="u"> Lowering and raising</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-compilers"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#list-of-compilers">List of compilers</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-compilers"></a><a href="#_toc/compiler" class="u"> Compiler</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 146</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gnu-compiler-collection"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#gnu-compiler-collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gnu-compiler-collection"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-compilers" class="u"> List of compilers</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 11</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gcc-cli-option"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#gcc-cli-option">gcc CLI option</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gcc-cli-option"></a><a href="#_toc/gnu-compiler-collection" class="u"> GNU Compiler Collection</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/gcc-save-temps"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#gcc-save-temps">gcc <code>-save-temps</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gcc-save-temps"></a><a href="#_toc/gcc-cli-option" class="u"> gcc CLI option</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/llvm"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#llvm">LLVM</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="llvm"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-compilers" class="u"> List of compilers</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 96</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/llvm-intermediate-representation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#llvm-intermediate-representation">LLVM Intermediate Representation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="llvm-intermediate-representation"></a><a href="#_toc/llvm" class="u"> LLVM</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/llvm-ir-vs-c"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#llvm-ir-vs-c">LLVM IR vs C</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="llvm-ir-vs-c"></a><a href="#_toc/llvm-intermediate-representation" class="u"> LLVM Intermediate Representation</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/llvm-ir-hello-world"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#llvm-ir-hello-world">LLVM IR hello world</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="llvm-ir-hello-world"></a><a href="#_toc/llvm-intermediate-representation" class="u"> LLVM Intermediate Representation</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/clang"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#clang">clang</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="clang"></a><a href="#_toc/llvm" class="u"> LLVM</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/reproducible-builds"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#reproducible-builds">Reproducible builds</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="reproducible-builds"></a><a href="#_toc/compiler" class="u"> Compiler</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/source-to-source-compiler"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#source-to-source-compiler">Source-to-source compiler</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="source-to-source-compiler"></a><a href="#_toc/compiler" class="u"> Compiler</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-aided-design"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#computer-aided-design">Computer-aided design</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-aided-design"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/open-source-cad-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#open-source-cad-software">Open source CAD software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-source-cad-software"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-aided-design" class="u"> Computer-aided design</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/freecad"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#freecad">FreeCAD</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="freecad"></a><a href="#_toc/open-source-cad-software" class="u"> Open source CAD software</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/graphics-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#graphics-software">Graphics software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="graphics-software"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 116</span><span class="dcnt"> 12</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/mathematics-illustration-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#mathematics-illustration-software">Mathematics illustration software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mathematics-illustration-software"></a><a href="#_toc/graphics-software" class="u"> Graphics software</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/graphics-library"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#graphics-library">Graphics library</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="graphics-library"></a><a href="#_toc/graphics-software" class="u"> Graphics software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 108</span><span class="dcnt"> 10</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/opengl"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#opengl">OpenGL</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="opengl"></a><a href="#_toc/graphics-library" class="u"> Graphics library</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/freetype-gl"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#freetype-gl">Freetype GL</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="freetype-gl"></a><a href="#_toc/opengl" class="u"> OpenGL</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/khronos-group"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#khronos-group">Khronos Group</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="khronos-group"></a><a href="#_toc/opengl" class="u"> OpenGL</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/khronos-standard"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#khronos-standard">Khronos standard</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="khronos-standard"></a><a href="#_toc/khronos-group" class="u"> Khronos Group</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/opengl-tutorial-org"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#opengl-tutorial-org">opengl-tutorial.org</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="opengl-tutorial-org"></a><a href="#_toc/opengl" class="u"> OpenGL</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/direct3d"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#direct3d">Direct3D</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="direct3d"></a><a href="#_toc/graphics-library" class="u"> Graphics library</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/javascript-graphics-library"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#javascript-graphics-library">JavaScript graphics library</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="javascript-graphics-library"></a><a href="#_toc/graphics-library" class="u"> Graphics library</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/paper-js"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#paper-js">Paper.js</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="paper-js"></a><a href="#_toc/javascript-graphics-library" class="u"> JavaScript graphics library</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/pixi-js"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#pixi-js">Pixi.js</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pixi-js"></a><a href="#_toc/javascript-graphics-library" class="u"> JavaScript graphics library</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/two-js"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#two-js">Two.js</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="two-js"></a><a href="#_toc/javascript-graphics-library" class="u"> JavaScript graphics library</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/computer-program"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#computer-program">Computer program</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-program"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-security"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#computer-security">Computer security</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-security"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 134</span><span class="dcnt"> 31</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/exploit-computer-security"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#exploit-computer-security">Exploit <span class="meta">(computer security)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="exploit-computer-security"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-security" class="u"> Computer security</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/arbitrary-code-execution"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#arbitrary-code-execution">Arbitrary code execution</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arbitrary-code-execution"></a><a href="#_toc/exploit-computer-security" class="u"> Exploit</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/phising"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#phising">Phising</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="phising"></a><a href="#_toc/exploit-computer-security" class="u"> Exploit</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/cross-site-scripting"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#cross-site-scripting">Cross-site scripting</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cross-site-scripting"></a><a href="#_toc/exploit-computer-security" class="u"> Exploit</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-security-conference"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#computer-security-conference">Computer security conference</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-security-conference"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-security" class="u"> Computer security</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/def-con"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#def-con">DEF CON <span class="meta">(1993-)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="def-con"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-security-conference" class="u"> Computer security conference</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/black-hat-briefings"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#black-hat-briefings">Black Hat Briefings <span class="meta">(1997-)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="black-hat-briefings"></a><a href="#_toc/def-con" class="u"> DEF CON</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-security-researcher"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#computer-security-researcher">Computer security researcher</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-security-researcher"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-security" class="u"> Computer security</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 11</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/dan-kaminsky"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#dan-kaminsky">Dan Kaminsky <span class="meta">(1979-2021)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dan-kaminsky"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-security-researcher" class="u"> Computer security researcher</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/dan-kaminsky-approves-linux-kernel-module-cheat"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#dan-kaminsky-approves-linux-kernel-module-cheat">Dan Kaminsky approves Linux Kernel Module Cheat</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dan-kaminsky-approves-linux-kernel-module-cheat"></a><a href="#_toc/dan-kaminsky" class="u"> Dan Kaminsky</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/len-sassaman"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#len-sassaman">Len Sassaman</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="len-sassaman"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-security-researcher" class="u"> Computer security researcher</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/data-erasure"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#data-erasure">Data erasure</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="data-erasure"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-security" class="u"> Computer security</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/denial-of-service-attack"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#denial-of-service-attack">Denial-of-service attack <span class="meta">(DoS)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="denial-of-service-attack"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-security" class="u"> Computer security</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/multi-factor-authentication"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#multi-factor-authentication">Multi-factor authentication</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="multi-factor-authentication"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-security" class="u"> Computer security</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 66</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/2fa-app"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#2fa-app">2FA app</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="2fa-app"></a><a href="#_toc/multi-factor-authentication" class="u"> Multi-factor authentication</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/google-2fa-app-token-can-be-updated-without-checking-the-old-2fa"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#google-2fa-app-token-can-be-updated-without-checking-the-old-2fa">Google 2FA app token can be updated without checking the old 2FA</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-2fa-app-token-can-be-updated-without-checking-the-old-2fa"></a><a href="#_toc/2fa-app" class="u"> 2FA app</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/authy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#authy">Authy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="authy"></a><a href="#_toc/2fa-app" class="u"> 2FA app</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/oauth"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#oauth">OAuth</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="oauth"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-security" class="u"> Computer security</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/password"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#password">Password</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="password"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-security" class="u"> Computer security</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/password-cracking"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#password-cracking">Password cracking</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="password-cracking"></a><a href="#_toc/password" class="u"> Password</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/password-manager"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#password-manager">Password manager</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="password-manager"></a><a href="#_toc/password" class="u"> Password</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/plausible-deniability"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#plausible-deniability">Plausible deniability</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="plausible-deniability"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-security" class="u"> Computer security</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/privacy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#privacy">Privacy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="privacy"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-security" class="u"> Computer security</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/security-through-obscurity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#security-through-obscurity">Security through obscurity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="security-through-obscurity"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-security" class="u"> Computer security</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/kerckhoffs-s-principle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#kerckhoffs-s-principle">Kerckhoffs's principle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="kerckhoffs-s-principle"></a><a href="#_toc/security-through-obscurity" class="u"> Security through obscurity</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/malware"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#malware">Malware</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="malware"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-security" class="u"> Computer security</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/ransomware"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#ransomware">Ransomware</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ransomware"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-security" class="u"> Computer security</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/data-breach"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#data-breach">Data breach</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="data-breach"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-security" class="u"> Computer security</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/wikileaks"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#wikileaks">WikiLeaks</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="wikileaks"></a><a href="#_toc/data-breach" class="u"> Data breach</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-data-breaches"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#list-of-data-breaches">List of data breaches</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-data-breaches"></a><a href="#_toc/data-breach" class="u"> Data breach</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/united-states-diplomatic-cables-leak"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#united-states-diplomatic-cables-leak">United States diplomatic cables leak <span class="meta">(2010)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="united-states-diplomatic-cables-leak"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-data-breaches" class="u"> List of data breaches</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-user-interface"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#computer-user-interface">Computer user-interface</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-user-interface"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 395</span><span class="dcnt"> 31</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/application-programming-interface"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#application-programming-interface">Application programming interface</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="application-programming-interface"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-user-interface" class="u"> Computer user-interface</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/rest-api"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#rest-api">REST API</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rest-api"></a><a href="#_toc/application-programming-interface" class="u"> Application programming interface</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/graphql"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#graphql">GraphQL</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="graphql"></a><a href="#_toc/application-programming-interface" class="u"> Application programming interface</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/command-line-interface"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#command-line-interface">Command-line interface</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="command-line-interface"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-user-interface" class="u"> Computer user-interface</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 269</span><span class="dcnt"> 16</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/linux-cli-howto"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#linux-cli-howto">Linux CLI HOWTO</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="linux-cli-howto"></a><a href="#_toc/command-line-interface" class="u"> Command-line interface</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/convert-bytes-to-hex-from-linux-cli"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#convert-bytes-to-hex-from-linux-cli">Convert bytes to hex from Linux CLI</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="convert-bytes-to-hex-from-linux-cli"></a><a href="#_toc/linux-cli-howto" class="u"> Linux CLI HOWTO</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/command-line-utility"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#command-line-utility">Command line utility</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="command-line-utility"></a><a href="#_toc/command-line-interface" class="u"> Command-line interface</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 267</span><span class="dcnt"> 10</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-command-line-utilities"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#list-of-command-line-utilities">List of command line utilities</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-command-line-utilities"></a><a href="#_toc/command-line-utility" class="u"> Command line utility</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 59</span><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/expect"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#expect">Expect</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="expect"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-command-line-utilities" class="u"> List of command line utilities</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 59</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/expect-howto"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#expect-howto">Expect HOWTO</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="expect-howto"></a><a href="#_toc/expect" class="u"> Expect</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/get-output-of-send-command-on-expect"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#get-output-of-send-command-on-expect">Get output of <code>send</code> command on expect</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="get-output-of-send-command-on-expect"></a><a href="#_toc/expect-howto" class="u"> Expect HOWTO</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/gnu-parallel"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#gnu-parallel">GNU parallel</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gnu-parallel"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-command-line-utilities" class="u"> List of command line utilities</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/htop"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#htop">htop</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="htop"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-command-line-utilities" class="u"> List of command line utilities</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/less-unix"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#less-unix">less <span class="meta">(Unix)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="less-unix"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-command-line-utilities" class="u"> List of command line utilities</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/ncdu"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#ncdu">ncdu</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ncdu"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-command-line-utilities" class="u"> List of command line utilities</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/rsync"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#rsync">rsync</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rsync"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-command-line-utilities" class="u"> List of command line utilities</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/sudo"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#sudo">sudo</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sudo"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-command-line-utilities" class="u"> List of command line utilities</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/text-based-user-interface"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#text-based-user-interface">Text-based user interface <span class="meta">(TUI)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="text-based-user-interface"></a><a href="#_toc/command-line-interface" class="u"> Command-line interface</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ncurses"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#ncurses">ncurses</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ncurses"></a><a href="#_toc/text-based-user-interface" class="u"> Text-based user interface</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ncurses-program"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#ncurses-program">ncurses program</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ncurses-program"></a><a href="#_toc/ncurses" class="u"> ncurses</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/graphical-user-interface"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#graphical-user-interface">Graphical user interface</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="graphical-user-interface"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-user-interface" class="u"> Computer user-interface</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 10</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/display-manager"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#display-manager">Display manager</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="display-manager"></a><a href="#_toc/graphical-user-interface" class="u"> Graphical user interface</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/gnome-display-manager"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#gnome-display-manager">GNOME Display Manager <span class="meta">(GDM)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gnome-display-manager"></a><a href="#_toc/display-manager" class="u"> Display manager</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/desktop-environment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#desktop-environment">Desktop environment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="desktop-environment"></a><a href="#_toc/graphical-user-interface" class="u"> Graphical user interface</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gnome-project"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#gnome-project">GNOME Project <span class="meta">(1997)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gnome-project"></a><a href="#_toc/desktop-environment" class="u"> Desktop environment</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gnome-desktop"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#gnome-desktop">GNOME desktop</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gnome-desktop"></a><a href="#_toc/gnome-project" class="u"> GNOME Project</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/gtk"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#gtk">GTK</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gtk"></a><a href="#_toc/gnome-desktop" class="u"> GNOME desktop</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/kde"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#kde">KDE <span class="meta">(1996)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="kde"></a><a href="#_toc/desktop-environment" class="u"> Desktop environment</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/splash-screen"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#splash-screen">Splash screen</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="splash-screen"></a><a href="#_toc/graphical-user-interface" class="u"> Graphical user interface</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/qt-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#qt-software">Qt <span class="meta">(software)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="qt-software"></a><a href="#_toc/graphical-user-interface" class="u"> Graphical user interface</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/wysiwyg"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#wysiwyg">WYSIWYG</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="wysiwyg"></a><a href="#_toc/graphical-user-interface" class="u"> Graphical user interface</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/data-compression"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#data-compression">Data compression</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="data-compression"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/lossless-and-lossy-compression"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#lossless-and-lossy-compression">Lossless and lossy compression</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lossless-and-lossy-compression"></a><a href="#_toc/data-compression" class="u"> Data compression</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/lossy-compression"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#lossy-compression">Lossy compression</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lossy-compression"></a><a href="#_toc/lossless-and-lossy-compression" class="u"> Lossless and lossy compression</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/lossless-compression"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#lossless-compression">Lossless compression</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lossless-compression"></a><a href="#_toc/lossless-and-lossy-compression" class="u"> Lossless and lossy compression</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/database"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#database">Database</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="database"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 7k</span><span class="dcnt"> 125</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/database-management-system"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#database-management-system">Database management system</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="database-management-system"></a><a href="#_toc/database" class="u"> Database</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/object-relational-mapping"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#object-relational-mapping">Object-relational mapping</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="object-relational-mapping"></a><a href="#_toc/database" class="u"> Database</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/how-to-decide-if-an-orm-is-good"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#how-to-decide-if-an-orm-is-good">How to decide if an ORM is good?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="how-to-decide-if-an-orm-is-good"></a><a href="#_toc/object-relational-mapping" class="u"> Object-relational mapping</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/type-of-database"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#type-of-database">Type of database</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="type-of-database"></a><a href="#_toc/database" class="u"> Database</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 7k</span><span class="dcnt"> 110</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/nosql"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#nosql">NoSQL</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nosql"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-database" class="u"> Type of database</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 42</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/leveldb"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#leveldb">LevelDB</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="leveldb"></a><a href="#_toc/nosql" class="u"> NoSQL</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 9</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/dump-leveldb"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#dump-leveldb">Dump LevelDB</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dump-leveldb"></a><a href="#_toc/leveldb" class="u"> LevelDB</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/leveldbdumper"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#leveldbdumper">LevelDBDumper</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="leveldbdumper"></a><a href="#_toc/dump-leveldb" class="u"> Dump LevelDB</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/mongodb"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#mongodb">MongoDB</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mongodb"></a><a href="#_toc/nosql" class="u"> NoSQL</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/install-mongodb-on-ubuntu"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#install-mongodb-on-ubuntu">Install MongoDB on Ubuntu</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="install-mongodb-on-ubuntu"></a><a href="#_toc/mongodb" class="u"> MongoDB</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/relational-database"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#relational-database">Relational database</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="relational-database"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-database" class="u"> Type of database</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 7k</span><span class="dcnt"> 103</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/relational-database-management-system"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#relational-database-management-system">Relational database management system</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="relational-database-management-system"></a><a href="#_toc/relational-database" class="u"> Relational database</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 7k</span><span class="dcnt"> 102</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sql"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql">SQL</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-split"></a><a href="#_toc/relational-database-management-system" class="u"> Relational database management system</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 6k</span><span class="dcnt"> 101</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/sql-example"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-example">SQL example</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-example"></a><a href="#_toc/sql" class="u"> SQL</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sql-implementation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-implementation">SQL implementation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-implementation"></a><a href="#_toc/sql" class="u"> SQL</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 3k</span><span class="dcnt"> 30</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ibm-db2"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#ibm-db2">IBM Db2</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ibm-db2"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-implementation" class="u"> SQL implementation</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/mysql"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#mysql">MySQL</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mysql"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-implementation" class="u"> SQL implementation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/mysqldump"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#mysqldump">mysqldump</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mysqldump"></a><a href="#_toc/mysql" class="u"> MySQL</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/mysqldump-to-csv"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#mysqldump-to-csv">mysqldump to CSV</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mysqldump-to-csv"></a><a href="#_toc/mysqldump" class="u"> mysqldump</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/mariadb"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#mariadb">MariaDB</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mariadb"></a><a href="#_toc/mysql" class="u"> MySQL</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/postgresql"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#postgresql">PostgreSQL</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="postgresql"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-implementation" class="u"> SQL implementation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2k</span><span class="dcnt"> 12</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/postgresql-getting-started"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#postgresql-getting-started">PostgreSQL getting started</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="postgresql-getting-started"></a><a href="#_toc/postgresql" class="u"> PostgreSQL</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2k</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/postgresql-howto"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#postgresql-howto">PostgreSQL HOWTO</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="postgresql-howto"></a><a href="#_toc/postgresql-getting-started" class="u"> PostgreSQL getting started</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 186</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/postgresql-create-test-data"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#postgresql-create-test-data">PostgreSQL create test data</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="postgresql-create-test-data"></a><a href="#_toc/postgresql-howto" class="u"> PostgreSQL HOWTO</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/generate-random-text-in-postgresql"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#generate-random-text-in-postgresql">Generate random text in PostgreSQL</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" 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href="sql#peer-authentication">Peer authentication</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="peer-authentication"></a><a href="#_toc/postgresql" class="u"> PostgreSQL</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/postgresql-logging"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#postgresql-logging">PostgreSQL logging</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="postgresql-logging"></a><a href="#_toc/postgresql" class="u"> PostgreSQL</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/postgresql-serialization-failure"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#postgresql-serialization-failure">PostgreSQL serialization failure</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="postgresql-serialization-failure"></a><a href="#_toc/postgresql" class="u"> PostgreSQL</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/postgresql-function"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#postgresql-function">PostgreSQL function</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="postgresql-function"></a><a href="#_toc/postgresql" class="u"> PostgreSQL</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/postgresql-generate-series"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#postgresql-generate-series">PostgreSQL <code>generate_series</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="postgresql-generate-series"></a><a href="#_toc/postgresql-function" class="u"> PostgreSQL function</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/to-tsvector"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#to-tsvector"><code>to_tsvector</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="to-tsvector"></a><a href="#_toc/postgresql-function" class="u"> PostgreSQL function</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/microsoft-sql-server"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#microsoft-sql-server">Microsoft SQL Server</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="microsoft-sql-server"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-implementation" class="u"> SQL implementation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/transact-sql"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#transact-sql">Transact-SQL</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="transact-sql"></a><a href="#_toc/microsoft-sql-server" class="u"> Microsoft SQL Server</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/oracle-database"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#oracle-database">Oracle Database</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="oracle-database"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-implementation" class="u"> SQL implementation</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sqlite"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sqlite">SQLite</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sqlite"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-implementation" class="u"> SQL implementation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 160</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sqlite-import-csv"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sqlite-import-csv">SQLite import CSV</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sqlite-import-csv"></a><a href="#_toc/sqlite" class="u"> SQLite</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/sqlite-import-csv-from-stdin"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sqlite-import-csv-from-stdin">SQLite import CSV from stdin</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" 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class="u"> SQLite</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/node-js-sqlite-bindings"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#node-js-sqlite-bindings">Node.js SQLite bindings</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="node-js-sqlite-bindings"></a><a href="#_toc/sqlite" class="u"> SQLite</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/sqlite3-node-js-package"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sqlite3-node-js-package"><code>sqlite3</code> Node.js package</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sqlite3-node-js-package"></a><a href="#_toc/node-js-sqlite-bindings" class="u"> Node.js SQLite bindings</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/better-sqlite3-node-js-package"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#better-sqlite3-node-js-package"><code>better-sqlite3</code> Node.js package</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="better-sqlite3-node-js-package"></a><a href="#_toc/node-js-sqlite-bindings" class="u"> Node.js SQLite bindings</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sql-function"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-function">SQL function</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-function"></a><a href="#_toc/sql" class="u"> SQL</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 9</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sql-set-returning-function"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-set-returning-function">SQL set returning function</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-set-returning-function"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-function" class="u"> SQL function</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/sql-genenerate-series"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-genenerate-series">SQL <code>genenerate_series</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-genenerate-series"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-set-returning-function" class="u"> SQL set returning function</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sql-aggregate-function"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-aggregate-function">SQL aggregate function</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-aggregate-function"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-function" class="u"> SQL function</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/sql-count-function"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-count-function">SQL <code>COUNT</code> function</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-count-function"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-aggregate-function" class="u"> SQL aggregate function</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sql-keyword"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-keyword">SQL keyword</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-keyword"></a><a href="#_toc/sql" class="u"> SQL</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 270</span><span class="dcnt"> 27</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/sql-cascade"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-cascade">SQL CASCADE</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-cascade"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-keyword" class="u"> SQL keyword</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/delete-sql"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#delete-sql">DELETE <span class="meta">(SQL)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="delete-sql"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-keyword" class="u"> SQL keyword</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/delete-all-duplicate-rows-in-sql"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#delete-all-duplicate-rows-in-sql">Delete all duplicate rows in SQL</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="delete-all-duplicate-rows-in-sql"></a><a href="#_toc/delete-sql" class="u"> DELETE</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/group-by-sql"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#group-by-sql">GROUP BY <span class="meta">(SQL)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="group-by-sql"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-keyword" class="u"> SQL keyword</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/having-sql"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#having-sql">HAVING <span class="meta">(SQL)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="having-sql"></a><a href="#_toc/group-by-sql" class="u"> GROUP BY</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/having-vs-where"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#having-vs-where">HAVING vs WHERE</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="having-vs-where"></a><a href="#_toc/having-sql" class="u"> HAVING</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/insert-sql"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#insert-sql">INSERT <span class="meta">(SQL)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="insert-sql"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-keyword" class="u"> SQL keyword</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 21</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/upsert"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#upsert">Upsert</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="upsert"></a><a href="#_toc/insert-sql" class="u"> INSERT</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/upsert-with-not-null-column"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#upsert-with-not-null-column">Upsert with <code>NOT NULL</code> column</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="upsert-with-not-null-column"></a><a href="#_toc/upsert" class="u"> Upsert</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/join-sql"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#join-sql">JOIN <span class="meta">(SQL)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="join-sql"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-keyword" class="u"> SQL keyword</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/sql-prefix-column-names-with-the-table-they-came-from"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-prefix-column-names-with-the-table-they-came-from">SQL prefix column names with the table they came from</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-prefix-column-names-with-the-table-they-came-from"></a><a href="#_toc/join-sql" class="u"> JOIN</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/inner-join"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#inner-join">INNER JOIN</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="inner-join"></a><a href="#_toc/join-sql" class="u"> JOIN</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/outer-join"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#outer-join">OUTER JOIN</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="outer-join"></a><a href="#_toc/join-sql" class="u"> JOIN</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/like-sql"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#like-sql">LIKE <span class="meta">(SQL)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="like-sql"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-keyword" class="u"> SQL keyword</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/select-sql"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#select-sql">SELECT <span class="meta">(SQL)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="select-sql"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-keyword" class="u"> SQL keyword</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/select-for-update"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#select-for-update">SELECT FOR UPDATE</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="select-for-update"></a><a href="#_toc/select-sql" class="u"> SELECT</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sql-stored-procedure"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-stored-procedure">SQL stored procedure</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-stored-procedure"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-keyword" class="u"> SQL keyword</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/sql-function-keyword"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-function-keyword">SQL FUNCTION keyword</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-function-keyword"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-stored-procedure" class="u"> SQL stored procedure</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/sql-procedure"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-procedure">SQL PROCEDURE</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-procedure"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-stored-procedure" class="u"> SQL stored procedure</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/sql-trigger"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-trigger">SQL TRIGGER</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-trigger"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-keyword" class="u"> SQL keyword</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/iso-sql-trigger-syntax"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#iso-sql-trigger-syntax">ISO SQL TRIGGER syntax</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="iso-sql-trigger-syntax"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-keyword" class="u"> SQL keyword</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/_file/nodejs/sequelize/raw/trigger_count.js"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#_file/nodejs/sequelize/raw/trigger_count.js">nodejs/sequelize/raw/trigger_count.js</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="_file/nodejs/sequelize/raw/trigger_count.js"></a><a href="#_toc/iso-sql-trigger-syntax" class="u"> ISO SQL TRIGGER syntax</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/union-sql"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#union-sql">UNION <span class="meta">(SQL)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="union-sql"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-keyword" class="u"> SQL keyword</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/update-sql"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#update-sql">UPDATE <span class="meta">(SQL)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="update-sql"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-keyword" class="u"> SQL keyword</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 53</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/update-multiple-rows-with-different-values-in-a-single-sql-query"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#update-multiple-rows-with-different-values-in-a-single-sql-query">Update multiple rows with different values in a single SQL query</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="update-multiple-rows-with-different-values-in-a-single-sql-query"></a><a href="#_toc/update-sql" class="u"> UPDATE</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/update-with-join-sql"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#update-with-join-sql">UPDATE with JOIN <span class="meta">(SQL)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="update-with-join-sql"></a><a href="#_toc/update-sql" class="u"> UPDATE</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/delete-with-join-sql"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#delete-with-join-sql">DELETE with JOIN <span class="meta">(SQL)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="delete-with-join-sql"></a><a href="#_toc/update-with-join-sql" class="u"> UPDATE with JOIN</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sql-standard"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-standard">SQL standard</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-standard"></a><a href="#_toc/sql" class="u"> SQL</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sql-standard-version"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-standard-version">SQL standard version</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-standard-version"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-standard" class="u"> SQL standard</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/sql-1999"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-1999">SQL:1999</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-1999"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-standard-version" class="u"> SQL standard version</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sql-application"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-application">SQL application</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-application"></a><a href="#_toc/sql" class="u"> SQL</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 258</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sql-histogram"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-histogram">SQL histogram</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-histogram"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-application" class="u"> SQL application</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/sql-2d-histogram"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-2d-histogram">SQL 2D histogram</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-2d-histogram"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-histogram" class="u"> SQL histogram</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sql-tree-traversal"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-tree-traversal">SQL tree traversal</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-tree-traversal"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-application" class="u"> SQL application</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/closure-table"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#closure-table">Closure table</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="closure-table"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-tree-traversal" class="u"> SQL tree traversal</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/nested-set-model-in-sql"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#nested-set-model-in-sql">Nested set model in SQL</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nested-set-model-in-sql"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-tree-traversal" class="u"> SQL tree traversal</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sql-feature"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-feature">SQL feature</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-feature"></a><a href="#_toc/sql" class="u"> SQL</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2k</span><span class="dcnt"> 26</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/generated-column"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#generated-column">Generated column</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="generated-column"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-feature" class="u"> SQL feature</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sql-recursive-query"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-recursive-query">SQL RECURSIVE query</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-recursive-query"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-feature" class="u"> SQL feature</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/sql-recursive-prevent-infinite-recursion"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-recursive-prevent-infinite-recursion">SQL RECURSIVE prevent infinite recursion</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-recursive-prevent-infinite-recursion"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-recursive-query" class="u"> SQL RECURSIVE query</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sql-spatial-index"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-spatial-index">SQL spatial index</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-spatial-index"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-feature" class="u"> SQL feature</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 151</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/postgresql-spatial-index"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#postgresql-spatial-index">PostgreSQL spatial index</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="postgresql-spatial-index"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-spatial-index" class="u"> SQL spatial index</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/postgresql-gist"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#postgresql-gist">PostgreSQL GIST</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="postgresql-gist"></a><a href="#_toc/postgresql-spatial-index" class="u"> PostgreSQL spatial index</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/postgis"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#postgis">PostGIS</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="postgis"></a><a href="#_toc/postgresql-spatial-index" class="u"> PostgreSQL spatial index</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sql-subquery"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-subquery">SQL subquery <span class="meta">(CTE)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-subquery"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-feature" class="u"> SQL feature</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 19</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/common-table-expression"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#common-table-expression">Common Table Expression <span class="meta">(CTE)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="common-table-expression"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-subquery" class="u"> SQL subquery</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/cte-insert-values"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#cte-insert-values">CTE insert values</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cte-insert-values"></a><a href="#_toc/common-table-expression" class="u"> Common Table Expression</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sql-transaction"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-transaction">SQL transaction</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-transaction"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-feature" class="u"> SQL feature</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 11</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sql-transaction-isolation-level"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-transaction-isolation-level">SQL transaction isolation level</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-transaction-isolation-level"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-transaction" class="u"> SQL transaction</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 10</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/sql-read-uncommitted-isolation-level"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-read-uncommitted-isolation-level">SQL READ UNCOMMITTED isolation level</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-read-uncommitted-isolation-level"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-transaction-isolation-level" class="u"> SQL transaction isolation level</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/sql-read-committed-isolation-level"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-read-committed-isolation-level">SQL READ COMMITTED isolation level</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-read-committed-isolation-level"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-transaction-isolation-level" class="u"> SQL transaction isolation level</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/sql-repeatable-read-isolation-level"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-repeatable-read-isolation-level">SQL REPEATABLE READ isolation level</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-repeatable-read-isolation-level"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-transaction-isolation-level" class="u"> SQL transaction isolation level</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/sql-serializable-isolation-level"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-serializable-isolation-level">SQL SERIALIZABLE isolation level</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-serializable-isolation-level"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-transaction-isolation-level" class="u"> SQL transaction isolation level</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sql-isolation-level-example"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-isolation-level-example">SQL isolation level example</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-isolation-level-example"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-transaction-isolation-level" class="u"> SQL transaction isolation level</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sql-parallel-update-example"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-parallel-update-example">SQL parallel update example</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-parallel-update-example"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-isolation-level-example" class="u"> SQL isolation level example</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/_file/nodejs/sequelize/raw/parallel_update_async.js"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#_file/nodejs/sequelize/raw/parallel_update_async.js">nodejs/sequelize/raw/parallel_update_async.js</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="_file/nodejs/sequelize/raw/parallel_update_async.js"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-parallel-update-example" class="u"> SQL parallel update example</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/_file/nodejs/sequelize/raw/parallel_select_and_update.js"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#_file/nodejs/sequelize/raw/parallel_select_and_update.js">nodejs/sequelize/raw/parallel_select_and_update.js</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="_file/nodejs/sequelize/raw/parallel_select_and_update.js"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-parallel-update-example" class="u"> SQL parallel update example</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/_file/nodejs/sequelize/raw/parallel_select_and_update_deterministic.js"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#_file/nodejs/sequelize/raw/parallel_select_and_update_deterministic.js">nodejs/sequelize/raw/parallel_select_and_update_deterministic.js</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="_file/nodejs/sequelize/raw/parallel_select_and_update_deterministic.js"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-parallel-update-example" class="u"> SQL parallel update example</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/_file/nodejs/sequelize/raw/parallel_create_delete_empty_tag.js"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#_file/nodejs/sequelize/raw/parallel_create_delete_empty_tag.js">nodejs/sequelize/raw/parallel_create_delete_empty_tag.js</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="_file/nodejs/sequelize/raw/parallel_create_delete_empty_tag.js"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-parallel-update-example" class="u"> SQL parallel update example</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/window-function-sql"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#window-function-sql">Window function <span class="meta">(SQL)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="window-function-sql"></a><a href="#_toc/sql-feature" class="u"> SQL feature</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/row-number"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#row-number"><code>ROW_NUMBER</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="row-number"></a><a href="#_toc/window-function-sql" class="u"> Window function</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/sql-window-range"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-window-range">SQL window <code>RANGE</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-window-range"></a><a href="#_toc/window-function-sql" class="u"> Window function</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/sql-contiguous-ranges"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="sql#sql-contiguous-ranges">SQL contiguous ranges</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sql-contiguous-ranges"></a><a href="#_toc/window-function-sql" class="u"> Window function</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/database-feature"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#database-feature">Database feature</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="database-feature"></a><a href="#_toc/database" class="u"> Database</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 70</span><span class="dcnt"> 10</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/acid-database"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#acid-database">ACID <span class="meta">(database)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="acid-database"></a><a href="#_toc/database-feature" class="u"> Database feature</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/atomicity-database-systems"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#atomicity-database-systems">Atomicity <span class="meta">(database systems)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="atomicity-database-systems"></a><a href="#_toc/acid-database" class="u"> ACID</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/isolation-database-systems"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#isolation-database-systems">Isolation <span class="meta">(database systems)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="isolation-database-systems"></a><a href="#_toc/acid-database" class="u"> ACID</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/database-trigger"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#database-trigger">Database trigger</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="database-trigger"></a><a href="#_toc/database-feature" class="u"> Database feature</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/full-text-search"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#full-text-search">Full-text search</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="full-text-search"></a><a href="#_toc/database-feature" class="u"> Database feature</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/stored-procedure"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#stored-procedure">Stored procedure</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="stored-procedure"></a><a href="#_toc/database-feature" class="u"> Database feature</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/table-relationship"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#table-relationship">Table relationship</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="table-relationship"></a><a href="#_toc/database-feature" class="u"> Database feature</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/one-to-one-data-model"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#one-to-one-data-model">One-to-one <span class="meta">(data-model)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="one-to-one-data-model"></a><a href="#_toc/table-relationship" class="u"> Table relationship</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/one-to-many"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#one-to-many">One-to-many</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="one-to-many"></a><a href="#_toc/table-relationship" class="u"> Table relationship</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/many-to-many"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#many-to-many">Many-to-many</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="many-to-many"></a><a href="#_toc/table-relationship" class="u"> Table relationship</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/file-manager"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#file-manager">File manager</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="file-manager"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/krusader"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#krusader">Krusader</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="krusader"></a><a href="#_toc/file-manager" class="u"> File manager</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/ranger-file-manager"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#ranger-file-manager">Ranger <span class="meta">(file manager)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ranger-file-manager"></a><a href="#_toc/file-manager" class="u"> File manager</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/file-sharing"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#file-sharing">File sharing</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="file-sharing"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/bittorrent"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#bittorrent">BitTorrent</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bittorrent"></a><a href="#_toc/file-sharing" class="u"> File sharing</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/game-engine"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#game-engine">Game engine</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="game-engine"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/cocos2d"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#cocos2d">Cocos2d</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cocos2d"></a><a href="#_toc/game-engine" class="u"> Game engine</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/rpg-maker"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#rpg-maker">RPG Maker</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rpg-maker"></a><a href="#_toc/game-engine" class="u"> Game engine</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/unity-game-engine"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#unity-game-engine">Unity <span class="meta">(game engine)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="unity-game-engine"></a><a href="#_toc/game-engine" class="u"> Game engine</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/unity-based-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#unity-based-software">Unity-based software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="unity-based-software"></a><a href="#_toc/unity-game-engine" class="u"> Unity</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/urho3d"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#urho3d">Urho3D</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="urho3d"></a><a href="#_toc/game-engine" class="u"> Game engine</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/geographic-information-system"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#geographic-information-system">Geographic information system <span class="meta">(GIS)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="geographic-information-system"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 389</span><span class="dcnt"> 10</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/geographic-information-system-file-format"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#geographic-information-system-file-format">Geographic information system file format</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="geographic-information-system-file-format"></a><a href="#_toc/geographic-information-system" class="u"> Geographic information system</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/keyhole-markup-language"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#keyhole-markup-language">Keyhole Markup Language <span class="meta">(KML)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="keyhole-markup-language"></a><a href="#_toc/geographic-information-system-file-format" class="u"> Geographic information system file format</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-geographic-information-systems"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#list-of-geographic-information-systems">List of geographic information systems</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-geographic-information-systems"></a><a href="#_toc/geographic-information-system" class="u"> Geographic information system</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 102</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/google-maps"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#google-maps">Google Maps</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-maps"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-geographic-information-systems" class="u"> List of geographic information systems</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/keyhole-inc"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#keyhole-inc">Keyhole Inc.</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="keyhole-inc"></a><a href="#_toc/google-maps" class="u"> Google Maps</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/where-2-technologies"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#where-2-technologies">Where 2 Technologies</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="where-2-technologies"></a><a href="#_toc/google-maps" class="u"> Google Maps</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/google-street-view"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#google-street-view">Google Street View</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-street-view"></a><a href="#_toc/google-maps" class="u"> Google Maps</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/openstreetmap"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#openstreetmap">OpenStreetMap <span class="meta">(OSM)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="openstreetmap"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-geographic-information-systems" class="u"> List of geographic information systems</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/osmand"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#osmand">OsmAnd</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="osmand"></a><a href="#_toc/openstreetmap" class="u"> OpenStreetMap</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/ordnance-survey"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#ordnance-survey">Ordnance Survey</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ordnance-survey"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-geographic-information-systems" class="u"> List of geographic information systems</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/integrated-development-environment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#integrated-development-environment">Integrated development environment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="integrated-development-environment"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 181</span><span class="dcnt"> 21</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/text-editor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#text-editor">Text editor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="text-editor"></a><a href="#_toc/integrated-development-environment" class="u"> Integrated development environment</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 35</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/javascript-text-editor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#javascript-text-editor">JavaScript text editor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="javascript-text-editor"></a><a href="#_toc/text-editor" class="u"> Text editor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/monaco-editor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#monaco-editor">Monaco <span class="meta">(editor)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="monaco-editor"></a><a href="#_toc/javascript-text-editor" class="u"> JavaScript text editor</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/wysiwyg-text-editor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#wysiwyg-text-editor">WYSIWYG text editor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="wysiwyg-text-editor"></a><a href="#_toc/text-editor" class="u"> Text editor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/javascript-wysiwyg-text-editor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#javascript-wysiwyg-text-editor">JavaScript WYSIWYG text editor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="javascript-wysiwyg-text-editor"></a><a href="#_toc/wysiwyg-text-editor" class="u"> WYSIWYG text editor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ckeditor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#ckeditor">CKEditor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ckeditor"></a><a href="#_toc/javascript-wysiwyg-text-editor" class="u"> JavaScript WYSIWYG text editor</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/tinymce"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#tinymce">TinyMCE</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tinymce"></a><a href="#_toc/javascript-wysiwyg-text-editor" class="u"> JavaScript WYSIWYG text editor</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/vim"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#vim">Vim</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="vim"></a><a href="#_toc/integrated-development-environment" class="u"> Integrated development environment</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 65</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/gvim"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#gvim">Gvim</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gvim"></a><a href="#_toc/vim" class="u"> Vim</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/vader-vim"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#vader-vim">vader.vim</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="vader-vim"></a><a href="#_toc/vim" class="u"> Vim</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/plasticboy-vim-markdown"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#plasticboy-vim-markdown">plasticboy/vim-markdown</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="plasticboy-vim-markdown"></a><a href="#_toc/vader-vim" class="u"> vader.vim</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/honza-vim-snippets"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#honza-vim-snippets">honza/vim-snippets</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="honza-vim-snippets"></a><a href="#_toc/vader-vim" class="u"> vader.vim</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/vimium"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#vimium">Vimium</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="vimium"></a><a href="#_toc/vader-vim" class="u"> vader.vim</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/eclipse-ide"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#eclipse-ide">Eclipse <span class="meta">(IDE)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="eclipse-ide"></a><a href="#_toc/integrated-development-environment" class="u"> Integrated development environment</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/jetbrains"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#jetbrains">JetBrains</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="jetbrains"></a><a href="#_toc/integrated-development-environment" class="u"> Integrated development environment</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/visual-studio-code"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#visual-studio-code">Visual Studio Code</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="visual-studio-code"></a><a href="#_toc/integrated-development-environment" class="u"> Integrated development environment</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 71</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/vscode-bug"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#vscode-bug">vscode bug</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="vscode-bug"></a><a href="#_toc/visual-studio-code" class="u"> Visual Studio Code</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/vscode-vim"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#vscode-vim">vscode Vim</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="vscode-vim"></a><a href="#_toc/visual-studio-code" class="u"> Visual Studio Code</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/vscode-howto"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#vscode-howto">vscode HOWTO</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="vscode-howto"></a><a href="#_toc/visual-studio-code" class="u"> Visual Studio Code</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/vscode-jump-to-definition-broken"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#vscode-jump-to-definition-broken">vscode jump to definition broken</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="vscode-jump-to-definition-broken"></a><a href="#_toc/vscode-howto" class="u"> vscode HOWTO</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/vscode-restore-windows-after-restart"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#vscode-restore-windows-after-restart">vscode restore windows after restart</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="vscode-restore-windows-after-restart"></a><a href="#_toc/vscode-howto" class="u"> vscode HOWTO</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/killer-application"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#killer-application">Killer application</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="killer-application"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/memory-management"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#memory-management">Memory management</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="memory-management"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/garbage-collection-computer-science"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#garbage-collection-computer-science">Garbage collection <span class="meta">(computer science)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="garbage-collection-computer-science"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/messaging-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software">Messaging software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="messaging-software-split"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 41</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/messaging-software-that-force-you-to-have-a-mobile-phone"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#messaging-software-that-force-you-to-have-a-mobile-phone">Messaging software that force you to have a mobile phone</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="messaging-software-that-force-you-to-have-a-mobile-phone"></a><a href="#_toc/messaging-software" class="u"> Messaging software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/messaging-software-that-force-you-to-share-your-mobile-phone-with-contacts"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#messaging-software-that-force-you-to-share-your-mobile-phone-with-contacts">Messaging software that force you to share your mobile phone with contacts</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="messaging-software-that-force-you-to-share-your-mobile-phone-with-contacts"></a><a href="#_toc/messaging-software-that-force-you-to-have-a-mobile-phone" class="u"> Messaging software that force you to have a mobile phone</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/serverless-browser-p2p-chat"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#serverless-browser-p2p-chat">Serverless browser P2P chat</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="serverless-browser-p2p-chat"></a><a href="#_toc/messaging-software" class="u"> Messaging software</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/email"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#email">Email</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="email"></a><a href="#_toc/messaging-software" class="u"> Messaging software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 266</span><span class="dcnt"> 14</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/transactional-emai-provider"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#transactional-emai-provider">Transactional emai provider</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="transactional-emai-provider"></a><a href="#_toc/email" class="u"> Email</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/sendgrid"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#sendgrid">SendGrid</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sendgrid"></a><a href="#_toc/transactional-emai-provider" class="u"> Transactional emai provider</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/plausible-deniability-of-email-password-handover"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#plausible-deniability-of-email-password-handover">Plausible deniability of email password handover</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="plausible-deniability-of-email-password-handover"></a><a href="#_toc/email" class="u"> Email</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/privacy-focused-email-provider"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#privacy-focused-email-provider">Privacy focused email provider</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="privacy-focused-email-provider"></a><a href="#_toc/email" class="u"> Email</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 61</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/protonmail"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#protonmail">ProtonMail</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="protonmail"></a><a href="#_toc/privacy-focused-email-provider" class="u"> Privacy focused email provider</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/protonmail-asks-for-login-every-time-in-the-browser"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#protonmail-asks-for-login-every-time-in-the-browser">ProtonMail asks for login every time in the browser</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="protonmail-asks-for-login-every-time-in-the-browser"></a><a href="#_toc/protonmail" class="u"> ProtonMail</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/proton-pass"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#proton-pass">Proton Pass</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="proton-pass"></a><a href="#_toc/protonmail" class="u"> ProtonMail</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/proton-vpn"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#proton-vpn">Proton VPN</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="proton-vpn"></a><a href="#_toc/protonmail" class="u"> ProtonMail</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-email-providers"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#list-of-email-providers">List of email providers</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-email-providers"></a><a href="#_toc/email" class="u"> Email</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 27</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gmail"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#gmail">Gmail</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gmail"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-email-providers" class="u"> List of email providers</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/google-chat"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#google-chat">Google Chat</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-chat"></a><a href="#_toc/gmail" class="u"> Gmail</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/dots-in-gmail-address"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#dots-in-gmail-address">Dots in Gmail address</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dots-in-gmail-address"></a><a href="#_toc/gmail" class="u"> Gmail</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/guerrilla-mail"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#guerrilla-mail">Guerrilla Mail</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="guerrilla-mail"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-email-providers" class="u"> List of email providers</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/microsoft-outlook"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#microsoft-outlook">Microsoft Outlook</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="microsoft-outlook"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-email-providers" class="u"> List of email providers</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/instant-messaging"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#instant-messaging">Instant messaging</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="instant-messaging"></a><a href="#_toc/messaging-software" class="u"> Messaging software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 791</span><span class="dcnt"> 22</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/instant-messaging-vs-email"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#instant-messaging-vs-email">Instant messaging vs email</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="instant-messaging-vs-email"></a><a href="#_toc/instant-messaging" class="u"> Instant messaging</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/the-perfect-privacy-messaging-software-features"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#the-perfect-privacy-messaging-software-features">The perfect privacy messaging software features</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-perfect-privacy-messaging-software-features"></a><a href="#_toc/instant-messaging" class="u"> Instant messaging</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/open-instant-messaging-protocols"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#open-instant-messaging-protocols">Open instant messaging protocols</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-instant-messaging-protocols"></a><a href="#_toc/instant-messaging" class="u"> Instant messaging</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/internet-relay-chat"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#internet-relay-chat">Internet Relay Chat</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="internet-relay-chat"></a><a href="#_toc/open-instant-messaging-protocols" class="u"> Open instant messaging protocols</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/signal-protocol"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#signal-protocol">Signal protocol</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="signal-protocol"></a><a href="#_toc/open-instant-messaging-protocols" class="u"> Open instant messaging protocols</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/xmpp"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#xmpp">XMPP</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="xmpp"></a><a href="#_toc/open-instant-messaging-protocols" class="u"> Open instant messaging protocols</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-instant-messaging-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#list-of-instant-messaging-software">List of instant messaging software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-instant-messaging-software"></a><a href="#_toc/instant-messaging" class="u"> Instant messaging</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 208</span><span class="dcnt"> 15</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/bitmessage"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#bitmessage">Bitmessage</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bitmessage"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-instant-messaging-software" class="u"> List of instant messaging software</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/discord-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#discord-software">Discord <span class="meta">(software)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="discord-software"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-instant-messaging-software" class="u"> List of instant messaging software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/discord-email-notifications"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#discord-email-notifications">Discord email notifications</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="discord-email-notifications"></a><a href="#_toc/discord-software" class="u"> Discord</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/jami-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#jami-software">Jami <span class="meta">(software, Ring)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="jami-software"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-instant-messaging-software" class="u"> List of instant messaging software</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/jitsi"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#jitsi">Jitsi</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="jitsi"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-instant-messaging-software" class="u"> List of instant messaging software</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/pidgin-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#pidgin-software">Pidgin <span class="meta">(software)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pidgin-software"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-instant-messaging-software" class="u"> List of instant messaging software</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/signal-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#signal-software">Signal <span class="meta">(software)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="signal-software"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-instant-messaging-software" class="u"> List of instant messaging software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/signal-feature-request"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#signal-feature-request">Signal feature request</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="signal-feature-request"></a><a href="#_toc/signal-software" class="u"> Signal</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/peer-to-peer-file-transfer-of-arbitrary-size"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#peer-to-peer-file-transfer-of-arbitrary-size">Peer to peer file transfer of arbitrary size</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="peer-to-peer-file-transfer-of-arbitrary-size"></a><a href="#_toc/signal-feature-request" class="u"> Signal feature request</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/slack-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#slack-software">Slack <span class="meta">(software)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="slack-software"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-instant-messaging-software" class="u"> List of instant messaging software</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/skype"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#skype">Skype</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="skype"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-instant-messaging-software" class="u"> List of instant messaging software</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/telegram-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#telegram-software">Telegram <span class="meta">(software)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="telegram-software"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-instant-messaging-software" class="u"> List of instant messaging software</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/whatsapp"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#whatsapp">WhatsApp</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="whatsapp"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-instant-messaging-software" class="u"> List of instant messaging software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/why-did-facebook-buy-whatsapp"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#why-did-facebook-buy-whatsapp">Why did Facebook buy WhatsApp?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="why-did-facebook-buy-whatsapp"></a><a href="#_toc/whatsapp" class="u"> WhatsApp</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/whatsapp-profile-information-is-public-by-default"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="messaging-software#whatsapp-profile-information-is-public-by-default">WhatsApp profile information is public by default</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="whatsapp-profile-information-is-public-by-default"></a><a href="#_toc/whatsapp" class="u"> WhatsApp</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/multimedia-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#multimedia-software">Multimedia software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="multimedia-software"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 543</span><span class="dcnt"> 18</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ffmpeg"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#ffmpeg">FFmpeg</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ffmpeg"></a><a href="#_toc/multimedia-software" class="u"> Multimedia software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 73</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ffmpeg-filter-graph"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#ffmpeg-filter-graph">FFmpeg filter graph</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ffmpeg-filter-graph"></a><a href="#_toc/ffmpeg" class="u"> FFmpeg</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ffplay"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#ffplay">ffplay</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ffplay"></a><a href="#_toc/ffmpeg" class="u"> FFmpeg</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ffplay-multiple-input-files"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#ffplay-multiple-input-files">ffplay multiple input files</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ffplay-multiple-input-files"></a><a href="#_toc/ffplay" class="u"> ffplay</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/ffmpeg-sound-synthesis"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#ffmpeg-sound-synthesis">FFmpeg sound synthesis</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ffmpeg-sound-synthesis"></a><a href="#_toc/ffmpeg" class="u"> FFmpeg</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/ffmpeg-video-synthesis"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#ffmpeg-video-synthesis">FFmpeg video synthesis</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ffmpeg-video-synthesis"></a><a href="#_toc/ffmpeg" class="u"> FFmpeg</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/ffmpeg-is-the-backend-of-youtube"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#ffmpeg-is-the-backend-of-youtube">FFmpeg is the backend of YouTube</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ffmpeg-is-the-backend-of-youtube"></a><a href="#_toc/ffmpeg" class="u"> FFmpeg</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/concatenate-two-videos-with-ffmpeg"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#concatenate-two-videos-with-ffmpeg">Concatenate two videos with ffmpeg</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="concatenate-two-videos-with-ffmpeg"></a><a href="#_toc/ffmpeg" class="u"> FFmpeg</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/image-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#image-software">Image software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="image-software"></a><a href="#_toc/multimedia-software" class="u"> Multimedia software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 124</span><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/image-viewer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#image-viewer">Image viewer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="image-viewer"></a><a href="#_toc/image-software" class="u"> Image software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/nomacs"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#nomacs">Nomacs</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nomacs"></a><a href="#_toc/image-viewer" class="u"> Image viewer</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/image-manipulation-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#image-manipulation-software">Image manipulation software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="image-manipulation-software"></a><a href="#_toc/image-software" class="u"> Image software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 63</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/imagemagick"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#imagemagick">ImageMagick</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="imagemagick"></a><a href="#_toc/image-manipulation-software" class="u"> Image manipulation software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 63</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/imagemagick-howto"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#imagemagick-howto">ImageMagick HOWTO</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="imagemagick-howto"></a><a href="#_toc/imagemagick" class="u"> ImageMagick</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 25</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/join-two-images-side-by-side"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#join-two-images-side-by-side">Join two images side-by-side</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="join-two-images-side-by-side"></a><a href="#_toc/imagemagick-howto" class="u"> ImageMagick HOWTO</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/crate-solid-color-image-in-imagemagick"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#crate-solid-color-image-in-imagemagick">Crate solid color image in ImageMagick</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="crate-solid-color-image-in-imagemagick"></a><a href="#_toc/imagemagick-howto" class="u"> ImageMagick HOWTO</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/create-gradient-image-with-imagemagick"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#create-gradient-image-with-imagemagick">Create gradient image with ImageMagick</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="create-gradient-image-with-imagemagick"></a><a href="#_toc/crate-solid-color-image-in-imagemagick" class="u"> Crate solid color image in ImageMagick</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/crate-image-with-given-text-in-imagemagick"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#crate-image-with-given-text-in-imagemagick">Crate image with given text in ImageMagick</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="crate-image-with-given-text-in-imagemagick"></a><a href="#_toc/imagemagick-howto" class="u"> ImageMagick HOWTO</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/open-source-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#open-source-software">Open source software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-source-software"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 204</span><span class="dcnt"> 21</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/open-source-advocacy-entity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#open-source-advocacy-entity">Open source advocacy entity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-source-advocacy-entity"></a><a href="#_toc/open-source-software" class="u"> Open source software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gnu-project"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#gnu-project">GNU Project</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gnu-project"></a><a href="#_toc/open-source-advocacy-entity" class="u"> Open source advocacy entity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/gnu-package"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#gnu-package">GNU package</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gnu-package"></a><a href="#_toc/gnu-project" class="u"> GNU Project</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/open-source-hardware"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#open-source-hardware">Open source hardware</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-source-hardware"></a><a href="#_toc/open-source-software" class="u"> Open source software</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/free-and-open-source-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#free-and-open-source-software">Free and open-source software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="free-and-open-source-software"></a><a href="#_toc/open-source-software" class="u"> Open source software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 64</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/model-for-financing-open-source-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#model-for-financing-open-source-software">Model for financing open source software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="model-for-financing-open-source-software"></a><a href="#_toc/free-and-open-source-software" class="u"> Free and open-source software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/software-developer-collective"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#software-developer-collective">Software developer collective</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="software-developer-collective"></a><a href="#_toc/model-for-financing-open-source-software" class="u"> Model for financing open source software</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/open-source-software-that-is-not-foss"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#open-source-software-that-is-not-foss">Open source software that is not-FOSS</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-source-software-that-is-not-foss"></a><a href="#_toc/free-and-open-source-software" class="u"> Free and open-source software</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/source-code-leaks"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#source-code-leaks">Source code leaks</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="source-code-leaks"></a><a href="#_toc/open-source-software" class="u"> Open source software</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/open-knowledge"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#open-knowledge">Open knowledge</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-knowledge"></a><a href="#_toc/open-source-software" class="u"> Open source software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/open-educational-resources"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#open-educational-resources">Open educational resources <span class="meta">(OER)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-educational-resources"></a><a href="#_toc/open-knowledge" class="u"> Open knowledge</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/open-textbook-library"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#open-textbook-library">Open Textbook Library</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-textbook-library"></a><a href="#_toc/open-educational-resources" class="u"> Open educational resources</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/opencourseware"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#opencourseware">OpenCourseWare</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="opencourseware"></a><a href="#_toc/open-educational-resources" class="u"> Open educational resources</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/horrors-of-open-source"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#horrors-of-open-source">Horrors of open source</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="horrors-of-open-source"></a><a href="#_toc/open-source-software" class="u"> Open source software</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/code-drop"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#code-drop">Code drop</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="code-drop"></a><a href="#_toc/open-source-software" class="u"> Open source software</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/closed-source-is-less-bad-on-online-services"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#closed-source-is-less-bad-on-online-services">Closed source is less bad on online services</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="closed-source-is-less-bad-on-online-services"></a><a href="#_toc/open-source-software" class="u"> Open source software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/closed-source-offline-software-used-by-millions"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#closed-source-offline-software-used-by-millions">Closed source offline software used by millions</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="closed-source-offline-software-used-by-millions"></a><a href="#_toc/closed-source-is-less-bad-on-online-services" class="u"> Closed source is less bad on online services</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/closed-source-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#closed-source-software">Closed source software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="closed-source-software"></a><a href="#_toc/open-source-software" class="u"> Open source software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/closed-standard"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#closed-standard">Closed standard</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="closed-standard"></a><a href="#_toc/closed-source-software" class="u"> Closed source software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/international-organization-for-standardization"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#international-organization-for-standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="international-organization-for-standardization"></a><a href="#_toc/closed-standard" class="u"> Closed standard</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/inner-source"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#inner-source">Inner source</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="inner-source"></a><a href="#_toc/closed-source-software" class="u"> Closed source software</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/personal-information-management"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#personal-information-management">Personal information management</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="personal-information-management"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/productivity-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#productivity-software">Productivity software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="productivity-software"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/libreoffice"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#libreoffice">LibreOffice</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="libreoffice"></a><a href="#_toc/productivity-software" class="u"> Productivity software</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/program-optimization"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#program-optimization">Program optimization</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="program-optimization"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/benchmark"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#benchmark">Benchmark</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="benchmark"></a><a href="#_toc/program-optimization" class="u"> Program optimization</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/open-and-closed-source-benchmarks"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#open-and-closed-source-benchmarks">Open and closed source benchmarks</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-and-closed-source-benchmarks"></a><a href="#_toc/benchmark" class="u"> Benchmark</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/open-source-benchmark"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#open-source-benchmark">Open source benchmark</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-source-benchmark"></a><a href="#_toc/open-and-closed-source-benchmarks" class="u"> Open and closed source benchmarks</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/closed-source-benchmark"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#closed-source-benchmark">Closed source benchmark</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="closed-source-benchmark"></a><a href="#_toc/open-and-closed-source-benchmarks" class="u"> Open and closed source benchmarks</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/profiling-computer-programming"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#profiling-computer-programming">Profiling <span class="meta">(computer programming)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="profiling-computer-programming"></a><a href="#_toc/program-optimization" class="u"> Program optimization</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/programming-language"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="programming-language">Programming language</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="programming-language-split"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 6k</span><span class="dcnt"> 178</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/type-of-programming-language"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="programming-language#type-of-programming-language">Type of programming language</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="type-of-programming-language"></a><a href="#_toc/programming-language" class="u"> Programming language</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 116</span><span class="dcnt"> 10</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/type-system"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="programming-language#type-system">Type system</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="type-system"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-programming-language" class="u"> Type of programming language</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/programming-paradigm"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="programming-language#programming-paradigm">Programming paradigm</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="programming-paradigm"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-programming-language" class="u"> Type of programming language</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 53</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/imperative-programming"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="programming-language#imperative-programming">Imperative programming</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="imperative-programming"></a><a 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id="_toc/functional-programming-is-a-subset-of-imperative-programming"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="programming-language#functional-programming-is-a-subset-of-imperative-programming">Functional programming is a subset of imperative programming</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="functional-programming-is-a-subset-of-imperative-programming"></a><a href="#_toc/functional-programming" class="u"> Functional programming</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/compiled-and-interpreted-programming-language"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="programming-language#compiled-and-interpreted-programming-language">Compiled and interpreted programming language</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="compiled-and-interpreted-programming-language"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-programming-language" class="u"> Type of programming language</a><span 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class="not-arrow"><a href="programming-language#bash-unix-shell">Bash <span class="meta">(Unix shell)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bash-unix-shell"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-programming-languages" class="u"> List of programming languages</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/bash-howto"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="programming-language#bash-howto">Bash HOWTO</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bash-howto"></a><a href="#_toc/bash-unix-shell" class="u"> Bash</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/c-programming-language"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="programming-language#c-programming-language">C <span class="meta">(programming language, 1972)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="c-programming-language"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-programming-languages" class="u"> List of programming languages</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 62</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ansi-c"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="programming-language#ansi-c">ANSI C</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ansi-c"></a><a href="#_toc/c-programming-language" class="u"> C</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/c-library"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="programming-language#c-library">C library</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="c-library"></a><a href="#_toc/c-programming-language" class="u"> C</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/c-standard-library"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="programming-language#c-standard-library">C standard 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href="programming-language#go-programming-language">Go <span class="meta">(programming language)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="go-programming-language"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-programming-languages" class="u"> List of programming languages</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/haskell"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="programming-language#haskell">Haskell</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="haskell"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-programming-languages" class="u"> List of programming languages</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/java-programming-language"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="programming-language#java-programming-language">Java <span class="meta">(programming language)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="java-programming-language"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-programming-languages" class="u"> 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class="u"> Search engine</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 579</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/open-web-crawling"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#open-web-crawling">Open web crawling</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-web-crawling"></a><a href="#_toc/web-crawling" class="u"> Web crawling</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 72</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/common-crawl"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#common-crawl">Common Crawl</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="common-crawl"></a><a href="#_toc/open-web-crawling" class="u"> Open web crawling</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/common-crawl-athena"><div 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49</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/reverse-face-image-search"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#reverse-face-image-search">Reverse face image search</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="reverse-face-image-search"></a><a href="#_toc/reverse-image-search" class="u"> Reverse image search</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/facecheck-id"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#facecheck-id">facecheck.id</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="facecheck-id"></a><a href="#_toc/reverse-face-image-search" class="u"> Reverse face image search</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/scientific-computing"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a 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class="wcntr"> 677</span><span class="dcnt"> 28</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/numerical-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#numerical-software">Numerical software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="numerical-software"></a><a href="#_toc/scientific-software" class="u"> Scientific software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 531</span><span class="dcnt"> 13</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arbitrary-precision-arithmetic"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#arbitrary-precision-arithmetic">Arbitrary-precision arithmetic</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arbitrary-precision-arithmetic"></a><a href="#_toc/numerical-software" class="u"> Numerical software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-arbitrary-precision-arithmetic-sofware"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#list-of-arbitrary-precision-arithmetic-sofware">List of arbitrary-precision arithmetic sofware</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-arbitrary-precision-arithmetic-sofware"></a><a href="#_toc/arbitrary-precision-arithmetic" class="u"> Arbitrary-precision arithmetic</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gnu-multiple-precision-arithmetic-library"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#gnu-multiple-precision-arithmetic-library">GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library <span class="meta">(GMP)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gnu-multiple-precision-arithmetic-library"></a><a 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id="_toc/basic-linear-algebra-subprograms"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#basic-linear-algebra-subprograms">Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="basic-linear-algebra-subprograms"></a><a href="#_toc/numerical-software" class="u"> Numerical software</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-algebra"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#computer-algebra">Computer algebra</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-algebra"></a><a href="#_toc/numerical-software" class="u"> Numerical software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 529</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/symbolic-integration"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#symbolic-integration">Symbolic integration</a><span 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id="_toc/sympy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#sympy">SymPy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sympy"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-algebra-system" class="u"> Computer algebra system</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sympy-special-function"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#sympy-special-function">SymPy special function</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sympy-special-function"></a><a href="#_toc/sympy" class="u"> SymPy</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/_file/python/sympy_cheat/logarithm_integral.py"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#_file/python/sympy_cheat/logarithm_integral.py">python/sympy_cheat/logarithm_integral.py <span class="meta">(<code>li</code>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="_file/python/sympy_cheat/logarithm_integral.py"></a><a href="#_toc/sympy-special-function" class="u"> SymPy special function</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/scientific-visualization"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#scientific-visualization">Scientific visualization</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="scientific-visualization"></a><a href="#_toc/scientific-software" class="u"> Scientific software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 139</span><span class="dcnt"> 13</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/chart"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#chart">Chart</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="chart"></a><a href="#_toc/scientific-visualization" class="u"> Scientific visualization</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/chart-type"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#chart-type">Chart type</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="chart-type"></a><a href="#_toc/chart" class="u"> Chart</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/histogram"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#histogram">Histogram</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="histogram"></a><a href="#_toc/chart-type" class="u"> Chart type</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/scientific-visualization-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#scientific-visualization-software">Scientific visualization software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="scientific-visualization-software"></a><a href="#_toc/scientific-visualization" class="u"> Scientific visualization</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 134</span><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/open-source-scientific-computing-consultancies"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#open-source-scientific-computing-consultancies">Open source scientific computing consultancies</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-source-scientific-computing-consultancies"></a><a href="#_toc/scientific-visualization-software" class="u"> Scientific visualization software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/enthought"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#enthought">Enthought</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" 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id="_toc/real-time-live-plot-from-streaming-data"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#real-time-live-plot-from-streaming-data">Real time live plot from streaming data</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="real-time-live-plot-from-streaming-data"></a><a href="#_toc/plotting-software" class="u"> Plotting software</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/survey-of-open-source-interactive-plotting-software-with-a-10-million-point-scatter-plot-benchmark-by-ciro-santilli"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#survey-of-open-source-interactive-plotting-software-with-a-10-million-point-scatter-plot-benchmark-by-ciro-santilli">Survey of open source interactive plotting software with a 10 million point scatter plot benchmark by Ciro Santilli</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" 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href="software#gnuplot-command-line-hello-world">gnuplot command line hello world</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gnuplot-command-line-hello-world"></a><a href="#_toc/gnuplot" class="u"> gnuplot</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/software-reverse-engineering"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#software-reverse-engineering">Software reverse engineering</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="software-reverse-engineering"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/software-reverse-engineering-tool"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#software-reverse-engineering-tool">Software reverse engineering tool</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="software-reverse-engineering-tool"></a><a href="#_toc/software-reverse-engineering" class="u"> Software reverse engineering</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/binwalk"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#binwalk">binwalk</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="binwalk"></a><a href="#_toc/software-reverse-engineering" class="u"> Software reverse engineering</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/software-bug"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#software-bug">Software bug</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="software-bug"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 383</span><span class="dcnt"> 15</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/formal-verification"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#formal-verification">Formal verification</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="formal-verification"></a><a href="#_toc/software-bug" class="u"> Software bug</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/glitch"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#glitch">Glitch</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="glitch"></a><a href="#_toc/software-bug" class="u"> Software bug</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/debugging"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#debugging">Debugging</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="debugging"></a><a href="#_toc/software-bug" class="u"> Software bug</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 112</span><span class="dcnt"> 10</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ciro-s-call-hierarchy-notation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#ciro-s-call-hierarchy-notation">Ciro's call hierarchy notation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ciro-s-call-hierarchy-notation"></a><a href="#_toc/debugging" class="u"> Debugging</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/bisection-software-engineering"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#bisection-software-engineering">Bisection <span class="meta">(software engineering)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bisection-software-engineering"></a><a href="#_toc/debugging" class="u"> Debugging</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/debugger"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#debugger">Debugger</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="debugger"></a><a href="#_toc/debugging" class="u"> Debugging</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 97</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/reverse-debugging"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#reverse-debugging">Reverse debugging</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="reverse-debugging"></a><a href="#_toc/debugger" class="u"> Debugger</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/omniscient-debugging"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#omniscient-debugging">Omniscient debugging</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="omniscient-debugging"></a><a href="#_toc/reverse-debugging" class="u"> Reverse debugging</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gnu-debugger"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#gnu-debugger">GNU Debugger</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gnu-debugger"></a><a href="#_toc/debugger" class="u"> Debugger</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 34</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gdb-reverse-debugging"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#gdb-reverse-debugging">GDB reverse debugging</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gdb-reverse-debugging"></a><a href="#_toc/gnu-debugger" class="u"> GNU Debugger</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 24</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/mozilla-rr"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#mozilla-rr">Mozilla rr</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mozilla-rr"></a><a href="#_toc/gdb-reverse-debugging" class="u"> GDB reverse debugging</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/pernosco"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#pernosco">Pernosco</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pernosco"></a><a href="#_toc/mozilla-rr" class="u"> Mozilla rr</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/gdb-dashboard"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#gdb-dashboard">GDB Dashboard</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gdb-dashboard"></a><a href="#_toc/gnu-debugger" class="u"> GNU Debugger</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/minimal-working-example"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#minimal-working-example">Minimal working example</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="minimal-working-example"></a><a href="#_toc/software-bug" class="u"> Software bug</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/zero-based-numbering"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#zero-based-numbering">Zero-based numbering</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="zero-based-numbering"></a><a href="#_toc/software-bug" class="u"> Software bug</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/software-company"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#software-company">Software company</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="software-company"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 694</span><span class="dcnt"> 18</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/microsoft"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="microsoft">Microsoft</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="microsoft-split"></a><a href="#_toc/software-company" class="u"> Software company</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 386</span><span class="dcnt"> 12</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/united-states-v-microsoft-corp"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="microsoft#united-states-v-microsoft-corp">United States v. 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class="not-arrow"><a href="microsoft#microsoft-powerpoint">Microsoft PowerPoint</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="microsoft-powerpoint"></a><a href="#_toc/microsoft-product" class="u"> Microsoft product</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/microsoft-windows"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="microsoft#microsoft-windows">Microsoft Windows</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="microsoft-windows"></a><a href="#_toc/microsoft-product" class="u"> Microsoft product</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/windows-subsystem-for-linux"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="microsoft#windows-subsystem-for-linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="windows-subsystem-for-linux"></a><a href="#_toc/microsoft-windows" class="u"> Microsoft Windows</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/dos"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="microsoft#dos">DOS</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dos"></a><a href="#_toc/microsoft-windows" class="u"> Microsoft Windows</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/microsoft-employee"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="microsoft#microsoft-employee">Microsoft employee</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="microsoft-employee"></a><a href="#_toc/microsoft" class="u"> Microsoft</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 30</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/bill-gates"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="microsoft#bill-gates">Bill Gates</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bill-gates"></a><a href="#_toc/microsoft-employee" class="u"> Microsoft employee</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/quote-by-bill-gates"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="microsoft#quote-by-bill-gates">Quote by Bill Gates</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quote-by-bill-gates"></a><a href="#_toc/bill-gates" class="u"> Bill Gates</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/assign-the-hard-task-to-the-lazy-person"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="microsoft#assign-the-hard-task-to-the-lazy-person">Assign the hard task to the lazy person</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="assign-the-hard-task-to-the-lazy-person"></a><a href="#_toc/bill-gates" class="u"> Bill Gates</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/paul-allen"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="microsoft#paul-allen">Paul Allen <span class="meta">(1953-2018)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="paul-allen"></a><a href="#_toc/microsoft-employee" class="u"> Microsoft employee</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/adobe"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#adobe">Adobe</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="adobe"></a><a href="#_toc/software-company" class="u"> Software company</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/oracle-corporation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#oracle-corporation">Oracle Corporation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="oracle-corporation"></a><a href="#_toc/software-company" class="u"> Software company</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/sun-microsystems"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#sun-microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sun-microsystems"></a><a href="#_toc/oracle-corporation" class="u"> Oracle Corporation</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/red-hat"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#red-hat">Red Hat</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="red-hat"></a><a href="#_toc/software-company" class="u"> Software company</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/truth-happens-advertisement-by-red-hat"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#truth-happens-advertisement-by-red-hat">Truth Happens advertisement by Red Hat</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="truth-happens-advertisement-by-red-hat"></a><a href="#_toc/red-hat" class="u"> Red Hat</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/software-documentation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#software-documentation">Software documentation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="software-documentation"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/documentation-generator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#documentation-generator">Documentation generator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="documentation-generator"></a><a href="#_toc/software-documentation" class="u"> Software documentation</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/readme"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#readme">README</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="readme"></a><a href="#_toc/software-documentation" class="u"> Software documentation</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/software-engineering"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#software-engineering">Software engineering</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="software-engineering"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2k</span><span class="dcnt"> 48</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/software-development"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#software-development">Software development</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="software-development"></a><a href="#_toc/software-engineering" class="u"> Software engineering</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 4</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/software-development-principle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#software-development-principle">Software development principle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="software-development-principle"></a><a href="#_toc/software-development" class="u"> Software development</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 4</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/don-t-repeat-yourself"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#don-t-repeat-yourself">Don't repeat yourself</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="don-t-repeat-yourself"></a><a href="#_toc/software-development-principle" class="u"> Software development principle</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/yet-another"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#yet-another">Yet another</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="yet-another"></a><a href="#_toc/don-t-repeat-yourself" class="u"> Don't repeat yourself</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/software-design-pattern"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#software-design-pattern">Software design pattern</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="software-design-pattern"></a><a href="#_toc/software-engineering" class="u"> Software engineering</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/polymorphism-computer-science"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#polymorphism-computer-science">Polymorphism <span class="meta">(computer science)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="polymorphism-computer-science"></a><a href="#_toc/software-design-pattern" class="u"> Software design pattern</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/software-development-method"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#software-development-method">Software development method</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="software-development-method"></a><a href="#_toc/software-engineering" class="u"> Software engineering</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/pair-programming"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#pair-programming">Pair programming</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pair-programming"></a><a href="#_toc/software-development-method" class="u"> Software development method</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ciro-santilli-s-software-engineering-wisdom"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#ciro-santilli-s-software-engineering-wisdom">Ciro Santilli's software engineering wisdom</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ciro-santilli-s-software-engineering-wisdom"></a><a href="#_toc/software-engineering" class="u"> Software engineering</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 12</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/excessive-encapsulation-is-the-root-of-much-evil"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#excessive-encapsulation-is-the-root-of-much-evil">Excessive encapsulation is the root of much evil</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="excessive-encapsulation-is-the-root-of-much-evil"></a><a href="#_toc/ciro-santilli-s-software-engineering-wisdom" class="u"> Ciro Santilli's software engineering wisdom</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/the-development-cycle-time-is-your-god"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#the-development-cycle-time-is-your-god">The development cycle time is your God</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-development-cycle-time-is-your-god"></a><a href="#_toc/ciro-santilli-s-software-engineering-wisdom" class="u"> Ciro Santilli's software engineering wisdom</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/everything-that-is-not-tested-breaks"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#everything-that-is-not-tested-breaks">Everything that is not tested breaks</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="everything-that-is-not-tested-breaks"></a><a href="#_toc/ciro-santilli-s-software-engineering-wisdom" class="u"> Ciro Santilli's software engineering wisdom</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/everything-can-break-everything"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#everything-can-break-everything">Everything can break everything</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="everything-can-break-everything"></a><a href="#_toc/ciro-santilli-s-software-engineering-wisdom" class="u"> Ciro Santilli's software engineering wisdom</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/fix-it-twice"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#fix-it-twice">Fix it twice</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fix-it-twice"></a><a href="#_toc/ciro-santilli-s-software-engineering-wisdom" class="u"> Ciro Santilli's software engineering wisdom</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/you-aren-t-gonna-need-it"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#you-aren-t-gonna-need-it">You aren't gonna need it</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="you-aren-t-gonna-need-it"></a><a href="#_toc/ciro-santilli-s-software-engineering-wisdom" class="u"> Ciro Santilli's software engineering wisdom</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/kiss-principle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#kiss-principle">KISS principle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="kiss-principle"></a><a href="#_toc/ciro-santilli-s-software-engineering-wisdom" class="u"> Ciro Santilli's software engineering wisdom</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/hofstadter-s-law"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#hofstadter-s-law">Hofstadter's law</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hofstadter-s-law"></a><a href="#_toc/ciro-santilli-s-software-engineering-wisdom" class="u"> Ciro Santilli's software engineering wisdom</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/brooks-s-law"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#brooks-s-law">Brooks's law <span class="meta">(Adding manpower to a late software project makes it later)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="brooks-s-law"></a><a href="#_toc/ciro-santilli-s-software-engineering-wisdom" class="u"> Ciro Santilli's software engineering wisdom</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/sometimes-you-can-debug-software-by-staring-at-the-code-for-long-enough"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#sometimes-you-can-debug-software-by-staring-at-the-code-for-long-enough">Sometimes you can debug software by staring at the code for long enough</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sometimes-you-can-debug-software-by-staring-at-the-code-for-long-enough"></a><a href="#_toc/ciro-santilli-s-software-engineering-wisdom" class="u"> Ciro Santilli's software engineering wisdom</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/office-space-design-and-remote-work"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#office-space-design-and-remote-work">Office space design and remote work</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="office-space-design-and-remote-work"></a><a href="#_toc/ciro-santilli-s-software-engineering-wisdom" class="u"> Ciro Santilli's software engineering wisdom</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/keep-debug-notes"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#keep-debug-notes">Keep debug notes</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="keep-debug-notes"></a><a href="#_toc/ciro-santilli-s-software-engineering-wisdom" class="u"> Ciro Santilli's software engineering wisdom</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/hello-world-program"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#hello-world-program">"Hello, World!" program</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hello-world-program"></a><a href="#_toc/software-engineering" class="u"> Software engineering</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/time-to-hello-world"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#time-to-hello-world">Time to Hello World</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="time-to-hello-world"></a><a href="#_toc/hello-world-program" class="u"> "Hello, World!" program</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/software-engineer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#software-engineer">Software engineer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="software-engineer"></a><a href="#_toc/software-engineering" class="u"> Software engineering</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 799</span><span class="dcnt"> 23</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/software-engineer-stereotype"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#software-engineer-stereotype">Software engineer stereotype</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="software-engineer-stereotype"></a><a href="#_toc/software-engineer" class="u"> Software engineer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 171</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/correlation-between-sofware-engineers-and-asian-fetish"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#correlation-between-sofware-engineers-and-asian-fetish">Correlation between sofware engineers and Asian fetish</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="correlation-between-sofware-engineers-and-asian-fetish"></a><a href="#_toc/software-engineer-stereotype" class="u"> Software engineer stereotype</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/the-correlation-between-software-engineers-and-buddhism"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#the-correlation-between-software-engineers-and-buddhism">The correlation between software engineers and Buddhism</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-correlation-between-software-engineers-and-buddhism"></a><a href="#_toc/software-engineer-stereotype" class="u"> Software engineer stereotype</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/the-three-treasures-of-the-programmer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#the-three-treasures-of-the-programmer">The Three Treasures of the Programmer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-three-treasures-of-the-programmer"></a><a href="#_toc/the-correlation-between-software-engineers-and-buddhism" class="u"> The correlation between software engineers and Buddhism</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-software-engineers"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#list-of-software-engineers">List of software engineers</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-software-engineers"></a><a href="#_toc/software-engineer" class="u"> Software engineer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 113</span><span class="dcnt"> 11</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/aaron-swartz"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#aaron-swartz">Aaron Swartz</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="aaron-swartz"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-software-engineers" class="u"> List of software engineers</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/guerilla-open-access-manifesto-by-aaron-swartz-2008"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#guerilla-open-access-manifesto-by-aaron-swartz-2008">Guerilla Open Access Manifesto by Aaron Swartz (2008)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="guerilla-open-access-manifesto-by-aaron-swartz-2008"></a><a href="#_toc/aaron-swartz" class="u"> Aaron Swartz</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/the-internet-s-own-boy-2014"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#the-internet-s-own-boy-2014">The Internet's Own Boy (2014)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-internet-s-own-boy-2014"></a><a href="#_toc/aaron-swartz" class="u"> Aaron Swartz</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/james-somers"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#james-somers">James Somers</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="james-somers"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-software-engineers" class="u"> List of software engineers</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 26</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/article-by-james-somers"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#article-by-james-somers">Article by James Somers</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="article-by-james-somers"></a><a href="#_toc/james-somers" class="u"> James Somers</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/i-should-have-loved-biology-by-james-somers"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#i-should-have-loved-biology-by-james-somers">I should have loved biology by James Somers</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="i-should-have-loved-biology-by-james-somers"></a><a href="#_toc/article-by-james-somers" class="u"> Article by James Somers</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/sandy-maguire"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#sandy-maguire">Sandy Maguire</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sandy-maguire"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-software-engineers" class="u"> List of software engineers</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/dan-dascalescu"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#dan-dascalescu">Dan Dascalescu</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dan-dascalescu"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-software-engineers" class="u"> List of software engineers</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/english-as-a-universal-language-by-dan-dascalescu-2008"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#english-as-a-universal-language-by-dan-dascalescu-2008">English as a universal language by Dan Dascalescu (2008)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="english-as-a-universal-language-by-dan-dascalescu-2008"></a><a href="#_toc/dan-dascalescu" class="u"> Dan Dascalescu</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/donald-knuth"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#donald-knuth">Donald Knuth</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="donald-knuth"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-software-engineers" class="u"> List of software engineers</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/knuth-reward-check"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#knuth-reward-check">Knuth reward check</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="knuth-reward-check"></a><a href="#_toc/donald-knuth" class="u"> Donald Knuth</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/embii"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#embii">EMBII</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="embii"></a><a href="#_toc/software-engineer" class="u"> Software engineer</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gwern-branwen"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#gwern-branwen">Gwern Branwen</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gwern-branwen"></a><a href="#_toc/software-engineer" class="u"> Software engineer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/work-by-gwern-branwen"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#work-by-gwern-branwen">Work by Gwern Branwen</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="work-by-gwern-branwen"></a><a href="#_toc/gwern-branwen" class="u"> Gwern Branwen</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/gwern-net"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#gwern-net">gwern.net</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gwern-net"></a><a href="#_toc/gwern-branwen" class="u"> Gwern Branwen</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/richard-stallman"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#richard-stallman">Richard Stallman</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="richard-stallman"></a><a href="#_toc/software-engineer" class="u"> Software engineer</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/rob-pike"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#rob-pike">Rob Pike <span class="meta">(1956)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rob-pike"></a><a href="#_toc/software-engineer" class="u"> Software engineer</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/tim-o-reilly"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#tim-o-reilly">Tim O'Reilly</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tim-o-reilly"></a><a href="#_toc/software-engineer" class="u"> Software engineer</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div 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portability</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/software-quality-assurance"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#software-quality-assurance">Software quality assurance</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="software-quality-assurance"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 203</span><span class="dcnt"> 13</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/static-program-analysis"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#static-program-analysis">Static program analysis</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="static-program-analysis"></a><a href="#_toc/software-quality-assurance" class="u"> Software quality assurance</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/linting"><div 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class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/_file/test_executables.js"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#_file/test_executables.js">test_executables.js</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="_file/test_executables.js"></a><a href="#_toc/software-testing" class="u"> Software testing</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/assertion-software-development"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#assertion-software-development">Assertion <span class="meta">(software development)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="assertion-software-development"></a><a href="#_toc/software-testing" class="u"> Software testing</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/continuous-integration"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#continuous-integration">Continuous integration</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="continuous-integration"></a><a href="#_toc/software-testing" class="u"> Software testing</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/test-driven-development"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#test-driven-development">Test driven development</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="test-driven-development"></a><a href="#_toc/software-testing" class="u"> Software testing</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/laziness-driven-development"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#laziness-driven-development">Laziness Driven Development</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="laziness-driven-development"></a><a href="#_toc/test-driven-development" class="u"> Test driven development</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/shift-left-testing"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#shift-left-testing">Shift-left testing</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="shift-left-testing"></a><a href="#_toc/software-testing" class="u"> Software testing</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/unit-and-system-tests"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#unit-and-system-tests">Unit and system tests</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="unit-and-system-tests"></a><a href="#_toc/software-testing" class="u"> Software testing</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/unit-test"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#unit-test">Unit test</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="unit-test"></a><a href="#_toc/unit-and-system-tests" class="u"> Unit and system tests</a></span></span></div></li><li><div 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89</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/operating-system-concept"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#operating-system-concept">Operating system concept</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="operating-system-concept"></a><a href="#_toc/operating-system" class="u"> Operating system</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/user-and-kernel-space"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#user-and-kernel-space">User and kernel space</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="user-and-kernel-space"></a><a href="#_toc/operating-system-concept" class="u"> Operating system concept</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/user-space"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a 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href="systems-programming#driver-software">Driver <span class="meta">(software)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="driver-software"></a><a href="#_toc/operating-system" class="u"> Operating system</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/embedded-operating-system"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#embedded-operating-system">Embedded operating system</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="embedded-operating-system"></a><a href="#_toc/operating-system" class="u"> Operating system</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 343</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/zephyr-operating-system"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#zephyr-operating-system">Zephyr <span class="meta">(operating system)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" 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href="systems-programming#bios">BIOS</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bios"></a><a href="#_toc/firmware" class="u"> Firmware</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/system-call"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#system-call">System call</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="system-call"></a><a href="#_toc/operating-system" class="u"> Operating system</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/unix"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#unix">UNIX</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="unix"></a><a href="#_toc/operating-system" class="u"> Operating system</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/linux"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#linux">Linux</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="linux"></a><a 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Foundation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="linux-foundation"></a><a href="#_toc/linux-kernel" class="u"> Linux kernel</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/linux-insides"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#linux-insides">Linux insides</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="linux-insides"></a><a href="#_toc/linux-kernel" class="u"> Linux kernel</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/step-debug-the-linux-kernel"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#step-debug-the-linux-kernel">Step debug the Linux kernel</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="step-debug-the-linux-kernel"></a><a href="#_toc/linux-kernel" class="u"> Linux kernel</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/jtag"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#jtag">JTAG</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="jtag"></a><a href="#_toc/step-debug-the-linux-kernel" class="u"> Step debug the Linux kernel</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/serial-wire-debug"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#serial-wire-debug">Serial wire debug <span class="meta">(SWD)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="serial-wire-debug"></a><a href="#_toc/jtag" class="u"> JTAG</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/linux-distribution"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#linux-distribution">Linux distribution</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="linux-distribution"></a><a href="#_toc/linux" class="u"> Linux</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 37</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/linux-distribution-buildable-from-source"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#linux-distribution-buildable-from-source">Linux distribution buildable from source</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="linux-distribution-buildable-from-source"></a><a href="#_toc/linux-distribution" class="u"> Linux distribution</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/package-manager"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#package-manager">Package manager</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="package-manager"></a><a href="#_toc/linux-distribution" class="u"> Linux distribution</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/cross-distro-package-manager"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#cross-distro-package-manager">Cross distro package manager</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cross-distro-package-manager"></a><a href="#_toc/linux-distribution" class="u"> Linux distribution</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/appimage"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#appimage">AppImage</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="appimage"></a><a href="#_toc/cross-distro-package-manager" class="u"> Cross distro package manager</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/flatpak"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#flatpak">Flatpak</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="flatpak"></a><a href="#_toc/cross-distro-package-manager" class="u"> Cross distro package manager</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/snap-package-manager"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#snap-package-manager">Snap <span class="meta">(package manager)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="snap-package-manager"></a><a href="#_toc/cross-distro-package-manager" class="u"> Cross distro package manager</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-linux-distributions"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#list-of-linux-distributions">List of Linux distributions</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-linux-distributions"></a><a href="#_toc/linux" class="u"> Linux</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 38</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/android-operating-system"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#android-operating-system">Android <span class="meta">(operating system)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="android-operating-system"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-linux-distributions" class="u"> List of Linux distributions</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/android-open-source-project"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#android-open-source-project">Android Open Source Project <span class="meta">(AOSP)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="android-open-source-project"></a><a href="#_toc/android-operating-system" class="u"> Android</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/transfer-android-11-camera-videos-to-ubuntu-20-10"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#transfer-android-11-camera-videos-to-ubuntu-20-10">Transfer Android 11 camera 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href="systems-programming#buildroot">Buildroot</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="buildroot"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-linux-distributions" class="u"> List of Linux distributions</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/busybox"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#busybox">BusyBox</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="busybox"></a><a href="#_toc/buildroot" class="u"> Buildroot</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/nixos"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#nixos">NixOS</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nixos"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-linux-distributions" class="u"> List of Linux distributions</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ubuntu"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#ubuntu">Ubuntu</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ubuntu"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-linux-distributions" class="u"> List of Linux distributions</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 29</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/apport-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#apport-software">apport <span class="meta">(software)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="apport-software"></a><a href="#_toc/ubuntu" class="u"> Ubuntu</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/apport-cli"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#apport-cli">apport-cli</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="apport-cli"></a><a href="#_toc/apport-software" class="u"> apport</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ubuntu-howto"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#ubuntu-howto">Ubuntu HOWTO</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ubuntu-howto"></a><a href="#_toc/ubuntu" class="u"> Ubuntu</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/make-a-bug-report-for-a-crash-on-ubuntu"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#make-a-bug-report-for-a-crash-on-ubuntu">Make a bug report for a crash on Ubuntu</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="make-a-bug-report-for-a-crash-on-ubuntu"></a><a href="#_toc/ubuntu-howto" class="u"> Ubuntu HOWTO</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/find-gpu-information-in-ubuntu"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#find-gpu-information-in-ubuntu">Find GPU 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id="_toc/ubuntu-24-10"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#ubuntu-24-10">Ubuntu 24.10</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ubuntu-24-10"></a><a href="#_toc/ubuntu-release" class="u"> Ubuntu release</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ubuntu-24-04"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#ubuntu-24-04">Ubuntu 24.04</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ubuntu-24-04"></a><a href="#_toc/ubuntu-release" class="u"> Ubuntu release</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ubuntu-24-04-installer-erase-disk-and-install-ubuntu-doesn-t-work-when-bitlocker-enabled"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#ubuntu-24-04-installer-erase-disk-and-install-ubuntu-doesn-t-work-when-bitlocker-enabled">Ubuntu 24.04 installer "Erase disk and install Ubuntu" doesn't work when BitLocker enabled</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ubuntu-24-04-installer-erase-disk-and-install-ubuntu-doesn-t-work-when-bitlocker-enabled"></a><a href="#_toc/ubuntu-24-04" class="u"> Ubuntu 24.04</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/ubuntu-24-04-the-application-files-has-closed-unexpectedly"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#ubuntu-24-04-the-application-files-has-closed-unexpectedly">Ubuntu 24.04 "The application files has closed unexpectedly"</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ubuntu-24-04-the-application-files-has-closed-unexpectedly"></a><a href="#_toc/ubuntu-24-04" class="u"> Ubuntu 24.04</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ubuntu-23-10"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#ubuntu-23-10">Ubuntu 23.10</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" 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23.10</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ubuntu-23-04"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#ubuntu-23-04">Ubuntu 23.04</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ubuntu-23-04"></a><a href="#_toc/ubuntu-release" class="u"> Ubuntu release</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ubuntu-23-04-boot-broken-on-kernel-6-2"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#ubuntu-23-04-boot-broken-on-kernel-6-2">Ubuntu 23.04 boot broken on kernel 6.2</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ubuntu-23-04-boot-broken-on-kernel-6-2"></a><a href="#_toc/ubuntu-23-04" class="u"> Ubuntu 23.04</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/ubuntu-22-10"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#ubuntu-22-10">Ubuntu 22.10</a><span 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class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#ubuntu-21-10">Ubuntu 21.10</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ubuntu-21-10"></a><a href="#_toc/ubuntu-release" class="u"> Ubuntu release</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ubuntu-21-10-does-not-wake-up-from-suspend"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#ubuntu-21-10-does-not-wake-up-from-suspend">Ubuntu 21.10 does not wake up from suspend <span class="meta">(<code>nv_set_system_power_state</code>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ubuntu-21-10-does-not-wake-up-from-suspend"></a><a href="#_toc/ubuntu-21-10" class="u"> Ubuntu 21.10</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/ubuntu-21-04"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#ubuntu-21-04">Ubuntu 21.04</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ubuntu-21-04"></a><a href="#_toc/ubuntu-release" class="u"> Ubuntu release</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/ubuntu-20-04"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#ubuntu-20-04">Ubuntu 20.04</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ubuntu-20-04"></a><a href="#_toc/ubuntu-release" class="u"> Ubuntu release</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/ubuntu-18-04"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#ubuntu-18-04">Ubuntu 18.04</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ubuntu-18-04"></a><a href="#_toc/ubuntu-release" class="u"> Ubuntu release</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/ubuntu-16-04"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#ubuntu-16-04">Ubuntu 16.04</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ubuntu-16-04"></a><a href="#_toc/ubuntu-release" class="u"> Ubuntu release</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ubuntu-feature-request"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#ubuntu-feature-request">Ubuntu feature request</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ubuntu-feature-request"></a><a href="#_toc/ubuntu" class="u"> Ubuntu</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/couldn-t-save-system-state-minimum-free-space-to-take-a-snapshot-and-preserve-zfs-performance-is"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#couldn-t-save-system-state-minimum-free-space-to-take-a-snapshot-and-preserve-zfs-performance-is">couldn't save system state: Minimum free space to take a snapshot and preserve ZFS performance is</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="couldn-t-save-system-state-minimum-free-space-to-take-a-snapshot-and-preserve-zfs-performance-is"></a><a href="#_toc/ubuntu-feature-request" class="u"> Ubuntu feature request</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/hide-top-bar-on-ubuntu"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#hide-top-bar-on-ubuntu">Hide top bar on Ubuntu</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hide-top-bar-on-ubuntu"></a><a href="#_toc/ubuntu-feature-request" class="u"> Ubuntu feature request</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/launchpad-website"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#launchpad-website">Launchpad <span class="meta">(website)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="launchpad-website"></a><a href="#_toc/ubuntu" class="u"> Ubuntu</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/berkeley-software-distribution"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#berkeley-software-distribution">Berkeley Software Distribution</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="berkeley-software-distribution"></a><a href="#_toc/operating-system" class="u"> Operating system</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/freebsd"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#freebsd">FreeBSD</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="freebsd"></a><a href="#_toc/berkeley-software-distribution" class="u"> Berkeley Software Distribution</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/posix"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#posix">POSIX</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="posix"></a><a href="#_toc/operating-system" class="u"> Operating system</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 69</span><span class="dcnt"> 17</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/environment-variable"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#environment-variable">Environment variable</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="environment-variable"></a><a href="#_toc/posix" class="u"> POSIX</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 4</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/posix-environment-variable"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#posix-environment-variable">POSIX environment variable</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="posix-environment-variable"></a><a href="#_toc/environment-variable" class="u"> Environment variable</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/path-environment-variable"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#path-environment-variable"><code>PATH</code> environment variable</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="path-environment-variable"></a><a href="#_toc/posix-environment-variable" class="u"> POSIX environment variable</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gnu-core-utils"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#gnu-core-utils">GNU Core Utils</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gnu-core-utils"></a><a href="#_toc/posix" class="u"> POSIX</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gnu-core-utils-command-line-utility"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#gnu-core-utils-command-line-utility">GNU Core Utils command line utility</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gnu-core-utils-command-line-utility"></a><a href="#_toc/gnu-core-utils" class="u"> GNU Core Utils</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/sha1sum"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#sha1sum">sha1sum</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sha1sum"></a><a href="#_toc/gnu-core-utils-command-line-utility" class="u"> GNU Core Utils command line utility</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/shred-unix"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#shred-unix">shred <span class="meta">(UNIX)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="shred-unix"></a><a href="#_toc/gnu-core-utils-command-line-utility" class="u"> GNU Core Utils command line utility</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/non-posix-command-line-utility"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#non-posix-command-line-utility">Non-POSIX command line utility</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="non-posix-command-line-utility"></a><a href="#_toc/posix" class="u"> POSIX</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/posix-command-line-utility"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#posix-command-line-utility">POSIX command line utility</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="posix-command-line-utility"></a><a href="#_toc/posix" class="u"> POSIX</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/diff"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#diff"><code>diff</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="diff"></a><a href="#_toc/posix" class="u"> POSIX</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/grep"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#grep"><code>grep</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="grep"></a><a href="#_toc/posix" class="u"> POSIX</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/grep-large-binary-files"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#grep-large-binary-files">grep large binary files</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="grep-large-binary-files"></a><a href="#_toc/grep" class="u"> <code>grep</code></a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/bgrep"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#bgrep"><code>bgrep</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bgrep"></a><a href="#_toc/grep" class="u"> <code>grep</code></a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/sed"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#sed"><code>sed</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sed"></a><a href="#_toc/posix" class="u"> POSIX</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/wc-unix"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#wc-unix"><code>wc</code> <span class="meta">(unix)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="wc-unix"></a><a href="#_toc/posix" class="u"> POSIX</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/standard-streams"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#standard-streams">Standard streams</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="standard-streams"></a><a href="#_toc/posix" class="u"> POSIX</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/standard-output"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#standard-output">Standard output</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="standard-output"></a><a href="#_toc/standard-streams" class="u"> Standard streams</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/templeos"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#templeos">TempleOS</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="templeos"></a><a href="#_toc/operating-system" class="u"> Operating system</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/terry-a-davis"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#terry-a-davis">Terry A. Davis <span class="meta">(Creator of TempleOS)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="terry-a-davis"></a><a href="#_toc/templeos" class="u"> TempleOS</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/executable-file-format"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#executable-file-format">Executable file format</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="executable-file-format"></a><a href="#_toc/systems-programming" class="u"> Systems programming</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 7k</span><span class="dcnt"> 38</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/executable-and-linkable-format"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#executable-and-linkable-format">Executable and Linkable Format</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="executable-and-linkable-format"></a><a href="#_toc/executable-file-format" class="u"> Executable file format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 7k</span><span class="dcnt"> 37</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world">ELF Hello World Tutorial</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world-split"></a><a href="#_toc/executable-and-linkable-format" class="u"> Executable and Linkable Format</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 3k</span><span class="dcnt"> 36</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/introduction"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#introduction"><i class="n">1. </i>Introduction</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/introduction"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world" class="u"> ELF Hello World Tutorial</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/standards"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#standards"><i class="n">1.1. </i>Standards</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/standards"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world/introduction" class="u"> Introduction</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/how-to-learn"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#how-to-learn"><i class="n">1.2. </i>How to learn</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/how-to-learn"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world/introduction" class="u"> Introduction</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/specified-file-formats"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#specified-file-formats"><i class="n">1.3. </i>Specified file formats</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/specified-file-formats"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world/introduction" class="u"> Introduction</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/implementations"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#implementations"><i class="n">1.4. </i>Implementations</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/implementations"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world/introduction" class="u"> Introduction</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/minimal-elf-file"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#minimal-elf-file"><i class="n">2. </i>Minimal ELF file</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/minimal-elf-file"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world" class="u"> ELF Hello World Tutorial</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/generate-the-example"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#generate-the-example"><i class="n">3. </i>Generate the example</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/generate-the-example"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world" class="u"> ELF Hello World Tutorial</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/object-hd"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#object-hd"><i class="n">4. </i>Object hd</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/object-hd"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world" class="u"> ELF Hello World Tutorial</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/executable-hd"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#executable-hd"><i class="n">5. </i>Executable hd</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/executable-hd"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world" class="u"> ELF Hello World Tutorial</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/global-file-structure"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#global-file-structure"><i class="n">6. </i>Global file structure</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/global-file-structure"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world" class="u"> ELF Hello World Tutorial</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/section-vs-segment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#section-vs-segment"><i class="n">7. </i>Section vs segment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/section-vs-segment"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world" class="u"> ELF Hello World Tutorial</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/elf-header"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#elf-header"><i class="n">8. </i>ELF header</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/elf-header"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world" class="u"> ELF Hello World Tutorial</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/section-header-table"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#section-header-table"><i class="n">9. </i>Section header table</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/section-header-table"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world" class="u"> ELF Hello World Tutorial</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/sections"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#sections"><i class="n">10. </i>Sections</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/sections"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world" class="u"> ELF Hello World Tutorial</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 638</span><span class="dcnt"> 20</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/index-0-section"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#index-0-section"><i class="n">10.1. </i>Index 0 section</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/index-0-section"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world/sections" class="u"> Sections</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/sht-null"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#sht-null"><i class="n">10.1.1. </i><code>SHT_NULL</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/sht-null"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world/index-0-section" class="u"> Index 0 section</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/data-section"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#data-section"><i class="n">10.2. </i><code>.data</code> section</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/data-section"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world/sections" class="u"> Sections</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/text-section"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#text-section"><i class="n">10.3. </i><code>.text</code> section</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/text-section"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world/sections" class="u"> Sections</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/sht-strtab"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#sht-strtab"><i class="n">10.4. </i><code>SHT_STRTAB</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/sht-strtab"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world/sections" class="u"> Sections</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/shstrtab"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#shstrtab"><i class="n">10.5. </i><code>.shstrtab</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/shstrtab"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world/sections" class="u"> Sections</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/symtab"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#symtab"><i class="n">10.6. </i><code>.symtab</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/symtab"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world/sections" class="u"> Sections</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 107</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/stt-file"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#stt-file"><i class="n">10.6.1. </i><code>STT_FILE</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/stt-file"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world/symtab" class="u"> <code>.symtab</code></a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/stt-section"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#stt-section"><i class="n">10.6.2. </i><code>STT_SECTION</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/stt-section"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world/symtab" class="u"> <code>.symtab</code></a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/stt-notype"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#stt-notype"><i class="n">10.6.3. </i><code>STT_NOTYPE</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/stt-notype"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world/symtab" class="u"> <code>.symtab</code></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/shn-abs"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#shn-abs"><i class="n">10.6.3.1. </i><code>SHN_ABS</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/shn-abs"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world/stt-notype" class="u"> <code>STT_NOTYPE</code></a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/sht-symtab-on-the-executable"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#sht-symtab-on-the-executable"><i class="n">10.6.4. </i><code>SHT_SYMTAB</code> on the executable</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/sht-symtab-on-the-executable"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world/symtab" class="u"> <code>.symtab</code></a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/strtab"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#strtab"><i class="n">10.7. </i><code>.strtab</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/strtab"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world/sections" class="u"> Sections</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/rela-text"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#rela-text"><i class="n">10.8. </i><code>.rela.text</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/rela-text"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world/sections" class="u"> Sections</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/rel-text"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#rel-text"><i class="n">10.8.1. </i><code>.rel.text</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/rel-text"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world/rela-text" class="u"> <code>.rela.text</code></a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/dynamic-linking-sections"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#dynamic-linking-sections"><i class="n">10.9. </i>Dynamic linking sections</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/dynamic-linking-sections"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world/sections" class="u"> Sections</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 45</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/pt-interp"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#pt-interp"><i class="n">10.9.1. </i><code>PT_INTERP</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/pt-interp"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world/dynamic-linking-sections" class="u"> Dynamic linking sections</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/dynamic-section"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#dynamic-section"><i class="n">10.9.2. </i>Dynamic section</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/dynamic-section"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world/dynamic-linking-sections" class="u"> Dynamic linking sections</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 38</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/dt-flags-1"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#dt-flags-1"><i class="n">10.9.2.1. </i><code>DT_FLAGS_1</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/dt-flags-1"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world/dynamic-section" class="u"> Dynamic section</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/df-1-pie"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#df-1-pie"><i class="n">10.9.2.1.1. </i><code>DF_1_PIE</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/df-1-pie"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world/dt-flags-1" class="u"> <code>DT_FLAGS_1</code></a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/program-header-table"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#program-header-table"><i class="n">11. </i>Program header table</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/program-header-table"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world" class="u"> ELF Hello World Tutorial</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/elf-hello-world/backlinks"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="elf-hello-world#backlinks"><i class="n">12. </i>Backlinks</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elf-hello-world/backlinks"></a><a href="#_toc/elf-hello-world" class="u"> ELF Hello World Tutorial</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/molecular-biology-feels-like-systems-programming"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#molecular-biology-feels-like-systems-programming">Molecular biology feels like systems programming</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="molecular-biology-feels-like-systems-programming"></a><a href="#_toc/systems-programming" class="u"> Systems programming</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/virtualization"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#virtualization">Virtualization</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="virtualization"></a><a href="#_toc/systems-programming" class="u"> Systems programming</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 166</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/docker-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#docker-software">Docker <span class="meta">(software)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="docker-software"></a><a href="#_toc/virtualization" class="u"> Virtualization</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/emulator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#emulator">Emulator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="emulator"></a><a href="#_toc/virtualization" class="u"> Virtualization</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 132</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/gem5"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#gem5">gem5</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gem5"></a><a href="#_toc/emulator" class="u"> Emulator</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/qemu"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#qemu">QEMU</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="qemu"></a><a href="#_toc/emulator" class="u"> Emulator</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 16</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/user-mode-emulation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#user-mode-emulation">User mode emulation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="user-mode-emulation"></a><a href="#_toc/qemu" class="u"> QEMU</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/qemu-javascript-port"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#qemu-javascript-port">QEMU JavaScript port</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="qemu-javascript-port"></a><a href="#_toc/qemu" class="u"> QEMU</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/qemu-js"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#qemu-js">QEMU.js</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="qemu-js"></a><a href="#_toc/qemu-javascript-port" class="u"> QEMU JavaScript port</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/binary-translation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#binary-translation">Binary translation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="binary-translation"></a><a href="#_toc/qemu" class="u"> QEMU</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/systems-programmer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#systems-programmer">Systems programmer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="systems-programmer"></a><a href="#_toc/systems-programming" class="u"> Systems programming</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 559</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/the-most-awesome-systems-programmers"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#the-most-awesome-systems-programmers">The most awesome systems programmers</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-most-awesome-systems-programmers"></a><a href="#_toc/systems-programmer" class="u"> Systems programmer</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-systems-programmers"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#list-of-systems-programmers">List of systems programmers</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-systems-programmers"></a><a href="#_toc/systems-programmer" class="u"> Systems programmer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/bert-hubert"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#bert-hubert">Bert Hubert</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bert-hubert"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-systems-programmers" class="u"> List of systems programmers</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/d-richard-hipp"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#d-richard-hipp">D. Richard Hipp <span class="meta">(Creator of SQLite)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="d-richard-hipp"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-systems-programmers" class="u"> List of systems programmers</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/eli-benderski"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#eli-benderski">Eli Benderski</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="eli-benderski"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-systems-programmers" class="u"> List of systems programmers</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/fabrice-bellard"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#fabrice-bellard">Fabrice Bellard <span class="meta">(creator of QEMU and FFmpeg)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fabrice-bellard"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-systems-programmers" class="u"> List of systems programmers</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/linus-torvalds"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#linus-torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="linus-torvalds"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-systems-programmers" class="u"> List of systems programmers</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/robert-o-callahan"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="systems-programming#robert-o-callahan">Robert O'Callahan</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="robert-o-callahan"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-systems-programmers" class="u"> List of systems programmers</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/terminal-emulator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#terminal-emulator">Terminal emulator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="terminal-emulator"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 59</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/yakuake"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#yakuake">Yakuake</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="yakuake"></a><a href="#_toc/terminal-emulator" class="u"> Terminal emulator</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/terminal-multiplexer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#terminal-multiplexer">Terminal multiplexer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="terminal-multiplexer"></a><a href="#_toc/terminal-emulator" class="u"> Terminal emulator</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/terminal-multiplexers-are-cli-desktop-environments"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#terminal-multiplexers-are-cli-desktop-environments">Terminal multiplexers are CLI desktop environments</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="terminal-multiplexers-are-cli-desktop-environments"></a><a href="#_toc/terminal-multiplexer" class="u"> Terminal multiplexer</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/gnu-screen"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#gnu-screen">GNU screen</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gnu-screen"></a><a href="#_toc/terminal-multiplexer" class="u"> Terminal multiplexer</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/tmux"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#tmux">tmux</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tmux"></a><a href="#_toc/terminal-multiplexer" class="u"> Terminal multiplexer</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/version-control"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#version-control">Version control</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="version-control"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2k</span><span class="dcnt"> 60</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/monorepo"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#monorepo">Monorepo</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="monorepo"></a><a href="#_toc/version-control" class="u"> Version control</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-version-control-systems"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#list-of-version-control-systems">List of version control systems</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-version-control-systems"></a><a href="#_toc/version-control" class="u"> Version control</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2k</span><span class="dcnt"> 58</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/concurrent-versions-system"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#concurrent-versions-system">Concurrent Versions System <span class="meta">(CSV)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="concurrent-versions-system"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-version-control-systems" class="u"> List of version control systems</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/git"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#git">Git</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-version-control-systems" class="u"> List of version control systems</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2k</span><span class="dcnt"> 55</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/git-design-rationale"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#git-design-rationale">Git design rationale</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-design-rationale"></a><a href="#_toc/git" class="u"> Git</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/git-command"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#git-command">Git command</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-command"></a><a href="#_toc/git" class="u"> Git</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 9</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/git-clone"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#git-clone">git clone</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-clone"></a><a href="#_toc/git-command" class="u"> Git command</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/download-a-single-directory-with-git"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#download-a-single-directory-with-git">Download a single directory with git</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="download-a-single-directory-with-git"></a><a href="#_toc/git-clone" class="u"> git clone</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/git-internals"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#git-internals">Git internals</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-internals"></a><a href="#_toc/git" class="u"> Git</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/git-remote-communcation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#git-remote-communcation">Git remote communcation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-remote-communcation"></a><a href="#_toc/git-internals" class="u"> Git internals</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/serve-git-over-http-static-website"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#serve-git-over-http-static-website">Serve Git over HTTP static website</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="serve-git-over-http-static-website"></a><a href="#_toc/git-remote-communcation" class="u"> Git remote communcation</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/git-object"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#git-object">Git object</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-object"></a><a href="#_toc/git-internals" class="u"> Git internals</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/git-commit-object"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#git-commit-object">Git commit object</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-commit-object"></a><a href="#_toc/git-object" class="u"> Git object</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/git-ui"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#git-ui">Git UI</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-ui"></a><a href="#_toc/git" class="u"> Git</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 112</span><span class="dcnt"> 19</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/gitk"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#gitk">gitk</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gitk"></a><a href="#_toc/git-ui" class="u"> Git UI</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/tig-git-ui"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#tig-git-ui">tig <span class="meta">(git UI)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tig-git-ui"></a><a href="#_toc/git-ui" class="u"> Git UI</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/git-web-interface"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#git-web-interface">Git web interface</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-web-interface"></a><a href="#_toc/git-ui" class="u"> Git UI</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 53</span><span class="dcnt"> 16</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/github"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#github">GitHub</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="github"></a><a href="#_toc/git-web-interface" class="u"> Git web interface</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 17</span><span class="dcnt"> 11</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/github-repo"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#github-repo">GitHub repo</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="github-repo"></a><a href="#_toc/github" class="u"> GitHub</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/github-book-repo"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#github-book-repo">GitHub book repo</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="github-book-repo"></a><a href="#_toc/github-repo" class="u"> GitHub repo</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/github-awesome-repo"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#github-awesome-repo">GitHub awesome repo</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="github-awesome-repo"></a><a href="#_toc/github-repo" class="u"> GitHub repo</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/github-porn-policy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#github-porn-policy">GitHub porn policy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="github-porn-policy"></a><a href="#_toc/github" class="u"> GitHub</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/github-users-deleted-by-github"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#github-users-deleted-by-github">GitHub users deleted by GitHub</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="github-users-deleted-by-github"></a><a href="#_toc/github" class="u"> GitHub</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/github-pages"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#github-pages">GitHub Pages</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="github-pages"></a><a href="#_toc/github" class="u"> GitHub</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/github-sponsors"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#github-sponsors">GitHub Sponsors</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="github-sponsors"></a><a href="#_toc/github" class="u"> GitHub</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/who-are-the-developers-that-are-making-the-most-money-through-github-sponsors"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#who-are-the-developers-that-are-making-the-most-money-through-github-sponsors">Who are the developers that are making the most money through GitHub sponsors?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="who-are-the-developers-that-are-making-the-most-money-through-github-sponsors"></a><a href="#_toc/github-sponsors" class="u"> GitHub Sponsors</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/pull-request"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#pull-request">Pull request</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pull-request"></a><a href="#_toc/github" class="u"> GitHub</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/octokat-js"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#octokat-js">Octokat.js</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="octokat-js"></a><a href="#_toc/github" class="u"> GitHub</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/octokit-js"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#octokit-js">octokit.js</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="octokit-js"></a><a href="#_toc/octokat-js" class="u"> Octokat.js</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gitlab"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#gitlab">GitLab</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gitlab"></a><a href="#_toc/git-web-interface" class="u"> Git web interface</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/gitlab-ci"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#gitlab-ci">GitLab CI</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gitlab-ci"></a><a href="#_toc/gitlab" class="u"> GitLab</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/gitlab-cookbook"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#gitlab-cookbook">GitLab cookbook</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gitlab-cookbook"></a><a href="#_toc/gitlab" class="u"> GitLab</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/sourceforge"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#sourceforge">SourceForge</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sourceforge"></a><a href="#_toc/git-web-interface" class="u"> Git web interface</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/git-tips"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="git-tips">Git tips</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-tips-split"></a><a href="#_toc/git" class="u"> Git</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 20</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/git-tips/understand-the-commit-tree"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="git-tips#understand-the-commit-tree">Understand the commit tree</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-tips/understand-the-commit-tree"></a><a href="#_toc/git-tips" class="u"> Git tips</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/git-tips/it-s-not-a-tree-it-s-actually-a-dag"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="git-tips#it-s-not-a-tree-it-s-actually-a-dag">It's not a tree, it's actually a DAG <span class="meta">(Directed Acyclic Graph)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-tips/it-s-not-a-tree-it-s-actually-a-dag"></a><a href="#_toc/git-tips" class="u"> Git tips</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/git-tips/why-is-git-a-dag"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="git-tips#why-is-git-a-dag">Why is Git a DAG?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-tips/why-is-git-a-dag"></a><a href="#_toc/git-tips" class="u"> Git tips</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/git-tips/linear-history-vs-branching"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="git-tips#linear-history-vs-branching">Linear history vs branching</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-tips/linear-history-vs-branching"></a><a href="#_toc/git-tips" class="u"> Git tips</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/git-tips/how-to-visualize-the-commit-tree"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="git-tips#how-to-visualize-the-commit-tree">How to visualize the commit tree</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-tips/how-to-visualize-the-commit-tree"></a><a href="#_toc/git-tips" class="u"> Git tips</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/git-tips/gitk"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="git-tips#gitk">gitk</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-tips/gitk"></a><a href="#_toc/git-tips/how-to-visualize-the-commit-tree" class="u"> How to visualize the commit tree</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/git-tips/git-log-graph"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="git-tips#git-log-graph"><code>git log --graph</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-tips/git-log-graph"></a><a href="#_toc/git-tips/how-to-visualize-the-commit-tree" class="u"> How to visualize the commit tree</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/git-tips/how-to-modify-the-commit-tree"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="git-tips#how-to-modify-the-commit-tree">How to modify the commit tree</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-tips/how-to-modify-the-commit-tree"></a><a href="#_toc/git-tips" class="u"> Git tips</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 188</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/git-tips/git-rebase-101"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="git-tips#git-rebase-101">git rebase 101</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-tips/git-rebase-101"></a><a href="#_toc/git-tips/how-to-modify-the-commit-tree" class="u"> How to modify the commit tree</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/git-tips/move-your-branch-on-top-of-newest-master"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="git-tips#move-your-branch-on-top-of-newest-master">Move your branch on top of newest master</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-tips/move-your-branch-on-top-of-newest-master"></a><a href="#_toc/git-tips/git-rebase-101" class="u"> git rebase 101</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/git-tips/modify-contents-of-an-old-commit-in-your-branch"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="git-tips#modify-contents-of-an-old-commit-in-your-branch">Modify contents of an old commit in your branch</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-tips/modify-contents-of-an-old-commit-in-your-branch"></a><a href="#_toc/git-tips/git-rebase-101" class="u"> git rebase 101</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/git-tips/merge-two-or-more-commits-into-one"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="git-tips#merge-two-or-more-commits-into-one">Merge two or more commits into one</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-tips/merge-two-or-more-commits-into-one"></a><a href="#_toc/git-tips/git-rebase-101" class="u"> git rebase 101</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/git-tips/oh-but-there-are-2-trees-local-and-remote"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="git-tips#oh-but-there-are-2-trees-local-and-remote">Oh, but there are 2 trees: local and remote</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-tips/oh-but-there-are-2-trees-local-and-remote"></a><a href="#_toc/git-tips" class="u"> Git tips</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/git-tips/merge-conflicts"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="git-tips#merge-conflicts">Merge conflicts</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-tips/merge-conflicts"></a><a href="#_toc/git-tips" class="u"> Git tips</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 500</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/git-tips/git-rebase-moves-commits-one-by-one"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="git-tips#git-rebase-moves-commits-one-by-one">git rebase moves commits one by one</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-tips/git-rebase-moves-commits-one-by-one"></a><a href="#_toc/git-tips/merge-conflicts" class="u"> Merge conflicts</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/git-tips/the-key-to-solve-conflicts-see-the-two-conflicting-diffs"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="git-tips#the-key-to-solve-conflicts-see-the-two-conflicting-diffs">The key to solve conflicts: see the two conflicting diffs</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-tips/the-key-to-solve-conflicts-see-the-two-conflicting-diffs"></a><a href="#_toc/git-tips/merge-conflicts" class="u"> Merge conflicts</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/git-tips/conflict-resolution-tool"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="git-tips#conflict-resolution-tool">Conflict resolution tool</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-tips/conflict-resolution-tool"></a><a href="#_toc/git-tips/merge-conflicts" class="u"> Merge conflicts</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/git-tips/diff3"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="git-tips#diff3"><code>diff3</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-tips/diff3"></a><a href="#_toc/git-tips/conflict-resolution-tool" class="u"> Conflict resolution tool</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/git-tips/git-mergetool-with-meld-or-kdiff3"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="git-tips#git-mergetool-with-meld-or-kdiff3"><code>git mergetool</code> with <code>meld</code> or <code>kdiff3</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-tips/git-mergetool-with-meld-or-kdiff3"></a><a href="#_toc/git-tips/conflict-resolution-tool" class="u"> Conflict resolution tool</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/git-tips/but-which-commit-from-master-did-we-conflict-with-exactly"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="git-tips#but-which-commit-from-master-did-we-conflict-with-exactly">But which commit from master did we conflict with exactly?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-tips/but-which-commit-from-master-did-we-conflict-with-exactly"></a><a href="#_toc/git-tips/conflict-resolution-tool" class="u"> Conflict resolution tool</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/git-implementation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#git-implementation">Git implementation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-implementation"></a><a href="#_toc/git" class="u"> Git</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/libgit2"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#libgit2">libgit2</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="libgit2"></a><a href="#_toc/git-implementation" class="u"> Git implementation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/libgit2-rugged"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#libgit2-rugged">libgit2/rugged</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="libgit2-rugged"></a><a href="#_toc/libgit2" class="u"> libgit2</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/git-bibliography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#git-bibliography">Git bibliography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="git-bibliography"></a><a href="#_toc/git" class="u"> Git</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/pro-git-book"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#pro-git-book">Pro Git book</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pro-git-book"></a><a href="#_toc/git-bibliography" class="u"> Git bibliography</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/perforce"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#perforce">Perforce</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="perforce"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-version-control-systems" class="u"> List of version control systems</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/web-technology"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="web-technology">Web technology</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="web-technology-split"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 3k</span><span class="dcnt"> 73</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/world-wide-web"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="web-technology#world-wide-web">World Wide Web</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="world-wide-web"></a><a href="#_toc/web-technology" class="u"> Web technology</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/world-wide-web-consortium"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span 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class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="web-technology#html">HTML</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="html"></a><a href="#_toc/web-technology" class="u"> Web technology</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 24</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/html-element"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="web-technology#html-element">HTML element</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="html-element"></a><a href="#_toc/html" class="u"> HTML</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/html-canvas"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="web-technology#html-canvas">HTML canvas</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="html-canvas"></a><a href="#_toc/html-element" class="u"> HTML element</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/webgl"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="web-technology#webgl">WebGL</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="webgl"></a><a href="#_toc/html-canvas" class="u"> HTML canvas</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/three-js"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="web-technology#three-js">three.js</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="three-js"></a><a href="#_toc/webgl" class="u"> WebGL</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/html-details-tag"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="web-technology#html-details-tag">HTML <code>details</code> tag</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="html-details-tag"></a><a href="#_toc/html-element" class="u"> HTML element</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/_file/html/details-toc.html"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="web-technology#_file/html/details-toc.html">html/details-toc.html</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="_file/html/details-toc.html"></a><a href="#_toc/html-details-tag" class="u"> HTML <code>details</code> tag</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/html-summary-tag"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="web-technology#html-summary-tag">HTML <code>summary</code> tag</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="html-summary-tag"></a><a href="#_toc/html-details-tag" class="u"> HTML <code>details</code> tag</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/cascading-style-sheets"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="web-technology#cascading-style-sheets">Cascading 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class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="web-technology#javascript-browser-example">JavaScript browser example</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="javascript-browser-example"></a><a href="#_toc/web-technology" class="u"> Web technology</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/website-stack"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="web-technology#website-stack">Website stack</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="website-stack"></a><a href="#_toc/web-technology" class="u"> Web technology</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/asset-bundler"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="web-technology#asset-bundler">Asset bundler</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="asset-bundler"></a><a href="#_toc/web-technology" class="u"> Web technology</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 299</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/webpack"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="webpack">webpack</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="webpack-split"></a><a href="#_toc/asset-bundler" class="u"> Asset bundler</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/_file/webpack/template"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="webpack#_file/webpack/template">webpack/template</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="_file/webpack/template"></a><a href="#_toc/webpack" class="u"> webpack</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/_file/webpack/sass"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="webpack#_file/webpack/sass">webpack/sass</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="_file/webpack/sass"></a><a href="#_toc/webpack" class="u"> 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id="_toc/disable-javascript-on-chromium"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="web-technology#disable-javascript-on-chromium">Disable JavaScript on Chromium</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="disable-javascript-on-chromium"></a><a href="#_toc/chromium-web-browser" class="u"> Chromium</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/firefox"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="web-technology#firefox">Firefox</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="firefox"></a><a href="#_toc/web-browser" class="u"> Web browser</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/google-chrome"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="web-technology#google-chrome">Google Chrome</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-chrome"></a><a href="#_toc/web-browser" class="u"> Web browser</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 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class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gothinkster-realworld"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="web-technology#gothinkster-realworld">gothinkster/realworld</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gothinkster-realworld"></a><a href="#_toc/a-blog-in-every-web-framework" class="u"> A blog in every web framework</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/gothinkster-realworld-implementation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="web-technology#gothinkster-realworld-implementation">gothinkster/realworld implementation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gothinkster-realworld-implementation"></a><a href="#_toc/gothinkster-realworld" class="u"> gothinkster/realworld</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/todomvc"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span 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href="#_toc/react-example" class="u"> React example</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/_file/react/ref-twice.html"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="react#_file/react/ref-twice.html">react/ref-twice.html</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="_file/react/ref-twice.html"></a><a href="#_toc/react-example" class="u"> React example</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/react-dom-manipulation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="react#react-dom-manipulation">React DOM manipulation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="react-dom-manipulation"></a><a href="#_toc/react" class="u"> React</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/_file/react/ref-click-counter.html"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a 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href="#_toc/react" class="u"> React</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 20</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/react-class-component"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="react#react-class-component">React class component</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="react-class-component"></a><a href="#_toc/react-class-vs-function-component" class="u"> React class vs function component</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/react-function-component"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="react#react-function-component">React function component</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="react-function-component"></a><a href="#_toc/react-class-vs-function-component" class="u"> React class vs function component</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 20</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/react-hook"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="react#react-hook">React hook</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="react-hook"></a><a href="#_toc/react-function-component" class="u"> React function component</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/useeffect"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="react#useeffect"><code>useEffect</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="useeffect"></a><a href="#_toc/react-hook" class="u"> React hook</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/useref"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="react#useref"><code>useRef</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="useref"></a><a href="#_toc/react-hook" class="u"> React hook</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/usecallback"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="react#usecallback"><code>useCallback</code></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="usecallback"></a><a href="#_toc/react-hook" class="u"> React hook</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/next-js"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="react#next-js">Next.js</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="next-js"></a><a href="#_toc/react" class="u"> React</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 281</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/next-js-example"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="react#next-js-example">Next.js example</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="next-js-example"></a><a href="#_toc/next-js" class="u"> Next.js</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/_file/nodejs/next/posts"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="react#_file/nodejs/next/posts">nodejs/next/posts</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="_file/nodejs/next/posts"></a><a href="#_toc/next-js-example" class="u"> Next.js example</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/_file/nodejs/next/ref-twice"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="react#_file/nodejs/next/ref-twice">nodejs/next/ref-twice</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="_file/nodejs/next/ref-twice"></a><a href="#_toc/next-js-example" class="u"> Next.js example</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/_file/nodejs/next/inject-into-static"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="react#_file/nodejs/next/inject-into-static">nodejs/next/inject-into-static</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="_file/nodejs/next/inject-into-static"></a><a href="#_toc/next-js-example" class="u"> Next.js example</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/node-express-sequelize-next-js-realworld-example-app"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="react#node-express-sequelize-next-js-realworld-example-app">Node Express Sequelize Next.js realworld example app</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="node-express-sequelize-next-js-realworld-example-app"></a><a href="#_toc/next-js" class="u"> Next.js</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/vue-js"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="web-technology#vue-js">Vue.js</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="vue-js"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-front-end-web-frameworks" class="u"> List of front-end web frameworks</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/nuxt-js"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="web-technology#nuxt-js">Nuxt.js</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nuxt-js"></a><a href="#_toc/vue-js" class="u"> Vue.js</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/software-bibliography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#software-bibliography">Software bibliography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="software-bibliography"></a><a href="#_toc/software" class="u"> Software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ebookfoundation-free-programming-books"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="software#ebookfoundation-free-programming-books">EbookFoundation/free-programming-books</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ebookfoundation-free-programming-books"></a><a href="#_toc/software-bibliography" class="u"> Software bibliography</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-hardware"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware">Computer hardware</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-hardware-split"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Computer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 13k</span><span class="dcnt"> 369</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/moore-s-law"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#moore-s-law">Moore's law</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="moore-s-law"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-hardware" class="u"> Computer hardware</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/semiconductor-device-fabrication"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#semiconductor-device-fabrication">Semiconductor device fabrication</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="semiconductor-device-fabrication"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-hardware" class="u"> Computer hardware</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 643</span><span class="dcnt"> 40</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/semiconductor-research-institute"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#semiconductor-research-institute">Semiconductor research institute</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="semiconductor-research-institute"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-device-fabrication" class="u"> Semiconductor device fabrication</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 4</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/imec"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#imec">IMEC <span class="meta">(1984-, Belgium)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="imec"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-research-institute" class="u"> Semiconductor research institute</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-research-institute"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#computer-research-institute">Computer research institute</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-research-institute"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-research-institute" class="u"> Semiconductor research institute</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/xerox-parc"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#xerox-parc">Xerox PARC</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="xerox-parc"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-research-institute" class="u"> Computer research institute</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/semiconductor-equipment-maker"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#semiconductor-equipment-maker">Semiconductor equipment maker</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="semiconductor-equipment-maker"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-device-fabrication" class="u"> Semiconductor device fabrication</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 3</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/asml-holding"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#asml-holding">ASML Holding <span class="meta">(1984-)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="asml-holding"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-equipment-maker" class="u"> Semiconductor equipment maker</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/asm-international"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#asm-international">ASM International <span class="meta">(1964)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="asm-international"></a><a href="#_toc/asml-holding" class="u"> ASML Holding</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/applied-materials"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#applied-materials">Applied Materials <span class="meta">(1967-)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="applied-materials"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-equipment-maker" class="u"> Semiconductor equipment maker</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/power-performance-and-area"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#power-performance-and-area">Power, performance and area <span class="meta">(PPA)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="power-performance-and-area"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-device-fabrication" class="u"> Semiconductor device fabrication</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/wafer-electronics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#wafer-electronics">Wafer <span class="meta">(electronics)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="wafer-electronics"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-device-fabrication" class="u"> Semiconductor device fabrication</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/czochralski-method"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#czochralski-method">Czochralski method</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="czochralski-method"></a><a href="#_toc/wafer-electronics" class="u"> Wafer</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/semiconductor-fabrication-plant"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#semiconductor-fabrication-plant">Semiconductor fabrication plant <span class="meta">(foundry)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="semiconductor-fabrication-plant"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-device-fabrication" class="u"> Semiconductor device fabrication</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 183</span><span class="dcnt"> 11</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/company-with-a-semiconductor-fabrication-plant"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#company-with-a-semiconductor-fabrication-plant">Company with a semiconductor fabrication plant</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="company-with-a-semiconductor-fabrication-plant"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-fabrication-plant" class="u"> Semiconductor fabrication plant</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/fairchild-semiconductor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#fairchild-semiconductor">Fairchild Semiconductor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fairchild-semiconductor"></a><a href="#_toc/company-with-a-semiconductor-fabrication-plant" class="u"> Company with a semiconductor fabrication plant</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/globalfoundries"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#globalfoundries">GlobalFoundries <span class="meta">(2009, AMD spinout)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="globalfoundries"></a><a href="#_toc/company-with-a-semiconductor-fabrication-plant" class="u"> Company with a semiconductor fabrication plant</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/infineon-technologies"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#infineon-technologies">Infineon Technologies <span class="meta">(1999)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="infineon-technologies"></a><a href="#_toc/company-with-a-semiconductor-fabrication-plant" class="u"> Company with a semiconductor fabrication plant</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/smic"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#smic">SMIC <span class="meta">(Chinese TSMC)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="smic"></a><a href="#_toc/company-with-a-semiconductor-fabrication-plant" class="u"> Company with a semiconductor fabrication plant</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/tsmc"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#tsmc">TSMC</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tsmc"></a><a href="#_toc/company-with-a-semiconductor-fabrication-plant" class="u"> Company with a semiconductor fabrication plant</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/semiconductor-fabrication-step"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#semiconductor-fabrication-step">Semiconductor fabrication step</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="semiconductor-fabrication-step"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-fabrication-plant" class="u"> Semiconductor fabrication plant</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/chemical-vapor-deposition"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#chemical-vapor-deposition">Chemical vapor deposition</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="chemical-vapor-deposition"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-fabrication-step" class="u"> Semiconductor fabrication step</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/photolithography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#photolithography">Photolithography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="photolithography"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-fabrication-step" class="u"> Semiconductor fabrication step</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/extreme-ultraviolet-lithography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#extreme-ultraviolet-lithography">Extreme ultraviolet lithography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="extreme-ultraviolet-lithography"></a><a href="#_toc/photolithography" class="u"> Photolithography</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/photomask"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#photomask">Photomask</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="photomask"></a><a href="#_toc/photolithography" class="u"> Photolithography</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/standard-cell-library"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#standard-cell-library">Standard cell library</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="standard-cell-library"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-device-fabrication" class="u"> Semiconductor device fabrication</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/open-source-standard-cell-library"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#open-source-standard-cell-library">Open source standard cell library</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-source-standard-cell-library"></a><a href="#_toc/standard-cell-library" class="u"> Standard cell library</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/electronic-design-automation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#electronic-design-automation">Electronic design automation <span class="meta">(EDA)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electronic-design-automation"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-device-fabrication" class="u"> Semiconductor device fabrication</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 88</span><span class="dcnt"> 11</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/electronic-design-automation-phase"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#electronic-design-automation-phase">Electronic design automation phase</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electronic-design-automation-phase"></a><a href="#_toc/electronic-design-automation" class="u"> Electronic design automation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 6</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/logic-synthesis"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#logic-synthesis">Logic synthesis</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="logic-synthesis"></a><a href="#_toc/electronic-design-automation-phase" class="u"> Electronic design automation phase</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/place-and-route"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#place-and-route">Place and route</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="place-and-route"></a><a href="#_toc/electronic-design-automation-phase" class="u"> Electronic design automation phase</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 6</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/integrated-circuit-layout"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#integrated-circuit-layout">Integrated circuit layout</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="integrated-circuit-layout"></a><a href="#_toc/place-and-route" class="u"> Place and route</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/gdsii"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#gdsii">GDSII</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gdsii"></a><a href="#_toc/integrated-circuit-layout" class="u"> Integrated circuit layout</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/eda-company"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#eda-company">EDA company</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="eda-company"></a><a href="#_toc/electronic-design-automation" class="u"> Electronic design automation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/cadence-design-systems"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#cadence-design-systems">Cadence Design Systems</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cadence-design-systems"></a><a href="#_toc/eda-company" class="u"> EDA company</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/mentor-graphics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#mentor-graphics">Mentor Graphics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mentor-graphics"></a><a href="#_toc/eda-company" class="u"> EDA company</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/synopsys"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#synopsys">Synopsys</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="synopsys"></a><a href="#_toc/eda-company" class="u"> EDA company</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/open-source-eda-tool"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#open-source-eda-tool">Open source EDA tool</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-source-eda-tool"></a><a href="#_toc/electronic-design-automation" class="u"> Electronic design automation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/qflow"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#qflow">qflow</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="qflow"></a><a href="#_toc/open-source-eda-tool" class="u"> Open source EDA tool</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/semiconductor-process-node"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#semiconductor-process-node">Semiconductor process node</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="semiconductor-process-node"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-device-fabrication" class="u"> Semiconductor device fabrication</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/semiconductor-device-fabrication-bibilography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#semiconductor-device-fabrication-bibilography">Semiconductor device fabrication bibilography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="semiconductor-device-fabrication-bibilography"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-device-fabrication" class="u"> Semiconductor device fabrication</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/asianometry"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#asianometry">Asianometry</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="asianometry"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-device-fabrication-bibilography" class="u"> Semiconductor device fabrication bibilography</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/integrated-circuit"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#integrated-circuit">Integrated circuit <span class="meta">(IC)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="integrated-circuit"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-hardware" class="u"> Computer hardware</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/interconnect-integrated-circuits"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#interconnect-integrated-circuits">Interconnect <span class="meta">(integrated_circuits)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="interconnect-integrated-circuits"></a><a href="#_toc/integrated-circuit" class="u"> Integrated circuit</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/application-specific-integrated-circuit"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#application-specific-integrated-circuit">Application-specific integrated circuit</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="application-specific-integrated-circuit"></a><a href="#_toc/integrated-circuit" class="u"> Integrated circuit</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/system-on-a-chip"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#system-on-a-chip">System on a chip</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="system-on-a-chip"></a><a href="#_toc/integrated-circuit" class="u"> Integrated circuit</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/register-transfer-level"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#register-transfer-level">Register transfer level <span class="meta">(RTL)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="register-transfer-level"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-hardware" class="u"> Computer hardware</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 421</span><span class="dcnt"> 11</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/high-level-synthesis"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#high-level-synthesis">High-level synthesis</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="high-level-synthesis"></a><a href="#_toc/register-transfer-level" class="u"> Register transfer level</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/fabless-manufacturing"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#fabless-manufacturing">Fabless manufacturing</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fabless-manufacturing"></a><a href="#_toc/register-transfer-level" class="u"> Register transfer level</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/fabless-semiconductor-company"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#fabless-semiconductor-company">Fabless semiconductor company</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fabless-semiconductor-company"></a><a href="#_toc/fabless-manufacturing" class="u"> Fabless manufacturing</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/logic-gate"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#logic-gate">Logic gate</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="logic-gate"></a><a href="#_toc/register-transfer-level" class="u"> Register transfer level</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/truth-table"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#truth-table">Truth table</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="truth-table"></a><a href="#_toc/logic-gate" class="u"> Logic gate</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/verilog"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#verilog">Verilog</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="verilog"></a><a href="#_toc/register-transfer-level" class="u"> Register transfer level</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 114</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/value-change-dump"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#value-change-dump">Value change dump <span class="meta">(VCD)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="value-change-dump"></a><a href="#_toc/verilog" class="u"> Verilog</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/verilator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#verilator">Verilator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="verilator"></a><a href="#_toc/verilog" class="u"> Verilog</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/verilator-interactive-example"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#verilator-interactive-example">Verilator interactive example</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="verilator-interactive-example"></a><a href="#_toc/verilator" class="u"> Verilator</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/vhdl"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#vhdl">VHDL</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="vhdl"></a><a href="#_toc/register-transfer-level" class="u"> Register transfer level</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ghdl"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#ghdl">GHDL</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ghdl"></a><a href="#_toc/vhdl" class="u"> VHDL</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/microarchitecture"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#microarchitecture">Microarchitecture</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="microarchitecture"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-hardware" class="u"> Computer hardware</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-hardware-component-type"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#computer-hardware-component-type">Computer hardware component type</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-hardware-component-type"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-hardware" class="u"> Computer hardware</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 8k</span><span class="dcnt"> 147</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/processor-computing"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#processor-computing">Processor <span class="meta">(computing)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="processor-computing"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-hardware-component-type" class="u"> Computer hardware component type</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 7k</span><span class="dcnt"> 94</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/instruction-set-architecture"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#instruction-set-architecture">Instruction set architecture</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="instruction-set-architecture"></a><a href="#_toc/processor-computing" class="u"> Processor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 6k</span><span class="dcnt"> 59</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/assembly-language"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#assembly-language">Assembly language</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="assembly-language"></a><a href="#_toc/instruction-set-architecture" class="u"> Instruction set architecture</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/assembler-computing"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#assembler-computing">Assembler <span class="meta">(computing)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="assembler-computing"></a><a href="#_toc/assembly-language" class="u"> Assembly language</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/gnu-assembler"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#gnu-assembler">GNU Assembler</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gnu-assembler"></a><a href="#_toc/assembler-computing" class="u"> Assembler</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/calling-convention"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#calling-convention">Calling convention</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="calling-convention"></a><a href="#_toc/instruction-set-architecture" class="u"> Instruction set architecture</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-instruction-set-architectures"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#list-of-instruction-set-architectures">List of instruction set architectures</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-instruction-set-architectures"></a><a href="#_toc/instruction-set-architecture" class="u"> Instruction set architecture</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 6k</span><span class="dcnt"> 54</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/one-instruction-set-computer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#one-instruction-set-computer">One instruction set computer <span class="meta">(OISC)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="one-instruction-set-computer"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-instruction-set-architectures" class="u"> List of instruction set architectures</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/arm-architecture-family"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#arm-architecture-family">ARM architecture family</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arm-architecture-family"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-instruction-set-architectures" class="u"> List of instruction set architectures</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/powerpc"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#powerpc">PowerPC</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="powerpc"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-instruction-set-architectures" class="u"> List of instruction set architectures</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/risc-v"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#risc-v">RISC-V</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="risc-v"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-instruction-set-architectures" class="u"> List of instruction set architectures</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 73</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/risc-v-international"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#risc-v-international">RISC-V International</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="risc-v-international"></a><a href="#_toc/risc-v" class="u"> RISC-V</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/sifive"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#sifive">SiFive</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sifive"></a><a href="#_toc/risc-v" class="u"> RISC-V</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/risc-v-timer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#risc-v-timer">RISC-V timer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="risc-v-timer"></a><a href="#_toc/risc-v" class="u"> RISC-V</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/_file/riscv/timer.S"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#_file/riscv/timer.S">riscv/timer.S</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="_file/riscv/timer.S"></a><a href="#_toc/risc-v-timer" class="u"> RISC-V timer</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/risc-v-priviledged-isa"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#risc-v-priviledged-isa">RISC-V priviledged ISA</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="risc-v-priviledged-isa"></a><a href="#_toc/risc-v" class="u"> RISC-V</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/risc-v-mstatus-register"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#risc-v-mstatus-register">RISC-V MSTATUS register</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="risc-v-mstatus-register"></a><a href="#_toc/risc-v-priviledged-isa" class="u"> RISC-V priviledged ISA</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/risc-v-mstatus-mie-field"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#risc-v-mstatus-mie-field">RISC-V MSTATUS.MIE field</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="risc-v-mstatus-mie-field"></a><a href="#_toc/risc-v-mstatus-register" class="u"> RISC-V MSTATUS register</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/x86"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#x86">x86</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-instruction-set-architectures" class="u"> List of instruction set architectures</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 6k</span><span class="dcnt"> 41</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/x86-paging"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging">x86 Paging Tutorial</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging-split"></a><a href="#_toc/x86" class="u"> x86</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 4k</span><span class="dcnt"> 39</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/sample-code"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#sample-code"><i class="n">1. </i>Sample code</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/sample-code"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging" class="u"> x86 Paging Tutorial</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/intel-manual"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#intel-manual"><i class="n">2. </i>Intel manual</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/intel-manual"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging" class="u"> x86 Paging Tutorial</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/application"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#application"><i class="n">3. </i>Application</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/application"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging" class="u"> x86 Paging Tutorial</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/hardware-implementation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#hardware-implementation"><i class="n">4. </i>Hardware implementation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/hardware-implementation"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging" class="u"> x86 Paging Tutorial</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/segmentation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#segmentation"><i class="n">5. </i>Segmentation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/segmentation"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging" class="u"> x86 Paging Tutorial</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/x86-paging/example-simplified-single-level-paging-scheme"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#example-simplified-single-level-paging-scheme"><i class="n">6. </i>Example: simplified single-level paging scheme</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/example-simplified-single-level-paging-scheme"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging" class="u"> x86 Paging Tutorial</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/single-level-paging-scheme-visualization"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#single-level-paging-scheme-visualization"><i class="n">6.1. </i>Single level paging scheme visualization</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/single-level-paging-scheme-visualization"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging/example-simplified-single-level-paging-scheme" class="u"> Example: simplified single-level paging scheme</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/single-level-paging-scheme-numerical-translation-example"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#single-level-paging-scheme-numerical-translation-example"><i class="n">6.2. </i>Single level paging scheme numerical translation example</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/single-level-paging-scheme-numerical-translation-example"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging/example-simplified-single-level-paging-scheme" class="u"> Example: simplified single-level paging scheme</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/multiple-addresses-translate-to-a-single-physical-address"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#multiple-addresses-translate-to-a-single-physical-address"><i class="n">6.3. </i>Multiple addresses translate to a single physical address</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/multiple-addresses-translate-to-a-single-physical-address"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging/example-simplified-single-level-paging-scheme" class="u"> Example: simplified single-level paging scheme</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/identity-mapping"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#identity-mapping"><i class="n">6.4. </i>Identity mapping</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/identity-mapping"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging/example-simplified-single-level-paging-scheme" class="u"> Example: simplified single-level paging scheme</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/page-faults"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#page-faults"><i class="n">6.5. </i>Page faults</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/page-faults"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging/example-simplified-single-level-paging-scheme" class="u"> Example: simplified single-level paging scheme</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/page-table-entries"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#page-table-entries"><i class="n">6.6. </i>Page table entries</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/page-table-entries"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging/example-simplified-single-level-paging-scheme" class="u"> Example: simplified single-level paging scheme</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/page-size-choice"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#page-size-choice"><i class="n">6.7. </i>Page size choice</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/page-size-choice"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging/example-simplified-single-level-paging-scheme" class="u"> Example: simplified single-level paging scheme</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/x86-paging/example-multi-level-paging-scheme"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#example-multi-level-paging-scheme"><i class="n">7. </i>Example: multi-level paging scheme</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/example-multi-level-paging-scheme"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging" class="u"> x86 Paging Tutorial</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/the-problem-with-single-level-paging"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#the-problem-with-single-level-paging"><i class="n">7.1. </i>The problem with single-level paging</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/the-problem-with-single-level-paging"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging/example-multi-level-paging-scheme" class="u"> Example: multi-level paging scheme</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/k-ary-trees-to-the-rescue"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#k-ary-trees-to-the-rescue"><i class="n">7.2. </i>K-ary trees to the rescue</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/k-ary-trees-to-the-rescue"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging/example-multi-level-paging-scheme" class="u"> Example: multi-level paging scheme</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/why-not-a-balanced-tree"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#why-not-a-balanced-tree"><i class="n">7.3. </i>Why not a balanced tree</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/why-not-a-balanced-tree"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging/example-multi-level-paging-scheme" class="u"> Example: multi-level paging scheme</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/how-the-k-ary-tree-is-used-in-x86"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#how-the-k-ary-tree-is-used-in-x86"><i class="n">7.4. </i>How the K-ary tree is used in x86</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/how-the-k-ary-tree-is-used-in-x86"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging/example-multi-level-paging-scheme" class="u"> Example: multi-level paging scheme</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/multi-level-paging-scheme-numerical-translation-example"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#multi-level-paging-scheme-numerical-translation-example"><i class="n">7.5. </i>Multi-level paging scheme numerical translation example</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/multi-level-paging-scheme-numerical-translation-example"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging/example-multi-level-paging-scheme" class="u"> Example: multi-level paging scheme</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/64-bit-architectures"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#64-bit-architectures"><i class="n">8. </i>64-bit architectures</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/64-bit-architectures"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging" class="u"> x86 Paging Tutorial</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/pae"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#pae"><i class="n">9. </i>PAE</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/pae"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging" class="u"> x86 Paging Tutorial</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/pse"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#pse"><i class="n">10. </i>PSE</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/pse"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging" class="u"> x86 Paging Tutorial</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/pae-and-pse-page-table-schemes"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#pae-and-pse-page-table-schemes"><i class="n">11. </i>PAE and PSE page table schemes</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/pae-and-pse-page-table-schemes"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging" class="u"> x86 Paging Tutorial</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/x86-paging/tlb"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#tlb"><i class="n">12. </i>TLB</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/tlb"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging" class="u"> x86 Paging Tutorial</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/basic-tlb-operation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#basic-tlb-operation"><i class="n">12.1. </i>Basic TLB operation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/basic-tlb-operation"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging/tlb" class="u"> TLB</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/tlb-replacement-policy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#tlb-replacement-policy"><i class="n">12.2. </i>TLB replacement policy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/tlb-replacement-policy"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging/tlb" class="u"> TLB</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/cam"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#cam"><i class="n">12.3. </i>CAM</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/cam"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging/tlb" class="u"> TLB</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/invalidating-tlb-entries"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#invalidating-tlb-entries"><i class="n">12.4. </i>Invalidating TLB entries</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/invalidating-tlb-entries"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging/tlb" class="u"> TLB</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/x86-paging/linux-kernel-usage"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#linux-kernel-usage"><i class="n">13. </i>Linux kernel usage</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/linux-kernel-usage"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging" class="u"> x86 Paging Tutorial</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/play-with-physical-addresses-in-linux"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#play-with-physical-addresses-in-linux"><i class="n">13.1. </i>Play with physical addresses in Linux</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/play-with-physical-addresses-in-linux"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging/linux-kernel-usage" class="u"> Linux kernel usage</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/kernel-vs-process-memory-layout"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#kernel-vs-process-memory-layout"><i class="n">13.2. </i>Kernel vs process memory layout</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/kernel-vs-process-memory-layout"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging/linux-kernel-usage" class="u"> Linux kernel usage</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/process-memory-layout"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#process-memory-layout"><i class="n">13.3. </i>Process memory layout</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/process-memory-layout"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging/linux-kernel-usage" class="u"> Linux kernel usage</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/copy-on-write"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#copy-on-write"><i class="n">13.4. </i>Copy-on-write <span class="meta">(COW)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/copy-on-write"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging/linux-kernel-usage" class="u"> Linux kernel usage</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/linux-source-tree"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#linux-source-tree"><i class="n">13.5. </i>Linux source tree</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/linux-source-tree"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging/linux-kernel-usage" class="u"> Linux kernel usage</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/memory-management-unit"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#memory-management-unit"><i class="n">14. </i>Memory management unit</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/memory-management-unit"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging" class="u"> x86 Paging Tutorial</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/second-level-address-translation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#second-level-address-translation"><i class="n">15. </i>Second Level Address Translation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/second-level-address-translation"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging" class="u"> x86 Paging Tutorial</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/x86-paging/other-architectures"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#other-architectures"><i class="n">16. </i>Other architectures</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/other-architectures"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging" class="u"> x86 Paging Tutorial</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/arm"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#arm"><i class="n">16.1. </i>ARM</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/arm"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging/other-architectures" class="u"> Other architectures</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/x86-paging/bibliography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="x86-paging#bibliography"><i class="n">17. </i>Bibliography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-paging/bibliography"></a><a href="#_toc/x86-paging" class="u"> x86 Paging Tutorial</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/x86-custom-instructions"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#x86-custom-instructions">x86 custom instructions</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x86-custom-instructions"></a><a href="#_toc/x86" class="u"> x86</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/y86"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#y86">Y86</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="y86"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-instruction-set-architectures" class="u"> List of instruction set architectures</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/type-of-processor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#type-of-processor">Type of processor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="type-of-processor"></a><a href="#_toc/processor-computing" class="u"> Processor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 545</span><span class="dcnt"> 33</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/central-processing-unit"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#central-processing-unit">Central processing unit</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="central-processing-unit"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-processor" class="u"> Type of processor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 452</span><span class="dcnt"> 16</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/arithmetic-logic-unit"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#arithmetic-logic-unit">Arithmetic logic unit</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arithmetic-logic-unit"></a><a href="#_toc/central-processing-unit" class="u"> Central processing unit</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/microcontroller"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#microcontroller">Microcontroller</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="microcontroller"></a><a href="#_toc/central-processing-unit" class="u"> Central processing unit</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/micropython"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#micropython">MicroPython</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="micropython"></a><a href="#_toc/microcontroller" class="u"> Microcontroller</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/microcontroller-vs-cpu"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#microcontroller-vs-cpu">Microcontroller vs CPU</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="microcontroller-vs-cpu"></a><a href="#_toc/microcontroller" class="u"> Microcontroller</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/cpu-architecture"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#cpu-architecture">CPU architecture</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cpu-architecture"></a><a href="#_toc/central-processing-unit" class="u"> Central processing unit</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 70</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/instruction-pipelining"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#instruction-pipelining">Instruction pipelining</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="instruction-pipelining"></a><a href="#_toc/cpu-architecture" class="u"> CPU architecture</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 70</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/javascript-cpu-microarchitecture-simulator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#javascript-cpu-microarchitecture-simulator">JavaScript CPU microarchitecture simulator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="javascript-cpu-microarchitecture-simulator"></a><a href="#_toc/instruction-pipelining" class="u"> Instruction pipelining</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/y86-js-org"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#y86-js-org">y86.js.org</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="y86-js-org"></a><a href="#_toc/javascript-cpu-microarchitecture-simulator" class="u"> JavaScript CPU microarchitecture simulator</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/webrisc-v"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#webrisc-v">WebRISC-V</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="webrisc-v"></a><a href="#_toc/javascript-cpu-microarchitecture-simulator" class="u"> JavaScript CPU microarchitecture simulator</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/hazard-computer-architecture"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#hazard-computer-architecture">Hazard <span class="meta">(computer architecture)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hazard-computer-architecture"></a><a href="#_toc/instruction-pipelining" class="u"> Instruction pipelining</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/pipeline-stall"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#pipeline-stall">Pipeline stall</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pipeline-stall"></a><a href="#_toc/hazard-computer-architecture" class="u"> Hazard</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/classic-risc-pipeline"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#classic-risc-pipeline">Classic RISC pipeline</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="classic-risc-pipeline"></a><a href="#_toc/instruction-pipelining" class="u"> Instruction pipelining</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/microprocessor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#microprocessor">Microprocessor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="microprocessor"></a><a href="#_toc/central-processing-unit" class="u"> Central processing unit</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/cpu-feature"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#cpu-feature">CPU feature</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cpu-feature"></a><a href="#_toc/central-processing-unit" class="u"> Central processing unit</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 323</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/trusted-execution-environment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#trusted-execution-environment">Trusted execution environment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="trusted-execution-environment"></a><a href="#_toc/cpu-feature" class="u"> CPU feature</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/software-guard-extensions"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#software-guard-extensions">Software Guard Extensions</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="software-guard-extensions"></a><a href="#_toc/trusted-execution-environment" class="u"> Trusted execution environment</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/field-programmable-gate-array"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#field-programmable-gate-array">Field-programmable gate array</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="field-programmable-gate-array"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-processor" class="u"> Type of processor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/fpga-company"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#fpga-company">FPGA company</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fpga-company"></a><a href="#_toc/field-programmable-gate-array" class="u"> Field-programmable gate array</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/xilinx"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#xilinx">Xilinx <span class="meta">(1984-2022)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="xilinx"></a><a href="#_toc/fpga-company" class="u"> FPGA company</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/graphics-processing-unit"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#graphics-processing-unit">Graphics processing unit</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="graphics-processing-unit"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-processor" class="u"> Type of processor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 66</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/general-purpose-computing-on-graphics-processing-units"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#general-purpose-computing-on-graphics-processing-units">General-purpose computing on graphics processing units</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="general-purpose-computing-on-graphics-processing-units"></a><a href="#_toc/graphics-processing-unit" class="u"> Graphics processing unit</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 62</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/open-source-gpu-compute-benchmark"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#open-source-gpu-compute-benchmark">Open source GPU compute benchmark</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-source-gpu-compute-benchmark"></a><a href="#_toc/general-purpose-computing-on-graphics-processing-units" class="u"> General-purpose computing on graphics processing units</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gpu-compute-library"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#gpu-compute-library">GPU compute library</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gpu-compute-library"></a><a href="#_toc/general-purpose-computing-on-graphics-processing-units" class="u"> General-purpose computing on graphics processing units</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 59</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/cuda"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#cuda">CUDA</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cuda"></a><a href="#_toc/gpu-compute-library" class="u"> GPU compute library</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/cuda-hello-world"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#cuda-hello-world">CUDA hello world</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cuda-hello-world"></a><a href="#_toc/cuda" class="u"> CUDA</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/opencl"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#opencl">OpenCL</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="opencl"></a><a href="#_toc/gpu-compute-library" class="u"> GPU compute library</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/rocm"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#rocm">ROCm</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rocm"></a><a href="#_toc/gpu-compute-library" class="u"> GPU compute library</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/rocm-on-ubuntu"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#rocm-on-ubuntu">ROCm on Ubuntu</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rocm-on-ubuntu"></a><a href="#_toc/rocm" class="u"> ROCm</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ai-accelerator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#ai-accelerator">AI accelerator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ai-accelerator"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-processor" class="u"> Type of processor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/amazon-ai-accelerator-silicon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#amazon-ai-accelerator-silicon">Amazon AI accelerator silicon</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amazon-ai-accelerator-silicon"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-accelerator" class="u"> AI accelerator</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/tensor-processing-unit"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#tensor-processing-unit">Tensor Processing Unit <span class="meta">(TPU, 2015, Google AI accelerator)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tensor-processing-unit"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-accelerator" class="u"> AI accelerator</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/tesla-dojo"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#tesla-dojo">Tesla Dojo <span class="meta">(2022)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tesla-dojo"></a><a href="#_toc/ai-accelerator" class="u"> AI accelerator</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/i-o-device"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#i-o-device">I/O device</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="i-o-device"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-hardware-component-type" class="u"> Computer hardware component type</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 421</span><span class="dcnt"> 51</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/punched-card"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#punched-card">Punched card</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="punched-card"></a><a href="#_toc/i-o-device" class="u"> I/O device</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/hollerith-tabulating-machine"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#hollerith-tabulating-machine">Hollerith tabulating machine</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hollerith-tabulating-machine"></a><a href="#_toc/punched-card" class="u"> Punched card</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/computer-input-device"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#computer-input-device">Computer input device</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-input-device"></a><a href="#_toc/i-o-device" class="u"> I/O device</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-data-storage"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#computer-data-storage">Computer data storage</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-data-storage"></a><a href="#_toc/i-o-device" class="u"> I/O device</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 178</span><span class="dcnt"> 22</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-data-storage-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#computer-data-storage-software">Computer data storage software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-data-storage-software"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-data-storage" class="u"> Computer data storage</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/filesystem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#filesystem">Filesystem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="filesystem"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-data-storage-software" class="u"> Computer data storage software</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-file"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#computer-file">Computer file</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-file"></a><a href="#_toc/filesystem" class="u"> Filesystem</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/file-signature"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#file-signature">File signature</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="file-signature"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-file" class="u"> Computer file</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-data-storage-hardware"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#computer-data-storage-hardware">Computer data storage hardware</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-data-storage-hardware"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-data-storage" class="u"> Computer data storage</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 123</span><span class="dcnt"> 17</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/tape-drive"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#tape-drive">Tape drive <span class="meta">(1950s-)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tape-drive"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-data-storage-hardware" class="u"> Computer data storage hardware</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/volatile-memory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#volatile-memory">Volatile memory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="volatile-memory"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-data-storage-hardware" class="u"> Computer data storage hardware</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 7</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/random-access-memory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#random-access-memory">Random-access memory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="random-access-memory"></a><a href="#_toc/volatile-memory" class="u"> Volatile memory</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/static-random-access-memory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#static-random-access-memory">Static random-access memory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="static-random-access-memory"></a><a href="#_toc/random-access-memory" class="u"> Random-access memory</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/dynamic-random-access-memory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#dynamic-random-access-memory">Dynamic random-access memory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dynamic-random-access-memory"></a><a href="#_toc/random-access-memory" class="u"> Random-access memory</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/synchronous-dynamic-random-access-memory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#synchronous-dynamic-random-access-memory">Synchronous dynamic random-access memory <span class="meta">(SDRAM)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="synchronous-dynamic-random-access-memory"></a><a href="#_toc/dynamic-random-access-memory" class="u"> Dynamic random-access memory</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ddr-sdram"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#ddr-sdram">DDR SDRAM <span class="meta">(DDR SDRAM)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ddr-sdram"></a><a href="#_toc/synchronous-dynamic-random-access-memory" class="u"> Synchronous dynamic random-access memory</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/magnetoresistive-ram"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#magnetoresistive-ram">Magnetoresistive RAM <span class="meta">(MRAM)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="magnetoresistive-ram"></a><a href="#_toc/random-access-memory" class="u"> Random-access memory</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/non-volatile-memory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#non-volatile-memory">Non-volatile memory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="non-volatile-memory"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-data-storage-hardware" class="u"> Computer data storage hardware</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 73</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/disk-storage"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#disk-storage">Disk storage</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="disk-storage"></a><a href="#_toc/non-volatile-memory" class="u"> Non-volatile memory</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/disk-read-and-write-head"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#disk-read-and-write-head">Disk read-and-write head</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="disk-read-and-write-head"></a><a href="#_toc/disk-storage" class="u"> Disk storage</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/magnetoresistive-disk-head"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#magnetoresistive-disk-head">Magnetoresistive disk head</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="magnetoresistive-disk-head"></a><a href="#_toc/disk-read-and-write-head" class="u"> Disk read-and-write head</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/optical-storage"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#optical-storage">Optical storage</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="optical-storage"></a><a href="#_toc/non-volatile-memory" class="u"> Non-volatile memory</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/solid-state-storage"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#solid-state-storage">Solid-state storage</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="solid-state-storage"></a><a href="#_toc/non-volatile-memory" class="u"> Non-volatile memory</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/erase-ssd-securely"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#erase-ssd-securely">Erase SSD securely</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="erase-ssd-securely"></a><a href="#_toc/solid-state-storage" class="u"> Solid-state storage</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/solid-state-drive"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#solid-state-drive">Solid-state drive <span class="meta">(SSD)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="solid-state-drive"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-data-storage-hardware" class="u"> Computer data storage hardware</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/flash-memory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#flash-memory">Flash memory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="flash-memory"></a><a href="#_toc/solid-state-drive" class="u"> Solid-state drive</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/peripheral"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#peripheral">Peripheral</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="peripheral"></a><a href="#_toc/i-o-device" class="u"> I/O device</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 217</span><span class="dcnt"> 24</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/computer-mouse"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#computer-mouse">Computer mouse</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-mouse"></a><a href="#_toc/peripheral" class="u"> Peripheral</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-keyboard"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#computer-keyboard">Computer keyboard</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-keyboard"></a><a href="#_toc/peripheral" class="u"> Peripheral</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 18</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/keyboard-layout"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#keyboard-layout">Keyboard layout</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="keyboard-layout"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-keyboard" class="u"> Computer keyboard</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/qwerty"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#qwerty">QWERTY</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="qwerty"></a><a href="#_toc/keyboard-layout" class="u"> Keyboard layout</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/dvorak-keyboard-layout"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#dvorak-keyboard-layout">Dvorak keyboard layout</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dvorak-keyboard-layout"></a><a href="#_toc/keyboard-layout" class="u"> Keyboard layout</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-keyboard-model"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#computer-keyboard-model">Computer keyboard model</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-keyboard-model"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-keyboard" class="u"> Computer keyboard</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/kinesis-advantage-2-keyboard"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#kinesis-advantage-2-keyboard">Kinesis Advantage 2 keyboard</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="kinesis-advantage-2-keyboard"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-keyboard-model" class="u"> Computer keyboard model</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/display-device"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#display-device">Display device</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="display-device"></a><a href="#_toc/peripheral" class="u"> Peripheral</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 34</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/blinkenlights"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#blinkenlights">Blinkenlights</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="blinkenlights"></a><a href="#_toc/display-device" class="u"> Display device</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/e-ink"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#e-ink">E Ink</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="e-ink"></a><a href="#_toc/display-device" class="u"> Display device</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 6</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/amazon-kindle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#amazon-kindle">Amazon Kindle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amazon-kindle"></a><a href="#_toc/e-ink" class="u"> E Ink</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/remarkable-tablet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#remarkable-tablet">Remarkable <span class="meta">(tablet)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="remarkable-tablet"></a><a href="#_toc/e-ink" class="u"> E Ink</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/remarkable-2"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#remarkable-2">Remarkable 2</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="remarkable-2"></a><a href="#_toc/remarkable-tablet" class="u"> Remarkable</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/teleprinter"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#teleprinter">Teleprinter</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="teleprinter"></a><a href="#_toc/display-device" class="u"> Display device</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/webcam"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#webcam">Webcam</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="webcam"></a><a href="#_toc/peripheral" class="u"> Peripheral</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/peripheral-interface"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#peripheral-interface">Peripheral interface</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="peripheral-interface"></a><a href="#_toc/peripheral" class="u"> Peripheral</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 56</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/pci"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#pci">PCI</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pci"></a><a href="#_toc/peripheral-interface" class="u"> Peripheral interface</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 13</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/pcie"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#pcie">PCIe</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pcie"></a><a href="#_toc/pci" class="u"> PCI</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/lspci"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#lspci">lspci</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lspci"></a><a href="#_toc/pci" class="u"> PCI</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/pciutils"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#pciutils">pciutils</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pciutils"></a><a href="#_toc/lspci" class="u"> lspci</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/get-vendor-and-device-id-for-each-pci-device"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#get-vendor-and-device-id-for-each-pci-device">Get vendor and device ID for each PCI device</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="get-vendor-and-device-id-for-each-pci-device"></a><a href="#_toc/lspci" class="u"> lspci</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/usb"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#usb">USB</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="usb"></a><a href="#_toc/peripheral-interface" class="u"> Peripheral interface</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/usb-micro-b"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#usb-micro-b">USB Micro-B</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="usb-micro-b"></a><a href="#_toc/usb" class="u"> USB</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/usb-c"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#usb-c">USB-C</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="usb-c"></a><a href="#_toc/usb" class="u"> USB</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-form-factor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#computer-form-factor">Computer form factor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-form-factor"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-hardware" class="u"> Computer hardware</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2k</span><span class="dcnt"> 72</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/embedded-system"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#embedded-system">Embedded system</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="embedded-system"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-form-factor" class="u"> Computer form factor</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/distributed-computing"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#distributed-computing">Distributed computing</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="distributed-computing"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-form-factor" class="u"> Computer form factor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 129</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/fog-computing"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#fog-computing">Fog computing</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fog-computing"></a><a href="#_toc/distributed-computing" class="u"> Distributed computing</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/charity-engine"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#charity-engine">Charity Engine</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="charity-engine"></a><a href="#_toc/fog-computing" class="u"> Fog computing</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/folding-at-home"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#folding-at-home">Folding@home</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="folding-at-home"></a><a href="#_toc/fog-computing" class="u"> Fog computing</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/seti-at-home"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#seti-at-home">SETI@home</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="seti-at-home"></a><a href="#_toc/fog-computing" class="u"> Fog computing</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/is-fog-computing-more-efficient-than-cloud-computing"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#is-fog-computing-more-efficient-than-cloud-computing">Is fog computing more efficient than cloud computing?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="is-fog-computing-more-efficient-than-cloud-computing"></a><a href="#_toc/fog-computing" class="u"> Fog computing</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/mainframe-computer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#mainframe-computer">Mainframe computer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mainframe-computer"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-form-factor" class="u"> Computer form factor</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/cloud-computing"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#cloud-computing">Cloud computing</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cloud-computing"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-form-factor" class="u"> Computer form factor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 33</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/cloud-computing-market-share"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#cloud-computing-market-share">Cloud computing market share</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cloud-computing-market-share"></a><a href="#_toc/cloud-computing" class="u"> Cloud computing</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/hyperscale-computing"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#hyperscale-computing">Hyperscale computing</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hyperscale-computing"></a><a href="#_toc/cloud-computing" class="u"> Cloud computing</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/cloud-computing-platform"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#cloud-computing-platform">Cloud computing platform</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cloud-computing-platform"></a><a href="#_toc/cloud-computing" class="u"> Cloud computing</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 894</span><span class="dcnt"> 24</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/amazon-web-services"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#amazon-web-services">Amazon Web Services</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amazon-web-services"></a><a href="#_toc/cloud-computing-platform" class="u"> Cloud computing platform</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 894</span><span class="dcnt"> 21</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/aws-cli"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#aws-cli">aws-cli</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="aws-cli"></a><a href="#_toc/amazon-web-services" class="u"> Amazon Web Services</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/aws-service"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#aws-service">AWS service</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="aws-service"></a><a href="#_toc/amazon-web-services" class="u"> Amazon Web Services</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 893</span><span class="dcnt"> 19</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/amazon-athena"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#amazon-athena">Amazon Athena</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amazon-athena"></a><a href="#_toc/aws-service" class="u"> AWS service</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/amazon-redshift"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#amazon-redshift">Amazon Redshift</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amazon-redshift"></a><a href="#_toc/aws-service" class="u"> AWS service</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/amazon-s3"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#amazon-s3">Amazon S3</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amazon-s3"></a><a href="#_toc/aws-service" class="u"> AWS service</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/browse-s3-bucket-on-web-browser"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#browse-s3-bucket-on-web-browser">Browse S3 bucket on web browser</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="browse-s3-bucket-on-web-browser"></a><a href="#_toc/amazon-s3" class="u"> Amazon S3</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/amazon-elastic-compute-cloud"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#amazon-elastic-compute-cloud">Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amazon-elastic-compute-cloud"></a><a href="#_toc/aws-service" class="u"> AWS service</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 830</span><span class="dcnt"> 14</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/amazon-ec2-howto"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#amazon-ec2-howto">Amazon EC2 HOWTO</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amazon-ec2-howto"></a><a href="#_toc/amazon-elastic-compute-cloud" class="u"> Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/amazon-ec2-hello-world"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#amazon-ec2-hello-world">Amazon EC2 hello world</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amazon-ec2-hello-world"></a><a href="#_toc/amazon-ec2-howto" class="u"> Amazon EC2 HOWTO</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/amazon-ec2-gpu"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#amazon-ec2-gpu">Amazon EC2 GPU</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amazon-ec2-gpu"></a><a href="#_toc/amazon-ec2-howto" class="u"> Amazon EC2 HOWTO</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/amazon-machine-image"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#amazon-machine-image">Amazon Machine Image</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amazon-machine-image"></a><a href="#_toc/amazon-elastic-compute-cloud" class="u"> Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 29</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-aws-amis"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#list-of-aws-amis">List of AWS AMIs</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-aws-amis"></a><a href="#_toc/amazon-machine-image" class="u"> Amazon Machine Image</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/aws-deep-learning-base-gpu-ami-ubuntu-20-04"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#aws-deep-learning-base-gpu-ami-ubuntu-20-04">AWS Deep Learning Base GPU AMI (Ubuntu 20.04)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="aws-deep-learning-base-gpu-ami-ubuntu-20-04"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-aws-amis" class="u"> List of AWS AMIs</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/amazon-elastic-block-store"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#amazon-elastic-block-store">Amazon Elastic Block Store</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amazon-elastic-block-store"></a><a href="#_toc/amazon-elastic-compute-cloud" class="u"> Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/laucnh-amazin-ec2-with-existing-ebs-volume"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#laucnh-amazin-ec2-with-existing-ebs-volume">Laucnh Amazin EC2 with existing EBS volume</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="laucnh-amazin-ec2-with-existing-ebs-volume"></a><a href="#_toc/amazon-elastic-block-store" class="u"> Amazon Elastic Block Store</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/ec2-instance-store-volume"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#ec2-instance-store-volume">EC2 instance store volume</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ec2-instance-store-volume"></a><a href="#_toc/amazon-elastic-compute-cloud" class="u"> Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/vcpu"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#vcpu">vCPU</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="vcpu"></a><a href="#_toc/amazon-elastic-compute-cloud" class="u"> Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ec2-instance-type"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#ec2-instance-type">EC2 instance type</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ec2-instance-type"></a><a href="#_toc/amazon-elastic-compute-cloud" class="u"> Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/g4ad-xlarge"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#g4ad-xlarge">g4ad.xlarge</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="g4ad-xlarge"></a><a href="#_toc/ec2-instance-type" class="u"> EC2 instance type</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/g4nd-xlarge"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#g4nd-xlarge">g4nd.xlarge</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="g4nd-xlarge"></a><a href="#_toc/ec2-instance-type" class="u"> EC2 instance type</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/g5-xlarge"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#g5-xlarge">g5.xlarge</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="g5-xlarge"></a><a href="#_toc/ec2-instance-type" class="u"> EC2 instance type</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/alibaba-cloud"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#alibaba-cloud">Alibaba Cloud</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="alibaba-cloud"></a><a href="#_toc/cloud-computing-platform" class="u"> Cloud computing platform</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/google-cloud-platform"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#google-cloud-platform">Google Cloud Platform <span class="meta">(GCP)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="google-cloud-platform"></a><a href="#_toc/cloud-computing-platform" class="u"> Cloud computing platform</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/type-of-cloud-computing"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#type-of-cloud-computing">Type of cloud computing</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="type-of-cloud-computing"></a><a href="#_toc/cloud-computing" class="u"> Cloud computing</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 319</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/infrastructure-as-a-service"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#infrastructure-as-a-service">Infrastructure as a service</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="infrastructure-as-a-service"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-cloud-computing" class="u"> Type of cloud computing</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/platform-as-a-service"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#platform-as-a-service">Platform as a service</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="platform-as-a-service"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-cloud-computing" class="u"> Type of cloud computing</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 196</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/aws-elastic-beanstalk"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#aws-elastic-beanstalk">AWS Elastic Beanstalk</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="aws-elastic-beanstalk"></a><a href="#_toc/platform-as-a-service" class="u"> Platform as a service</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/heroku"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#heroku">Heroku</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="heroku"></a><a href="#_toc/platform-as-a-service" class="u"> Platform as a service</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/send-free-emails-from-heroku"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#send-free-emails-from-heroku">Send free emails from Heroku</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="send-free-emails-from-heroku"></a><a href="#_toc/heroku" class="u"> Heroku</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/high-performance-computing"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#high-performance-computing">High performance computing</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="high-performance-computing"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-form-factor" class="u"> Computer form factor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 274</span><span class="dcnt"> 20</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/job-scheduler"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#job-scheduler">Job scheduler</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="job-scheduler"></a><a href="#_toc/high-performance-computing" class="u"> High performance computing</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 223</span><span class="dcnt"> 11</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ibm-spectrum-lsf"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#ibm-spectrum-lsf">IBM Spectrum LSF <span class="meta">(LSF)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ibm-spectrum-lsf"></a><a href="#_toc/job-scheduler" class="u"> Job scheduler</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 210</span><span class="dcnt"> 10</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/lsf-get-version"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#lsf-get-version">LSF get version</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lsf-get-version"></a><a href="#_toc/ibm-spectrum-lsf" class="u"> IBM Spectrum LSF</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/lsf-command"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#lsf-command">LSF command</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lsf-command"></a><a href="#_toc/ibm-spectrum-lsf" class="u"> IBM Spectrum LSF</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 181</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/bsub"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#bsub">bsub</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bsub"></a><a href="#_toc/lsf-command" class="u"> LSF command</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/bsub-get-job-stdout-and-stderr"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#bsub-get-job-stdout-and-stderr">bsub get job stdout and stderr</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bsub-get-job-stdout-and-stderr"></a><a href="#_toc/bsub" class="u"> bsub</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/bsub-on-foreground"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#bsub-on-foreground">bsub on foreground</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bsub-on-foreground"></a><a href="#_toc/bsub" class="u"> bsub</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/bsub-option"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#bsub-option">bsub option</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bsub-option"></a><a href="#_toc/bsub" class="u"> bsub</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/bsub-i-option"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#bsub-i-option">bsub <code>-I</code> option</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bsub-i-option"></a><a href="#_toc/bsub" class="u"> bsub</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/bpeek"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#bpeek">bpeek</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bpeek"></a><a href="#_toc/lsf-command" class="u"> LSF command</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/bkill"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#bkill">bkill</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bkill"></a><a href="#_toc/lsf-command" class="u"> LSF command</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/bkill-all-jobs"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#bkill-all-jobs">bkill all jobs</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bkill-all-jobs"></a><a href="#_toc/lsf-command" class="u"> LSF command</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/slurm-workload-manager"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#slurm-workload-manager">Slurm Workload Manager</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="slurm-workload-manager"></a><a href="#_toc/high-performance-computing" class="u"> High performance computing</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/supercomputer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#supercomputer">Supercomputer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="supercomputer"></a><a href="#_toc/high-performance-computing" class="u"> High performance computing</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/exascale-computing"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#exascale-computing">Exascale computing</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="exascale-computing"></a><a href="#_toc/supercomputer" class="u"> Supercomputer</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/top500"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#top500">TOP500</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="top500"></a><a href="#_toc/supercomputer" class="u"> Supercomputer</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/supercomputer-by-owner"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#supercomputer-by-owner">Supercomputer by owner</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="supercomputer-by-owner"></a><a href="#_toc/supercomputer" class="u"> Supercomputer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/oak-ridge-supercomputer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#oak-ridge-supercomputer">Oak Ridge supercomputer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="oak-ridge-supercomputer"></a><a href="#_toc/supercomputer-by-owner" class="u"> Supercomputer by owner</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/frontier-supercomputer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#frontier-supercomputer">Frontier <span class="meta">(supercomputer)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="frontier-supercomputer"></a><a href="#_toc/oak-ridge-supercomputer" class="u"> Oak Ridge supercomputer</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/intel-supercomputer-market-share"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#intel-supercomputer-market-share">Intel supercomputer market share</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="intel-supercomputer-market-share"></a><a href="#_toc/supercomputer" class="u"> Supercomputer</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/personal-computer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#personal-computer">Personal computer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="personal-computer"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-form-factor" class="u"> Computer form factor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 68</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/laptop"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#laptop">Laptop</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="laptop"></a><a href="#_toc/personal-computer" class="u"> Personal computer</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/desktop-computer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#desktop-computer">Desktop computer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="desktop-computer"></a><a href="#_toc/personal-computer" class="u"> Personal computer</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/mobile-phone"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#mobile-phone">Mobile phone</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mobile-phone"></a><a href="#_toc/personal-computer" class="u"> Personal computer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/history-of-mobile-phone"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#history-of-mobile-phone">History of mobile phone</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="history-of-mobile-phone"></a><a href="#_toc/mobile-phone" class="u"> Mobile phone</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/the-first-application-of-mobile-phones-was-in-motor-vehicles"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#the-first-application-of-mobile-phones-was-in-motor-vehicles">The first application of mobile phones was in motor vehicles</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-first-application-of-mobile-phones-was-in-motor-vehicles"></a><a href="#_toc/mobile-phone" class="u"> Mobile phone</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/smartphone"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#smartphone">Smartphone</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="smartphone"></a><a href="#_toc/mobile-phone" class="u"> Mobile phone</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/mobile-app"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#mobile-app">Mobile app</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mobile-app"></a><a href="#_toc/mobile-phone" class="u"> Mobile phone</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/workstation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#workstation">Workstation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="workstation"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-form-factor" class="u"> Computer form factor</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-manufacturer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#computer-manufacturer">Computer manufacturer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-manufacturer"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-hardware" class="u"> Computer hardware</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 884</span><span class="dcnt"> 27</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/dell"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#dell">Dell</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dell"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-manufacturer" class="u"> Computer manufacturer</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/lenovo"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#lenovo">Lenovo</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lenovo"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-manufacturer" class="u"> Computer manufacturer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/thinkpad"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#thinkpad">ThinkPad</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="thinkpad"></a><a href="#_toc/lenovo" class="u"> Lenovo</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/thinkpad-series"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#thinkpad-series">ThinkPad series</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="thinkpad-series"></a><a href="#_toc/thinkpad" class="u"> ThinkPad</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/raspberry-pi-foundation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#raspberry-pi-foundation">Raspberry Pi Foundation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="raspberry-pi-foundation"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-manufacturer" class="u"> Computer manufacturer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 651</span><span class="dcnt"> 22</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/raspberry-pi-foundation-project"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#raspberry-pi-foundation-project">Raspberry Pi Foundation project</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="raspberry-pi-foundation-project"></a><a href="#_toc/raspberry-pi-foundation" class="u"> Raspberry Pi Foundation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 640</span><span class="dcnt"> 21</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/raspberry-pi-os"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#raspberry-pi-os">Raspberry Pi OS</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="raspberry-pi-os"></a><a href="#_toc/raspberry-pi-foundation-project" class="u"> Raspberry Pi Foundation project</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/raspberry-pi"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#raspberry-pi">Raspberry Pi <span class="meta">(2012)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="raspberry-pi"></a><a href="#_toc/raspberry-pi-foundation-project" class="u"> Raspberry Pi Foundation project</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 558</span><span class="dcnt"> 19</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/raspberry-pi-1"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#raspberry-pi-1">Raspberry Pi 1</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="raspberry-pi-1"></a><a href="#_toc/raspberry-pi" class="u"> Raspberry Pi</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/raspberry-pi-2"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#raspberry-pi-2">Raspberry Pi 2</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="raspberry-pi-2"></a><a href="#_toc/raspberry-pi" class="u"> Raspberry Pi</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/raspberry-pi-3"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#raspberry-pi-3">Raspberry Pi 3</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="raspberry-pi-3"></a><a href="#_toc/raspberry-pi" class="u"> Raspberry Pi</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/raspberry-pi-pico"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#raspberry-pi-pico">Raspberry Pi Pico <span class="meta">(2021)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="raspberry-pi-pico"></a><a href="#_toc/raspberry-pi" class="u"> Raspberry Pi</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 558</span><span class="dcnt"> 15</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/raspberry-pi-pico-variant"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#raspberry-pi-pico-variant">Raspberry Pi Pico variant <span class="meta">(2022)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="raspberry-pi-pico-variant"></a><a href="#_toc/raspberry-pi-pico" class="u"> Raspberry Pi Pico</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 540</span><span class="dcnt"> 14</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/raspberry-pi-pico-h"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#raspberry-pi-pico-h">Raspberry Pi Pico H</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="raspberry-pi-pico-h"></a><a href="#_toc/raspberry-pi-pico-variant" class="u"> Raspberry Pi Pico variant</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/raspberry-pi-pico-w"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#raspberry-pi-pico-w">Raspberry Pi Pico W <span class="meta">(2022)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="raspberry-pi-pico-w"></a><a href="#_toc/raspberry-pi-pico-variant" class="u"> Raspberry Pi Pico variant</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 281</span><span class="dcnt"> 12</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/raspberry-pi-pico-w-uart"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#raspberry-pi-pico-w-uart">Raspberry Pi Pico W UART</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="raspberry-pi-pico-w-uart"></a><a href="#_toc/raspberry-pi-pico-w" class="u"> Raspberry Pi Pico W</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/program-raspberry-pi-pico-w-with-micropython"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#program-raspberry-pi-pico-w-with-micropython">Program Raspberry Pi Pico W with MicroPython</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="program-raspberry-pi-pico-w-with-micropython"></a><a href="#_toc/raspberry-pi-pico-w" class="u"> Raspberry Pi Pico W</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 23</span><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/how-to-run-a-micropython-script-from-a-file-on-the-raspberry-pi-pico-w-from-the-command-line"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#how-to-run-a-micropython-script-from-a-file-on-the-raspberry-pi-pico-w-from-the-command-line">How to run a MicroPython script from a file on the Raspberry Pi Pico W from the command line?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="how-to-run-a-micropython-script-from-a-file-on-the-raspberry-pi-pico-w-from-the-command-line"></a><a href="#_toc/program-raspberry-pi-pico-w-with-micropython" class="u"> Program Raspberry Pi Pico W with MicroPython</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/micropython-connection-tool"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#micropython-connection-tool">MicroPython connection tool</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="micropython-connection-tool"></a><a href="#_toc/program-raspberry-pi-pico-w-with-micropython" class="u"> Program Raspberry Pi Pico W with MicroPython</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 12</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ampy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#ampy">ampy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ampy"></a><a href="#_toc/micropython-connection-tool" class="u"> MicroPython connection tool</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/rshell"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#rshell">rshell</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rshell"></a><a href="#_toc/micropython-connection-tool" class="u"> MicroPython connection tool</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/how-to-exit-from-repl-in-rshell"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#how-to-exit-from-repl-in-rshell">How to exit from repl in rshell?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="how-to-exit-from-repl-in-rshell"></a><a href="#_toc/rshell" class="u"> rshell</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/raspberry-pi-pico-w-freezes-a-few-seconds-after-after-screen-disconnects-from-uart"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#raspberry-pi-pico-w-freezes-a-few-seconds-after-after-screen-disconnects-from-uart">Raspberry Pi Pico W freezes a few seconds after after screen disconnects from UART</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="raspberry-pi-pico-w-freezes-a-few-seconds-after-after-screen-disconnects-from-uart"></a><a href="#_toc/program-raspberry-pi-pico-w-with-micropython" class="u"> Program Raspberry Pi Pico W with MicroPython</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/program-raspberry-pi-pico-w-with-micropython-code-from-the-command-line"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#program-raspberry-pi-pico-w-with-micropython-code-from-the-command-line">Program Raspberry Pi Pico W with MicroPython code from the command line</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="program-raspberry-pi-pico-w-with-micropython-code-from-the-command-line"></a><a href="#_toc/program-raspberry-pi-pico-w-with-micropython" class="u"> Program Raspberry Pi Pico W with MicroPython</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/program-the-raspberry-pi-pico-w-with-micropython-from-thonny"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#program-the-raspberry-pi-pico-w-with-micropython-from-thonny">Program the Raspberry Pi Pico W with MicroPython from Thonny</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="program-the-raspberry-pi-pico-w-with-micropython-from-thonny"></a><a href="#_toc/program-raspberry-pi-pico-w-with-micropython" class="u"> Program Raspberry Pi Pico W with MicroPython</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/raspberry-pi-pico-w-micropython-example"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#raspberry-pi-pico-w-micropython-example">Raspberry Pi Pico W MicroPython example</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="raspberry-pi-pico-w-micropython-example"></a><a href="#_toc/program-raspberry-pi-pico-w-with-micropython" class="u"> Program Raspberry Pi Pico W with MicroPython</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/program-raspberry-pi-pico-w-with-c"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#program-raspberry-pi-pico-w-with-c">Program Raspberry Pi Pico W with C</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="program-raspberry-pi-pico-w-with-c"></a><a href="#_toc/raspberry-pi-pico-w" class="u"> Raspberry Pi Pico W</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/semiconductor-industry"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#semiconductor-industry">Semiconductor industry</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="semiconductor-industry"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-hardware" class="u"> Computer hardware</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 691</span><span class="dcnt"> 60</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/semiconductor-industry-bibliography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#semiconductor-industry-bibliography">Semiconductor industry bibliography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="semiconductor-industry-bibliography"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-industry" class="u"> Semiconductor industry</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/crystal-fire-the-birth-of-the-information-age"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#crystal-fire-the-birth-of-the-information-age">Crystal Fire: The Birth of the Information Age <span class="meta">(1997)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="crystal-fire-the-birth-of-the-information-age"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-industry-bibliography" class="u"> Semiconductor industry bibliography</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/film-about-the-semiconductor-industry"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#film-about-the-semiconductor-industry">Film about the semiconductor industry</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="film-about-the-semiconductor-industry"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-industry" class="u"> Semiconductor industry</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/halt-and-catch-fire-tv-series"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#halt-and-catch-fire-tv-series">Halt and Catch Fire <span class="meta">(TV series, 2014-2017)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="halt-and-catch-fire-tv-series"></a><a href="#_toc/film-about-the-semiconductor-industry" class="u"> Film about the semiconductor industry</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/semiconductor-company"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#semiconductor-company">Semiconductor company</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="semiconductor-company"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-industry" class="u"> Semiconductor industry</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 306</span><span class="dcnt"> 54</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/acorn-computers"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#acorn-computers">Acorn Computers</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="acorn-computers"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-company" class="u"> Semiconductor company</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/amd"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#amd">AMD <span class="meta">(1969)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amd"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-company" class="u"> Semiconductor company</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 109</span><span class="dcnt"> 16</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/amd-product"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#amd-product">AMD product</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amd-product"></a><a href="#_toc/amd" class="u"> AMD</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 29</span><span class="dcnt"> 12</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/amd-cpu"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#amd-cpu">AMD CPU</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amd-cpu"></a><a href="#_toc/amd-product" class="u"> AMD product</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ryzen"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#ryzen">Ryzen</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ryzen"></a><a href="#_toc/amd-cpu" class="u"> AMD CPU</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/epyc"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#epyc">Epyc</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="epyc"></a><a href="#_toc/amd-cpu" class="u"> AMD CPU</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/amd-gpu"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#amd-gpu">AMD GPU</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amd-gpu"></a><a href="#_toc/amd-product" class="u"> AMD product</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 16</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/amd-gpu-driver"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#amd-gpu-driver">AMD GPU driver</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amd-gpu-driver"></a><a href="#_toc/amd-gpu" class="u"> AMD GPU</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/amdgpu"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#amdgpu">AMDGPU</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amdgpu"></a><a href="#_toc/amd-gpu-driver" class="u"> AMD GPU driver</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/rdna"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#rdna">RDNA</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rdna"></a><a href="#_toc/amd-gpu" class="u"> AMD GPU</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 8</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/rdna-3"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#rdna-3">RDNA 3 <span class="meta">(2022)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rdna-3"></a><a href="#_toc/rdna" class="u"> RDNA</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/gfx1103"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#gfx1103">gfx1103</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gfx1103"></a><a href="#_toc/rdna-3" class="u"> RDNA 3</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/radeon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#radeon">Radeon</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="radeon"></a><a href="#_toc/amd-gpu" class="u"> AMD GPU</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/amd-instinct"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#amd-instinct">AMD Instinct</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amd-instinct"></a><a href="#_toc/amd-gpu" class="u"> AMD GPU</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/ati-technologies"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#ati-technologies">ATI Technologies <span class="meta">(1985-2006)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ati-technologies"></a><a href="#_toc/amd-gpu" class="u"> AMD GPU</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/amd-employee"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#amd-employee">AMD employee</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="amd-employee"></a><a href="#_toc/amd" class="u"> AMD</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/jerry-sanders"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#jerry-sanders">Jerry Sanders <span class="meta">(AMD co-founder and CEO until 2002)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="jerry-sanders"></a><a href="#_toc/amd-employee" class="u"> AMD employee</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/lisa-su"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#lisa-su">Lisa Su</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lisa-su"></a><a href="#_toc/amd-employee" class="u"> AMD employee</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arm-company"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#arm-company">Arm <span class="meta">(company)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arm-company"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-company" class="u"> Semiconductor company</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/allen-wu"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#allen-wu">Allen Wu</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="allen-wu"></a><a href="#_toc/arm-company" class="u"> Arm</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arm-product"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#arm-product">Arm product</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arm-product"></a><a href="#_toc/arm-company" class="u"> Arm</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/arm-artisan"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#arm-artisan">Arm Artisan</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arm-artisan"></a><a href="#_toc/arm-product" class="u"> Arm product</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arm-cpu"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#arm-cpu">ARM CPU</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arm-cpu"></a><a href="#_toc/arm-product" class="u"> Arm product</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/arm-cortex-m"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#arm-cortex-m">ARM Cortex-M</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arm-cortex-m"></a><a href="#_toc/arm-cpu" class="u"> ARM CPU</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/arm-cortex-m0-plus"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#arm-cortex-m0-plus">ARM Cortex-M0+</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arm-cortex-m0-plus"></a><a href="#_toc/arm-cortex-m" class="u"> ARM Cortex-M</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/broadcom"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#broadcom">Broadcom</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="broadcom"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-company" class="u"> Semiconductor company</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/cerebras"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#cerebras">Cerebras <span class="meta">(2015-)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cerebras"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-company" class="u"> Semiconductor company</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/graphcore"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#graphcore">Graphcore</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="graphcore"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-company" class="u"> Semiconductor company</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/intel"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#intel">Intel <span class="meta">(1968-)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="intel"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-company" class="u"> Semiconductor company</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 19</span><span class="dcnt"> 11</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/intel-employee"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#intel-employee">Intel employee</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="intel-employee"></a><a href="#_toc/intel" class="u"> Intel</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/intel-employee-grade"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#intel-employee-grade">Intel employee grade</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="intel-employee-grade"></a><a href="#_toc/intel-employee" class="u"> Intel employee</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/intel-fellow"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#intel-fellow">Intel fellow</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="intel-fellow"></a><a href="#_toc/intel-employee-grade" class="u"> Intel employee grade</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/intel-hardware"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#intel-hardware">Intel hardware</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="intel-hardware"></a><a href="#_toc/intel" class="u"> Intel</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 12</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/intel-gpu"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#intel-gpu">Intel GPU</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="intel-gpu"></a><a href="#_toc/intel-hardware" class="u"> Intel hardware</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 12</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/intel-discrete-gpu"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#intel-discrete-gpu">Intel discrete GPU</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="intel-discrete-gpu"></a><a href="#_toc/intel-gpu" class="u"> Intel GPU</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/intel-xe"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#intel-xe">Intel Xe</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="intel-xe"></a><a href="#_toc/intel-discrete-gpu" class="u"> Intel discrete GPU</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/intel-arc"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#intel-arc">Intel Arc</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="intel-arc"></a><a href="#_toc/intel-discrete-gpu" class="u"> Intel discrete GPU</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/intel-graphics-technology"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#intel-graphics-technology">Intel Graphics Technology <span class="meta">(Intel integrated GPUs)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="intel-graphics-technology"></a><a href="#_toc/intel-gpu" class="u"> Intel GPU</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/intel-department"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#intel-department">Intel department</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="intel-department"></a><a href="#_toc/intel" class="u"> Intel</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/intel-research"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#intel-research">Intel Research</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="intel-research"></a><a href="#_toc/intel-department" class="u"> Intel department</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/nvidia"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#nvidia">Nvidia</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nvidia"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-company" class="u"> Semiconductor company</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 96</span><span class="dcnt"> 11</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/software-developed-by-nvidia"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#software-developed-by-nvidia">Software developed by Nvidia</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="software-developed-by-nvidia"></a><a href="#_toc/nvidia" class="u"> Nvidia</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/nvidia-smi"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#nvidia-smi">nvidia-smi</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nvidia-smi"></a><a href="#_toc/software-developed-by-nvidia" class="u"> Software developed by Nvidia</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/nvidia-gpu"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#nvidia-gpu">Nvidia GPU</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nvidia-gpu"></a><a href="#_toc/nvidia" class="u"> Nvidia</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 62</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/nvidia-gpu-feature"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#nvidia-gpu-feature">Nvidia GPU feature</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nvidia-gpu-feature"></a><a href="#_toc/nvidia-gpu" class="u"> Nvidia GPU</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/nvidia-tensor-core"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#nvidia-tensor-core">Nvidia tensor core</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nvidia-tensor-core"></a><a href="#_toc/nvidia-gpu-feature" class="u"> Nvidia GPU feature</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/nvidia-compute-gpu"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#nvidia-compute-gpu">Nvidia compute GPU</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nvidia-compute-gpu"></a><a href="#_toc/nvidia-gpu" class="u"> Nvidia GPU</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 61</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/nvidia-tesla"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#nvidia-tesla">Nvidia Tesla <span class="meta">(2007-2020)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nvidia-tesla"></a><a href="#_toc/nvidia-compute-gpu" class="u"> Nvidia compute GPU</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-nvidia-compute-gpus"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#list-of-nvidia-compute-gpus">List of Nvidia compute GPUs</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-nvidia-compute-gpus"></a><a href="#_toc/nvidia-compute-gpu" class="u"> Nvidia compute GPU</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 36</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/nvidia-t4"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#nvidia-t4">Nvidia T4 <span class="meta">(2018, 65 TFLOPS, 16 GB mem)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nvidia-t4"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-nvidia-compute-gpus" class="u"> List of Nvidia compute GPUs</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/nvidia-a10"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#nvidia-a10">Nvidia A10</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nvidia-a10"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-nvidia-compute-gpus" class="u"> List of Nvidia compute GPUs</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/nvidia-a10g"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#nvidia-a10g">Nvidia A10G</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nvidia-a10g"></a><a href="#_toc/nvidia-a10" class="u"> Nvidia A10</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/qualcomm"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#qualcomm">Qualcomm</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="qualcomm"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-company" class="u"> Semiconductor company</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/silicon-graphics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#silicon-graphics">Silicon Graphics <span class="meta">(1981-2009)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="silicon-graphics"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-company" class="u"> Semiconductor company</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/chinese-semiconductor-industry"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="computer-hardware#chinese-semiconductor-industry">Chinese semiconductor industry</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="chinese-semiconductor-industry"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor-industry" class="u"> Semiconductor industry</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/vaporware"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#vaporware">Vaporware</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="vaporware"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Computer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 16</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-biliography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#computer-biliography">Computer biliography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-biliography"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Computer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 30</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computer-youtube-channel"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#computer-youtube-channel">Computer YouTube channel</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computer-youtube-channel"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-biliography" class="u"> Computer biliography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 30</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/explainingcomputers"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#explainingcomputers">ExplainingComputers</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="explainingcomputers"></a><a href="#_toc/computer-youtube-channel" class="u"> Computer YouTube channel</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 30</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div><div class="h" id="how-computers-work"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="how-computers-work">How computers work?</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="how-computers-work"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 3</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Computer</a><a href="#_toc/how-computers-work" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/how-computers-work"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="ciro-santilli#essays-by-ciro-santilli">Essays by Ciro Santilli</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_19">A computer is a highly layered system, and so you have to decide which layers you are the most interested in studying.</div><div class="p" id="_20">Although the layer are somewhat independent, they also sometimes interact, and when that happens it usually hurts your brain. E.g., if <a href="software#compiler">compilers</a> were perfect, no one optimizing software would have to know anything about <a href="computer-hardware#microarchitecture">microarchitecture</a>. But if you want to go hardcore enough, you might have to learn some lower layer.</div><div class="p" id="_21">It must also be said that like in any industry, certain layers are hidden in commercial secrecy mysteries making it harder to actually learn them. In computing, the lower level you go, the more <a href="software#closed-source-software">closed source</a> things tend to become.</div><div class="p" id="_22">But as you climb down into the abyss of low level hardcoreness, don't forget that <a href="cirism#backward-design">making usefulness is more important than being hardcore</a>: <a href="#image-xkcd-378-real-programmers">Figure 1. "xkcd 378: Real Programmers"</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_23">First, the most important thing you should know about this subject: <a href="https://cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat/should-you-waste-your-life-with-systems-programming">cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat/should-you-waste-your-life-with-systems-programming</a></div><div class="p" id="_24">Here's a summary from low-level to high-level:<div class="list"><ul id="_25"><li id="_26"><a href="computer-hardware#semiconductor-device-fabrication">semiconductor physical implementation</a> this level is of course the most closed, but it is fun to try and peek into it from any openings given by commercials and academia:<div class="list"><ul id="_27"><li id="_28"><a href="computer-hardware#photolithography">photolithography</a>, and notably <a href="computer-hardware#photomask">photomask</a> design</li></ul></div></li><li id="_29"><a href="computer-hardware#register-transfer-level">register transfer level</a><div class="list"><ul id="_30"><li id="_31">interactive <a href="computer-hardware#verilator">Verilator</a> fun: <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/38108243/is-it-possible-to-do-interactive-user-input-and-output-simulation-in-vhdl-or-ver/38174654#38174654">Is it possible to do interactive user input and output simulation in VHDL or Verilog?</a></li><li id="_32">more importantly, and much harder/maybe impossible with <a href="software#open-source-software">open source</a>, would be to try and set up a open source <a href="computer-hardware#standard-cell-library">standard cell library</a> and supporting software to obtain <a href="computer-hardware#power-performance-and-area">power, performance and area</a> estimates<div class="list"><ul id="_33"><li id="_34"><a href="https://www.quora.com/Are-there-good-open-source-standard-cell-libraries-to-learn-IC-synthesis-with-EDA-tools/answer/Ciro-Santilli">Are there good open source standard cell libraries to learn IC synthesis with EDA tools?</a> on <a href="website#quora">Quora</a></li><li id="_35">the most open source ones are some initiatives targeting FPGAs, e.g. <a href="https://symbiflow.github.io/">symbiflow.github.io/</a>, <a href="http://www.clifford.at/icestorm/">www.clifford.at/icestorm/</a></li><li id="_36"><a href="computer-hardware#qflow">qflow</a> is an initiative targeting actual <a href="computer-hardware#integrated-circuit">integrated circuits</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li><li id="_37"><div class="p" id="_38"><a href="computer-hardware#microarchitecture">microarchitecture</a>: a good way to play with this is to try and run some minimal userland examples on <a href="systems-programming#gem5">gem5</a> userland simulation with logging, e.g. see on the <a href="the-most-important-projects-done-by-ciro-santilli#linux-kernel-module-cheat">Linux Kernel Module Cheat</a>:<div class="list"><ul id="_39"><li id="_40"><a href="https://cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat/gem5-event-queue-derivo3cpu-syscall-emulation-freestanding-example-analysis">cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat/gem5-event-queue-derivo3cpu-syscall-emulation-freestanding-example-analysis</a></li></ul></div>This should be done at the same time as books/website/courses that explain the microarchitecture basics.</div><div class="p" id="_41">This is the level of abstraction that <a href="ciro-santilli">Ciro Santilli</a> finds the most interesting of the hardware stack. Learning it for actual <a href="computer-hardware#central-processing-unit">CPUs</a> (which as of 2020 is only partially documented by vendors) could actually be useful in hardcore software optimization use cases.</div></li><li id="_42"><a href="computer-hardware#instruction-set-architecture">instruction set architecture</a>: a good approach to learn this is to manually write some userland assembly with assertions as done in the <a href="the-most-important-projects-done-by-ciro-santilli#linux-kernel-module-cheat">Linux Kernel Module Cheat</a> e.g. at:<div class="list"><ul id="_43"><li id="_44"><a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/9b6552ab6c66cb14d531eff903c4e78f3561e9ca/userland/arch/x86_64/add.S">github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/9b6552ab6c66cb14d531eff903c4e78f3561e9ca/userland/arch/x86_64/add.S</a></li><li id="_45"><a href="https://cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat/x86-userland-assembly">cirosantilli.com/linux-kernel-module-cheat/x86-userland-assembly</a></li><li id="_46">learn a bit about calling conventions, e.g. by calling C standard library functions from assembly:<div class="list"><ul id="_47"><li id="_48"><a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/9b6552ab6c66cb14d531eff903c4e78f3561e9ca/userland/arch/aarch64/inline_asm/linux/asm_from_c.c">github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/9b6552ab6c66cb14d531eff903c4e78f3561e9ca/userland/arch/aarch64/inline_asm/linux/asm_from_c.c</a></li><li id="_49"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16255608/calling-c-functions-from-x86-assembly-language/56328708#56328708">Calling C functions from x86 assembly language</a></li></ul></div></li><li id="_50">you can also try and understand what some simple <a href="programming-language#c-programming-language">C</a> programs <a href="software#compiler">compile</a> to. Things can get a bit hard though when <code>-O3</code> is used. Some cute examples:<div class="list"><ul id="_51"><li id="_52"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/310974/what-is-tail-call-optimization/55230417#55230417">What is tail call optimization?</a></li><li id="_53"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1345670/stack-smashing-detected/51897264#51897264">What is the "Stack smashing detected" error in GCC and how to solve it?</a></li><li id="_54"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/745870/realistic-usage-of-the-c99-restrict-keyword/30827311#30827311">Realistic usage of the C99 'restrict' keyword?</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li><li id="_55"><a href="systems-programming#executable-file-format">executable file format</a>, notably <a href="systems-programming#executable-and-linkable-format">executable and Linkable Format</a>. Particularly important is to understand the basics of:<div class="list"><ul id="_56"><li id="_57">address relocation: <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3322911/what-do-linkers-do/33690144#33690144">How do linkers and address relocation work?</a></li><li id="_58">position independent code: <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2463150/what-is-the-fpie-option-for-position-independent-executables-in-gcc-and-ld/51308031#51308031">What is the -fPIE option for position-independent executables in GCC and ld?</a></li><li id="_59">how to observe which symbols are present in object files, e.g.:<div class="list"><ul id="_60"><li id="_61">how C++ uses name mangling <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1041866/what-is-the-effect-of-extern-c-in-c/30526795#30526795">What is the effect of extern "C" in C++?</a></li><li id="_62">how C++ template instantiation can help reduce link time and size: <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2351148/explicit-template-instantiation-when-is-it-used/59614755#59614755">Explicit template instantiation - when is it used?</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li><li id="_63"><a href="systems-programming#operating-system">operating system</a>. There are two ways to approach this:<div class="list"><ul id="_64"><li id="_65">learn about the Linux kernel <a href="systems-programming#linux-kernel">Linux kernel</a>. A good starting point is to learn about its main interfaces. This is well shown at <a href="the-most-important-projects-done-by-ciro-santilli#linux-kernel-module-cheat">Linux Kernel Module Cheat</a>:<div class="list"><ul id="_66"><li id="_67">system calls<div class="list"><ul id="_68"><li id="_69">write some system calls in<div class="list"><ul id="_70"><li id="_71">pure assembly:<div class="list"><ul id="_72"><li id="_73"><a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/9b6552ab6c66cb14d531eff903c4e78f3561e9ca/userland/arch/x86_64/freestanding/linux/hello.S">github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/9b6552ab6c66cb14d531eff903c4e78f3561e9ca/userland/arch/x86_64/freestanding/linux/hello.S</a></li><li id="_74"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/174942/how-should-strace-be-used/55397255#55397255">How should strace be used?</a></li></ul></div></li><li id="_75">C GCC inline assembly:<div class="list"><ul id="_76"><li id="_77"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9506353/how-to-invoke-a-system-call-via-syscall-or-sysenter-in-inline-assembly/54956854#54956854">stackoverflow.com/questions/9506353/how-to-invoke-a-system-call-via-syscall-or-sysenter-in-inline-assembly/54956854#54956854</a></li><li id="_78"><a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/9b6552ab6c66cb14d531eff903c4e78f3561e9ca/userland/arch/x86_64/inline_asm/freestanding/linux/hello.c">github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/blob/9b6552ab6c66cb14d531eff903c4e78f3561e9ca/userland/arch/x86_64/inline_asm/freestanding/linux/hello.c</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li><li id="_79">learn about kernel modules and their interfaces. Notably, learn about to demystify special files such <code>/dev/random</code> and so on:<div class="list"><ul id="_80"><li id="_81"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22632713/how-to-write-a-simple-linux-device-driver/44640466#44640466">stackoverflow.com/questions/22632713/how-to-write-a-simple-linux-device-driver/44640466#44640466</a></li><li id="_82"><a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/tree/9b6552ab6c66cb14d531eff903c4e78f3561e9ca/kernel_modules">github.com/cirosantilli/linux-kernel-module-cheat/tree/9b6552ab6c66cb14d531eff903c4e78f3561e9ca/kernel_modules</a></li></ul></div></li><li id="_83">learn how to do a minimal Linux kernel disk image/boot to userland hello world: <a href="https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2692/what-is-the-smallest-possible-linux-implementation/203902#203902">What is the smallest possible Linux implementation?</a></li><li id="_84">learn how to GDB <a href="systems-programming#step-debug-the-linux-kernel">Step debug the Linux kernel</a> itself. Once you know this, you will feel that "given enough patience, I could understand anything that I wanted about the kernel", and you can then proceed to not learn almost anything about it and carry on with your life</li></ul></div></li><li id="_85">write your own (mini-) OS, or study a minimal educational OS, e.g. as in:<div class="list"><ul id="_86"><li id="_87"><a href="ciro-santilli-s-projects#x86-bare-metal-examples">x86 bare metal examples</a></li><li id="_88"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22054578/how-to-run-a-program-without-an-operating-system/32483545#32483545">stackoverflow.com/questions/22054578/how-to-run-a-program-without-an-operating-system/32483545#32483545</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li><li id="_89"><a href="programming-language">programming language</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="figure"><figure id="image-xkcd-378-real-programmers"><div class="float-wrap"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222121520if_/http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/real_programmers.png"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222121520if_/http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/real_programmers.png" loading="lazy" height="600"></a></div><figcaption><a href="#image-xkcd-378-real-programmers"><span class="caption-prefix">Figure 1. </span></a><div class="title"><a href="art#xkcd">xkcd</a> 378: Real Programmers</div>. <a href="https://xkcd.com/378/">Source</a>. </figcaption></figure></div><div class="figure"><figure id="video-how-low-can-you-go-video-by-ciro-santilli-2017"><div class="float-wrap"><iframe width="560" height="315" loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_6D05gCWh_I" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><figcaption><a href="#video-how-low-can-you-go-video-by-ciro-santilli-2017"><span class="caption-prefix">Video 3. </span></a><div class="title">How low can you go video by <a href="ciro-santilli">Ciro Santilli</a> (2017)</div> <a href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=_6D05gCWh_I">Source</a>. In this infamous video Ciro has summarized the computer hierarchy.</figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="the-lower-level-you-go-into-a-computer-the-harder-it-is-to-observe-things"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="the-lower-level-you-go-into-a-computer-the-harder-it-is-to-observe-things">The lower level you go into a computer, the harder it is to observe things</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="the-lower-level-you-go-into-a-computer-the-harder-it-is-to-observe-things"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 354</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#how-computers-work" class="u"> How computers work?</a><a href="#_toc/the-lower-level-you-go-into-a-computer-the-harder-it-is-to-observe-things" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_lower_level_you_go_into_a_computer,_the_harder_it_is_to_observe_things" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/the-lower-level-you-go-into-a-computer-the-harder-it-is-to-observe-things"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_90">This is a general principle of software/hardware design that Ciro feels holds wide applicability.</div><div class="p" id="_91">The most extreme case of this is of course the <a href="computer-hardware#integrated-circuit">integrated circuit</a> itself, in which it is essentially impossible (?) to observe the specific value of some indidual wire at some point.</div><div class="p" id="_92">Somewhat on the other extreme, we have high level programming languages running on top of an <a href="systems-programming#operating-system">operating system</a>: at this point, you can just <a href="software#gnu-debugger">GDB step debug</a> your program, print the value of any variable/memory location, and fully understand anything that you want. Provided that you manage to easily reach that point of interest.</div><div class="p" id="_93">And for anything in between we have various intermediate levels of complication. The most notable perhaps being developing the operating system itself. At this level, you can't so easily step debug (although <a href="systems-programming#step-debug-the-linux-kernel">techniques do exist</a>). For early boot or <a href="systems-programming#bootloader">bootloaders</a> for example, you might want to use <a href="systems-programming#jtag">JTAG</a> for example on real hardware.</div><div class="p" id="_94">In parallel to this, there is also another very important pair of closely linked tradeoffs:<div class="list"><ul id="_95"><li id="_96">the lower level at which something is implemented, the faster it runs</li><li id="_97"><a href="systems-programming#emulator">emulation</a> gives you observability back, at the cost of slower runtime</li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_98">Emulation also has another potential downside: unless you are very careful at implementing things correctly, your model might not be representative of the real thing. Also, there may be important tradeoffs between how much the model looks like the real thing, and how fast it runs. For example, <a href="systems-programming#qemu">QEMU</a>'s use of <a href="systems-programming#binary-translation">binary translation</a> allows it to run orders of magnitude faster than <a href="systems-programming#gem5">gem5</a>. However, you are unable to make any predictions about system performance with QEMU, since you are not modelling key elements like the cache or CPU pipeline.</div><div class="p" id="_99"><a href="#instrumentation-computer-programming">Instrumentation</a> is another technique that has can be considered to achieve greater observability.</div><div class="h" id="instrumentation-computer-programming"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="instrumentation-computer-programming">Instrumentation <span class="meta">(computer programming)</span></a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="instrumentation-computer-programming"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 72</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#the-lower-level-you-go-into-a-computer-the-harder-it-is-to-observe-things" class="u"> The lower level you go into a computer, the harder it is to observe things</a><a href="#_toc/instrumentation-computer-programming" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/instrumentation-computer-programming"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_100">Instrumentation basically means adding loggers/print statements to certain points of interest of your hardware/software.</div><div class="p" id="_101">Instrumentation tends to slow execution down a bit, but way less than <a href="systems-programming#emulator">emulation</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_102">The downside is that if the instrumentation does not provide you the data you need to debug, there's not much you can do, you will need to modify it, i.e. you don't get full visibility from instrumention.</div><div class="p" id="_103">This is unlike emulation that provides full observability.</div><div class="h" id="computer-architecture"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="computer-architecture">Computer architecture</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="computer-architecture"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 26</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#how-computers-work" class="u"> How computers work?</a><a href="#_toc/computer-architecture" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/computer-architecture"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_104">The term loosely refers to certain layers of the <a href="#how-computers-work">computer abstraction layers</a> hierarchy, usually high level hardware internals like <a href="computer-hardware#central-processing-unit">CPU</a> pipeline, caching and the memory system. Basically exactly what <a href="systems-programming#gem5">gem5</a> models.</div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="computer-hardware#microarchitecture">Microarchitecture</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="computer-by-operating-principle"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="computer-by-operating-principle">Computer by operating principle</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="computer-by-operating-principle"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 143</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 9</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Computer</a><a href="#_toc/computer-by-operating-principle" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/computer-by-operating-principle"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="analog-and-digital-computers"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="analog-and-digital-computers">Analog and digital computers</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="analog-and-digital-computers"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 129</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-by-operating-principle" class="u"> Computer by operating principle</a><a href="#_toc/analog-and-digital-computers" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/analog-and-digital-computers"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="quantum-computing#analog-quantum-computer">Analog quantum computer</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="analog-computer"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="analog-computer">Analog computer</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="analog-computer"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 129</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#analog-and-digital-computers" class="u"> Analog and digital computers</a><a href="#_toc/analog-computer" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_computer" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/analog-computer"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_105">Some of the earlier computers of the 20th centure were analog computers, not digital.</div><div class="p" id="_106">At some point analog died however, and "computer" basically by default started meaning just "<a href="#digital-computer">digital computer</a>".</div><div class="p" id="_107">As of the 2010's and forward, with the limit of <a href="computer-hardware#moore-s-law">Moore's law</a> and the rise of <a href="machine-learning">machine learning</a>, people have started looking again into analog computing as a possile way forward. A key insight is that huge floating point precision is not that crucial in many <a href="machine-learning#deep-learning">deep learning</a> applications, e.g. many new digital designs have tried <a href="mathematics#half-precision-floating-point-format">16-bit floating point</a> as opposed to the more traditional 32-bit minium. Some papers are even looking into 8-bit: <a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3327757.3327866">dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3327757.3327866</a></div><div class="p" id="_108">As an example, the <a href="photon#lightmatter">Lightmatter</a> company was trying to implement <a href="photon#silicon-photonics">silicon photonics</a>-based matrix multiplication.</div><div class="p" id="_109">A general intuition behind this type of development is that the <a href="brain#human-brain">human brain</a>, the holy grail of <a href="machine-learning">machine learning</a>, is itself an <a href="#analog-computer">analog computer</a>.</div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="quantum-computing#analog-quantum-computer">Analog quantum computer</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="digital-computer"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="digital-computer">Digital computer</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="digital-computer"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#analog-and-digital-computers" class="u"> Analog and digital computers</a><a href="#_toc/digital-computer" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_computer" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/digital-computer"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="#digital-electronic-computer">Digital electronic computer</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="computer-physical-principle-of-operation"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="computer-physical-principle-of-operation">Computer physical principle of operation</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="computer-physical-principle-of-operation"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 14</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 5</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-by-operating-principle" class="u"> Computer by operating principle</a><a href="#_toc/computer-physical-principle-of-operation" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/computer-physical-principle-of-operation"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="photon#optical-computer">Optical computer</a></li><li><a href="quantum-computing">Quantum computing</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="computer-occupation"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="computer-occupation">Computer <span class="meta">(occupation)</span></a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="computer-occupation"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-physical-principle-of-operation" class="u"> Computer physical principle of operation</a><a href="#_toc/computer-occupation" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_(occupation)" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/computer-occupation"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="figure"><figure id="_110"><div class="float-wrap"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Human_computers_-_Dryden.jpg"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Human_computers_-_Dryden.jpg" loading="lazy" height="315"></a></div><figcaption><a href="#_110"><span class="caption-prefix">Figure 2. </span></a><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_computers_-_Dryden.jpg">Source</a>. </figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="electronic-computer"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="electronic-computer">Electronic computer</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="electronic-computer"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 14</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-physical-principle-of-operation" class="u"> Computer physical principle of operation</a><a href="#_toc/electronic-computer" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/electronic-computer"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="digital-electronic-computer"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="digital-electronic-computer">Digital electronic computer</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="digital-electronic-computer"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 14</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#electronic-computer" class="u"> Electronic computer</a><a href="#_toc/digital-electronic-computer" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_electronic_computer" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/digital-electronic-computer"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="#digital-computer">Digital computer</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_112">Unsurprisingly the term "<a href="">computer</a>" became a synonym for this from the 1960s onwards!</div><div class="h" id="mechanical-computer"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="mechanical-computer">Mechanical computer</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="mechanical-computer"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-physical-principle-of-operation" class="u"> Computer physical principle of operation</a><a href="#_toc/mechanical-computer" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_computer" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/mechanical-computer"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="figure"><figure id="_113"><div class="float-wrap"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/De-Te-We-mp3h0651.jpg"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/De-Te-We-mp3h0651.jpg" loading="lazy" height="315"></a></div><figcaption><a href="#_113"><span class="caption-prefix">Figure 3. </span></a><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:De-Te-We-mp3h0651.jpg">Source</a>. </figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="abacus"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="abacus">Abacus</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="abacus"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#mechanical-computer" class="u"> Mechanical computer</a><a href="#_toc/abacus" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/abacus"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="computer-benchmark"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="computer-benchmark">Computer benchmark</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="computer-benchmark"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 173</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 3</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Computer</a><a href="#_toc/computer-benchmark" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_benchmark" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/computer-benchmark"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="software#benchmark">Benchmark</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="list"><ul id="_115"><li id="_116"><a href="computer-hardware#central-processing-unit">CPU</a> benchmark: <a href="https://askubuntu.com/questions/634513/cpu-benchmarking-utility-for-linux/701532#701532">askubuntu.com/questions/634513/cpu-benchmarking-utility-for-linux/701532#701532</a></li><li id="_117"><a href="computer-hardware#graphics-processing-unit">GPU</a> benchmark: <a href="https://askubuntu.com/questions/31913/how-to-perform-a-detailed-and-quick-3d-performance-test">askubuntu.com/questions/31913/how-to-perform-a-detailed-and-quick-3d-performance-test</a></li></ul></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="artificial-intelligence#ai-math-benchmark">AI Math benchmark</a></li><li><a href="artificial-intelligence#llm-benchmark">LLM benchmark</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="princeton-application-repository-for-shared-memory-computers"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="princeton-application-repository-for-shared-memory-computers">Princeton Application Repository for Shared-Memory Computers <span class="meta">(PARSEC)</span></a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="princeton-application-repository-for-shared-memory-computers"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 63</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-benchmark" class="u"> Computer benchmark</a><a href="#_toc/princeton-application-repository-for-shared-memory-computers" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/princeton-application-repository-for-shared-memory-computers"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_119">Widely used in <a href="education#academia">academia</a> in the 2010s and beyond. Countless <a href="education#academic-paper">papers</a> must have been published with it.</div><div class="p" id="_120">The website went down in 2023, and <a href="ciro-santilli">Ciro Santilli</a> added a data backup to <a href="#cirosantilli-parsec-benchmark">cirosantilli/parsec-benchmark</a></div><div class="h" id="cirosantilli-parsec-benchmark"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="cirosantilli-parsec-benchmark">cirosantilli/parsec-benchmark</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="cirosantilli-parsec-benchmark"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 36</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#princeton-application-repository-for-shared-memory-computers" class="u"> Princeton Application Repository for Shared-Memory Computers</a><a href="#_toc/cirosantilli-parsec-benchmark" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/cirosantilli-parsec-benchmark"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="the-most-important-projects-done-by-ciro-santilli#ciro-santilli-s-minor-projects">Ciro Santilli's minor projects</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_122"><a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/parsec-benchmark">github.com/cirosantilli/parsec-benchmark</a></div><div class="p" id="_123"><a href="ciro-santilli">Ciro Santilli</a>'s fork of <a href="#princeton-application-repository-for-shared-memory-computers">PARSEC</a>. This fork was made to improve the build system and better support newer targets, including newer <a href="systems-programming#ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> and <a href="systems-programming#buildroot">Buildroot</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_124">After the PARSEC website died in 2023, <a href="ciro-santilli">Ciro Santilli</a> also uploaded the test data to <a href="software#github">GitHub</a>.</div><div class="h" id="stress-ng"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="stress-ng">stress-ng</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="stress-ng"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 108</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-benchmark" class="u"> Computer benchmark</a><a href="#_toc/stress-ng" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/stress-ng"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_125">The interface is a bit annoying, but the tool is really cool.</div><div class="p" id="_126">100 cycles of <code>matrixprod</code>:<div class="code" id="_127"><div><pre><code>stress-ng -c1 --cpu-ops 100 --cpu-method matrixprod</code></pre></div></div><code>man stress-ng</code> gives the list of possible <code>--cpu-method</code>. It documents <code>matrixprod</code> as:<div><blockquote id="_128"><a href="linear-algebra#matrix-multiplication">matrix product</a> of two 128 × 128 matrices of double floats. Testing on 64 bit <a href="computer-hardware#x86">x86</a> hardware shows that this is provides a good mix of memory, cache and floating point operations and is probably the best CPU method to use to make a CPU run hot.</blockquote></div></div><div class="p" id="_129">If you don't specify the <code>--cpu-method</code> it apparently loops through every method one by one.</div><div class="p" id="_130">Limit time to 1s instead of limiting cycles:<div class="code" id="_131"><div><pre><code>stress-ng -c1 -t1 --cpu-method matrixprod</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="h" id="computer-company"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="computer-company">Computer company</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="computer-company"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 787</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 27</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Computer</a><a href="#_toc/computer-company" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_company" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/computer-company"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="company">Company</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_133">This section is about companies that were primarily started as computer makers.</div><div class="p" id="_134">For companies that make <a href="computer-hardware#integrated-circuit">integrated circuits</a>, see also: <a href="computer-hardware#semiconductor-company">Section "Semiconductor company"</a>.</div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="software#sun-microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="apple-inc"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="apple-inc">Apple Inc.</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="computer-split"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 379</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 16</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-company" class="u"> Computer company</a><a href="#_toc/apple-inc" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/apple-inc"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_135"><a href="apple-inc">This section is present in another page, follow this link to view it.</a></div><div class="h" id="fujitsu"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="fujitsu">Fujitsu <span class="meta">(Japanese IBM, 富士通)</span></a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="fujitsu"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 18</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-company" class="u"> Computer company</a><a href="#_toc/fujitsu" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitsu" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/fujitsu"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="company#japanese-company">Japanese company</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_139">The japanese name literally means:<div class="list"><ul id="_140"><li id="_141">富士 fushi, from Mount Fuji, which itself has unknown origin</li><li id="_142">通 tong: telecommunications</li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="international-computers-limited"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="international-computers-limited">International Computers Limited <span class="meta">(ICL, British IBM)</span></a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="international-computers-limited"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 50</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-company" class="u"> Computer company</a><a href="#_toc/international-computers-limited" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Computers_Limited" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/international-computers-limited"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="cirism#european-tower-of-babel">European Tower of Babel</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_146">They died so completely, <a href="google">Googling</a> "ICL" now has higher hits such as <a href="university#imperial-college-london">Imperial College London</a>.</div><div class="figure"><figure id="video-why-the-uk-s-ibm-failed-by-asianometry-2022"><div class="float-wrap"><iframe width="560" height="315" loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/EkTHDgYTh64" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><figcaption><a href="#video-why-the-uk-s-ibm-failed-by-asianometry-2022"><span class="caption-prefix">Video 4. </span></a><div class="title">Why the UK's <a href="#ibm">IBM</a> Failed by <a href="computer-hardware#asianometry">Asianometry</a> (2022)</div> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EkTHDgYTh64">Source</a>. Main lesson perhaps: don't put national money to fight already established markets. You have to fight for what is coming up next. E.g. that is part of the reason for <a href="computer-hardware#tsmc">TSMC</a>'s success.</figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="ibm"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="ibm">IBM</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="ibm"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 117</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 7</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-company" class="u"> Computer company</a><a href="#_toc/ibm" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/ibm"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_147">As of the 2020's, a slumbering giant.</div><div class="p" id="_148">But the pre-Internet impact of IBM was insane! Including notably:<div class="list"><ul id="_149"><li id="_150">some of the most important business computers of the pre-<a href="computer-hardware#personal-computer">personal computer</a> era</li><li id="_151"><a href="sql">SQL</a></li><li id="_152"><a href="#ibm-generalized-markup-language">IBM Generalized Markup Language</a>, which is a predecessor to <a href="#xml">XML</a> and <a href="web-technology#html">HTML</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="quantum-computing#ibm-quantum-computing">IBM Quantum Computing</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="ibm-product"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="ibm-product">IBM product</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="ibm-product"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 82</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 5</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#ibm" class="u"> IBM</a><a href="#_toc/ibm-product" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/ibm-product"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="ibm-system-360"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="ibm-system-360">IBM System/360 <span class="meta">(1964)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="ibm-system-360"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 49</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#ibm-product" class="u"> IBM product</a><a href="#_toc/ibm-system-360" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/ibm-system-360"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_154">This is a family of computers. It was a big success. It appears that this was a big unification project of previous architectures. And it also gave software portability guarantees with future systems, since writing software was starting to become as expensive as the hardware itself.</div><div class="p" id="_155">Media:<div class="list"><ul id="_156"><li id="_157"><a href="https://youtu.be/qwocVH3_1Eo?t=841">youtu.be/qwocVH3_1Eo?t=841</a> from <a href="electronics#video-inside-the-wild-lab-of-curiousmarc-by-keysight-labs-2022">Video "Inside the WILD Lab of CuriousMarc by Keysight Labs (2022)"</a>.</li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="ibm-650"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="ibm-650">IBM 650 <span class="meta">(1954)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="ibm-650"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 24</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#ibm-product" class="u"> IBM product</a><a href="#_toc/ibm-650" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_650" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/ibm-650"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_159">This was the first major commercial computer hit. Stlil <a href="electronics#vacuum-tube">vacuum tube</a>-based.</div><div class="figure"><figure id="video-learning-how-to-program-on-the-ibm-650-donald-knuth-interview-by-web-of-stories-2006"><div class="float-wrap"><iframe width="560" height="315" loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/8Il6SkRdZ84" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><figcaption><a href="#video-learning-how-to-program-on-the-ibm-650-donald-knuth-interview-by-web-of-stories-2006"><span class="caption-prefix">Video 5. </span></a><div class="title">Learning how to program on the IBM 650 <a href="software#donald-knuth">Donald Knuth</a> interview by <a href="science#web-of-stories">Web of Stories</a> (2006)</div> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Il6SkRdZ84">Source</a>. It was decimal!</figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="ibm-1401"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="ibm-1401">IBM 1401 <span class="meta">(1959)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="ibm-1401"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 9</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#ibm-product" class="u"> IBM product</a><a href="#_toc/ibm-1401" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/ibm-1401"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="figure"><figure id="video-the-ibm-1401-compiles-and-runs-fortran-ii-by-curiousmarc-2018"><div class="float-wrap"><iframe width="560" height="315" loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/uFQ3sajIdaM" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><figcaption><a href="#video-the-ibm-1401-compiles-and-runs-fortran-ii-by-curiousmarc-2018"><span class="caption-prefix">Video 6. </span></a><div class="title">The IBM 1401 compiles and runs <a href="programming-language#fortran">Fortran</a> II by <a href="electronics#curiousmarc">CuriousMarc</a> (2018)</div> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uFQ3sajIdaM">Source</a>. </figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="ibm-700-7000-series"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="ibm-700-7000-series">IBM 700/7000 series <span class="meta">(1953-1970)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="ibm-700-7000-series"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#ibm-product" class="u"> IBM product</a><a href="#_toc/ibm-700-7000-series" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_700/7000_series" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/ibm-700-7000-series"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="ibm-705"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="ibm-705">IBM 705</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="ibm-705"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#ibm-700-7000-series" class="u"> IBM 700/7000 series</a><a href="#_toc/ibm-705" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/ibm-705"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="ibm-personal-computer"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="ibm-personal-computer">IBM Personal Computer</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="ibm-personal-computer"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#ibm" class="u"> IBM</a><a href="#_toc/ibm-personal-computer" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/ibm-personal-computer"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="computer-engineer"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="computer-engineer">Computer engineer</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="computer-engineer"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 463</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 6</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Computer</a><a href="#_toc/computer-engineer" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_engineer" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/computer-engineer"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="technology#engineer">Engineer</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="gordon-moore"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="gordon-moore">Gordon Moore</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="gordon-moore"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-engineer" class="u"> Computer engineer</a><a href="#_toc/gordon-moore" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Moore" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/gordon-moore"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="robert-noyce"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="robert-noyce">Robert Noyce</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="robert-noyce"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 5</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-engineer" class="u"> Computer engineer</a><a href="#_toc/robert-noyce" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Noyce" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/robert-noyce"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="robert-noyce-the-man-behind-the-microchip-by-leslie-berlin-2006"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="robert-noyce-the-man-behind-the-microchip-by-leslie-berlin-2006">Robert Noyce: The Man Behind the Microchip by Leslie Berlin (2006)</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="robert-noyce-the-man-behind-the-microchip-by-leslie-berlin-2006"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 5</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#robert-noyce" class="u"> Robert Noyce</a><a href="#_toc/robert-noyce-the-man-behind-the-microchip-by-leslie-berlin-2006" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/robert-noyce-the-man-behind-the-microchip-by-leslie-berlin-2006"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="literature#good-book">Good book</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_164">Borrow from the <a href="website#internet-archive">Internet Archive</a> for free: <a href="https://archive.org/details/manbehindmicroc000berl/page/n445/mode/2up">archive.org/details/manbehindmicroc000berl/page/n445/mode/2up</a></div><div class="h" id="seymour-cray"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="seymour-cray">Seymour Cray</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="seymour-cray"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 458</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-engineer" class="u"> Computer engineer</a><a href="#_toc/seymour-cray" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Cray" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/seymour-cray"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="cray"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="cray">Cray</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="cray"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#seymour-cray" class="u"> Seymour Cray</a><a href="#_toc/cray" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/cray"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="the-supermen-the-story-of-seymour-cray-by-charles-j-murray-1997"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="the-supermen-the-story-of-seymour-cray-by-charles-j-murray-1997">The Supermen: The Story of Seymour Cray by Charles J. Murray (1997)</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="the-supermen-the-story-of-seymour-cray-by-charles-j-murray-1997"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 458</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#seymour-cray" class="u"> Seymour Cray</a><a href="#_toc/the-supermen-the-story-of-seymour-cray-by-charles-j-murray-1997" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/the-supermen-the-story-of-seymour-cray-by-charles-j-murray-1997"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="literature#good-book">Good book</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_166">Borrow from the <a href="website#internet-archive">Internet Archive</a> for free: <a href="https://archive.org/details/supermenstory00murr">archive.org/details/supermenstory00murr</a></div><div class="p" id="_167">Initial chapters put good clarity on the formation of the <a href="science#military-industrial-complex">military-industrial complex</a>. Being backed by the military, especially just after <a href="science#world-war-ii">World War II</a>, was in itself enough credibility to start and foster a company.</div><div class="p" id="_168">It is funny to see how the first computers were very artisanal, made on a one-off basis.</div><div class="p" id="_169">Amazing how Control Data Corporation raised capital IPO style as a startup without a product. The dude was selling shares at dinner parties in his home.</div><div class="p" id="_170">Very interesting mention on page 70 of how <a href="continent#israel">Israel</a> bought CDC's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIVAC_1103">UNIVAC 1103</a> which Cray contributed greatly to design, and everyone knew that it was to make <a href="nuclear-weapon#thermonuclear-weapon">thermonuclear weapons</a>, since that was what the big American labs like this mention should be added to: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_Israel">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_Israel</a> but that's Extended Protected... the horrors of <a href="website#wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_171">Another interesting insight is how "unintegrated" computers were back then. They were literally building computers out of individual <a href="electronics#vacuum-tube">vacuum tubes</a>, then individual semiconducting transistors, a gate at a time. Then things got more and more integrated as time went. That is why the now outdated word "microprocessor" existed. When processors start to fit into a single <a href="computer-hardware#integrated-circuit">integrated circuit</a>, they were truly micro compared to the monstrosities that existed previously.</div><div class="p" id="_172">Also, because integration was so weak initially, it was important to more manually consider the length of wire signals had to travel, and try to put components closer together to reduce the <a href="computer-science#critical-path">critical path</a> to be able to increase clock speeds. These constraints are also of course present in modern computer design, but they were just so much more visible in those days.</div><div class="p" id="_173">The book does unfortunately not give much detail in Crays personal life as mentioned on this book review: <a href="https://www.goodreads.com/review/show/1277733185?book_show_action=true">www.goodreads.com/review/show/1277733185?book_show_action=true</a>. His childhood section is brief, and his wedding is described in one paragraph, and divorce in one sentence. Part of this is because he was very private about his family most likely note how Wikipedia had missed his first wedding, and likely misattribute children to the second wedding; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Seymour_Cray">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Seymour_Cray</a> section "Weddings and Children".</div><div class="p" id="_174">Crays work philosophy is is highlighted many times in the book, and it is something worthy to have in mind:<div class="list"><ul id="_175"><li id="_176">if a design is not working, start from scratch</li><li id="_177">don't be the very first pioneer of a technology, let others work out the problems for you first, and then come second and win</li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_178">Cray's final downfall was when he opted to try to use a promising but hard to work with material <a href="chemistry#gallium-arsenide">gallium arsenide</a> instead of <a href="chemistry#silicon">silicon</a> as his way to try and speed up computers, see also: <a href="chemistry#gallium-arsenide-vs-silicon">gallium arsenide vs silicon</a>. Also, he went against the extremely current of the late 80's early 90's pointing rather towards using massively parallel systems based on <a href="chemistry#silicon">silicon</a> off-the-shelf <a href="computer-hardware#intel">Intel</a> processors, a current that had <a href="united-states#darpa">DARPA</a> support, and which by far the path that won very dramatically as of 2020, see: <a href="computer-hardware#intel-supercomputer-market-share">Intel supercomputer market share</a>.</div><div class="h" id="computer-graphics"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="computer-graphics">Computer graphics</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="computer-graphics"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 44</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 9</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Computer</a><a href="#_toc/computer-graphics" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/computer-graphics"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="software#graphics-software">Graphics software</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="2d-computer-graphics"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="2d-computer-graphics">2D computer graphics</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="2d-computer-graphics"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-graphics" class="u"> Computer graphics</a><a href="#_toc/2d-computer-graphics" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/2d-computer-graphics"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="video-game#2d-game">2D game</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="3d-computer-graphics"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="3d-computer-graphics">3D computer graphics</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="3d-computer-graphics"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 44</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 7</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-graphics" class="u"> Computer graphics</a><a href="#_toc/3d-computer-graphics" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/3d-computer-graphics"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="video-game#3d-game">3D game</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="3d-file-format"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="3d-file-format">3D file format</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="3d-file-format"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 44</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 6</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#3d-computer-graphics" class="u"> 3D computer graphics</a><a href="#_toc/3d-file-format" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/3d-file-format"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="#file-format">File format</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_180"><a href="https://www.threekit.com/blog/gltf-everything-you-need-to-know">www.threekit.com/blog/gltf-everything-you-need-to-know</a> comparision of several formats</div><div class="h" id="3d-file-format-viewer"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="3d-file-format-viewer">3D file format viewer</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="3d-file-format-viewer"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#3d-file-format" class="u"> 3D file format</a><a href="#_toc/3d-file-format-viewer" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/3d-file-format-viewer"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_181"><a href="https://askubuntu.com/questions/1319549/is-there-any-simple-3d-viewer-application">askubuntu.com/questions/1319549/is-there-any-simple-3d-viewer-application</a></div><div class="h" id="f3d"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="f3d">f3d</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="f3d"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#3d-file-format-viewer" class="u"> 3D file format viewer</a><a href="#_toc/f3d" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/f3d"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_182"><a href="https://github.com/f3d-app/f3d">github.com/f3d-app/f3d</a></div><div class="h" id="list-of-3d-file-formats"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="list-of-3d-file-formats">List of 3D file formats</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="list-of-3d-file-formats"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 40</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 3</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#3d-file-format" class="u"> 3D file format</a><a href="#_toc/list-of-3d-file-formats" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/list-of-3d-file-formats"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="gltf"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="gltf">glTF</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="gltf"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 40</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#list-of-3d-file-formats" class="u"> List of 3D file formats</a><a href="#_toc/gltf" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/glTF" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/gltf"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="software#khronos-standard">Khronos standard</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_184">Official demos: <a href="https://github.com/KhronosGroup/glTF-Sample-Assets">github.com/KhronosGroup/glTF-Sample-Assets</a> These are visible at: <a href="https://github.khronos.org/glTF-Sample-Viewer-Release/">github.khronos.org/glTF-Sample-Viewer-Release/</a> with a <a href="programming-language#javascript">JavaScript</a> viewer present at: <a href="https://github.com/KhronosGroup/glTF-Sample-Viewer">github.com/KhronosGroup/glTF-Sample-Viewer</a> TODO can you load models on the web?</div><div class="p" id="_185">Supports animations, e.g.:<div class="list"><ul id="_186"><li id="_187"><a href="https://github.com/KhronosGroup/glTF-Sample-Assets/tree/43380bb399f5c86acb541ee75af4b5905b6926c5/Models/AnimatedCube">github.com/KhronosGroup/glTF-Sample-Assets/tree/43380bb399f5c86acb541ee75af4b5905b6926c5/Models/AnimatedCube</a></li><li id="_188"><a href="https://github.com/KhronosGroup/glTF-Tutorials/blob/7426e466a5a6a347cd4f810051ed38a1b9791257/gltfTutorial/gltfTutorial_007_Animations.md">github.com/KhronosGroup/glTF-Tutorials/blob/7426e466a5a6a347cd4f810051ed38a1b9791257/gltfTutorial/gltfTutorial_007_Animations.md</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_189"><a href="https://gltf-viewer.donmccurdy.com/">gltf-viewer.donmccurdy.com/</a> is based on doesn't work with those examples because they have separate asset files.</div><div class="p" id="_190"><a href="#f3d">f3d</a> just worked for it.</div><div class="h" id="openusd"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="openusd">OpenUSD</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="openusd"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#list-of-3d-file-formats" class="u"> List of 3D file formats</a><a href="#_toc/openusd" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/openusd"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="universal-scene-description"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="universal-scene-description">Universal Scene Description</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="universal-scene-description"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#openusd" class="u"> OpenUSD</a><a href="#_toc/universal-scene-description" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/universal-scene-description"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="computer-network"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="computer-network">Computer network</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="computer-network"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 9k</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 217</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Computer</a><a href="#_toc/computer-network" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/computer-network"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="computer-network-software"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="computer-network-software">Computer network software</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="computer-network-software"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 430</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 9</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-network" class="u"> Computer network</a><a href="#_toc/computer-network-software" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/computer-network-software"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="#ping-networking-utility">Ping</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="iproute2"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="iproute2">iproute2</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="iproute2"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-network-software" class="u"> Computer network software</a><a href="#_toc/iproute2" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/iproute2" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/iproute2"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="ip-cli-tool"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="ip-cli-tool"><code>ip</code> CLI tool</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="ip-cli-tool"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#iproute2" class="u"> iproute2</a><a href="#_toc/ip-cli-tool" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/ip-cli-tool"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="find-computer-ip-with-the-ip-cli-tool"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="find-computer-ip-with-the-ip-cli-tool">Find computer IP with the <code>ip</code> CLI tool</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="find-computer-ip-with-the-ip-cli-tool"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#ip-cli-tool" class="u"> <code>ip</code> CLI tool</a><a href="#_toc/find-computer-ip-with-the-ip-cli-tool" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/find-computer-ip-with-the-ip-cli-tool"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="nmap"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="nmap">Nmap</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="nmap"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-network-software" class="u"> Computer network software</a><a href="#_toc/nmap" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nmap" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/nmap"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="tcpdump"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="tcpdump">tcpdump</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="tcpdump"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 296</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-network-software" class="u"> Computer network software</a><a href="#_toc/tcpdump" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tcpdump" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/tcpdump"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_191">To test it, let's get two computers on the same <a href="#local-area-network">local area network</a>, e.g. connected to <a href="#wi-fi">Wi-Fi</a> on the same home <a href="#modem-router">modem router</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_192">On computer B:<div class="list"><ul id="_193"><li id="_194"><a href="#find-computer-ip-with-the-ip-cli-tool">find computer IP with the <code>ip</code> CLI tool</a>. Suppose it is 192.168.1.102</li><li id="_195">then run <a href="#ciro-s-nc-http-test-server">Ciro's <code>nc</code> HTTP test server</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_196">On computer A, run on terminal 1:<div class="code" id="_197"><div><pre><code>sudo tcpdump ip src 192.168.1.102 or dst 192.168.1.102</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="p" id="_198">Then on terminal 2 make a test request:<div class="code" id="_199"><div><pre><code>curl 192.168.1.102:8000</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="p" id="_200">Output on terminal 1:<div class="code" id="_201"><div><pre><code>17:14:22.017001 IP ciro-p14s.55798 > 192.168.1.102.8000: Flags [S], seq 2563867413, win 64240, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 303966323 ecr 0,nop,wscale 7], length 0 17:14:22.073957 IP 192.168.1.102.8000 > ciro-p14s.55798: Flags [S.], seq 1371418143, ack 2563867414, win 65160, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 171832817 ecr 303966323,nop,wscale 7], length 0 17:14:22.074002 IP ciro-p14s.55798 > 192.168.1.102.8000: Flags [.], ack 1, win 502, options [nop,nop,TS val 303966380 ecr 171832817], length 0 17:14:22.074195 IP ciro-p14s.55798 > 192.168.1.102.8000: Flags [P.], seq 1:82, ack 1, win 502, options [nop,nop,TS val 303966380 ecr 171832817], length 81 17:14:22.076710 IP 192.168.1.102.8000 > ciro-p14s.55798: Flags [P.], seq 1:80, ack 1, win 510, options [nop,nop,TS val 171832821 ecr 303966380], length 79 17:14:22.076710 IP 192.168.1.102.8000 > ciro-p14s.55798: Flags [.], ack 82, win 510, options [nop,nop,TS val 171832821 ecr 303966380], length 0 17:14:22.076727 IP ciro-p14s.55798 > 192.168.1.102.8000: Flags [.], ack 80, win 502, options [nop,nop,TS val 303966383 ecr 171832821], length 0 17:14:22.077006 IP ciro-p14s.55798 > 192.168.1.102.8000: Flags [F.], seq 82, ack 80, win 502, options [nop,nop,TS val 303966383 ecr 171832821], length 0 17:14:22.077564 IP 192.168.1.102.8000 > ciro-p14s.55798: Flags [F.], seq 80, ack 82, win 510, options [nop,nop,TS val 171832821 ecr 303966380], length 0 17:14:22.077578 IP ciro-p14s.55798 > 192.168.1.102.8000: Flags [.], ack 81, win 502, options [nop,nop,TS val 303966384 ecr 171832821], length 0 17:14:22.079429 IP 192.168.1.102.8000 > ciro-p14s.55798: Flags [.], ack 83, win 510, options [nop,nop,TS val 171832824 ecr 303966383], length 0</code></pre></div></div>TODO understand them all! Possibly correlate with <a href="#wireshark">Wireshark</a>, or use <code>-A</code> option to dump content.</div><div class="h" id="wireshark"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="wireshark">Wireshark</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="wireshark"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 134</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 3</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-network-software" class="u"> Computer network software</a><a href="#_toc/wireshark" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireshark" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/wireshark"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_202">Amazing tool that captures packets and disassembles them. Allows you to click an interactive tree that represents <a href="#ethernet">Ethernet</a>, <a href="#tcp-ip">TCP/IP</a> and application layer like <a href="#http">HTTP</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_203">Start capture immediately from CLI, capture packets to/from 192.168.1.102:<div class="code" id="_204"><div><pre><code>sudo wireshark -f 'host 192.168.1.102' -k</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="h" id="wireshark-capture-filter"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="wireshark-capture-filter">Wireshark capture filter</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="wireshark-capture-filter"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 54</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#wireshark" class="u"> Wireshark</a><a href="#_toc/wireshark-capture-filter" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/wireshark-capture-filter"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_205">Capture by instead:<div class="code" id="_206"><div><pre><code>sudo wireshark -f http -k sudo wireshark -f icmp -k</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="p" id="_207">Filter by both protocol and host:<div class="code" id="_208"><div><pre><code>sudo wireshark -f 'host 192.168.1.102 and icmp' -k</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="p" id="_209">For <a href="#application-layer">application layer</a> capture filtering, the best you can do is by port:<div class="code" id="_210"><div><pre><code>sudo wireshark -f 'tcp port 80'</code></pre></div></div>There is an <code>http</code> filter but only for as a <a href="#wireshark-display-filter">wireshark display filter</a></div><div class="h" id="wireshark-display-filter"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="wireshark-display-filter">Wireshark display filter</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="wireshark-display-filter"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#wireshark" class="u"> Wireshark</a><a href="#_toc/wireshark-display-filter" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/wireshark-display-filter"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="tshark"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="tshark">tshark <span class="meta">(Terminal Wireshark)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="tshark"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 42</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#wireshark" class="u"> Wireshark</a><a href="#_toc/tshark" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/tshark"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_212">Sample usage:<div class="code" id="_213"><div><pre><code>sudo tshark -f 'host 192.168.1.102</code></pre></div></div>This produces simple one liners for each request.</div><div class="p" id="_214">What you likely want is the <code>-V</code> option which fully disassembles each frame much as you can do in the <a href="software#graphical-user-interface">GUI</a> <a href="#wireshark">Wireshark</a>:<div class="code" id="_215"><div><pre><code>sudo tshark -V -f 'host 192.168.1.102</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="h" id="linux-networking-howto"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="linux-networking-howto">Linux networking HOWTO</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="linux-networking-howto"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 313</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 6</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-network" class="u"> Computer network</a><a href="#_toc/linux-networking-howto" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/linux-networking-howto"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="systems-programming#linux">Linux</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="connect-to-other-computer-in-lan-by-hostname"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="connect-to-other-computer-in-lan-by-hostname">Connect to other computer in LAN by hostname</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="connect-to-other-computer-in-lan-by-hostname"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#linux-networking-howto" class="u"> Linux networking HOWTO</a><a href="#_toc/connect-to-other-computer-in-lan-by-hostname" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/connect-to-other-computer-in-lan-by-hostname"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="connect-to-other-computer-in-lan-by-hostname-with-dhcp"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="connect-to-other-computer-in-lan-by-hostname-with-dhcp">Connect to other computer in LAN by hostname with DHCP</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="connect-to-other-computer-in-lan-by-hostname-with-dhcp"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 27</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#linux-networking-howto" class="u"> Linux networking HOWTO</a><a href="#_toc/connect-to-other-computer-in-lan-by-hostname-with-dhcp" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/connect-to-other-computer-in-lan-by-hostname-with-dhcp"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_217"><a href="https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/16890/how-to-make-a-machine-accessible-from-the-lan-using-its-hostname">unix.stackexchange.com/questions/16890/how-to-make-a-machine-accessible-from-the-lan-using-its-hostname</a></div><div class="p" id="_218">TODO didn't manage to get it working with <a href="ciro-santilli-s-hardware#tp-link-archer-vr2800">TP Link ARCHER VR2800</a> even though it shows DHCP as enabled and it also shows <a href="#mac-address">MAC addresses</a> and corresponding hostnames in the router management interface.</div><div class="h" id="connect-two-computers-directly-without-a-router-with-an-ethernet-cable"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="connect-two-computers-directly-without-a-router-with-an-ethernet-cable">Connect two computers directly without a router with an Ethernet cable</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="connect-two-computers-directly-without-a-router-with-an-ethernet-cable"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 247</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#linux-networking-howto" class="u"> Linux networking HOWTO</a><a href="#_toc/connect-two-computers-directly-without-a-router-with-an-ethernet-cable" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/connect-two-computers-directly-without-a-router-with-an-ethernet-cable"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_219">For <a href="#internet-protocol">IP</a>-level communication, <a href="https://askubuntu.com/questions/22835/how-to-network-two-ubuntu-computers-using-ethernet-without-a-router/116680#116680">askubuntu.com/questions/22835/how-to-network-two-ubuntu-computers-using-ethernet-without-a-router/116680#116680</a> just worked between <a href="ciro-santilli-s-hardware#lenovo-thinkpad-p51-2017">P51</a> and <a href="ciro-santilli-s-hardware#lenovo-thinkpad-p14s-gen4-amd">P14s</a> both on <a href="systems-programming#ubuntu-23-10">Ubuntu 23.10</a> connected with a regular <a href="#cat-5e">Cat 5e</a> cable.</div><div class="p" id="_220">On both machines, first we found the <a href="#ethernet-cable">Ethernet cable</a> interface name with the <a href="#ip-cli-tool"><code>ip</code> CLI tool</a>:<div class="code" id="_221"><div><pre><code>ip a</code></pre></div></div>which outputs on the P41s:<div class="code" id="_222"><div><pre><code>1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 2: enp1s0f0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000 link/ether fc:5c:ee:24:fb:b4 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff 3: wlp2s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000 link/ether 04:7b:cb:cc:1b:10 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 192.168.1.123/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute wlp2s0 valid_lft 61284sec preferred_lft 61284sec inet6 fe80::3597:15d8:74ff:e112/64 scope link noprefixroute valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever</code></pre></div></div>so the interface was <code>enp1s0f0</code>, because <code>wlp</code> is wireless and <code>lo</code> is localhost.</div><div class="p" id="_223">So on the P14s we assign an IP of 10.0.0.10 to the P51:<div class="code" id="_224"><div><pre><code>sudo ip address add 10.0.0.10/24 dev enp1s0f0</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="p" id="_225">Then on the P51 analogously, giving IP of 10.0.0.20 to the P14s:<div class="code" id="_226"><div><pre><code>sudo ip address add 10.0.0.20/24 dev enp0s31f6</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="p" id="_227">And after that, P14s can:<div class="code" id="_228"><div><pre><code>ping 10.0.0.10</code></pre></div></div>and P51 can:<div class="code" id="_229"><div><pre><code>ping 10.0.0.20</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="p" id="_230">TODO after a few seconds, the settings appear to be forgotten, and <code>ping</code> stops working unless you do <code>sudo ip address add</code> on the local machine again. This seems to happen after a popup appears saying "Activation of network connection failed" as it fails to obtain Internet from the cable.</div><div class="p" id="_231">TODO list and delete such manual assignments we've made.</div><div class="h" id="find-mac-address-of-a-device-on-the-other-end-of-an-ethernet-cable"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="find-mac-address-of-a-device-on-the-other-end-of-an-ethernet-cable">Find MAC address of a device on the other end of an Ethernet cable</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="find-mac-address-of-a-device-on-the-other-end-of-an-ethernet-cable"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#connect-two-computers-directly-without-a-router-with-an-ethernet-cable" class="u"> Connect two computers directly without a router with an Ethernet cable</a><a href="#_toc/find-mac-address-of-a-device-on-the-other-end-of-an-ethernet-cable" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/find-mac-address-of-a-device-on-the-other-end-of-an-ethernet-cable"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="list"><ul id="_232"><li id="_233"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/35674608/send-message-using-mac-address-on-pc-without-ip-in-lan">stackoverflow.com/questions/35674608/send-message-using-mac-address-on-pc-without-ip-in-lan</a></li><li id="_234"><a href="https://gist.github.com/austinmarton/1922600">gist.github.com/austinmarton/1922600</a></li><li id="_235"><a href="https://gist.github.com/austinmarton/2862515">gist.github.com/austinmarton/2862515</a></li></ul></div><div class="h" id="find-mac-address-of-a-device-on-the-other-end-of-an-ethernet-cable-without-ip"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="find-mac-address-of-a-device-on-the-other-end-of-an-ethernet-cable-without-ip">Find MAC address of a device on the other end of an Ethernet cable without IP</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="find-mac-address-of-a-device-on-the-other-end-of-an-ethernet-cable-without-ip"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#find-mac-address-of-a-device-on-the-other-end-of-an-ethernet-cable" class="u"> Find MAC address of a device on the other end of an Ethernet cable</a><a href="#_toc/find-mac-address-of-a-device-on-the-other-end-of-an-ethernet-cable-without-ip" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/find-mac-address-of-a-device-on-the-other-end-of-an-ethernet-cable-without-ip"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="share-internet-via-ethernet-cable"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="share-internet-via-ethernet-cable">Share Internet via Ethernet cable</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="share-internet-via-ethernet-cable"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 39</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#linux-networking-howto" class="u"> Linux networking HOWTO</a><a href="#_toc/share-internet-via-ethernet-cable" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/share-internet-via-ethernet-cable"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_236">E.g. to give Compueter 2 Internet in a setup like:<div class="code" id="_237"><div><pre><code>Internet --- Wi-Fi --- Computer 1 --- Ethernet --- Computer 2</code></pre></div></div>Can be tested e.g. by turning off Wi-Fi from Computer 2 if it has one.</div><div class="p" id="_238">Got it working: <a href="https://askubuntu.com/questions/3063/share-wireless-connection-with-wired-ethernet-port/1502850#1502850">askubuntu.com/questions/3063/share-wireless-connection-with-wired-ethernet-port/1502850#1502850</a></div><div class="h" id="osi-model"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="osi-model">OSI model</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="osi-model"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 250</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 20</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-network" class="u"> Computer network</a><a href="#_toc/osi-model" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/osi-model"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="physical-layer"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="physical-layer">Physical layer <span class="meta">(OSI layer 1)</span></a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="physical-layer"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 130</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#osi-model" class="u"> OSI model</a><a href="#_toc/physical-layer" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_layer" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/physical-layer"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_240">This one is not generally seen by software, which mostly operates starting from <a href="#data-link-layer">OSI layer 2</a>.</div><div class="h" id="sneakernet"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="sneakernet">Sneakernet</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="sneakernet"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#physical-layer" class="u"> Physical layer</a><a href="#_toc/sneakernet" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneakernet" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/sneakernet"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="universal-asynchronous-receiver-transmitter"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="universal-asynchronous-receiver-transmitter">Universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter <span class="meta">(UART)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="universal-asynchronous-receiver-transmitter"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 116</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#physical-layer" class="u"> Physical layer</a><a href="#_toc/universal-asynchronous-receiver-transmitter" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_asynchronous_receiver-transmitter" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/universal-asynchronous-receiver-transmitter"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_242">A good project to see UARTs at work in all their beauty is to connect two <a href="computer-hardware#raspberry-pi">Raspberry Pis</a> via UART, and then:<div class="list"><ul id="_243"><li id="_244">type in one and see characters appear in the other: <a href="https://scribles.net/setting-up-uart-serial-communication-between-raspberry-pis/">scribles.net/setting-up-uart-serial-communication-between-raspberry-pis/</a></li><li id="_245">send data via a script: <a href="https://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/questions/29027/how-should-i-properly-communicate-2-raspberry-pi-via-uart">raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/questions/29027/how-should-i-properly-communicate-2-raspberry-pi-via-uart</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_246">Part of the beauty of this is that you can just connect both boards directly manually with a few wire-to-wire connections with simple <a href="electronics#jump-wire">jump wire</a>. Its simplicity is just quite refreshing. Sure, you could do something like that for any physical layer link presumably...</div><div class="p" id="_247">Remember that you can only have one <a href="software#gnu-screen">GNU screen</a> connected at a time or else they will mess each other up: <a href="https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/93892/why-is-screen-is-terminating-without-root/367549#367549">unix.stackexchange.com/questions/93892/why-is-screen-is-terminating-without-root/367549#367549</a></div><div class="p" id="_248">On <a href="systems-programming#ubuntu-22-04">Ubuntu 22.04</a> you can screen without <a href="software#sudo">sudo</a> by adding yourself to the <code>dialout</code> group with:<div class="code" id="_249"><div><pre><code>sudo usermod -a -G dialout $USER</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="h" id="data-link-layer"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="data-link-layer">Data link layer <span class="meta">(OSI layer 2)</span></a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="data-link-layer"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 91</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 10</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#osi-model" class="u"> OSI model</a><a href="#_toc/data-link-layer" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_link_layer" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/data-link-layer"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="bluetooth"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="bluetooth">Bluetooth <span class="meta">(1997)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="bluetooth"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#data-link-layer" class="u"> Data link layer</a><a href="#_toc/bluetooth" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/bluetooth"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="ethernet"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="ethernet">Ethernet <span class="meta">(1980)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="ethernet"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 60</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 6</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#data-link-layer" class="u"> Data link layer</a><a href="#_toc/ethernet" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/ethernet"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="ethernet-physical-layer"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="ethernet-physical-layer">Ethernet physical layer</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="ethernet-physical-layer"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 60</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 5</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#ethernet" class="u"> Ethernet</a><a href="#_toc/ethernet-physical-layer" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_physical_layer" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/ethernet-physical-layer"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="ethernet-cable"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="ethernet-cable">Ethernet cable</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="ethernet-cable"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 60</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 4</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#ethernet-physical-layer" class="u"> Ethernet physical layer</a><a href="#_toc/ethernet-cable" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/ethernet-cable"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_253">When non-specialists say "Ethernet cable", they usually mean <a href="electronics#twisted-pair">twisted pair</a> for <a href="#ethernet-over-twisted-pair">Ethernet over twisted pair</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_254">But of course, this term is much more generic to a more specialized person, since notably <a href="photon#optical-fiber">fiber optics</a> are also extensively used in <a href="#ethernet-over-fiber">Ethernet over fiber</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_255"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethernet_cables">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethernet_cables</a></div><div class="h" id="ethernet-over-twisted-pair"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="8"><a href="ethernet-over-twisted-pair">Ethernet over twisted pair</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="ethernet-over-twisted-pair"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 28</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#ethernet-cable" class="u"> Ethernet cable</a><a href="#_toc/ethernet-over-twisted-pair" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_over_twisted_pair" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/ethernet-over-twisted-pair"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="electronics#twisted-pair">Twisted pair</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="category-5-cable"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="9"><a href="category-5-cable">Category 5 cable <span class="meta">(4 twisted pairs)</span></a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="category-5-cable"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 28</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#ethernet-over-twisted-pair" class="u"> Ethernet over twisted pair</a><a href="#_toc/category-5-cable" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_5_cable" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/category-5-cable"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="cat-5e"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="10"><a href="cat-5e">Cat 5e <span class="meta">(2.5 Gbit/s)</span></a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="cat-5e"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 28</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#category-5-cable" class="u"> Category 5 cable</a><a href="#_toc/cat-5e" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/cat-5e"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_259">This is the most common home "ethernet cable" as of 2024. It is essentially ubiquitous. According to the existing <a href="#ethernet-physical-layer">Ethernet physical layer</a>, the maximum speed supported is 2.5 Gbit/s.</div><div class="figure"><figure id="video-cat-5e-cable-stripped"><video src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/CAT5e_Cable.jpg" height="315" preload="none" controls></video><figcaption><a href="#video-cat-5e-cable-stripped"><span class="caption-prefix">Video 7. </span></a><div class="title"><a href="#cat-5e">Cat 5e cable</a> stripped</div>. <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CAT5e_Cable.jpg">Source</a>. </figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="ethernet-over-fiber"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="8"><a href="ethernet-over-fiber">Ethernet over fiber</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="ethernet-over-fiber"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#ethernet-cable" class="u"> Ethernet cable</a><a href="#_toc/ethernet-over-fiber" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_over_fiber" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/ethernet-over-fiber"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="wi-fi"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="wi-fi">Wi-Fi <span class="meta">(2-6 GHz, 1997)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="wi-fi"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 31</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#data-link-layer" class="u"> Data link layer</a><a href="#_toc/wi-fi" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/wi-fi"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_261">The frequency range of Wi-Fi, which falls in the <a href="photon#microwave">microwave</a> range, is likely chosen to allow faster data transfer than say, <a href="telecommunication#fm-broadcasting">FM broadcasting</a>, while still being relatively <a href="condensed-matter-physics#transparency-electromagnetic-radiation">transparent</a> to walls (though not as much).</div><div class="h" id="eduroam"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="eduroam">Eduroam</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="eduroam"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#wi-fi" class="u"> Wi-Fi</a><a href="#_toc/eduroam" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduroam" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/eduroam"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="network-layer"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="network-layer">Network layer <span class="meta">(OSI layer 3)</span></a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="network-layer"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 29</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 4</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#osi-model" class="u"> OSI model</a><a href="#_toc/network-layer" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_layer" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/network-layer"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="internet-control-message-protocol"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="internet-control-message-protocol">Internet Control Message Protocol <span class="meta">(ICMP)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="internet-control-message-protocol"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 29</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 3</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#network-layer" class="u"> Network layer</a><a href="#_toc/internet-control-message-protocol" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/internet-control-message-protocol"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="icmp-runs-on-top-of-ip"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="icmp-runs-on-top-of-ip">ICMP runs on top of IP</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="icmp-runs-on-top-of-ip"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 15</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#internet-control-message-protocol" class="u"> Internet Control Message Protocol</a><a href="#_toc/icmp-runs-on-top-of-ip" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/icmp-runs-on-top-of-ip"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_264">This can be seen with <a href="#wireshark">Wireshark</a> very clearly for example, just make a <a href="#ping-networking-utility">ping</a> and disssemble it.</div><div class="h" id="the-linux-kernel-responds-to-icmp-directly"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="the-linux-kernel-responds-to-icmp-directly">The Linux kernel responds to ICMP directly</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="the-linux-kernel-responds-to-icmp-directly"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 14</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#internet-control-message-protocol" class="u"> Internet Control Message Protocol</a><a href="#_toc/the-linux-kernel-responds-to-icmp-directly" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/the-linux-kernel-responds-to-icmp-directly"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_265">There is no userland process for it, it is handled directly by the <a href="systems-programming#linux-kernel">Linux kernel</a>: <a href="https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/439801/what-linux-process-is-responsible-for-responding-to-pings/768739#768739">unix.stackexchange.com/questions/439801/what-linux-process-is-responsible-for-responding-to-pings/768739#768739</a></div><div class="h" id="ping-networking-utility"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="ping-networking-utility">ping <span class="meta">(networking utility)</span></a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="ping-networking-utility"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#internet-control-message-protocol" class="u"> Internet Control Message Protocol</a><a href="#_toc/ping-networking-utility" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ping_(networking_utility)" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/ping-networking-utility"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="#computer-network-software">Computer network software</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="transport-layer"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="transport-layer">Transport layer <span class="meta">(OSI layer 4)</span></a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="transport-layer"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#osi-model" class="u"> OSI model</a><a href="#_toc/transport-layer" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_layer" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/transport-layer"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="internet"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="internet">Internet</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="internet"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 7k</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 151</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-network" class="u"> Computer network</a><a href="#_toc/internet" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/internet"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="figure"><figure id="video-are-you-ready-for-the-internet-by-bbc-1994"><div class="float-wrap"><iframe width="560" height="315" loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XpZ5STahhPE" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><figcaption><a href="#video-are-you-ready-for-the-internet-by-bbc-1994"><span class="caption-prefix">Video 8. </span></a><div class="title">Are YOU Ready for the INTERNET? by <a href="social-technology#bbc">BBC</a> (1994)</div> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XpZ5STahhPE">Source</a>. </figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="history-of-the-internet"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="history-of-the-internet">History of the Internet</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="history-of-the-internet"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 11</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 3</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#internet" class="u"> Internet</a><a href="#_toc/history-of-the-internet" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/history-of-the-internet"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="arpanet"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="arpanet">ARPANET <span class="meta">(1970)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="arpanet"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 11</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#history-of-the-internet" class="u"> History of the Internet</a><a href="#_toc/arpanet" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/arpanet"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_269">Bibliography:<div class="list"><ul id="_270"><li id="_271">some good interview excerpts with some of the pioneers on <a href="technology#nerds-2-0-1">Glory of the Geeks</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="interface-message-processor"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="interface-message-processor">Interface Message Processor <span class="meta">(IMP)</span></a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="interface-message-processor"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#arpanet" class="u"> ARPANET</a><a href="#_toc/interface-message-processor" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_Message_Processor" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/interface-message-processor"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="the-enshittification-of-the-internet"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="the-enshittification-of-the-internet">The Enshittification of the Internet</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="the-enshittification-of-the-internet"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#history-of-the-internet" class="u"> History of the Internet</a><a href="#_toc/the-enshittification-of-the-internet" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/the-enshittification-of-the-internet"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="list"><ul id="_273"><li id="_274"><a href="https://www.wired.com/story/tiktok-platforms-cory-doctorow/">www.wired.com/story/tiktok-platforms-cory-doctorow/</a></li><li id="_275"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/mar/11/users-advertisers-we-are-all-trapped-in-the-enshittification-of-the-internet">www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/mar/11/users-advertisers-we-are-all-trapped-in-the-enshittification-of-the-internet</a></li></ul></div><div class="h" id="url"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="url">URL <span class="meta">(Uniform Resource Locator)</span></a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="url"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 14</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#internet" class="u"> Internet</a><a href="#_toc/url" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/url"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="data-uri-scheme"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="data-uri-scheme">data URI scheme <span class="meta">(data URL)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="data-uri-scheme"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 14</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#url" class="u"> URL</a><a href="#_toc/data-uri-scheme" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/data_URI_scheme" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/data-uri-scheme"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_278">This is a standard way to embed images in <a href="web-technology#html">HTML</a> pages with the <code>img</code> tag.</div><div class="p" id="_279"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Basics_of_HTTP/Data_URLs">developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Basics_of_HTTP/Data_URLs</a></div><div class="h" id="internet-protocol-suite"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="internet-protocol-suite">Internet protocol suite</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="internet-protocol-suite"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 782</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 39</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#internet" class="u"> Internet</a><a href="#_toc/internet-protocol-suite" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/internet-protocol-suite"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="application-layer"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="application-layer">Application layer</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="application-layer"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 3</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#internet-protocol-suite" class="u"> Internet protocol suite</a><a href="#_toc/application-layer" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_layer" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/application-layer"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="http"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="http">HTTP</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="http"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#application-layer" class="u"> Application layer</a><a href="#_toc/http" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/http"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="https"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="https">HTTPS</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="https"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#http" class="u"> HTTP</a><a href="#_toc/https" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTPS" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/https"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="secure-shell"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="secure-shell">Secure Shell <span class="meta">(SSH)</span></a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="secure-shell"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#application-layer" class="u"> Application layer</a><a href="#_toc/secure-shell" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/secure-shell"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="tcp-ip"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="tcp-ip">TCP/IP</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="tcp-ip"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#internet-protocol-suite" class="u"> Internet protocol suite</a><a href="#_toc/tcp-ip" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/tcp-ip"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="mac-address"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="mac-address">MAC address</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="mac-address"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 59</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#internet-protocol-suite" class="u"> Internet protocol suite</a><a href="#_toc/mac-address" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/mac-address"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_282">Hardcoded and unique network addresses for every single device on <a href="astronomy#earth">Earth</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_283">Started with 48 bits (6 bytes), usually given as 01:23:45:67:89:AB but people now encouraged to use 64-bit ones.</div><div class="p" id="_284">How they are assigned: <a href="https://www.quora.com/How-are-MAC-addresses-assigned">www.quora.com/How-are-MAC-addresses-assigned</a> Basically <a href="social-technology#institute-of-electrical-and-electronics-engineers">IEEE</a> gives out the 3 first bytes to device manufacturers that register, this is called the <a href="#organizationally-unique-identifier">organizationally unique identifier</a>, and then each manufacturer keeps their own devices unique.</div><div class="h" id="organizationally-unique-identifier"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="organizationally-unique-identifier">Organizationally unique identifier</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="organizationally-unique-identifier"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#mac-address" class="u"> MAC address</a><a href="#_toc/organizationally-unique-identifier" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizationally_unique_identifier" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/organizationally-unique-identifier"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="internet-protocol"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="internet-protocol">Internet Protocol <span class="meta">(IP)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="internet-protocol"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 7</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#internet-protocol-suite" class="u"> Internet protocol suite</a><a href="#_toc/internet-protocol" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/internet-protocol"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="ip-address"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="ip-address">IP address</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="ip-address"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 7</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#internet-protocol" class="u"> Internet Protocol</a><a href="#_toc/ip-address" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/ip-address"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="figure"><figure id="video-the-internet-protocol-by-ben-eater-2014"><div class="float-wrap"><iframe width="560" height="315" loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rPoalUa4m8E" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><figcaption><a href="#video-the-internet-protocol-by-ben-eater-2014"><span class="caption-prefix">Video 9. </span></a><div class="title">The Internet Protocol by Ben Eater (2014)</div> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPoalUa4m8E">Source</a>. </figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="transmission-control-protocol"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="transmission-control-protocol">Transmission Control Protocol <span class="meta">(TCP)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="transmission-control-protocol"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#internet-protocol-suite" class="u"> Internet protocol suite</a><a href="#_toc/transmission-control-protocol" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/transmission-control-protocol"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="domain-name-system"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="domain-name-system">Domain Name System <span class="meta">(DNS)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="domain-name-system"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 716</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 27</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#internet-protocol-suite" class="u"> Internet protocol suite</a><a href="#_toc/domain-name-system" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/domain-name-system"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="dns-database"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="dns-database">DNS database</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="dns-database"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 622</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 14</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#domain-name-system" class="u"> Domain Name System</a><a href="#_toc/dns-database" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/dns-database"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_288">A "<a href="#dns-database">DNS database</a>" is a database that stores DNS records, notably A-records, which IP a domains is hosted at.</div><div class="p" id="_289">For currently live domains, domain to IP can of course be easily determined on the fly by just resolving the domain like the browser does, e.g. <div class="code" id="_290"><div><pre><code>cirosantilli.com</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="p" id="_291">What is hard however is:<div class="list"><ul id="_292"><li id="_293">the other way around is harder however: given an IP, list all domains that it hosts. This is known as "reverse IP" searching.</li><li id="_294">historic data, i.e. what was the IP for a given domain at a given date and vice versa</li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_295">As of 2023, working with DNS data is just going through a mish-mash of closed datasets/expensive APIs.</div><div class="p" id="_296">We really need some open data in that area.<div class="list"><ul id="_297"><li id="_298"><a href="https://opendata.stackexchange.com/questions/1951/dataset-of-domain-names">opendata.stackexchange.com/questions/1951/dataset-of-domain-names</a></li><li id="_299"><a href="https://opendata.stackexchange.com/questions/2110/domain-name-system-record-a-database">opendata.stackexchange.com/questions/2110/domain-name-system-record-a-database</a></li><li id="_300"><a href="https://webmasters.stackexchange.com/questions/33395/find-the-ip-address-of-expired-domains/142751#142751">webmasters.stackexchange.com/questions/33395/find-the-ip-address-of-expired-domains/142751#142751</a></li><li id="_301"><a href="https://superuser.com/questions/686195/how-to-find-the-last-ip-used-for-an-expired-domain-name/1793224#1793224">superuser.com/questions/686195/how-to-find-the-last-ip-used-for-an-expired-domain-name/1793224#1793224</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_302">Some links of interest:<div class="list"><ul id="_303"><li id="_304"><a href="https://bushart.org/topic/ip">bushart.org/topic/ip</a></li><li id="_305"><a href="https://archive.org/details/internet-mapping">archive.org/details/internet-mapping</a></li><li id="_306"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/307553/possible-to-download-entire-whois-database-list-of-registered-domains">stackoverflow.com/questions/307553/possible-to-download-entire-whois-database-list-of-registered-domains</a> (deleted question, see archives)</li><li id="_307"><a href="https://www.reversedns.ch/en/">www.reversedns.ch/en/</a> has some OK reverse IPs, but you have to do them one by one with CAPTCHA, and we were already past that point when that source was found, so nothing new was found on it yet</li><li id="_308"><a href="https://iphistory.net/">iphistory.net/</a> announced at <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/OSINT/comments/1bip8j7/iphistorynet_find_historic_ip_addresses_from/">www.reddit.com/r/OSINT/comments/1bip8j7/iphistorynet_find_historic_ip_addresses_from/</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_309">Bibliography:<br>8 <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/OSINT/comments/1j8uasm/does_domaintools_offer_historical_reverse_ip_ie/">www.reddit.com/r/OSINT/comments/1j8uasm/does_domaintools_offer_historical_reverse_ip_ie/</a> by <a href="ciro-santilli">Ciro Santilli</a><div class="list"><ul id="_310"><li id="_311"><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/OSINT/comments/ne27qi/really_historical_whois/">www.reddit.com/r/OSINT/comments/ne27qi/really_historical_whois/</a></li><li id="_312"><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/dns/comments/1f4y0mg/any_onestopshop_type_sites_that_are_better_for/">www.reddit.com/r/dns/comments/1f4y0mg/any_onestopshop_type_sites_that_are_better_for/</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="censys"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="censys">Censys</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="censys"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#dns-database" class="u"> DNS database</a><a href="#_toc/censys" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/censys"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="whoisxmlapi"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="whoisxmlapi">WhoisXMLAPI</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="whoisxmlapi"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 112</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#dns-database" class="u"> DNS database</a><a href="#_toc/whoisxmlapi" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/whoisxmlapi"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_313"><a href="https://dns-history.whoisxmlapi.com/api">dns-history.whoisxmlapi.com/api</a></div><div class="p" id="_314">They do have <a href="#dns-database">historic reverse IP search</a> at <a href="https://dns-history.whoisxmlapi.com/api">dns-history.whoisxmlapi.com/api</a> but their data is not obviously more complete than <a href="#viewdns-info">viewdns.info</a>, e.g.: as of March 2025:<div class="list"><ul id="_315"><li id="_316">62.22.60.56<div class="list"><ul id="_317"><li id="_318"><a href="https://viewdns.info/reverseip/?t=1&host=62.22.60.56">viewdns.info/reverseip/?t=1&host=62.22.60.56</a> has traveltimenews.com from 2011</li><li id="_319"><a href="https://dns-history.whoisxmlapi.com/api">dns-history.whoisxmlapi.com/api</a> is empty</li></ul></div></li><li id="_320">66.175.106.158<div class="list"><ul id="_321"><li id="_322"><a href="https://viewdns.info/reverseip/?host=66.175.106.158&t=1">viewdns.info/reverseip/?host=66.175.106.158&t=1</a> has a hit from 2011</li><li id="_323"><a href="https://dns-history.whoisxmlapi.com/api">dns-history.whoisxmlapi.com/api</a> is empty</li></ul></div></li></ul></div>Their whois data seems better quality however.</div><div class="p" id="_324">As of 2025, you can do historical whois for free on the API demo under <a href="https://whois-history.whoisxmlapi.com/">whois-history.whoisxmlapi.com/</a> but it only shows the 3 newest records.</div><div class="p" id="_325">To unlock that, you have to create an account, which gives you 500 credits, and then:<div class="list"><ul id="_326"><li id="_327"><a href="https://tools.whoisxmlapi.com/whois-history-search">tools.whoisxmlapi.com/whois-history-search</a>: each full historical whois report for a domain costs 50 points</li><li id="_328"><a href="https://tools.whoisxmlapi.com/reverse-whois-search">tools.whoisxmlapi.com/reverse-whois-search</a>: each historical reverse whois search search costs 1 point</li></ul></div>They do normalize <a href="messaging-software#dots-in-gmail-address">Gmail dot trick</a>, but not for the <code>googlemail</code> trick.</div><div class="h" id="domaintools"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="domaintools">DomainTools</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="domaintools"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 64</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 3</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#dns-database" class="u"> DNS database</a><a href="#_toc/domaintools" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/domaintools"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_329">TODO is their database amazing?</div><div class="p" id="_330">TODO do they offer <a href="#domaintools-historical-reverse-ip">historical reverse IP</a>?</div><div class="h" id="domaintools-pricing"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="8"><a href="domaintools-pricing">DomainTools pricing</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="domaintools-pricing"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 39</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#domaintools" class="u"> DomainTools</a><a href="#_toc/domaintools-pricing" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/domaintools-pricing"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_331"><a href="https://assets.applytosupply.digitalmarketplace.service.gov.uk/g-cloud-14/documents/708941/255941323840717-pricing-document-2024-04-17-1304.pdf">assets.applytosupply.digitalmarketplace.service.gov.uk/g-cloud-14/documents/708941/255941323840717-pricing-document-2024-04-17-1304.pdf</a> is an epic document under the gov.uk domain and marked:<div><blockquote id="_332">HIGHLY CONFIDENTIAL - For use only by DomainTools employees and other audiences under NDA only</blockquote></div>and marks Iris Investigate as starting at $15k USD for 250 Queries / Month</div><div class="h" id="farsight-dnsdb"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="8"><a href="farsight-dnsdb">Farsight DNSDB</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="farsight-dnsdb"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 12</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#domaintools" class="u"> DomainTools</a><a href="#_toc/farsight-dnsdb" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/farsight-dnsdb"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_333">Acquired by <a href="#domaintools">DomainTools</a> in 2021. <a href="artificial-intelligence#chatgpt">ChatGPT</a> says it was the most complete DB ever.</div><div class="h" id="domaintools-historical-reverse-ip"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="8"><a href="domaintools-historical-reverse-ip">DomainTools historical reverse IP</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="domaintools-historical-reverse-ip"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#domaintools" class="u"> DomainTools</a><a href="#_toc/domaintools-historical-reverse-ip" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/domaintools-historical-reverse-ip"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_334"><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/OSINT/comments/1j8uasm/does_domaintools_offer_historical_reverse_ip_ie/">www.reddit.com/r/OSINT/comments/1j8uasm/does_domaintools_offer_historical_reverse_ip_ie/</a></div><div class="h" id="carna-botnet"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="carna-botnet">Carna botnet <span class="meta">(Internet Census 2012)</span></a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="carna-botnet"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 20</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#dns-database" class="u"> DNS database</a><a href="#_toc/carna-botnet" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carna_botnet" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/carna-botnet"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="#botnet">Botnet</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_337"><a href="https://census2012.sourceforge.net/paper.html">census2012.sourceforge.net/paper.html</a></div><div class="p" id="_338">Some interesting analysis by Parth Shukla <a href="https://twitter.com/pparth">twitter.com/pparth</a> | <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/parth-shukla-59583b20/">www.linkedin.com/in/parth-shukla-59583b20/</a>:<div class="list"><ul id="_339"><li id="_340"><a href="https://conference.apnic.net/data/36/2013-08-27-apnic-xian-carna-botnet_1377569266.pdf">conference.apnic.net/data/36/2013-08-27-apnic-xian-carna-botnet_1377569266.pdf</a></li><li id="_341"><a href="https://www.scribd.com/document/516984589/Internet-Census-2012-Parth-Shukla-Thesis">www.scribd.com/document/516984589/Internet-Census-2012-Parth-Shukla-Thesis</a> TODO pdf?</li></ul></div>Apparently most of the routers were <a href="china">Chinese</a>. No surprise there.</div><div class="h" id="viewdns-info"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="viewdns-info">viewdns.info <span class="meta">(2010-)</span></a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="viewdns-info"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 247</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#dns-database" class="u"> DNS database</a><a href="#_toc/viewdns-info" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/viewdns-info"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_343"><a href="https://viewdns.info">viewdns.info</a></div><div class="p" id="_344">This is the most accessible <a href="#dns-database">DNS database</a> online, as it does not require login or payment.</div><div class="p" id="_345">They have reasonable data. It's not fully complete as <a href="ciro-santilli">Ciro Santilli</a> saw on <a href="cia-2010-covert-communication-websites">CIA 2010 covert communication websites</a>, but it is very valuable.</div><div class="p" id="_346">Tested as of 2025, they seem to have removed the pre-IP checks on web interface, and just instead use <a href="https://ourbigbook.com/go/topic/cloudfare">Cloudfare</a> to check that you are human from time to time, which allows for a lot manual searching to be done! Awesome!</div><div class="p" id="_347">Previously, tou could only get about 250 queries on the web interface, then 250 queries per free account via API. They check your IP when you signup, and you can't sign in twice from the same IP. They also state that Tor addresses are blacklisted. They also normalize dots in gmail addresses, so you need more diverse email accounts. But they haven't covered the <code>.gmail</code> vs <code>.googlemail</code> trick.</div><div class="p" id="_348">Their data is also quite disjoint from the data of the <a href="#dns-census-2013">2013 DNS Census</a>. There is some overlap, but clearly their methodology is very different. Some times they slot into one another almost perfectly. </div><div class="h" id="viewdns-info-reverse-ip-bug"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="8"><a href="viewdns-info-reverse-ip-bug">viewdns.info reverse IP bug</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="viewdns-info-reverse-ip-bug"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 76</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#viewdns-info" class="u"> viewdns.info</a><a href="#_toc/viewdns-info-reverse-ip-bug" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/viewdns-info-reverse-ip-bug"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_349">Very curiously, their reverse IP search appears to be somewhat broken, or not to be historic, e.g.<div class="list"><ul id="_350"><li id="_351"><a href="https://viewdns.info/iphistory/?domain=vuvuzelanews.com">viewdns.info/iphistory/?domain=vuvuzelanews.com</a> hits 74.116.72.246 in 2011, later moved to others</li><li id="_352"><a href="https://viewdns.info/reverseip/?host=74.116.72.246&t=1">viewdns.info/reverseip/?host=74.116.72.246&t=1</a> however does not contain <code>vuvuzelanews.com</code></li></ul></div>We've contacted viewdns.info support and they replied:<div><blockquote id="_353">The reverse IP tool will only show a domain if that is it's current IP address.</blockquote></div>This is likely not accurate, more precisely it likely only works if it was the last IP address, not necessarily a current one.</div><div class="h" id="ipinf-ru"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="ipinf-ru">ipinf.ru</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="ipinf-ru"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#dns-database" class="u"> DNS database</a><a href="#_toc/ipinf-ru" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/ipinf-ru"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_354"><a href="https://ipinf.ru">ipinf.ru</a></div><div class="h" id="dns-census-2013"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="dns-census-2013">DNS Census 2013</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="dns-census-2013"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 12</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#dns-database" class="u"> DNS database</a><a href="#_toc/dns-census-2013" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/dns-census-2013"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_355"><a href="https://dnscensus2013.neocities.org/">dnscensus2013.neocities.org/</a></div><div class="p" id="_356">Data format overview: <a href="https://opendata.stackexchange.com/questions/1951/dataset-of-domain-names/21077#21077">opendata.stackexchange.com/questions/1951/dataset-of-domain-names/21077#21077</a></div><div class="p" id="_357">TODO was this data also obtained illegally like the <a href="#carna-botnet">Carna botnet</a></div><div class="h" id="caida-commoncrawl-host-ip-mapper"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="caida-commoncrawl-host-ip-mapper">CAIDA/commoncrawl-host-ip-mapper</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="caida-commoncrawl-host-ip-mapper"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#dns-database" class="u"> DNS database</a><a href="#_toc/caida-commoncrawl-host-ip-mapper" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/caida-commoncrawl-host-ip-mapper"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_358"><a href="https://github.com/CAIDA/commoncrawl-host-ip-mapper">github.com/CAIDA/commoncrawl-host-ip-mapper</a></div><div class="h" id="expired-domain-tracker"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="expired-domain-tracker">Expired domain tracker</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="expired-domain-tracker"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#dns-database" class="u"> DNS database</a><a href="#_toc/expired-domain-tracker" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/expired-domain-tracker"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="cia-2010-covert-communication-websites#expired-domain-trackers">Expired domain trackers</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="justdropped-com"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="8"><a href="justdropped-com">justdropped.com</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="justdropped-com"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#expired-domain-tracker" class="u"> Expired domain tracker</a><a href="#_toc/justdropped-com" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/justdropped-com"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_359"><a href="https://justdropped.com">justdropped.com</a></div><div class="h" id="domain-name"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="domain-name">Domain name <span class="meta">(DNS)</span></a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="domain-name"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 94</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 11</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#domain-name-system" class="u"> Domain Name System</a><a href="#_toc/domain-name" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/domain-name"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="domain-name-speculation"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="domain-name-speculation">Domain name speculation</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="domain-name-speculation"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#domain-name" class="u"> Domain name</a><a href="#_toc/domain-name-speculation" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name_speculation" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/domain-name-speculation"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="domain-name-registrar"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="domain-name-registrar">Domain name registrar</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="domain-name-registrar"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 87</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 4</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#domain-name" class="u"> Domain name</a><a href="#_toc/domain-name-registrar" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name_registrar" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/domain-name-registrar"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="godaddy"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="8"><a href="godaddy">GoDaddy</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="godaddy"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 87</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#domain-name-registrar" class="u"> Domain name registrar</a><a href="#_toc/godaddy" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoDaddy" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/godaddy"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="domains-by-proxy"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="9"><a href="domains-by-proxy">Domains by Proxy <span class="meta">(domainsbyproxy.com)</span></a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="domains-by-proxy"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 87</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#godaddy" class="u"> GoDaddy</a><a href="#_toc/domains-by-proxy" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/domains-by-proxy"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_362"><a href="https://domainsbyproxy.com">domainsbyproxy.com</a></div><div class="p" id="_363">Some interesting usages:<div class="list"><ul id="_364"><li id="_365"><a href="#cia-usage-of-domains-by-proxy">CIA usage of Domains by Proxy</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="cia-usage-of-domains-by-proxy"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="10"><a href="cia-usage-of-domains-by-proxy">CIA usage of Domains by Proxy</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="cia-usage-of-domains-by-proxy"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 84</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#domains-by-proxy" class="u"> Domains by Proxy</a><a href="#_toc/cia-usage-of-domains-by-proxy" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/cia-usage-of-domains-by-proxy"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_366">The <a href="science#central-intelligence-agency">CIA</a> really likes this <a href="#domain-name-registrar">registrar</a>, e.g.:<div class="list"><ul id="_367"><li id="_368"><a href="cia-2010-covert-communication-websites">CIA 2010 covert communication websites</a></li><li id="_369">2014 <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/former-cia-officials-ready-defend-agency-after-torture-reports-release-290383">www.newsweek.com/former-cia-officials-ready-defend-agency-after-torture-reports-release-290383</a><div><blockquote id="_370"><div class="p" id="_371">A group of former <a href="science#central-intelligence-agency">CIA</a> officials are gearing up to defend the agency when the Senate releases its long-awaited report investigating "enhanced interrogation" tactics used on prisoners after 9/11. The highlight of their PR push will be a website, "CIASAVEDLIVES.COM," which is set to go live when the report is released on Tuesday, Foreign Policy reported.</div><div class="p" id="_372">The domain was registered on November 2 under a private registration name, through DomainsByProxy, a company that guards the identity of registrants.</div></blockquote></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="network-solutions"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="8"><a href="network-solutions">Network Solutions</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="network-solutions"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#domain-name-registrar" class="u"> Domain name registrar</a><a href="#_toc/network-solutions" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Solutions" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/network-solutions"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="domain-hack"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="domain-hack">Domain hack</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="domain-hack"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 4</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#domain-name" class="u"> Domain name</a><a href="#_toc/domain-hack" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_hack" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/domain-hack"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_373">Some cool ones:<div class="list"><ul id="_374"><li id="_375">playinside.me</li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="parked-domain-girl"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="parked-domain-girl">Parked domain girl</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="parked-domain-girl"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#domain-name" class="u"> Domain name</a><a href="#_toc/parked-domain-girl" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/parked-domain-girl"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_376">Archive example: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130726224338/http://librarianhelper.com/">web.archive.org/web/20130726224338/http://librarianhelper.com/</a><div class="list"><ul id="_377"><li id="_378"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217024812/http://yousuckatwebsites.com/web-trends/the-most-infamous-girl-in-the-history-of-the-internet">web.archive.org/web/20081217024812/http://yousuckatwebsites.com/web-trends/the-most-infamous-girl-in-the-history-of-the-internet</a></li><li id="_379"><a href="https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/people/parked-domain-girl">knowyourmeme.com/memes/people/parked-domain-girl</a></li><li id="_380"><a href="https://www.quora.com/Whats-the-story-behind-The-Most-Infamous-Girl-in-the-History-of-the-Internet-a-k-a-Parked-Domain-Girl">www.quora.com/Whats-the-story-behind-The-Most-Infamous-Girl-in-the-History-of-the-Internet-a-k-a-Parked-Domain-Girl</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="figure"><figure id="_381"><div class="float-wrap"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230509123836im_/https://i.kym-cdn.com/entries/icons/original/000/033/037/girl.jpg"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230509123836im_/https://i.kym-cdn.com/entries/icons/original/000/033/037/girl.jpg" loading="lazy" height="315" alt="https://web.archive.org/web/20230509123836im_/https://i.kym-cdn.com/entries/icons/original/000/033/037/girl.jpg"></a></div></figure></div><div class="h" id="top-level-domain"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="top-level-domain">Top-level domain</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="top-level-domain"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#domain-name" class="u"> Domain name</a><a href="#_toc/top-level-domain" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/top-level-domain"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="cctld"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="8"><a href="cctld">ccTLD</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="cctld"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#top-level-domain" class="u"> Top-level domain</a><a href="#_toc/cctld" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ccTLD" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/cctld"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="interesting-domain-name"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="interesting-domain-name">Interesting domain name</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="interesting-domain-name"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#domain-name" class="u"> Domain name</a><a href="#_toc/interesting-domain-name" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interesting_domain_name" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/interesting-domain-name"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="list"><ul id="_382"><li id="_383"><a href="http://cunt.com">cunt.com</a>: <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/RandomThoughts/comments/103icty/why_does_typing_cuntcom_lead_to_jeremy_corbyns/">www.reddit.com/r/RandomThoughts/comments/103icty/why_does_typing_cuntcom_lead_to_jeremy_corbyns/</a></li></ul></div><div class="h" id="virtual-private-network"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="virtual-private-network">Virtual private network <span class="meta">(VPN)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="virtual-private-network"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#internet-protocol-suite" class="u"> Internet protocol suite</a><a href="#_toc/virtual-private-network" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/virtual-private-network"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="internet-company"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="internet-company">Internet company</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="internet-company"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 6k</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 103</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#internet" class="u"> Internet</a><a href="#_toc/internet-company" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/internet-company"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="company">Company</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_386"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_Internet_companies">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_Internet_companies</a></div><div class="h" id="amazon"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="amazon">Amazon <span class="meta">(1994)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="computer-split"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 491</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 16</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#internet-company" class="u"> Internet company</a><a href="#_toc/amazon" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/amazon"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_387"><a href="amazon">This section is present in another page, follow this link to view it.</a></div><div class="h" id="alibaba"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="alibaba">Alibaba</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="alibaba"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#internet-company" class="u"> Internet company</a><a href="#_toc/alibaba" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/alibaba"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="china#chinese-company">Chinese company</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="google"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="google">Google <span class="meta">(incorporated 1998)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="computer-split"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 4k</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 75</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#internet-company" class="u"> Internet company</a><a href="#_toc/google" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/google"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_389"><a href="google">This section is present in another page, follow this link to view it.</a></div><div class="h" id="alibaba-product"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="alibaba-product">Alibaba product</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="alibaba-product"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#alibaba" class="u"> Alibaba</a><a href="#_toc/alibaba-product" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/alibaba-product"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="computer-hardware#alibaba-cloud">Alibaba Cloud</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="airbnb"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="airbnb">Airbnb</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="airbnb"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 10</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#internet-company" class="u"> Internet company</a><a href="#_toc/airbnb" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbnb" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/airbnb"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="company#american-company">American company</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="figure"><figure id="video-blitzscaling-18-brian-chesky-on-launching-airbnb-and-the-challenges-of-scale"><div class="float-wrap"><iframe width="560" height="315" loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/W608u6sBFpo" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><figcaption><a href="#video-blitzscaling-18-brian-chesky-on-launching-airbnb-and-the-challenges-of-scale"><span class="caption-prefix">Video 10. </span></a><div class="title">Blitzscaling 18: <a href="https://ourbigbook.com/go/topic/brian-chesky">Brian Chesky</a> on Launching Airbnb and the Challenges of Scale</div>. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W608u6sBFpo">Source</a>. </figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="netflix"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="netflix">Netflix</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="netflix"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#internet-company" class="u"> Internet company</a><a href="#_toc/netflix" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/netflix"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="company#american-company">American company</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="netflix-and-chill"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="netflix-and-chill">Netflix and chill</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="netflix-and-chill"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#netflix" class="u"> Netflix</a><a href="#_toc/netflix-and-chill" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/netflix-and-chill"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_392"><a href="https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Netflix%20and%20Chill">www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Netflix%20and%20Chill</a></div><div class="h" id="spotify"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="spotify">Spotify</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="spotify"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 39</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#internet-company" class="u"> Internet company</a><a href="#_toc/spotify" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/spotify"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="film#the-playlist">The Playlist</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="martin-lorentzon"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="martin-lorentzon">Martin Lorentzon</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="martin-lorentzon"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 39</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#spotify" class="u"> Spotify</a><a href="#_toc/martin-lorentzon" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Lorentzon" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/martin-lorentzon"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="figure"><figure id="_393"><div class="float-wrap"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240509122947im_/https://imageio.forbes.com/specials-images/imageserve/5e77c832c7b02d000666ddee/0x0.jpg?format=jpg&crop=3784,3782,x337,y242,safe&height=416&width=416&fit=bounds"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240509122947im_/https://imageio.forbes.com/specials-images/imageserve/5e77c832c7b02d000666ddee/0x0.jpg?format=jpg&crop=3784,3782,x337,y242,safe&height=416&width=416&fit=bounds" loading="lazy" height="315"></a></div><figcaption><a href="#_393"><span class="caption-prefix">Figure 4. </span></a><a href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/martin-lorentzon/">Source</a>. </figcaption></figure></div><div class="figure"><figure id="video-polar-music-talks-2013-interview-with-martin-lorentzon"><div class="float-wrap"><iframe width="560" height="315" loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IbqxgZWHYq8" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><figcaption><a href="#video-polar-music-talks-2013-interview-with-martin-lorentzon"><span class="caption-prefix">Video 11. </span></a><div class="title">Polar Music Talks 2013 interview with <a href="#martin-lorentzon">Martin Lorentzon</a></div>. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IbqxgZWHYq8">Source</a>. Fun to watch our <a href="brain#attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder">ADHD</a> friend fidged around in his chair. Also either he's a dwarf, or the interviewer is a giant. Likely a dwarf because his heels don't touch the floor while seated.</figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="yahoo"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="yahoo">Yahoo!</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="yahoo"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#internet-company" class="u"> Internet company</a><a href="#_toc/yahoo" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/yahoo"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="company#american-company">American company</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="yahoo-product"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="yahoo-product">Yahoo! product</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="yahoo-product"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#yahoo" class="u"> Yahoo!</a><a href="#_toc/yahoo-product" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/yahoo-product"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="yahoo-groups"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="yahoo-groups">Yahoo! Groups</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="yahoo-groups"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#yahoo-product" class="u"> Yahoo! product</a><a href="#_toc/yahoo-groups" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Groups" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/yahoo-groups"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="internet-service-provider"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="internet-service-provider">Internet service provider <span class="meta">(ISP)</span></a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="internet-service-provider"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#internet" class="u"> Internet</a><a href="#_toc/internet-service-provider" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/internet-service-provider"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="computer-network-by-scale"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="computer-network-by-scale">Computer network by scale</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="computer-network-by-scale"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-network" class="u"> Computer network</a><a href="#_toc/computer-network-by-scale" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network_by_scale" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/computer-network-by-scale"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="local-area-network"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="local-area-network">Local area network <span class="meta">(LAN)</span></a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="local-area-network"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-network-by-scale" class="u"> Computer network by scale</a><a href="#_toc/local-area-network" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/local-area-network"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="networking-hardware"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="networking-hardware">Networking hardware</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="networking-hardware"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 24</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-network" class="u"> Computer network</a><a href="#_toc/networking-hardware" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networking_hardware" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/networking-hardware"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="network-interface-controller"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="network-interface-controller">Network interface controller <span class="meta">(NIC)</span></a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="network-interface-controller"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 115</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#networking-hardware" class="u"> Networking hardware</a><a href="#_toc/network-interface-controller" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_interface_controller" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/network-interface-controller"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="smartnic"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="smartnic">SmartNIC <span class="meta">(DPU)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="smartnic"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 115</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#network-interface-controller" class="u"> Network interface controller</a><a href="#_toc/smartnic" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/smartnic"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_399">A <a href="#network-interface-controller">network interface controller</a> that does more than just the base <a href="#osi-model">OSI model</a> protocols, notably in a programmable way.<div class="list"><ul id="_400"><li id="_401"><a href="https://www.nextplatform.com/2022/05/11/intel-unrolls-dpu-roadmap-with-a-two-year-cadence/">www.nextplatform.com/2022/05/11/intel-unrolls-dpu-roadmap-with-a-two-year-cadence/</a></li><li id="_402"><a href="https://www.trentonsystems.com/blog/what-is-a-smartnic">www.trentonsystems.com/blog/what-is-a-smartnic</a></li><li id="_403"><a href="https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2021/10/29/what-is-a-smartnic/">blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2021/10/29/what-is-a-smartnic/</a> "Some are using <a href="computer-hardware#field-programmable-gate-array">FPGAs</a> which promise flexibility"</li><li id="_404"><a href="https://www.servethehome.com/intel-ipu-exotic-answer-to-industry-dpu/">www.servethehome.com/intel-ipu-exotic-answer-to-industry-dpu/</a> "Intel IPU is an Exotic Answer to the Industry DPU"</li><li id="_405">2022 <a href="https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/amd-to-buy-smartnic-firm-pensando-for-19-billion/">www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/amd-to-buy-smartnic-firm-pensando-for-19-billion/</a> "<a href="computer-hardware#amd">AMD</a> to buy <a href="#smartnic">SmartNIC</a> firm Pensando for $1.9 billion"<div><blockquote id="_406"><div class="p" id="_407"><a href="computer-hardware#nvidia">Nvidia</a> gets Mellanox, <a href="computer-hardware#amd">AMD</a> gets Pensando.</div><div class="p" id="_408">The company, which develops programmable packet processors, includes Goldman Sachs, IBM Cloud, Microsoft Azure, and Oracle Cloud among its customers.</div><div class="p" id="_409">Its processors and SmartNIC offering competes with AWS Nitro, Intel's DPU, and Nvidia's BlueField.</div></blockquote></div></li><li id="_410"><a href="https://www.theregister.com/2022/06/14/alibaba_dpu_cloud/">www.theregister.com/2022/06/14/alibaba_dpu_cloud/</a> mentions that <a href="computer-hardware#alibaba-cloud">Alibaba Cloud</a> created their own.</li></ul></div></div><div class="figure"><figure id="video-hyperscalers-lead-the-way-to-the-future-with-smartnics-by-the-next-platform-2019" class="multiline"><div class="float-wrap"><iframe width="560" height="315" loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kwroXmFJJf0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><figcaption><a href="#video-hyperscalers-lead-the-way-to-the-future-with-smartnics-by-the-next-platform-2019"><span class="caption-prefix">Video 12. </span></a><div class="title"><a href="computer-hardware#hyperscale-computing">Hyperscalers</a> Lead The Way To The Future With <a href="#smartnic">SmartNICs</a> by The Next Platform (2019)</div> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwroXmFJJf0">Source</a>. <div class="list"><ul id="_411"><li id="_412"><a href="https://youtu.be/kwroXmFJJf0?t=599">youtu.be/kwroXmFJJf0?t=599</a> <a href="economy#financial-industry">financial industry</a> is one of the users, notably <a href="economy#high-frequency-trading">high-frequency trading</a></li></ul></div><div class="p" id="_413">Associated article: <a href="https://www.nextplatform.com/2019/10/31/hypercalers-lead-the-way-to-the-future-with-smartnics/">www.nextplatform.com/2019/10/31/hypercalers-lead-the-way-to-the-future-with-smartnics/</a> mentions that:<div><blockquote id="_414">Google is widely believed to be working on its own design.</blockquote></div></div></figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="router-computing"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="router-computing">Router <span class="meta">(computing)</span></a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="router-computing"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 188</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#networking-hardware" class="u"> Networking hardware</a><a href="#_toc/router-computing" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/router-computing"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="modem-router"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="modem-router">Modem router</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="modem-router"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 188</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#router-computing" class="u"> Router (computing)</a><a href="#_toc/modem-router" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/modem-router"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="tp-link-archer-vr2800-router-virgin-media-hub-3-0-wifi-setup"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="tp-link-archer-vr2800-router-virgin-media-hub-3-0-wifi-setup">TP Link Archer VR2800 router Virgin Media Hub 3.0 Wifi setup</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="tp-link-archer-vr2800-router-virgin-media-hub-3-0-wifi-setup"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 188</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#modem-router" class="u"> Modem router</a><a href="#_toc/tp-link-archer-vr2800-router-virgin-media-hub-3-0-wifi-setup" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/tp-link-archer-vr2800-router-virgin-media-hub-3-0-wifi-setup"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_415">Put Hub 3.0 in modem mode on 192.168.0.1. Turn it off. You MUST TURN IT OFF NOW.</div><div class="p" id="_416">TP Link Archer VR2800 192.168.1.1 > "Operation mode" > "Wireless router mode" (was "DSL Modem/Router mode" by default).</div><div class="p" id="_417">Custom configs we had, not sure if mandatory:<div class="list"><ul id="_418"><li id="_419">Dynamic DHPC mode</li><li id="_420">Unicast DHCP</li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_421">Wait for TP link to fully reboot.</div><div class="p" id="_422">Connect port 4 of tp link (marked WAN/LAn) to port 1 of VM Hub (unmarked, but it is magic, has to be port 1).</div><div class="p" id="_423">Finally, AFTER everything else is setup, turn on the Hub and wait for a few minutes. It ONY WORKS if you turn it on after everything is setup.</div><div class="p" id="_424">Outcome:<div class="list"><ul id="_425"><li id="_426">hub light turns purple: <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/VirginMedia/comments/c703t6/purple_light_on_the_box/">www.reddit.com/r/VirginMedia/comments/c703t6/purple_light_on_the_box/</a></li><li id="_427">Archer WAN light turns on white. Not red. Red means error</li><li id="_428">you have Wifi. Notably, the 5G Wifi is way way faster and reaches the WAN limit of 256 Mbps.</li><li id="_429">Ethernet does not work anymore on either Hub nor Archer, Wifi only. But it doesn't matter because the 5G Wifi already reaches the speed limit.</li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_430">Bibliography:<div class="list"><ul id="_431"><li id="_432"><a href="https://community.virginmedia.com/t5/Forum-Archive/Connecting-Tp-link-archer-vr2800-to-Hub-3/td-p/4765927">community.virginmedia.com/t5/Forum-Archive/Connecting-Tp-link-archer-vr2800-to-Hub-3/td-p/4765927</a> This was The thread, the only one that clearly explained the fundamental importance of turn on off ordering by "jbrennand".</li><li id="_433"><a href="https://community.tp-link.com/en/home/forum/topic/269540">community.tp-link.com/en/home/forum/topic/269540</a></li><li id="_434"><a href="https://community.tp-link.com/en/home/forum/topic/170344">community.tp-link.com/en/home/forum/topic/170344</a></li><li id="_435"><a href="https://community.virginmedia.com/t5/Gaming-Support/Connecting-Archer-VR2800-to-Hub-4/td-p/5246513">community.virginmedia.com/t5/Gaming-Support/Connecting-Archer-VR2800-to-Hub-4/td-p/5246513</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="network-switch"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="network-switch">Network switch</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="network-switch"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 158</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#networking-hardware" class="u"> Networking hardware</a><a href="#_toc/network-switch" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switch" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/network-switch"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_436">A switch is a box with a bunch of <a href="#ethernet">Ethernet</a> wires coming into it:<div class="code" id="_437"><div><pre><code>+--------------------+ | +-+ +-+ +-+ +-+ | | |1| |2| |3| |4| | | +-+ +-+ +-+ +-+ | +--------------------+</code></pre></div></div>Except that it doesn't have to be <a href="#ethernet">Ethernet</a>, e.g. it would also be a <a href="#wi-fi">Wi-Fi</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_438">What the switch does is:<div class="list"><ul id="_439"><li id="_440">an <a href="#ethernet">Ethernet</a> request came in from wire 1</li><li id="_441">decide which wire to send it out on, e.g. wire 2, 3, 4, 5, etc. You likely don't want to send it back through 1 where it came from.</li></ul></div>After the destination is found, a confirmation is somehow sent back to the switch, which then learns which wire to send each <a href="#mac-address">MAC address</a> to.</div><div class="p" id="_442">A switch is a bit like a <a href="#router-computing">router</a> but it is a bit dumber/operates at a lower level: it basically operates only on <a href="#mac-address">MAC addresses</a>, not on <a href="#ip-address">IP addresses</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_443">The <a href="#internet-service-provider">Internet service provider</a> boxes most people have at home combines a switch for the local network and a <a href="#router-computing">router</a> for the ISP communication.</div><div class="h" id="networking-hardware-company"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="networking-hardware-company">Networking hardware company</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="networking-hardware-company"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 365</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 4</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#networking-hardware" class="u"> Networking hardware</a><a href="#_toc/networking-hardware-company" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/networking-hardware-company"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="cisco"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="cisco">Cisco</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="cisco"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 365</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 3</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#networking-hardware-company" class="u"> Networking hardware company</a><a href="#_toc/cisco" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/cisco"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="university#university-of-stanford-spinout-company">University of Stanford spinout company</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="figure"><figure id="video-nerds-2-0-1-excerpt-about-cisco-1998" class="multiline"><div class="float-wrap"><iframe width="560" height="315" loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/d0ya8DggDYs?start=2621" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><figcaption><a href="#video-nerds-2-0-1-excerpt-about-cisco-1998"><span class="caption-prefix">Video 13. </span></a><div class="title"><a href="technology#nerds-2-0-1">Nerds 2.0.1</a> excerpt about <a href="#cisco">Cisco</a> (1998)</div> <a href="https://youtu.be/d0ya8DggDYs?t=2621">Source</a>. <div class="list"><ul id="_445"><li id="_446"><a href="https://youtu.be/mhz24AR3nIc?t=45">youtu.be/mhz24AR3nIc?t=45</a> the founders both worked at <a href="university#stanford-university">Stanford University</a> but because they were in different departments they couldn't send an <a href="messaging-software#email">email</a> to one another.</li><li id="_447"><a href="https://youtu.be/mhz24AR3nIc?t=54">youtu.be/mhz24AR3nIc?t=54</a> Sandy Lerner is very nice and chilled. She says how she was amazed by Leonard's manners!</li><li id="_448"><a href="https://youtu.be/mhz24AR3nIc?t=86">youtu.be/mhz24AR3nIc?t=86</a> "sincerity begins at a little over 100 hours a week". The dude is a robot.</li><li id="_449"><a href="https://youtu.be/mhz24AR3nIc?t=279">youtu.be/mhz24AR3nIc?t=279</a> earthquake!!!</li><li id="_450"><a href="https://youtu.be/d0ya8DggDYs?list=PLn7AqqWS1I_9EHEHy6sw-v6hUMhbeOTRW&t=3268">youtu.be/d0ya8DggDYs?list=PLn7AqqWS1I_9EHEHy6sw-v6hUMhbeOTRW&t=3268</a> she bought a manor house, probably in Chawton Hampshire, England, possibly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chawton_House">Chawton House</a></li><li id="_451"><a href="https://youtu.be/d0ya8DggDYs?list=PLn7AqqWS1I_9EHEHy6sw-v6hUMhbeOTRW&t=3312">youtu.be/d0ya8DggDYs?list=PLn7AqqWS1I_9EHEHy6sw-v6hUMhbeOTRW&t=3312</a> he started donating to <a href="taxonomy#search-for-extraterrestrial-intelligence">search for extraterrestrial intelligence</a></li></ul></div></figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="making-the-cisco-connection"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="making-the-cisco-connection">Making the Cisco connection <span class="meta">(2000)</span></a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="making-the-cisco-connection"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 236</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#cisco" class="u"> Cisco</a><a href="#_toc/making-the-cisco-connection" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_the_Cisco_connection" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/making-the-cisco-connection"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_453"><a href="https://archive.org/details/makingciscoconne0000bunn">archive.org/details/makingciscoconne0000bunn</a> on the <a href="website#internet-archive-open-library">Internet Archive Open Library</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_454">Nothing phenomenally new on the early days to add on top of <a href="#video-nerds-2-0-1-excerpt-about-cisco-1998">Video 13. "Nerds 2.0.1 excerpt about Cisco (1998)"</a>, but a few new good points:<div class="list"><ul id="_455"><li id="_456"><div class="p" id="_457">Cisco at one point became the largest company by market capitalization. This wore off a bit as of 2020.</div><div class="p" id="_458">They used this overvalued stock in part to buy many other (often also overvalued) up and coming companies. This acquisition spree strategy was apparently not the norm at the time. <a href="https://rohitnair.wordpress.com/2011/12/13/cisco-history-cisco-systems-history-and-trivia-brand-history-and-trivia/">rohitnair.wordpress.com/2011/12/13/cisco-history-cisco-systems-history-and-trivia-brand-history-and-trivia/</a> mentions they have bought more than 140 companies since, and that they call this strategy "Build, Buy And Partner"</div></li><li id="_459">a big part of what Cisco did was to allow cheap local communication in-campus. At that time, the <a href="#arpanet">ARPANET</a> was already up and running, but their "routers", called <a href="#interface-message-processor">Interface Message Processors</a> were very expensive at about $100,000, and to send data across the campus you had to go through them, which meant expensive bandwidth. The routers sometimes failed, and the fallback was to send students around with disks: "<a href="#sneakernet">sneakernet</a>". They needed new local protocols and hardware to efficiently connect different campus networks.</li><li id="_460"><a href="#sandy-lerner-nude-photo">Sandy Lerner nude photo</a></li><li id="_461">Cisco was a pioneer in having an Internet support forum. Customers could also help one another. This was fundamental in scaling support, as they grew so fast it would be impossible to hire a support team large enough without the help of the forum.</li><li id="_462">Cisco gave out source code to some customers who would then implement protocols they cared about, and Cisco would then merge it back</li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="sandy-lerner"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="sandy-lerner">Sandy Lerner</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="sandy-lerner"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 58</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#cisco" class="u"> Cisco</a><a href="#_toc/sandy-lerner" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Lerner" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/sandy-lerner"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_463">This chick is hardcore.</div><div class="h" id="sandy-lerner-nude-photo"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="sandy-lerner-nude-photo">Sandy Lerner nude photo <span class="meta">(1997)</span></a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="sandy-lerner-nude-photo"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 54</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#sandy-lerner" class="u"> Sandy Lerner</a><a href="#_toc/sandy-lerner-nude-photo" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/sandy-lerner-nude-photo"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_465">She posed naked on horseback for Forbes to promote animal rights in 1997.</div><div class="p" id="_466">A ultra low resolution reproduction of the image can be found at: <a href="https://rohitnair.wordpress.com/2011/12/13/cisco-history-cisco-systems-history-and-trivia-brand-history-and-trivia/">rohitnair.wordpress.com/2011/12/13/cisco-history-cisco-systems-history-and-trivia-brand-history-and-trivia/</a></div><div class="p" id="_467">She's kind of lying on top of the horse's back, and you can't see much, just some tastefully light erotica. It's not like she's fucking the horse or anything.</div><div class="h" id="server-computing"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="server-computing">Server <span class="meta">(computing)</span></a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="server-computing"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 227</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 12</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#networking-hardware" class="u"> Networking hardware</a><a href="#_toc/server-computing" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/server-computing"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="computer-hardware#computer-form-factor">Computer form factor</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="figure"><figure id="video-unpacking-200-servers-by-play-with-junk-2021"><div class="float-wrap"><iframe width="560" height="315" loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CkeY_bm9EK0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><figcaption><a href="#video-unpacking-200-servers-by-play-with-junk-2021"><span class="caption-prefix">Video 14. </span></a><div class="title">Unpacking 200 servers by Play with Junk (2021)</div> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkeY_bm9EK0">Source</a>. </figcaption></figure></div><div class="figure"><figure id="video-visiting-hetzner-in-falkenstein-by-der8auer-2022"><div class="float-wrap"><iframe width="560" height="315" loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5eo8nz_niiM" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><figcaption><a href="#video-visiting-hetzner-in-falkenstein-by-der8auer-2022"><span class="caption-prefix">Video 15. </span></a><div class="title">Visiting Hetzner in Falkenstein by der8auer (2022)</div> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5eo8nz_niiM">Source</a>. </figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="test-server"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="test-server">Test server</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="test-server"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 28</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#server-computing" class="u"> Server (computing)</a><a href="#_toc/test-server" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/test-server"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="ciro-s-nc-http-test-server"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="ciro-s-nc-http-test-server">Ciro's <code>nc</code> HTTP test server</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="ciro-s-nc-http-test-server"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 28</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#test-server" class="u"> Test server</a><a href="#_toc/ciro-s-nc-http-test-server" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/ciro-s-nc-http-test-server"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_469">As per <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/a/52351480/895245">stackoverflow.com/a/52351480/895245</a> our standard test setup is:<div class="code" id="_470"><div><pre><code>while true; do resp=$"$(date): hello\n" len="$(printf '%s' "$resp" | wc -c)" printf "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Length: $len\r\n\r\n${resp}\n" | nc -Nl 8000 done</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="h" id="node-server"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="node-server">Node <span class="meta">(server)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="node-server"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 27</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#server-computing" class="u"> Server (computing)</a><a href="#_toc/node-server" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/node-server"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_471">It runs one instance of the <a href="systems-programming#linux-kernel">Linux kernel</a> and has one <a href="#ip-address">IP address</a>. Each node is therefore a complete computer. As such is must also contain <a href="computer-hardware#random-access-memory">RAM</a> memory, <a href="computer-hardware#disk-storage">disk storage</a> and a <a href="#network-interface-controller">network interface controller</a>.</div><div class="h" id="cpus-per-node-and-nodes-per-server-server"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="cpus-per-node-and-nodes-per-server-server">CPUs per node and nodes per server <span class="meta">(server)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="cpus-per-node-and-nodes-per-server-server"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 32</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#server-computing" class="u"> Server (computing)</a><a href="#_toc/cpus-per-node-and-nodes-per-server-server" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/cpus-per-node-and-nodes-per-server-server"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_472"><div class="list"><ul id="_473"><li id="_474">there can be more than one node per server.</li><li id="_475">there can be more than one <a href="computer-hardware#central-processing-unit">CPU</a> per <a href="#node-server">node</a></li></ul></div>E.g.:<div class="list"><ul id="_476"><li id="_477"><a href="computer-hardware#frontier-supercomputer">Frontier</a>:<div class="list"><ul id="_478"><li id="_479">2 <a href="#node-server">nodes</a> per <a href="#blade-server">blade</a>, 1 CPU per node. Therefore 1 CPU per node.</li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="server-form-factor"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="server-form-factor">Server form factor</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="server-form-factor"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 112</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 4</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#server-computing" class="u"> Server (computing)</a><a href="#_toc/server-form-factor" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/server-form-factor"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="rack-server"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="rack-server">Rack server</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="rack-server"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#server-form-factor" class="u"> Server form factor</a><a href="#_toc/rack-server" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/rack-server"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="19-inch-rack"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="19-inch-rack">19-inch rack</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="19-inch-rack"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#rack-server" class="u"> Rack server</a><a href="#_toc/19-inch-rack" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19-inch_rack" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/19-inch-rack"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="rack-unit"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="rack-unit">Rack unit <span class="meta">(1U, 2U, 3U, 4U)</span></a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="rack-unit"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#rack-server" class="u"> Rack server</a><a href="#_toc/rack-unit" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_unit" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/rack-unit"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="blade-server"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="blade-server">Blade server</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="blade-server"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 112</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#server-form-factor" class="u"> Server form factor</a><a href="#_toc/blade-server" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_server" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/blade-server"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="figure"><figure id="_481"><div class="float-wrap"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/HP_BladeSystem_c7000_Enclosure.jpg/1024px-HP_BladeSystem_c7000_Enclosure.jpg"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/HP_BladeSystem_c7000_Enclosure.jpg/1024px-HP_BladeSystem_c7000_Enclosure.jpg" loading="lazy" height="315"></a></div><figcaption><a href="#_481"><span class="caption-prefix">Figure 5. </span></a><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HP_BladeSystem_c7000_Enclosure.jpg">Source</a>. Good image from <a href="website#wikimedia-commons">Wikimedia Commons</a>. In this one we can see how the blades are put vertically, and you get several of them per horizontal rack space, instead of a tipical single <a href="#rack-server">rack server</a> going all the way horizontally.</figcaption></figure></div><div class="figure"><figure id="video-hp-blade-server-by-brian-kirsch-2013" class="multiline"><div class="float-wrap"><iframe width="560" height="315" loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RsZjjAqlpJ0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><figcaption><a href="#video-hp-blade-server-by-brian-kirsch-2013"><span class="caption-prefix">Video 16. </span></a><div class="title">HP Blade Server by Brian Kirsch (2013)</div> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsZjjAqlpJ0">Source</a>. <div class="p" id="_482">Featuring an HP DL380 blade server, presumably an older model of this series: <a href="https://buy.hpe.com/uk/en/servers/proliant-dl-servers/proliant-dl300-servers/proliant-dl380-server/hpe-proliant-dl380-gen10-server/p/1010026818">buy.hpe.com/uk/en/servers/proliant-dl-servers/proliant-dl300-servers/proliant-dl380-server/hpe-proliant-dl380-gen10-server/p/1010026818</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_483">In the video we can see that it contains <a href="computer-hardware#random-access-memory">RAM</a>, <a href="computer-hardware#disk-storage">disk storage</a>, we are told about two <a href="computer-hardware#central-processing-unit">CPUs</a>, and networking interfaces, so it is a complete <a href="">computer</a> on its own. He also explains that unlike typical <a href="#rack-server">rack servers</a>, each blade unit does not have its own coolers and power supply related hardware, which goes instead on the chassis.</div></figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="data-center"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="data-center">Data center</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="data-center"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#server-computing" class="u"> Server (computing)</a><a href="#_toc/data-center" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_center" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/data-center"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="local-server"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="local-server">Local server</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="local-server"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 13</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#server-computing" class="u"> Server (computing)</a><a href="#_toc/local-server" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/local-server"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_484">Server run on the current machine. That's how all <a href="website">websites</a> are developed and born!</div><div class="h" id="client-computing"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="client-computing">Client <span class="meta">(computing)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="client-computing"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#server-computing" class="u"> Server (computing)</a><a href="#_toc/client-computing" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_(computing)" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/client-computing"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="computer-science"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="computer-science">Computer science</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="computer-split"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 4k</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 188</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Computer</a><a href="#_toc/computer-science" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/computer-science"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_485"><a href="computer-science">This section is present in another page, follow this link to view it.</a></div><div class="h" id="cybersecurity"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="cybersecurity">Cybersecurity</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="cybersecurity"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 31</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Computer</a><a href="#_toc/cybersecurity" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybersecurity" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/cybersecurity"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="attack-surface"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="attack-surface">Attack surface</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="attack-surface"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#cybersecurity" class="u"> Cybersecurity</a><a href="#_toc/attack-surface" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_surface" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/attack-surface"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="authentication"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="authentication">Authentication</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="authentication"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#cybersecurity" class="u"> Cybersecurity</a><a href="#_toc/authentication" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentication" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/authentication"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="fingerprinting-cybersecurity"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="fingerprinting-cybersecurity">Fingerprinting <span class="meta">(cybersecurity)</span></a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="fingerprinting-cybersecurity"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#cybersecurity" class="u"> Cybersecurity</a><a href="#_toc/fingerprinting-cybersecurity" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/fingerprinting-cybersecurity"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="ip-stack-fingerprinting"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="ip-stack-fingerprinting">IP stack fingerprinting</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="ip-stack-fingerprinting"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#fingerprinting-cybersecurity" class="u"> Fingerprinting (cybersecurity)</a><a href="#_toc/ip-stack-fingerprinting" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_stack_fingerprinting" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/ip-stack-fingerprinting"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="security-hacker"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="security-hacker">Security hacker</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="security-hacker"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 83</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 4</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#cybersecurity" class="u"> Cybersecurity</a><a href="#_toc/security-hacker" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/security-hacker"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="hacker-group"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="hacker-group">Hacker group</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="hacker-group"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 83</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 3</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#security-hacker" class="u"> Security hacker</a><a href="#_toc/hacker-group" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/hacker-group"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="boitatech"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="boitatech">Boitatech</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="boitatech"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 83</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#hacker-group" class="u"> Hacker group</a><a href="#_toc/boitatech" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/boitatech"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="brazil">Brazil</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_487">A <a href="brain#misogyny">misogenous</a> <a href="brazil">Brazilian</a> hacking group:<div class="list"><ul id="_488"><li id="_489"><a href="https://boitatech.com.br/">boitatech.com.br/</a></li><li id="_490"><a href="https://github.com/boitatech">github.com/boitatech</a></li></ul></div>Just kidding.</div><div class="p" id="_491">Some people from them contacted <a href="ciro-santilli">Ciro Santilli</a> after Ciro's initial publishing of <a href="cia-2010-covert-communication-websites">CIA 2010 covert communication websites</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_492">After a quick <a href="messaging-software#discord-software">Discord</a> chat with them, it was apparent that these people were really cool and knowledgeable.</div><div class="p" id="_493">Also many of them seem to think <a href="university#university-is-broken">university is broken</a> and just go hack straigh away.</div><div class="p" id="_494">A perfect example of a <a href="education#dojo-learning-model">dojo learning model</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_495">Also they don't seem to need sleep. Go figure!</div><div class="p" id="_496">With pepole like this, there's hope for <a href="brazil">Brazil</a>: <a href="what-poor-countries-have-to-do-to-get-richer">Section "What poor countries have to do to get richer"</a>.</div><div class="h" id="aratu-week"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="aratu-week">Aratu Week</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="aratu-week"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 9</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#boitatech" class="u"> Boitatech</a><a href="#_toc/aratu-week" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/aratu-week"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_497">A series of online talks organized by the <a href="#boitatech">Boitatech</a> people</div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="aratu-week-2024-talk-by-ciro-santilli">Aratu Week 2024 Talk by Ciro Santilli: My Best Random Projects</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="aratu-week-iv"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="aratu-week-iv">Aratu Week IV <span class="meta">(2024)</span></a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="aratu-week-iv"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 4</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#boitatech" class="u"> Boitatech</a><a href="#_toc/aratu-week-iv" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/aratu-week-iv"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="list"><ul id="_499"><li id="_500"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7234616553286057984/">www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7234616553286057984/</a> <a href="aratu-week-2024-talk-by-ciro-santilli">Aratu Week 2024 Talk by Ciro Santilli: My Best Random Projects</a> announcement</li><li id="_501"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/posts/ammm_aratu-week-iv-call-for-papers-activity-7192726844494798850-SUhS/">www.linkedin.com/posts/ammm_aratu-week-iv-call-for-papers-activity-7192726844494798850-SUhS/</a> call for papers</li></ul></div><div class="h" id="capture-the-flag-cybersecurity"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="capture-the-flag-cybersecurity">Capture the flag <span class="meta">(cybersecurity)</span></a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="capture-the-flag-cybersecurity"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#cybersecurity" class="u"> Cybersecurity</a><a href="#_toc/capture-the-flag-cybersecurity" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_the_flag_(cybersecurity)" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/capture-the-flag-cybersecurity"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="cybercrime"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="cybercrime">Cybercrime</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="cybercrime"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 20</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#cybersecurity" class="u"> Cybersecurity</a><a href="#_toc/cybercrime" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybercrime" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/cybercrime"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="law#crime">Crime</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="botnet"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="botnet">Botnet</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="botnet"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#cybercrime" class="u"> Cybercrime</a><a href="#_toc/botnet" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botnet" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/botnet"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="#carna-botnet">Carna botnet</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="darknet-market"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="darknet-market">Darknet market</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="darknet-market"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 18</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#cybercrime" class="u"> Cybercrime</a><a href="#_toc/darknet-market" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darknet_market" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/darknet-market"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="silk-road-marketplace"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="silk-road-marketplace">Silk Road <span class="meta">(marketplace, 2011-2013)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="silk-road-marketplace"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 17</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#darknet-market" class="u"> Darknet market</a><a href="#_toc/silk-road-marketplace" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road_(marketplace)" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/silk-road-marketplace"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_504"><a href="ciro-santilli">Ciro Santilli</a> has become slightly obsessed with this story, and the main mastermind <a href="#ross-ulbricht">Ross Ulbricht</a>.</div><div class="figure"><figure id="image-ross-ulbricht-s-open-laptop-shortly-after-his-arrest-at-the-francisco-public-library"><div class="float-wrap"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629084608if_/https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/GX-201C-640x853.png"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629084608if_/https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/GX-201C-640x853.png" loading="lazy" height="315"></a></div><figcaption><a href="#image-ross-ulbricht-s-open-laptop-shortly-after-his-arrest-at-the-francisco-public-library"><span class="caption-prefix">Figure 6. </span></a><div class="title">Ross Ulbricht's open laptop shortly after his arrest at the Francisco Public Library</div>. <a href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/01/the-incredibly-simple-story-of-how-the-govt-googled-ross-ulbricht">Source</a>. He was running some GNOME based distro, could be <a href="systems-programming#ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> from that photo, and likely is given that Ross once recommended Ubuntu to his flatmate.</figcaption></figure></div><div class="p" id="_505">The best article available so far is: <a href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2019/01/29/how_i_caught_silk_road_mastermind">www.theregister.co.uk/2019/01/29/how_i_caught_silk_road_mastermind</a> (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191008142214/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2019/01/29/how_i_caught_silk_road_mastermind">archive</a>) which summarizes what one of the investigators said in a 2019 French computer security conference.</div><div class="p" id="_506">The key living posts are:<div class="list"><ul id="_507"><li id="_508"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15445285/how-can-i-connect-to-a-tor-hidden-service-using-curl-in-php">stackoverflow.com/questions/15445285/how-can-i-connect-to-a-tor-hidden-service-using-curl-in-php</a> (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191121133952/https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15445285/how-can-i-connect-to-a-tor-hidden-service-using-curl-in-php">archive</a>) which was originally asked under the real name, and then the username was changed to "Frosty", which matches one of the server's logins after the laptop was captured</li><li id="_509">altoid early Silk Road mention: <a href="https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=175.70;wap2">bitcointalk.org/?topic=175.70;wap2</a> (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190628133852/https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=175.70;wap2">archive</a>)</li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_510">The big question is of course how libertarian free market ideologically motivated the website was, and how purely criminal greed it was.</div><div class="p" id="_511">The magnitude of the early <a href="cryptography#operations-security">operational security</a> mistakes does make Ciro think that Ross did it "because he could" and <a href="https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=i%20did%20it%20for%20the%20lulz">"for the lolz"</a> in a real world <a href="television-series#breaking-bad">Breaking Bad</a> way.</div><div class="p" id="_512">The entry in Ross' diary does <a href="ciro-santilli-s-psychology-and-physiology#ciro-santilli-s-selfish-desires">resonate a lot</a> with Ciro and any entrepreneur, full diary at: <a href="https://www.wired.com/2015/01/heres-secret-silk-road-journal-laptop-ross-ulbricht/">www.wired.com/2015/01/heres-secret-silk-road-journal-laptop-ross-ulbricht/</a> (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190613011454/https://www.wired.com/2015/01/heres-secret-silk-road-journal-laptop-ross-ulbricht/">archive</a>).</div><div><blockquote id="_513"><div class="p" id="_514">[i]n 2011," [I believe I will be] "creating a year of prosperity and power beyond what I have ever experienced before,</div><div class="p" id="_515">Silk Road is going to become a phenomenon and at least one person will tell me about it, unknowing that I was its creator."</div></blockquote></div><div class="p" id="_516">Having this kind of feeling, is the greatest thing any human can have, and what motivates all great things.</div><div class="p" id="_517">Capitalizing in <a href="law">illegal</a> things though is a cheat, big things take longer than a few years to reach, but reaching them is that much more satisfying as well.</div><div class="p" id="_518">Other interesting quotes:<div><blockquote id="_519">I hated working for someone else and trading my time for money with no investment in myself.</blockquote></div>which Ciro also feels, see <a href="don-t-be-a-pussy">don't be a pussy</a>, and:<div><blockquote id="_520">Everyone knows I am working on a bitcoin exchange. I always thought honesty was the best policy and now I didn't know what to do. I should have just told everyone I am a freelance programmer or something, but I had to tell half truths. It felt wrong to lie completely so I tried to tell the truth without revealing the bad part, but now I am in a jam. Everyone knows too much. Dammit.</blockquote></div></div><div class="p" id="_521">Also very worth reading is the San Francisco flat mate account: <a href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/ae3q8g/my-roommate-the-darknet-drug-lord">www.vice.com/en_us/article/ae3q8g/my-roommate-the-darknet-drug-lord</a> (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191201090353/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/ae3q8g/my-roommate-the-darknet-drug-lord">archive</a>).</div><div class="p" id="_522">The murder for hire allegations are also interesting: <a href="https://mashable.com/2013/10/03/silk-road-hits">mashable.com/2013/10/03/silk-road-hits</a>, he paid 80k dollars to undercover DEA agents!</div><div class="p" id="_523">Except for the fact that Ross was an 80 million <a href="social-technology#dollar">Dollar</a> <a href="biology#drug-lord">drug lord</a>, those accounts sound exactly like what you would expect from any other nerdy startup founder! The:<div class="list"><ul id="_524"><li id="_525">"just do it" strategy effectively going to a minimal viable product (manual transaction management!), while making many mistakes along the way, including hiring mistakes and successes when scaling is needed</li><li id="_526">the hardship of self bootstrapping your own social network (here with some kilos of mushrooms)</li><li id="_527">the variety of periods, from relatively calm, to hair pulling stress during big changes</li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_528">It is also amusing to see very concretely the obvious fact that the FBI can get a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subpoena">subpoena</a> for all accounts you ever had, e.g. they knew his <a href="computer-hardware#laptop">laptop</a> model from <a href="amazon">Amazon</a> and brought a corresponding power cable to the arrest! If you are going to be a cyber criminal, don't use your real name, ever!</div><div class="p" id="_529">Should justice be blind? Maybe. But it does hurt for mere non-blind men to see it sometimes. Especially when <a href="biology#drug-liberalization">drug liberalization</a> is involved.</div><div class="figure"><figure id="video-one-mistake-took-down-a-29-yr-old-dark-web-drug-lord-by-newsthink-2022"><div class="float-wrap"><iframe width="560" height="315" loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/HBTYVVUBAGs" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><figcaption><a href="#video-one-mistake-took-down-a-29-yr-old-dark-web-drug-lord-by-newsthink-2022"><span class="caption-prefix">Video 17. </span></a><div class="title">One Mistake Took Down a 29-Yr-Old Dark Web Drug Lord by Newsthink (2022)</div> <a href="https://youtu.be/HBTYVVUBAGs?si=Qjb4x8iXcgvoPK_Z">Source</a>. Wow nice video, covers most of the interesting annecdotes and the (alledged) investigation procedure.</figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="history-of-silk-road"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="history-of-silk-road">History of Silk Road</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="history-of-silk-road"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 8</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#silk-road-marketplace" class="u"> Silk Road (marketplace)</a><a href="#_toc/history-of-silk-road" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/history-of-silk-road"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="#silk-road-tales-and-archives-by-moustache">Silk Road Tales and Archives by moustache</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="the-underground-website-where-you-can-buy-any-drug-imaginable-by-adrian-chen"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="the-underground-website-where-you-can-buy-any-drug-imaginable-by-adrian-chen">The Underground Website Where You Can Buy Any Drug Imaginable by Adrian Chen <span class="meta">(2011-06-01)</span></a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="the-underground-website-where-you-can-buy-any-drug-imaginable-by-adrian-chen"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 8</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#history-of-silk-road" class="u"> History of Silk Road</a><a href="#_toc/the-underground-website-where-you-can-buy-any-drug-imaginable-by-adrian-chen" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/the-underground-website-where-you-can-buy-any-drug-imaginable-by-adrian-chen"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_531"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903135037/http://gawker.com/the-underground-website-where-you-can-buy-any-drug-imag-30818160">web.archive.org/web/20140903135037/http://gawker.com/the-underground-website-where-you-can-buy-any-drug-imag-30818160</a></div><div class="p" id="_532">The article that put <a href="#silk-road-marketplace">Silk Road</a> on the public map!</div><div class="h" id="silk-road-bibliography"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="silk-road-bibliography">Silk Road bibliography</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="silk-road-bibliography"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 62</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 3</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#silk-road-marketplace" class="u"> Silk Road (marketplace)</a><a href="#_toc/silk-road-bibliography" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/silk-road-bibliography"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="silk-road-tales-and-archives-by-moustache"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="silk-road-tales-and-archives-by-moustache">Silk Road Tales and Archives by moustache</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="silk-road-tales-and-archives-by-moustache"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 11</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#silk-road-bibliography" class="u"> Silk Road bibliography</a><a href="#_toc/silk-road-tales-and-archives-by-moustache" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/silk-road-tales-and-archives-by-moustache"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="#history-of-silk-road">History of Silk Road</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_534"><a href="https://antilop.cc/sr/">antilop.cc/sr/</a></div><div class="p" id="_535">A very good information dump! Notably it has a very timeline.</div><div class="h" id="silk-road-1-theory-and-practice-by-gwern-branwen"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="silk-road-1-theory-and-practice-by-gwern-branwen">Silk Road 1: Theory & Practice by Gwern Branwen</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="silk-road-1-theory-and-practice-by-gwern-branwen"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#silk-road-bibliography" class="u"> Silk Road bibliography</a><a href="#_toc/silk-road-1-theory-and-practice-by-gwern-branwen" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/silk-road-1-theory-and-practice-by-gwern-branwen"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="software#work-by-gwern-branwen">Work by Gwern Branwen</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_537"><a href="https://gwern.net/silk-road">gwern.net/silk-road</a></div><div class="h" id="silk-road-film"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="silk-road-film">Silk Road <span class="meta">(film)</span></a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="silk-road-film"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 51</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#silk-road-bibliography" class="u"> Silk Road bibliography</a><a href="#_toc/silk-road-film" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road_(film)" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/silk-road-film"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_538">We need a mini-series, this just doesn't have enough time. Notably, too much focus on dob, and not enough on the development of <a href="#silk-road-marketplace">Silk Road</a> iteslf. Though it is cool to see what his motivations might have been like. One wonders how realistic the character is. Though him meeting <a href="#ross-ulbricht">Ross Ulbricht</a> personally sounds exceptionally unlikely.</div><div class="h" id="ross-ulbricht"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="ross-ulbricht">Ross Ulbricht</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="ross-ulbricht"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 493</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 4</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#silk-road-marketplace" class="u"> Silk Road (marketplace)</a><a href="#_toc/ross-ulbricht" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Ulbricht" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/ross-ulbricht"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="don-t-be-a-pussy#being-naughty-and-creative-are-correlated">Being naughty and creative are correlated</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="figure"><figure id="image-ross-ulbricht-s-linkedin-profile-picture"><div class="float-wrap"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128134223if_/https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/05/30/nyregion/30SILKROAD/30SILKROAD-superJumbo.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128134223if_/https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/05/30/nyregion/30SILKROAD/30SILKROAD-superJumbo.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp" loading="lazy" height="315"></a></div><figcaption><a href="#image-ross-ulbricht-s-linkedin-profile-picture"><span class="caption-prefix">Figure 7. </span></a><div class="title">Ross Ulbricht's <a href="social-technology#linkedin">LinkedIn</a> profile picture</div>. <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/rossulbricht/">Source</a>. Still up as of 2023: <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/rossulbricht/">www.linkedin.com/in/rossulbricht/</a></figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="person-related-to-ross-ulbricht"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="person-related-to-ross-ulbricht">Person related to Ross Ulbricht</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="person-related-to-ross-ulbricht"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 484</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 3</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#ross-ulbricht" class="u"> Ross Ulbricht</a><a href="#_toc/person-related-to-ross-ulbricht" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/person-related-to-ross-ulbricht"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="julia-vie"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="8"><a href="julia-vie">Julia Vie <span class="meta">(Ross Ulbricht's former girlfriend)</span></a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="julia-vie"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 37</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#person-related-to-ross-ulbricht" class="u"> Person related to Ross Ulbricht</a><a href="#_toc/julia-vie" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/julia-vie"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_541"><a href="#ross-ulbricht">Ross Ulbricht</a> told her about <a href="#silk-road-marketplace">Silk Road</a>, but then later said he had sold the website to someone else, without really doing that.</div><div class="list"><ul id="_542"><li id="_543"><a href="social-technology#linkedin">LinkedIn</a> profile: <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/julia-vie-35296959/">www.linkedin.com/in/julia-vie-35296959/</a></li><li id="_544"><a href="social-technology#twitter">Twitter</a> profile: <a href="https://twitter.com/destenyrangel">twitter.com/destenyrangel</a></li></ul></div><div class="p" id="_545">As of 2023, she's apparently a photographer with a <a href="art#pornography">porny</a> focus (boudoir <a href="technology#photography">photography</a>).</div><div class="figure"><figure id="image-julia-vie-and-ross-ulbricht"><div class="float-wrap"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714032357im_/https://assets2.cbsnewsstatic.com/hub/i/r/2020/11/10/6955d299-55f5-4b2d-b364-58f2de649d1d/thumbnail/620x437/08cb3d599198c44e59ebeed681c7fcc9/fbi-ross-julia.jpg?v=532947bbe7449b367b963713a282edbc"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714032357im_/https://assets2.cbsnewsstatic.com/hub/i/r/2020/11/10/6955d299-55f5-4b2d-b364-58f2de649d1d/thumbnail/620x437/08cb3d599198c44e59ebeed681c7fcc9/fbi-ross-julia.jpg?v=532947bbe7449b367b963713a282edbc" loading="lazy" height="315"></a></div><figcaption><a href="#image-julia-vie-and-ross-ulbricht"><span class="caption-prefix">Figure 8. </span></a><div class="title"><a href="#julia-vie">Julia Vie</a> and <a href="#ross-ulbricht">Ross Ulbricht</a></div>. <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ross-ulbricht-dread-pirate-roberts-silk-road-ex-girlfriend-fbi-declassified/">Source</a>. </figcaption></figure></div><div class="p" id="_546">Some sources:<div class="list"><ul id="_547"><li id="_548"><a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ross-ulbricht-dread-pirate-roberts-silk-road-ex-girlfriend-fbi-declassified/">www.cbsnews.com/news/ross-ulbricht-dread-pirate-roberts-silk-road-ex-girlfriend-fbi-declassified/</a></li><li id="_549"><a href="https://www.insideedition.com/ex-girlfriend-of-silk-road-creator-shares-how-creating-the-dark-web-site-changed-her-boyfriend-for">www.insideedition.com/ex-girlfriend-of-silk-road-creator-shares-how-creating-the-dark-web-site-changed-her-boyfriend-for</a></li><li id="_550"><a href="https://thecinemaholic.com/where-is-julia-vie-now/">thecinemaholic.com/where-is-julia-vie-now/</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="richard-bates-silk-road-advisor-and-ross-friend"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="8"><a href="richard-bates-silk-road-advisor-and-ross-friend">Richard Bates <span class="meta">(Silk Road advisor and Ross' friend)</span></a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="richard-bates-silk-road-advisor-and-ross-friend"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 72</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#person-related-to-ross-ulbricht" class="u"> Person related to Ross Ulbricht</a><a href="#_toc/richard-bates-silk-road-advisor-and-ross-friend" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/richard-bates-silk-road-advisor-and-ross-friend"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_551">He testified against Ross: <a href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/01/friend-who-helped-ulbricht-build-silk-road-testifies-against-him/">arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/01/friend-who-helped-ulbricht-build-silk-road-testifies-against-him/</a></div><div class="p" id="_552"><a href="https://youtu.be/HBTYVVUBAGs?t=178">youtu.be/HBTYVVUBAGs?t=178</a> claims to contain a photo of him without source. He has no easy to find online profiles.</div><div><blockquote id="_553"><div class="p" id="_554"><a href="#variety-jones">Variety Jones</a>: IRL, is there anyone with a clue at all? A girlfriend, boyfriend, buddy you talk to, etc?</div><div class="p" id="_555">myself: Unfortunately yes, there are two but they think I sold the site and got out, and they're quite convinced of it.</div></blockquote></div><div class="p" id="_556">His email was published: baronsyntax@gmail.com. They actaully talked on <a href="messaging-software#google-chat">Google Chat</a>. OMG.</div><div class="h" id="caroline-ulbricht"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="8"><a href="caroline-ulbricht">Caroline Ulbricht <span class="meta">(Caroline Debrion, Caroline L. Debrion, Ross Ulbricht's wife)</span></a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="caroline-ulbricht"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 375</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#person-related-to-ross-ulbricht" class="u"> Person related to Ross Ulbricht</a><a href="#_toc/caroline-ulbricht" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/caroline-ulbricht"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_560">Her maiden name is very likely "<a href="#caroline-ulbricht">Caroline Debrion</a>" as per stalking of her online accounts below. Her <a href="linguistics#middle-name">middle name</a> might start with an <a href="linguistics#l">L</a> giving "Caroline L. Debrion", but this is less certain.</div><div class="p" id="_561">Likely accounts:<div class="list"><ul id="_562"><li id="_563"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/carolineld/">www.linkedin.com/in/carolineld/</a>. Named "Caroline Ulbricht" as of February 2025. Her last employement was as a remote Senior Tech Project Manager / Scrum Master at SiriusXM, a podcast technology company where she was until June 2024. From her feed <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/carolineld/recent-activity/all/">www.linkedin.com/in/carolineld/recent-activity/all/</a> she seems to have an interest in <a href="software#computer-programming">computer programming</a> and <a href="technology#deep-tech">deeptech</a> which is kind of cool. Many of her posts link to <a href="https://x.com/CrlneD">x.com/CrlneD</a>, another possible account but currently suspended. This profile has a 3 archives from 2014 e.g. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408111206/https://twitter.com/CrlneD">web.archive.org/web/20140408111206/https://twitter.com/CrlneD</a> under name "Caroline Debrion". Googling finds: <a href="https://cryptonews.com/fr/exclusives/saga-ross-ulbricht-et-silk-road-scandales-derriere-la-peine-3271/">cryptonews.com/fr/exclusives/saga-ross-ulbricht-et-silk-road-scandales-derriere-la-peine-3271/</a> specificlly describing her in French as "voluntary and projct manager for the website FreeRoss", so that must be her maiden name. "ld" from the LinkedIn username must be her <a href="linguistics#middle-name">middle name</a> starting with L plus Debrion.</li><li id="_564"><a href="https://x.com/CrlneD">x.com/CrlneD</a> see LinkedIn discussion above. Searching Twitter has many hits on now deleted discdussions related to Ross: <a href="https://x.com/search?q=%22CrlneD%22&src=typed_query">x.com/search?q=%22CrlneD%22&src=typed_query</a>. She shas a bit of French stuff going on, maybe she actually has cultural links to France as indicated by her name.</li><li id="_565"><a href="https://www.quora.com/profile/Caroline-Debrion">www.quora.com/profile/Caroline-Debrion</a>. The archive: <a href="https://archive.ph/VEMHR">archive.ph/VEMHR</a> has a better matching profile image. This is further confirmed by this mispost under the wrong Twitter account: <a href="https://x.com/ClemencyForRoss/status/471408997082603520">x.com/ClemencyForRoss/status/471408997082603520</a>, linking to one of her Quora answers.</li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_566">Possibly related profiles but uncertain:<div class="list"><ul id="_567"><li id="_568"><a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@carolinel.debrion">www.tiktok.com/@carolinel.debrion</a> has an account of a Caroline L. Debrion, with the likely L. middle name.</li><li id="_569"><a href="https://github.com/0xbzho/onename/blob/6bb8799767967236a7815b8ee469466639d60b48/c/a/caro.json#L14">github.com/0xbzho/onename/blob/6bb8799767967236a7815b8ee469466639d60b48/c/a/caro.json#L14</a> a OneName account, a <a href="cryptocurrency#bitcoin">Bitcoin</a>-based identity system linking to her twitter "crlned"</li><li id="_570"><a href="https://jira.atlassian.com/secure/ViewProfile.jspa?name=1eba64e21192">jira.atlassian.com/secure/ViewProfile.jspa?name=1eba64e21192</a></li><li id="_571"><a href="https://fr.pinterest.com/brahms42/">fr.pinterest.com/brahms42/</a></li><li id="_572"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/caroline.ulbricht.3/">www.facebook.com/caroline.ulbricht.3/</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_573"><a href="ciro-santilli">Ciro Santilli</a> first found her name mentioned without source at: <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ross_Ulbricht_Released_from_Prison_(cropped).jpg">en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ross_Ulbricht_Released_from_Prison_(cropped).jpg</a>. Her first name "Caroline" was given by Ross at: <a href="https://x.com/RealRossU/status/1888299042146578925">x.com/RealRossU/status/1888299042146578925</a> on February 8th 2025.</div><div class="p" id="_574">As of 2025 most Google hits currently give "Rebecca Caroline Ulbricht Ferreira" however, an unrelated <a href="brazil">Brazilian</a> <a href="molecular-biology">molecular biology</a> researcher from <a href="university#university-of-campinas">UNICAMP</a>. So a good Google search is <code>"caroline ulbricht" -Rebecca</code> to remove the overlap. This leads to <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/carolineld/">www.linkedin.com/in/carolineld/</a> hits.</div><div class="p" id="_575"><a href="https://x.com/pete_rizzo_/status/1882489065167356024">x.com/pete_rizzo_/status/1882489065167356024</a> has a photo of them hugging at the jail parking lot just after he was released in 2025.</div><div class="figure"><figure id="image-ross-ulbricht-with-his-wife-soon-after-he-was-released-from-jail-in-2025-in-front-of-a-mural"><div class="float-wrap"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250130111404if_/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GiemhCbWIAAguxO?format=jpg&name=small"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20250130111404if_/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GiemhCbWIAAguxO?format=jpg&name=small" loading="lazy" height="700"></a></div><figcaption><a href="#image-ross-ulbricht-with-his-wife-soon-after-he-was-released-from-jail-in-2025-in-front-of-a-mural"><span class="caption-prefix">Figure 9. </span></a><div class="title"><a href="#ross-ulbricht">Ross Ulbricht</a> with his wife soon after he was released from jail in 2025 in front of a mural</div>. <a href="https://x.com/RealRossU/status/1884658674301550663">Source</a>. He still seems to be in jail clothes?</figcaption></figure></div><div class="figure"><figure id="image-ross-ulbricht-with-his-wife-soon-after-he-was-released-from-jail-in-2025-on-the-road"><div class="float-wrap"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250129143311if_/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GibEyPgbQAAeEhc?format=jpg&name=large"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20250129143311if_/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GibEyPgbQAAeEhc?format=jpg&name=large" loading="lazy" height="700"></a></div><figcaption><a href="#image-ross-ulbricht-with-his-wife-soon-after-he-was-released-from-jail-in-2025-on-the-road"><span class="caption-prefix">Figure 10. </span></a><div class="title"><a href="#ross-ulbricht">Ross Ulbricht</a> with his wife soon after he was released from jail in 2025 on the road</div>. <a href="https://x.com/RealRossU/status/1884410132567883931">Source</a>. </figcaption></figure></div><div class="figure"><figure id="image-ross-ulbricht-s-wife-linkedin-profile-picture-according-to-facecheck-id"><div class="float-wrap"><a href="https://archive.org/download/credly/linkedin.png"><img src="https://archive.org/download/credly/linkedin.png" loading="lazy" height="500"></a></div><figcaption><a href="#image-ross-ulbricht-s-wife-linkedin-profile-picture-according-to-facecheck-id"><span class="caption-prefix">Figure 11. </span></a><div class="title"><a href="#caroline-ulbricht">Ross Ulbricht's wife</a> <a href="social-technology#linkedin">LinkedIn</a> profile picture according to <a href="software#facecheck-id">facecheck.id</a></div>. </figcaption></figure></div><div class="figure"><figure id="image-ross-ulbricht-s-wife-s-wife-credly-com-profile-picture-according-to-facecheck-id"><div class="float-wrap"><a href="https://archive.org/download/credly/credly.png"><img src="https://archive.org/download/credly/credly.png" loading="lazy" height="500"></a></div><figcaption><a href="#image-ross-ulbricht-s-wife-s-wife-credly-com-profile-picture-according-to-facecheck-id"><span class="caption-prefix">Figure 12. </span></a><div class="title"><a href="#caroline-ulbricht">Ross Ulbricht's wife</a>'s wife credly.com profile picture according to <a href="software#facecheck-id">facecheck.id</a></div>. </figcaption></figure></div><div class="figure"><figure id="image-ross-ulbricht-s-wife-s-wife-meetup-com-profile-picture-according-to-facecheck-id"><div class="float-wrap"><a href="https://archive.org/download/credly/meetup.png"><img src="https://archive.org/download/credly/meetup.png" loading="lazy" height="500"></a></div><figcaption><a href="#image-ross-ulbricht-s-wife-s-wife-meetup-com-profile-picture-according-to-facecheck-id"><span class="caption-prefix">Figure 13. </span></a><div class="title"><a href="#caroline-ulbricht">Ross Ulbricht's wife</a>'s wife <a href="social-technology#meetup-com">meetup.com</a> profile picture according to <a href="software#facecheck-id">facecheck.id</a></div>. </figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="silk-road-employee"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="silk-road-employee">Silk Road employee</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="silk-road-employee"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 103</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#silk-road-marketplace" class="u"> Silk Road (marketplace)</a><a href="#_toc/silk-road-employee" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/silk-road-employee"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_576"><a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/pgajmv/these-are-the-two-forgotten-architects-of-the-silk-road">www.vice.com/en/article/pgajmv/these-are-the-two-forgotten-architects-of-the-silk-road</a></div><div class="h" id="smedley"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="smedley">Smedley</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="smedley"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#silk-road-employee" class="u"> Silk Road employee</a><a href="#_toc/smedley" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/smedley"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="variety-jones"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="variety-jones">Variety Jones <span class="meta">(Ross Ulbricht's mentor)</span></a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="variety-jones"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 103</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#silk-road-employee" class="u"> Silk Road employee</a><a href="#_toc/variety-jones" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/variety-jones"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_578">2023 <a href="#silk-road-marketplace">Silk Road</a>'s Second-in-Command Gets 20 Years in Prison <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/silk-road-variety-jones-sentencing/">www.wired.com/story/silk-road-variety-jones-sentencing/</a></div><div class="p" id="_579">2016 "Exclusive: Our Thai prison interview with the alleged top advisor to <a href="#silk-road-marketplace">Silk Road</a>" <a href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/09/exclusive-our-thai-prison-interview-with-an-alleged-top-advisor-to-silk-road/">arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/09/exclusive-our-thai-prison-interview-with-an-alleged-top-advisor-to-silk-road/</a></div><div class="p" id="_580">2015 The Variety Show On the trail of the man believed to be Variety Jones, one of the architects of the defunct drug marketplace Silk Road. <a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/wnx5qn/the-variety-show">www.vice.com/en/article/wnx5qn/the-variety-show</a></div><div class="p" id="_581"><a href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/file/797251/download">www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/file/797251/download</a> some kind of case file of his trial.</div><div class="p" id="_582">Bibliography:<div class="list"><ul id="_583"><li id="_584"><a href="https://darknetlive.com/post/variety-jones-trivia-f5bf87ce">darknetlive.com/post/variety-jones-trivia-f5bf87ce</a> Variety Jones Trivia</li><li id="_585"><a href="https://antilop.cc/sr/">antilop.cc/sr/</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_586">The curious thing about VJ is that he actually has some culture and says cool things, e.g.:<div><blockquote id="_587">IRL - is there anyone with a clue at all? Girlfriend, boyfriend, bunny you talk to, online buddy's who you've know for years? Gramma, priest, rabbi, stripper?</blockquote></div></div><div class="figure"><figure id="_588"><div class="float-wrap"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231107154128im_/https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Clark-court-300x362.jpg"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20231107154128im_/https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Clark-court-300x362.jpg" loading="lazy" height="315"></a></div><figcaption><a href="#_588"><span class="caption-prefix">Figure 14. </span></a><a href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/09/exclusive-our-thai-prison-interview-with-an-alleged-top-advisor-to-silk-road/">Source</a>. </figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="silk-road-investigator"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="silk-road-investigator">Silk Road investigator</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="silk-road-investigator"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 36</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#silk-road-marketplace" class="u"> Silk Road (marketplace)</a><a href="#_toc/silk-road-investigator" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/silk-road-investigator"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="carl-mark-force"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="carl-mark-force">Carl Mark Force</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="carl-mark-force"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 36</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#silk-road-investigator" class="u"> Silk Road investigator</a><a href="#_toc/carl-mark-force" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/carl-mark-force"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_589">Full name Carl Mark Force IV, the fourth! As mentioned at <a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/vv7dgj/great-moments-in-shaun-bridges-a-corrupt-silk-road-investigator">www.vice.com/en/article/vv7dgj/great-moments-in-shaun-bridges-a-corrupt-silk-road-investigator</a> (this made <a href="ciro-santilli">Ciro Santilli</a> laugh quite hard:<div><blockquote id="_590">Carl Mark Force IV - the other corrupt cop charged alongside Bridges - is pretty hard to beat, just name-wise.</blockquote></div></div><div class="p" id="_591"><a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/8q845p/dea-agent-who-faked-a-murder-and-took-bitcoins-from-silk-road-explains-himself">www.vice.com/en/article/8q845p/dea-agent-who-faked-a-murder-and-took-bitcoins-from-silk-road-explains-himself</a></div><div class="h" id="shaun-bridges"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="shaun-bridges">Shaun Bridges</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="shaun-bridges"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#silk-road-investigator" class="u"> Silk Road investigator</a><a href="#_toc/shaun-bridges" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/shaun-bridges"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_592"><a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/vv7dgj/great-moments-in-shaun-bridges-a-corrupt-silk-road-investigator">www.vice.com/en/article/vv7dgj/great-moments-in-shaun-bridges-a-corrupt-silk-road-investigator</a></div><div class="h" id="domain-specific-language"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="domain-specific-language">Domain-specific language <span class="meta">(DSL)</span></a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="domain-specific-language"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 13</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Computer</a><a href="#_toc/domain-specific-language" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain-specific_language" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/domain-specific-language"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="cirism#evil">Evil</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_595"><a href="cirism#evil">Evil</a>. Just use <a href="programming-language#python-programming-language">Python</a> instead for <a href="software">software</a>, and a well known <a href="#data-file-format">data file format</a> for data, please.</div><div class="h" id="e-book"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="e-book">E-book</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="e-book"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 128</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 10</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Computer</a><a href="#_toc/e-book" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-book" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/e-book"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="e-book-file-format"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="e-book-file-format">E-book file format</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="e-book-file-format"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 70</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 5</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#e-book" class="u"> E-book</a><a href="#_toc/e-book-file-format" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/e-book-file-format"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="epub"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="epub">EPUB</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="epub"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 58</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#e-book-file-format" class="u"> E-book file format</a><a href="#_toc/epub" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/epub"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_596">This is a good thing. It basically contains an entire <a href="website">website</a>, with <a href="web-technology#html">HTML</a> and assets inside a single <a href="#zip-file-format">ZIP</a>, and a little bit of metadata.</div><div class="p" id="_597">It is incomprehensible why <a href="web-technology#web-browser">browsers</a> don't just implement it as they already have all the web part, and also <a href="#zip-file-format">ZIP</a> stuff:<div class="list"><ul id="_598"><li id="_599"><a href="https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-reason-that-browsers-cannot-open-epub-files-without-extensions">www.quora.com/What-is-the-reason-that-browsers-cannot-open-epub-files-without-extensions</a> on <a href="website#quora">Quora</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_600">The situation is so sad. <a href="systems-programming#ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> 21.04 doesn't come with a reader installed by default:<div class="list"><ul id="_601"><li id="_602"><a href="https://askubuntu.com/questions/14378/what-software-can-i-use-to-view-epub-documents">askubuntu.com/questions/14378/what-software-can-i-use-to-view-epub-documents</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="pdf"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="pdf">PDF</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="pdf"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 12</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 3</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#e-book-file-format" class="u"> E-book file format</a><a href="#_toc/pdf" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/pdf"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="convert-pdf-to-text"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="convert-pdf-to-text">Convert PDF to text</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="convert-pdf-to-text"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#pdf" class="u"> PDF</a><a href="#_toc/convert-pdf-to-text" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/convert-pdf-to-text"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="#human-readable-format">Plaintext file</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="list"><ul id="_604"><li id="_605"><a href="https://superuser.com/questions/207603/how-to-extract-text-from-pdf-in-script-on-linux/1810994#1810994">superuser.com/questions/207603/how-to-extract-text-from-pdf-in-script-on-linux/1810994#1810994</a></li><li id="_606"><a href="https://askubuntu.com/questions/52040/is-there-a-better-pdf-to-text-converter-than-pdftotext/1487946#1487946">askubuntu.com/questions/52040/is-there-a-better-pdf-to-text-converter-than-pdftotext/1487946#1487946</a></li><li id="_607"><a href="https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4759/is-there-some-sort-of-pdf-to-text-converter/758132#758132">unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4759/is-there-some-sort-of-pdf-to-text-converter/758132#758132</a></li></ul></div><div class="h" id="pdf-tool"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="pdf-tool">PDF tool</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="pdf-tool"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 12</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#pdf" class="u"> PDF</a><a href="#_toc/pdf-tool" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/pdf-tool"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="pdftk"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="pdftk">pdftk</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="pdftk"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 12</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#pdf-tool" class="u"> PDF tool</a><a href="#_toc/pdftk" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pdftk" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/pdftk"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_608">Extract certain pages of a PDF:<div class="code" id="_609"><div><pre><code>pdftk input.pdf cat 2-4 output out1.pdf</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="h" id="e-book-viewer"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="e-book-viewer">E-book viewer</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="e-book-viewer"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 58</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 3</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#e-book" class="u"> E-book</a><a href="#_toc/e-book-viewer" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/e-book-viewer"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="calibre-software"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="calibre-software">Calibre <span class="meta">(software)</span></a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="calibre-software"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 41</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#e-book-viewer" class="u"> E-book viewer</a><a href="#_toc/calibre-software" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibre_(software)" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/calibre-software"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_610">Sometimes <a href="ciro-santilli">Ciro Santilli</a> says half jokingly that <a href="technology#user-interface">user interface</a> does not matter.</div><div class="p" id="_611">This software circa 2010-2020 makes that joke not be funny.</div><div class="p" id="_612">How can a UI feel so clunky!</div><div class="p" id="_613">The most aggravating thing is that it is not immediately obvious why it feels so bad.</div><div class="h" id="evince"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="evince">Evince</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="evince"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#e-book-viewer" class="u"> E-book viewer</a><a href="#_toc/evince" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evince" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/evince"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="okular"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="okular">Okular</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="okular"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 17</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#e-book-viewer" class="u"> E-book viewer</a><a href="#_toc/okular" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okular" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/okular"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_614">This is generally good, especially compared to how crappy Evince, the default <a href="systems-programming#ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> one, has been around 2014-2020.</div><div class="h" id="file-format"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="file-format">File format</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="file-format"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 2k</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 92</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Computer</a><a href="#_toc/file-format" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_format" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/file-format"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="#3d-file-format">3D file format</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="human-readable-format"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="human-readable-format">Human-readable format <span class="meta">(Plaintext file, txt)</span></a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="human-readable-format"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 16</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 6</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#file-format" class="u"> File format</a><a href="#_toc/human-readable-format" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-readable_medium" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/human-readable-format"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="cirism#good">Good</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="binary-data"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="binary-data">Binary data</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="binary-data"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 16</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 5</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#human-readable-format" class="u"> Human-readable format</a><a href="#_toc/binary-data" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_data" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/binary-data"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_618">The opposite of a <a href="#human-readable-format">human-readable format</a>.</div><div class="h" id="binary-large-object"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="binary-large-object">Binary large object</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="binary-large-object"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 8</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#binary-data" class="u"> Binary data</a><a href="#_toc/binary-large-object" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_large_object" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/binary-large-object"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="cirism#evil">Evil</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_620">Less evil are BLOBs that come from <a href="software#reproducible-builds">Reproducible builds</a>.</div><div class="h" id="binary-to-text-encoding"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="binary-to-text-encoding">Binary-to-text encoding</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="binary-to-text-encoding"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 3</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 3</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#binary-data" class="u"> Binary data</a><a href="#_toc/binary-to-text-encoding" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-to-text_encoding" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/binary-to-text-encoding"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="base58"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="base58">Base58</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="base58"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 3</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#binary-to-text-encoding" class="u"> Binary-to-text encoding</a><a href="#_toc/base58" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/base58"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_621"><a href="https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding">en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Base58Check_encoding</a></div><div class="p" id="_622">Invented for <a href="cryptocurrency#bitcoin">Bitcoin</a>.</div><div class="h" id="base64"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="base64">Base64</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="base64"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#binary-to-text-encoding" class="u"> Binary-to-text encoding</a><a href="#_toc/base64" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/base64"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="yenc"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="yenc">yEnc</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="yenc"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#binary-to-text-encoding" class="u"> Binary-to-text encoding</a><a href="#_toc/yenc" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/yEnc" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/yenc"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="archive-file"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="archive-file">Archive file</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="archive-file"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 18</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 3</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#file-format" class="u"> File format</a><a href="#_toc/archive-file" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive_file" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/archive-file"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="zip-file-format"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="zip-file-format">ZIP <span class="meta">(file format)</span></a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="zip-file-format"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 18</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#archive-file" class="u"> Archive file</a><a href="#_toc/zip-file-format" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP_(file_format)" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/zip-file-format"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="info-zip"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="info-zip">Info-ZIP</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="info-zip"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 18</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#zip-file-format" class="u"> ZIP (file format)</a><a href="#_toc/info-zip" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Info-ZIP" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/info-zip"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_623">The dominant <a href="systems-programming#linux">Linux</a> implemenation, e.g. default <code>zip</code> command on <a href="systems-programming#ubuntu-23-04">Ubuntu 23.04</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_624">So dominant that it is usualy called just "zip".</div><div class="h" id="add-diretory-prefix-to-zip-on-linux-cli"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="add-diretory-prefix-to-zip-on-linux-cli">Add diretory prefix to ZIP on Linux CLI</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="add-diretory-prefix-to-zip-on-linux-cli"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#info-zip" class="u"> Info-ZIP</a><a href="#_toc/add-diretory-prefix-to-zip-on-linux-cli" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/add-diretory-prefix-to-zip-on-linux-cli"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="list"><ul id="_625"><li id="_626"><a href="https://superuser.com/questions/1750334/create-zip-archive-with-path-prefix">superuser.com/questions/1750334/create-zip-archive-with-path-prefix</a></li><li id="_627"><a href="https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/628591/zip-files-together-sharing-common-prefix">unix.stackexchange.com/questions/628591/zip-files-together-sharing-common-prefix</a></li></ul></div><div class="h" id="audio-file-format"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="audio-file-format">Audio file format</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="audio-file-format"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 274</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 8</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#file-format" class="u"> File format</a><a href="#_toc/audio-file-format" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_file_format" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/audio-file-format"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="technology#sound">Audio</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="audio-editor"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="audio-editor">Audio editor</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="audio-editor"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 16</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#audio-file-format" class="u"> Audio file format</a><a href="#_toc/audio-editor" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_editor" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/audio-editor"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="audacity-audio-editor"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="audacity-audio-editor">Audacity <span class="meta">(audio editor)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="audacity-audio-editor"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 16</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#audio-editor" class="u"> Audio editor</a><a href="#_toc/audacity-audio-editor" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audacity_(audio_editor)" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/audacity-audio-editor"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="audacity-profile-based-background-noise-removal"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="audacity-profile-based-background-noise-removal">Audacity profile-based background noise removal</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="audacity-profile-based-background-noise-removal"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 16</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#audacity-audio-editor" class="u"> Audacity (audio editor)</a><a href="#_toc/audacity-profile-based-background-noise-removal" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/audacity-profile-based-background-noise-removal"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_629">You select a sample noise-only area, and it remove noise from the entire video for you:<div class="list"><ul id="_630"><li id="_631"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AeOjtMOq3EU">www.youtube.com/watch?v=AeOjtMOq3EU</a></li><li id="_632"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3nMkMn4--5w">www.youtube.com/watch?v=3nMkMn4--5w</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="list-of-audio-file-formats"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="list-of-audio-file-formats">List of audio file formats</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="list-of-audio-file-formats"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 258</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 4</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#audio-file-format" class="u"> Audio file format</a><a href="#_toc/list-of-audio-file-formats" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/list-of-audio-file-formats"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="midi"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="midi">MIDI</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="midi"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 258</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#list-of-audio-file-formats" class="u"> List of audio file formats</a><a href="#_toc/midi" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/midi"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_633">In simple terms, represents keystrokes of a piano, but it can likely also represent other effects (TODO confirm: bend, vibrato, slides, attack strength)</div><div class="p" id="_634">Can contain multiple parallel tracks as seen from the <a href="website#wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> example: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIDI_sample.mid">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIDI_sample.mid</a></div><div class="p" id="_635">You can see what it contains well with <a href="music#gui-music-editor">GUI music editor</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_636">MIDI is fun. It is a basic high level representation of most instrumental music, including beats.</div><div class="p" id="_637">To actually listen to MIDI, you need a <a href="music#software-synthesizer">software synthesizer</a>, which knows what sound to make for each note. One way to specify such instruments is the <a href="#soundfont">SoundFont</a> file format.</div><div class="p" id="_638">Convert MIDI to more common standalone formats:<div class="list"><ul id="_639"><li id="_640"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16295459/convert-midi-to-mp3/65207296#65207296">stackoverflow.com/questions/16295459/convert-midi-to-mp3/65207296#65207296</a></li><li id="_641"><a href="https://softwarerecs.stackexchange.com/questions/10915/automatically-turn-midi-files-into-wav-or-mp3/76955#76955">softwarerecs.stackexchange.com/questions/10915/automatically-turn-midi-files-into-wav-or-mp3/76955#76955</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="soundfont"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="soundfont">SoundFont</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="soundfont"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 18</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#midi" class="u"> MIDI</a><a href="#_toc/soundfont" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoundFont" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/soundfont"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_642">Contains instructions on how to synthesize MIDI.</div><div class="p" id="_643">Extension: sf2.</div><div class="p" id="_644">Can be imported for example by:<div class="list"><ul id="_645"><li id="_646"><a href="#vmpk">vmpk</a></li><li id="_647"><a href="music#csound">Csound</a> with <code>sfload</code>: <a href="http://www.csounds.com/manual/html/sfload.html">www.csounds.com/manual/html/sfload.html</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="vmpk"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="vmpk">vmpk</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="vmpk"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 147</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#midi" class="u"> MIDI</a><a href="#_toc/vmpk" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/vmpk"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_648"><a href="https://vmpk.sourceforge.io/">vmpk.sourceforge.io/</a></div><div class="p" id="_649">Opens a virtual <a href="#midi">MIDI</a> piano <a href="software#graphical-user-interface">GUI</a>. It just works on <a href="systems-programming#ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> 20.04: <a href="https://askubuntu.com/questions/34391/virtual-midi-piano-keyboard-setup/1298026#1298026">askubuntu.com/questions/34391/virtual-midi-piano-keyboard-setup/1298026#1298026</a></div><div class="p" id="_650">VMPK is a virtual device that replicates what you would get by connecting a physical MIDI keyboard to your computer. It is not a <a href="music#software-synthesizer">software synthesizer</a> on its own. But it does connect to a working synthesizer by default (Sonivox EAS) which makes it produce sounds out-of-the box.</div><div class="p" id="_651">TODO: then I messed with my sound settings, and then it stopped working by default on the default "MIDI Connection" > "MIDI Out Driver" > "Network". But it still works on "SonivoxEAS".</div><div class="p" id="_652">A <a href="software#hello-world-program">hello world</a> of actually connecting it to a specific software synthesizer manually on <a href="music#advanced-linux-sound-architecture">Advanced Linux Sound Architecture</a> with <code>aconnect</code> can be found at: <a href="https://askubuntu.com/questions/34391/virtual-midi-piano-keyboard-setup/1298026#1298026">askubuntu.com/questions/34391/virtual-midi-piano-keyboard-setup/1298026#1298026</a></div><div class="p" id="_653">Save to a <a href="#midi">MIDI</a> file: <a href="https://askubuntu.com/questions/709673/save-as-midi-when-playing-from-vmpk-qsynth/1298231#1298231">askubuntu.com/questions/709673/save-as-midi-when-playing-from-vmpk-qsynth/1298231#1298231</a></div><div class="p" id="_654">Reasonable default key mappings to keyboard covering 2 octaves.</div><div class="p" id="_655">3 multiple simultaneous keys did not work (tested "ZQI"). This might just be a limitation of <a href="ciro-santilli-s-hardware#lenovo-thinkpad-p51-2017">my keyboard</a> however.</div><div class="p" id="_656">TODO how to save to a <code>.mid</code> file? <a href="https://askubuntu.com/questions/709673/save-as-midi-when-playing-from-vmpk-qsynth">askubuntu.com/questions/709673/save-as-midi-when-playing-from-vmpk-qsynth</a></div><div class="p" id="_657"><a href="software#sourceforge">SourceForge</a>.</div><div class="h" id="mp3"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="mp3">MP3</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="mp3"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#list-of-audio-file-formats" class="u"> List of audio file formats</a><a href="#_toc/mp3" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/mp3"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="data-file-format"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="data-file-format">Data file format</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="data-file-format"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 297</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 20</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#file-format" class="u"> File format</a><a href="#_toc/data-file-format" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_file" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/data-file-format"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="comma-separated-values"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="comma-separated-values">Comma-separated values <span class="meta">(CSV)</span></a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="comma-separated-values"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 172</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 7</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#data-file-format" class="u"> Data file format</a><a href="#_toc/comma-separated-values" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/comma-separated-values"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="csv-cli-tool"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="csv-cli-tool">CSV CLI tool</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="csv-cli-tool"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 172</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 6</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#comma-separated-values" class="u"> Comma-separated values</a><a href="#_toc/csv-cli-tool" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/csv-cli-tool"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="software#command-line-utility">CLI tool</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_660">The generic tool recommendation question: <a href="https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7425/is-there-a-robust-command-line-tool-for-processing-csv-files">unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7425/is-there-a-robust-command-line-tool-for-processing-csv-files</a></div><div class="h" id="csvkit"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="csvkit">csvkit</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="csvkit"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 85</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#csv-cli-tool" class="u"> CSV CLI tool</a><a href="#_toc/csvkit" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/csvkit"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="programming-language#python-library">Python library</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_662">Lots of features, but slow because written in <a href="programming-language#python-programming-language">Python</a>. A faster version may be <a href="#csvtools">csvtools</a>. Also some annoyances like obtuse header handing and missing features like grep + cut in one go: <a href="#csvgrep-and-select-column-in-csvkit">csvgrep and select column in csvkit</a>.</div><div class="h" id="csvgrep-from-csvkit"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="csvgrep-from-csvkit">csvgrep from csvkit</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="csvgrep-from-csvkit"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 18</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#csvkit" class="u"> csvkit</a><a href="#_toc/csvgrep-from-csvkit" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/csvgrep-from-csvkit"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_663">Simple example:<div class="code" id="_664"><div><pre><code>printf '00,11,22\n33,44,55\n' | csvgrep -H -c2 -r '^11$' | tail -n+2</code></pre></div></div>output:<div class="code" id="_665"><div><pre><code>00,11,22</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="p" id="_666">More verbose description:<div class="list"><ul id="_667"><li id="_668"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/19711723/awk-to-filter-csv-files/77273608#77273608">stackoverflow.com/questions/19711723/awk-to-filter-csv-files/77273608#77273608</a></li><li id="_669"><a href="https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/97070/filter-a-csv-file-based-on-the-5th-column-values-of-a-file-and-print-those-reco/758651#758651">unix.stackexchange.com/questions/97070/filter-a-csv-file-based-on-the-5th-column-values-of-a-file-and-print-those-reco/758651#758651</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="csvgrep-and-select-column-in-csvkit"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="csvgrep-and-select-column-in-csvkit">csvgrep and select column in csvkit</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="csvgrep-and-select-column-in-csvkit"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 34</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#csvkit" class="u"> csvkit</a><a href="#_toc/csvgrep-and-select-column-in-csvkit" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/csvgrep-and-select-column-in-csvkit"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_670">There seems to be no way without a pipe, you seem to need to reparse the columns, e.g. the tutorial at: <a href="https://csvkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorial/2_examining_the_data.html#csvgrep-find-the-data-you-need">csvkit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorial/2_examining_the_data.html#csvgrep-find-the-data-you-need</a> does:<div class="code" id="_671"><div><pre><code>csvcut -c county,item_name,total_cost data.csv | csvgrep -c county -m LANCASTER</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="p" id="_672">Asked at: <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/77266699/how-to-fillter-a-csv-file-with-csvgrep-and-print-only-certain-columns">stackoverflow.com/questions/77266699/how-to-fillter-a-csv-file-with-csvgrep-and-print-only-certain-columns</a></div><div class="h" id="csvtool"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="csvtool">csvtool</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="csvtool"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 18</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#csv-cli-tool" class="u"> CSV CLI tool</a><a href="#_toc/csvtool" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/csvtool"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_673">A compiled executable under <code>/usr/bin/csvtool</code>, has an <a href="systems-programming#ubuntu-23-04">Ubuntu 23.04</a> package: <a href="https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lunar/en/man1/csvtool.1.html">manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lunar/en/man1/csvtool.1.html</a></div><div class="p" id="_674">There seems to be no sane filtering mechanism however: <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/46540752/using-csvtool-call-to-filter-csv-in-bash">stackoverflow.com/questions/46540752/using-csvtool-call-to-filter-csv-in-bash</a></div><div class="h" id="csvtools"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="csvtools">csvtools</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="csvtools"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 60</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#csv-cli-tool" class="u"> CSV CLI tool</a><a href="#_toc/csvtools" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/csvtools"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="programming-language#c-library">C library</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_676"><a href="https://github.com/maroofi/csvtool">github.com/maroofi/csvtool</a></div><div class="p" id="_677">A fast version of a somewhat subset of <a href="#csvkit">csvkit</a>, written in <a href="programming-language#c-programming-language">C</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_678">Build failed with <code>undefined reference to pcre_config</code> on <a href="systems-programming#ubuntu-23-04">Ubuntu 23.04</a>: <a href="https://github.com/DavyLandman/csvtools/issues/18">github.com/DavyLandman/csvtools/issues/18</a></div><div class="p" id="_679">Unfortunately it is lacking some basic options, like optional header + selecting column by index on <code>csvgrep</code> (though <code>csvcut</code> has it). The project seems kind of dead.</div><div class="p" id="_680">Also unclear if it allows to filter + print only selected columns.</div><div class="h" id="xsv"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="xsv">xsv</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="xsv"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 4</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#csv-cli-tool" class="u"> CSV CLI tool</a><a href="#_toc/xsv" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/xsv"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="programming-language#rust-library">Rust library</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_682"><a href="https://github.com/BurntSushi/xsv">github.com/BurntSushi/xsv</a></div><div class="p" id="_683">Is this the one?</div><div class="h" id="json"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="json">JSON</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="json"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 75</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 3</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#data-file-format" class="u"> Data file format</a><a href="#_toc/json" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/json"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="json-trailing-comma"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="json-trailing-comma">JSON trailing comma</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="json-trailing-comma"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 35</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#json" class="u"> JSON</a><a href="#_toc/json-trailing-comma" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/json-trailing-comma"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_684"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/201782/can-you-use-a-trailing-comma-in-a-json-object">stackoverflow.com/questions/201782/can-you-use-a-trailing-comma-in-a-json-object</a></div><div class="p" id="_685">The fact that you cannot have trailing commans in lists or dicts as in <code>3,</code> at:<div class="code" id="_686"><div><pre><code>{ "asdf": [ 1, 2, 3, ] }</code></pre></div></div>is one of the most infuriating design choices of all time!!!</div><div class="h" id="jq"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="jq">jq <span class="meta">(2012-)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="jq"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 40</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#json" class="u"> JSON</a><a href="#_toc/jq" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/jq" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/jq"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_688">Yet another <a href="programming-language#awk">awk</a>-like <a href="#domain-specific-language">domain-specific language</a> to do things from the <a href="software#command-line-interface">CLI</a> in a ridiculously short humber of character? Oh yes.</div><div class="h" id="jq-ignore-missing-attribute"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="jq-ignore-missing-attribute">jq ignore missing attribute</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="jq-ignore-missing-attribute"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 23</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#jq" class="u"> jq</a><a href="#_toc/jq-ignore-missing-attribute" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/jq-ignore-missing-attribute"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_689"><div class="code" id="_690"><div><pre><code>echo '[{"a": 1, "b": 2}, {"b": 3}]' | jq '.[] | select(.a) | .a'</code></pre></div></div>Output:<div class="code" id="_691"><div><pre><code>1</code></pre></div></div>and no empty lines as desired.</div><div class="p" id="_692">Bibliography:<div class="list"><ul id="_693"><li id="_694"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42097410/how-to-check-for-presence-of-key-in-jq-before-iterating-over-the-values">stackoverflow.com/questions/42097410/how-to-check-for-presence-of-key-in-jq-before-iterating-over-the-values</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="hierarchical-data-format"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="hierarchical-data-format">Hierarchical Data Format <span class="meta">(HDF)</span></a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="hierarchical-data-format"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#data-file-format" class="u"> Data file format</a><a href="#_toc/hierarchical-data-format" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_Data_Format" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/hierarchical-data-format"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="apache-parquet"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="apache-parquet">Apache Parquet</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="apache-parquet"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#data-file-format" class="u"> Data file format</a><a href="#_toc/apache-parquet" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Parquet" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/apache-parquet"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="unified-modeling-language"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="unified-modeling-language">Unified Modeling Language <span class="meta">(UML)</span></a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="unified-modeling-language"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#data-file-format" class="u"> Data file format</a><a href="#_toc/unified-modeling-language" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/unified-modeling-language"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="xml"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="xml">XML <span class="meta">(Extensible Markup Language)</span></a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="xml"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 50</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 3</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#data-file-format" class="u"> Data file format</a><a href="#_toc/xml" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/xml"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="#markup-language">Markup language</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_699">Do you know what is worse than XML? <a href="web-technology#html">Pseudo XML</a>: <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5558502/is-html5-valid-xml/39560454#39560454">stackoverflow.com/questions/5558502/is-html5-valid-xml/39560454#39560454</a></div><div class="h" id="standard-generalized-markup-language"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="standard-generalized-markup-language">Standard Generalized Markup Language <span class="meta">(SGML)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="standard-generalized-markup-language"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 2</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#xml" class="u"> XML</a><a href="#_toc/standard-generalized-markup-language" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/standard-generalized-markup-language"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_701"><a href="#xml">XML</a> predecessor.</div><div class="h" id="ibm-generalized-markup-language"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="ibm-generalized-markup-language">IBM Generalized Markup Language</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="ibm-generalized-markup-language"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#standard-generalized-markup-language" class="u"> Standard Generalized Markup Language</a><a href="#_toc/ibm-generalized-markup-language" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Generalized_Markup_Language" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/ibm-generalized-markup-language"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_702"><a href="#standard-generalized-markup-language">SGML</a> predecessor.</div><div class="h" id="xpath"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="xpath">XPath</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="xpath"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 37</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#xml" class="u"> XML</a><a href="#_toc/xpath" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPath" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/xpath"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_703">XPath kind of died with the rise of <a href="web-technology#cascading-style-sheets">CSS</a> selectors around the beginnning of the 2010's. But that is a shame. XPath is a good standard, and was generally more powerful than CSS selectors for many many years.</div><div class="h" id="yaml"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="yaml">YAML</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="yaml"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#data-file-format" class="u"> Data file format</a><a href="#_toc/yaml" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YAML" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/yaml"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="image-file-format"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="image-file-format">Image file format</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="image-file-format"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 662</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 30</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#file-format" class="u"> File format</a><a href="#_toc/image-file-format" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_file_formats" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/image-file-format"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="technology#image">Image</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="image-metadata-format"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="image-metadata-format">Image metadata format</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="image-metadata-format"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 4</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#image-file-format" class="u"> Image file format</a><a href="#_toc/image-metadata-format" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/image-metadata-format"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="exif"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="exif">Exif</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="exif"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 3</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#image-metadata-format" class="u"> Image metadata format</a><a href="#_toc/exif" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/exif"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="exiftool"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="exiftool">ExifTool</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="exiftool"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#exif" class="u"> Exif</a><a href="#_toc/exiftool" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExifTool" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/exiftool"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="exif-tag"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="exif-tag">Exif tag</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="exif-tag"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#exif" class="u"> Exif</a><a href="#_toc/exif-tag" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/exif-tag"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="exif-comment-tag"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="exif-comment-tag">Exif <code>comment</code> tag</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="exif-comment-tag"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#exif-tag" class="u"> Exif tag</a><a href="#_toc/exif-comment-tag" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/exif-comment-tag"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="raster-graphics"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="raster-graphics">Raster graphics</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="raster-graphics"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 14</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#image-file-format" class="u"> Image file format</a><a href="#_toc/raster-graphics" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_graphics" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/raster-graphics"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_705">Represents image <a href="#pixel">pixel</a> by pixel, rather than by mathematical primitives such as done in <a href="#vector-graphics">vector graphics</a>:</div><div class="h" id="pixel"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="pixel">Pixel</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="pixel"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#raster-graphics" class="u"> Raster graphics</a><a href="#_toc/pixel" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/pixel"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="vector-graphics"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="vector-graphics">Vector graphics</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="vector-graphics"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 383</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 10</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#image-file-format" class="u"> Image file format</a><a href="#_toc/vector-graphics" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_graphics" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/vector-graphics"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="cirism#good">Good</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_707">Smaller files, scalable image size, and editability. Why would you use anything else for programmatically generated images?!?!</div><div class="h" id="scalable-vector-graphics"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="scalable-vector-graphics">Scalable Vector Graphics <span class="meta">(SVG)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="scalable-vector-graphics"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 366</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 9</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#vector-graphics" class="u"> Vector graphics</a><a href="#_toc/scalable-vector-graphics" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/scalable-vector-graphics"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="cirism#good">Good</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_710"><a href="company">Companies</a> have been really slow to support SVG features in their browsers, and that is very saddening: <a href="https://medium.com/@michaelmangial1/introduction-to-scalable-vector-graphics-6450c03e8d2e">medium.com/@michaelmangial1/introduction-to-scalable-vector-graphics-6450c03e8d2e</a></div><div class="p" id="_711">You can't drop SVG support for <code>canvas</code> until there's a way to run untrusted <a href="programming-language#javascript">JavaScript</a> on the browser!</div><div class="p" id="_712"><a href="#scalable-vector-graphics">SVG</a> does have some compatibility annoyances, notably <a href="#svg-fonts">SVG fonts</a>. But we should as a society work to standardize and implement a fix those, the benefits of SVG are just too great!</div><div class="p" id="_713">Examples:<div class="list"><ul id="_714"><li id="_715"><a href="_raw/svg/svg.svg">svg/svg.svg</a> a minimal somewhat sane SVG:<div class="list"><ul id="_716"><li id="_717">if the <code>width</code> and <code>height</code> properties were not given, you get the default 300x150, which seems to be set in the SVG standard:<div class="list"><ul id="_718"><li id="_719"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/40156710/why-does-this-svg-image-have-a-height-of-150px">stackoverflow.com/questions/40156710/why-does-this-svg-image-have-a-height-of-150px</a></li><li id="_720"><a href="https://css-tricks.com/scale-svg">css-tricks.com/scale-svg</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li><li id="_721">how to add na SVG image to a <a href="web-technology#html">HTML</a> file:<div class="list"><ul id="_722"><li id="_723"><a href="_raw/svg/svg.html">svg/svg.html</a>: external image. The included file is <a href="_raw/svg/svg.svg">svg/svg.svg</a>.</li><li id="_724"><a href="_raw/svg/inline.html">svg/inline.html</a>: inline.</li></ul></div></li><li id="_725"><a href="_raw/svg/billion-laughs.svg">svg/billion-laughs.svg</a></li><li id="_726"><a href="_raw/svg/html.svg">svg/html.svg</a></li><li id="_727"><a href="_raw/svg/triangle.svg">svg/triangle.svg</a></li><li id="_728"><a href="_raw/svg/viewBox.svg">svg/viewBox.svg</a>: this attribute allows you to control the default SVG <code>svg width=</code> and <code>height=</code> while keeping the coordinates of the drawing untouched. If the <code>viewBox</code> aspect ratio differs from the width/height ratio, you likely want to play with <code>preserveAspectRatio</code>, otherwise you would get white spaces by default on the generated image</li><li id="_729"><a href="web-technology#cascading-style-sheets">CSS</a> with SVG:<div class="list"><ul id="_730"><li id="_731"><a href="_raw/svg/style.svg">svg/style.svg</a>: inline CSS</li><li id="_732"><a href="_raw/svg/style-external.svg">svg/style-external.svg</a>: external CSS with: <code><?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="svg.css" ?></code>, see also: <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18434094/how-to-style-svg-with-external-css">stackoverflow.com/questions/18434094/how-to-style-svg-with-external-css</a><div class="list"><ul id="_733"><li id="_734"><a href="_raw/svg/subdir/style-external.html">svg/subdir/style-external.html</a>: is the relative CSS relative to the HTML or to the SVG? Answer: to the SVG... OMG. So how to make it work reliably?</li></ul></div></li><li id="_735"><a href="_raw/svg/current-color.html">svg/current-color.html</a> and <a href="_raw/svg/current-color.svg">svg/current-color.svg</a>: illustrates <code>fill="currentColor"</code>. Only works for inline SVG however... See also: <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13000682/how-do-i-have-an-svg-image-inherit-colors-from-the-html-document/13002311">stackoverflow.com/questions/13000682/how-do-i-have-an-svg-image-inherit-colors-from-the-html-document/13002311</a></li></ul></div></li><li id="_736"><a href="programming-language#javascript">JavaScript</a> with SVG:<div class="list"><ul id="_737"><li id="_738"><a href="_raw/svg/script.svg">svg/script.svg</a></li><li id="_739"><a href="_raw/svg/external-js.svg">svg/external-js.svg</a></li></ul></div></li><li id="_740"><a href="_raw/svg/defs.html">svg/defs.html</a> hows how <code>defs</code> works<div class="list"><ul id="_741"><li id="_742"><a href="_raw/svg/defs-external.html">svg/defs-external.html</a> tries to include external <code>defs</code> from <a href="_raw/svg/defs.svg">svg/defs.svg</a>, but that fails like everything else related to external SVGs</li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="svg-tutorial"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="svg-tutorial">SVG tutorial</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="svg-tutorial"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 121</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#scalable-vector-graphics" class="u"> Scalable Vector Graphics</a><a href="#_toc/svg-tutorial" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/svg-tutorial"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="svg-background-color"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="svg-background-color">SVG background color</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="svg-background-color"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 42</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#svg-tutorial" class="u"> SVG tutorial</a><a href="#_toc/svg-background-color" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/svg-background-color"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_743">This is a pain point as of <a href="#svg-1-1">SVG 1.1</a>...</div><div class="p" id="_744">Examples at <a href="_raw/svg/background.html">svg/background.html</a> which answers from <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11293026/default-background-color-of-svg-root-element/11293812">stackoverflow.com/questions/11293026/default-background-color-of-svg-root-element/11293812</a>:<div class="list"><ul id="_745"><li id="_746"><a href="_raw/svg/background-rect.svg">svg/background-rect.svg</a></li><li id="_747"><a href="_raw/svg/background-viewport-fill.svg">svg/background-viewport-fill.svg</a>: was part of <a href="#svg-1-2">SVG 1.2</a>, but that whole standard got dropped. Not implemented neither in <a href="web-technology#chromium-web-browser">Chromium</a> 85 nor <a href="web-technology#firefox">Firefox</a> 93 as of 2021.</li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_748">This pain reflects directly on Inkscape: <a href="#set-svg-background-color-in-inkscape">set SVG background color in Inkscape</a>.</div><div class="h" id="svg-fonts"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="svg-fonts">SVG fonts</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="svg-fonts"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 79</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#svg-tutorial" class="u"> SVG tutorial</a><a href="#_toc/svg-fonts" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/svg-fonts"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_749">The major problem with SVG is text <a href="art#computer-font">computer fonts</a>. If you make an image with text that depends on one <a href="art#computer-font">computer font</a> and it is not present in the viewer's machine, it will use some other font, which may overlap with other elements of the image. Some libraries <a href="software#matplotlib">Matplotlib</a> solve this <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/34387893/output-matplotlib-figure-to-svg-with-text-as-text-not-curves">by writing characters as curves</a>, but this produces large files and unsearchable text. The inability of different computer platforms to standardize fonts that must always be present is a major issue.</div><div class="h" id="join-two-svg-side-by-side-from-the-command-line"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="join-two-svg-side-by-side-from-the-command-line">Join two SVG side-by-side from the command line</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="join-two-svg-side-by-side-from-the-command-line"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#scalable-vector-graphics" class="u"> Scalable Vector Graphics</a><a href="#_toc/join-two-svg-side-by-side-from-the-command-line" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/join-two-svg-side-by-side-from-the-command-line"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_750">TODO:<div class="list"><ul id="_751"><li id="_752"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9612434/how-to-concatenate-svg-files-lengthwise-from-linux-command-line">stackoverflow.com/questions/9612434/how-to-concatenate-svg-files-lengthwise-from-linux-command-line</a></li><li id="_753"><a href="https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/questions/90844/joining-together-multiple-svg-images">graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/questions/90844/joining-together-multiple-svg-images</a></li><li id="_754"><a href="https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/questions/137096/is-there-a-way-to-stack-two-svgs-on-top-of-each-other">graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/questions/137096/is-there-a-way-to-stack-two-svgs-on-top-of-each-other</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="svg-version"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="svg-version">SVG version</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="svg-version"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 5</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 4</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#scalable-vector-graphics" class="u"> Scalable Vector Graphics</a><a href="#_toc/svg-version" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/svg-version"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="svg-1-0"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="svg-1-0">SVG 1.0</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="svg-1-0"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#svg-version" class="u"> SVG version</a><a href="#_toc/svg-1-0" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/svg-1-0"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="svg-1-1"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="svg-1-1">SVG 1.1</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="svg-1-1"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#svg-version" class="u"> SVG version</a><a href="#_toc/svg-1-1" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/svg-1-1"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="svg-1-2"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="svg-1-2">SVG 1.2</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="svg-1-2"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 5</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#svg-version" class="u"> SVG version</a><a href="#_toc/svg-1-2" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/svg-1-2"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_755">Dropped in favor of <a href="#svg-2">SVG 2</a>.</div><div class="h" id="svg-2"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="svg-2">SVG 2</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="svg-2"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#svg-version" class="u"> SVG version</a><a href="#_toc/svg-2" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/svg-2"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="list-of-image-file-formats"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="list-of-image-file-formats">List of image file formats</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="list-of-image-file-formats"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 39</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 6</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#image-file-format" class="u"> Image file format</a><a href="#_toc/list-of-image-file-formats" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/list-of-image-file-formats"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="gif"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="gif">GIF</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="gif"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 5</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#list-of-image-file-formats" class="u"> List of image file formats</a><a href="#_toc/gif" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIF" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/gif"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="figure"><figure id="video-it-s-pronounced-gif-by-jehtt-2022"><div class="float-wrap"><iframe width="560" height="315" loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Nrk8sqZfsgI" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><figcaption><a href="#video-it-s-pronounced-gif-by-jehtt-2022"><span class="caption-prefix">Video 18. </span></a><div class="title">It's pronounced <a href="#gif">GIF</a> by Jehtt (2022)</div> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nrk8sqZfsgI">Source</a>. </figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="jacquard-machine"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="jacquard-machine">Jacquard machine <span class="meta">(1804)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="jacquard-machine"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 14</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#list-of-image-file-formats" class="u"> List of image file formats</a><a href="#_toc/jacquard-machine" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquard_machine" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/jacquard-machine"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="computer-hardware#punched-card">Punched card</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="figure"><figure id="_758"><div class="float-wrap"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/A_Jacquard_loom_showing_information_punchcards%2C_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg/800px-A_Jacquard_loom_showing_information_punchcards%2C_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/A_Jacquard_loom_showing_information_punchcards%2C_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg/800px-A_Jacquard_loom_showing_information_punchcards%2C_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg" loading="lazy" height="315"></a></div><figcaption><a href="#_758"><span class="caption-prefix">Figure 15. </span></a><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Jacquard_loom_showing_information_punchcards%2C_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg">Source</a>. </figcaption></figure></div><div class="figure"><figure id="video-a-jacquard-loom-in-action-by-nationalmuseumsscotland-2016"><div class="float-wrap"><iframe width="560" height="315" loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OlJns3fPItE" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><figcaption><a href="#video-a-jacquard-loom-in-action-by-nationalmuseumsscotland-2016"><span class="caption-prefix">Video 19. </span></a><div class="title">A Jacquard loom in action by NationalMuseumsScotland (2016)</div> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OlJns3fPItE">Source</a>. The lack of audio is unsettling!</figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="jpeg"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="jpeg">JPEG <span class="meta">(JPG)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="jpeg"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#list-of-image-file-formats" class="u"> List of image file formats</a><a href="#_toc/jpeg" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/jpeg"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="jpeg-file-signature"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="jpeg-file-signature">JPEG file signature <span class="meta">(FF D8)</span></a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="jpeg-file-signature"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#jpeg" class="u"> JPEG</a><a href="#_toc/jpeg-file-signature" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/jpeg-file-signature"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="computer-hardware#file-signature">File signature</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="portable-network-graphics"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="portable-network-graphics">Portable Network Graphics <span class="meta">(PNG)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="portable-network-graphics"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 20</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#list-of-image-file-formats" class="u"> List of image file formats</a><a href="#_toc/portable-network-graphics" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/portable-network-graphics"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="libpng"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="libpng">libpng</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="libpng"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 20</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#portable-network-graphics" class="u"> Portable Network Graphics</a><a href="#_toc/libpng" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/libpng"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_763"><a href="#portable-network-graphics">PNG</a> reference implementation. Ahh, if feels good to have a dominating open source reference implementation.</div><div class="p" id="_764">Demo of using it by <a href="ciro-santilli">Ciro Santilli</a>: <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1362945/how-to-decode-a-png-image-to-raw-bytes-from-c-code-with-libpng/36399711#36399711">stackoverflow.com/questions/1362945/how-to-decode-a-png-image-to-raw-bytes-from-c-code-with-libpng/36399711#36399711</a></div><div class="figure"><figure id="_765"><div class="float-wrap"><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/rfdHr.png"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/rfdHr.png" loading="lazy" height="315" alt="https://i.stack.imgur.com/rfdHr.png"></a></div></figure></div><div class="figure"><figure id="_766"><div class="float-wrap"><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/IWBSj.png"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/IWBSj.png" loading="lazy" height="315" alt="https://i.stack.imgur.com/IWBSj.png"></a></div></figure></div><div class="h" id="image-editor"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="image-editor">Image editor</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="image-editor"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 226</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 4</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#image-file-format" class="u"> Image file format</a><a href="#_toc/image-editor" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/image-editor"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="programming-language#python-tkinter-image-editor">Python <code>tkinter</code> image editor</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="gimp"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="gimp">GIMP</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="gimp"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 70</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#image-editor" class="u"> Image editor</a><a href="#_toc/gimp" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIMP" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/gimp"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_767">It's not super easy to use at first.</div><div class="p" id="_768">And it sometimes says that the basic drawing thing you want to do is off the project's scope.</div><div class="p" id="_769">But as you learn more about it and further generalize the concepts, there are often reasonable reasons for those design choices.</div><div class="p" id="_770">And the UI looks good :-)</div><div class="p" id="_771">Examples:<div class="list"><ul id="_772"><li id="_773"><a href="https://superuser.com/questions/167873/how-do-i-draw-a-box-in-gimp">superuser.com/questions/167873/how-do-i-draw-a-box-in-gimp</a> you need to go on a top menu to draw a rectangle</li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_774">Some answers by <a href="ciro-santilli">Ciro Santilli</a>:<div class="list"><ul id="_775"><li id="_776"><a href="https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/questions/83446/gimp-how-to-combine-two-images-side-by-side/145543#145543">graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/questions/83446/gimp-how-to-combine-two-images-side-by-side/145543#145543</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="inkscape"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="inkscape">Inkscape</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="inkscape"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 156</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#image-editor" class="u"> Image editor</a><a href="#_toc/inkscape" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkscape" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/inkscape"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="software#mathematics-illustration-software">Mathematics illustration software</a>, <a href="technology#software-with-bad-user-interface">Software with bad user interface</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_779">Inkscape is a a good software for editing/creating <a href="#scalable-vector-graphics">SVG</a> files.</div><div class="p" id="_780">Its functionality is fundamental for as a <a href="software#mathematics-illustration-software">software for drawing geometry diagrams</a>, as it is a good middle ground between algorithmic generation, and <a href="#raster-graphics">raster graphics</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_781">At 1.0.2, its <a href="technology#user-interface">UI</a> is a bit terrible:<div class="list"><ul id="_782"><li id="_783">the way the menus open on the right with title below the window...</li><li id="_784">several defaults are atrocious, e.g. export drawing rather than page</li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_785">And it crashes from time to time on <a href="systems-programming#ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> 21.04. And it has some glaring bugs, e.g.:<div class="list"><ul id="_786"><li id="_787"><a href="https://gitlab.com/inkscape/inbox/-/issues/5794">gitlab.com/inkscape/inbox/-/issues/5794</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_788">But still, it is a very good initiative.</div><div class="p" id="_789">What would be really amazing is if they had constraints: <a href="https://gitlab.com/inkscape/inbox/-/issues/1465">gitlab.com/inkscape/inbox/-/issues/1465</a> like proper <a href="software#computer-aided-design">CAD</a> software, it would make it possible to not have to redo entire diagrams when you want to change a small part of them.</div><div class="h" id="rotate-object-around-a-point-in-inkscape"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="rotate-object-around-a-point-in-inkscape">Rotate object around a point in Inkscape</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="rotate-object-around-a-point-in-inkscape"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 25</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#inkscape" class="u"> Inkscape</a><a href="#_toc/rotate-object-around-a-point-in-inkscape" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/rotate-object-around-a-point-in-inkscape"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_790">There's a tiny little crosshair that you can drag around to set the center of rotation.</div><div class="p" id="_791">And there's a button to make that crosshair snap: <a href="https://inkscape.org/forums/questions/can-a-pivotingtransfrom-crosshair-be-moved-and-made-to-snap-to-a-node-or-a-grid-point/#c14432">inkscape.org/forums/questions/can-a-pivotingtransfrom-crosshair-be-moved-and-made-to-snap-to-a-node-or-a-grid-point/#c14432</a></div><div class="h" id="set-svg-background-color-in-inkscape"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="set-svg-background-color-in-inkscape">Set SVG background color in Inkscape</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="set-svg-background-color-in-inkscape"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 13</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#inkscape" class="u"> Inkscape</a><a href="#_toc/set-svg-background-color-in-inkscape" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/set-svg-background-color-in-inkscape"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_792">This is related to the underlying SVG pain point of <a href="#svg-background-color">SVG background color</a>:<div class="list"><ul id="_793"><li id="_794"><a href="https://gitlab.com/inkscape/inkscape/-/issues/531">gitlab.com/inkscape/inkscape/-/issues/531</a></li><li id="_795"><a href="https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/questions/74906/in-inkscape-how-do-i-add-a-white-background/144952#144952">graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/questions/74906/in-inkscape-how-do-i-add-a-white-background/144952#144952</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_796">For <a href="#portable-network-graphics">PNG</a> export:<div class="list"><ul id="_797"><li id="_798"><a href="https://superuser.com/questions/249860/how-can-i-change-inkscapes-default-export-background-color-from-yellow-to-white">superuser.com/questions/249860/how-can-i-change-inkscapes-default-export-background-color-from-yellow-to-white</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="video-file-format"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="video-file-format">Video file format</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="video-file-format"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 546</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 17</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#file-format" class="u"> File format</a><a href="#_toc/video-file-format" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_file_formats" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/video-file-format"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="technology#video">Video</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="video-codec"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="video-codec">Video codec</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="video-codec"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#video-file-format" class="u"> Video file format</a><a href="#_toc/video-codec" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_codec" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/video-codec"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="codec-acceleration"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="codec-acceleration">Codec acceleration</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="codec-acceleration"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#video-codec" class="u"> Video codec</a><a href="#_toc/codec-acceleration" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codec_acceleration" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/codec-acceleration"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="video-editing-software"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="video-editing-software">Video editing software</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="video-editing-software"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 308</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 3</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#video-file-format" class="u"> Video file format</a><a href="#_toc/video-editing-software" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_editing_software" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/video-editing-software"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="kdenlive"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="kdenlive">Kdenlive</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="kdenlive"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 201</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#video-editing-software" class="u"> Video editing software</a><a href="#_toc/kdenlive" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kdenlive" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/kdenlive"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_800">This seems like a decent option, although it has bugs coming in and out all the time! Also it is quite hard to learn to use.</div><div class="p" id="_801">To get started:<div class="list"><ul id="_802"><li id="_803">import a clip</li><li id="_804">drag it onto the track area</li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_805">Shortucts:<div class="list"><ul id="_806"><li id="_807">Shift + R: cut tracks at current point. You can then select fragments to move around or delete.</li><li id="_808">Shift mouse click drag: select multiple clips: <a href="https://video.stackexchange.com/questions/21598/select-range-of-clips-in-kdenlive">video.stackexchange.com/questions/21598/select-range-of-clips-in-kdenlive</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_809">To set the video length, search for "set outpoint" on "monitor".</div><div class="p" id="_810">Add subtitles:<div class="list"><ul id="_811"><li id="_812">Effects</li><li id="_813">Dynamic text</li></ul></div>then drag on top of the video track. To add only to part of the video, cut it up first.</div><div class="p" id="_814">Preview has no sound on <a href="systems-programming#ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> 20.10. Fixed as of <a href="systems-programming#ubuntu-22-04">Ubuntu 22.04</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_815">Sound worked on Ubuntu 21.04 though, but it then soon crashed with:</div><div class="p" id="_816"><div class="code" id="_817"><div><pre><code> = = SET EFFECT PARAM: "rect" = 0=1188 0 732 242 MUTEX LOCK!!!!!!!!!!!! slotactivateeffect: 1 // // // RESULTING REQUIRED SCENE: 1 Object 0x557293592da0 destroyed while one of its QML signal handlers is in progress. Most likely the object was deleted synchronously (use QObject::deleteLater() instead), or the application is running a nested event loop. This behavior is NOT supported! qrc:/qml/EffectToolBar.qml:80: function() { [native code] } Killed</code></pre></div></div>amazing.</div><div class="p" id="_818">On Ubuntu 22.04 haven't crashed yet.</div><div class="p" id="_819"><a href="systems-programming#ubuntu-23-04">Ubuntu 23.04</a> broke the clip drag and drop!<div class="list"><ul id="_820"><li id="_821"><a href="https://askubuntu.com/questions/1464992/cant-drag-clip-to-timeline-in-kdenlive-in-ubuntu-23-04/1469359#1469359">askubuntu.com/questions/1464992/cant-drag-clip-to-timeline-in-kdenlive-in-ubuntu-23-04/1469359#1469359</a></li><li id="_822"><a href="https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/mutter/-/issues/2715#note_1753579">gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/mutter/-/issues/2715#note_1753579</a></li><li id="_823"><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/kdenlive/comments/12x0t6s/kdenlive_drag_and_drop_not_working/">www.reddit.com/r/kdenlive/comments/12x0t6s/kdenlive_drag_and_drop_not_working/</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="shotcut"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="shotcut">ShotCut</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="shotcut"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 42</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#video-editing-software" class="u"> Video editing software</a><a href="#_toc/shotcut" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShotCut" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/shotcut"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_824">Worked on <a href="systems-programming#ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> 20.10.</div><div class="p" id="_825">The UI is a bit too buggy to bear.</div><div class="p" id="_826">How to unsplit, can't find on shotcut 21.05.01: <a href="https://forum.shotcut.org/t/is-it-possible-to-unsplit/1466/2">forum.shotcut.org/t/is-it-possible-to-unsplit/1466/2</a></div><div class="p" id="_827">Background noise reduction: couldn't easily find out how, especially with automatic profile detected based on a selected region as mentioned at <a href="#audacity-profile-based-background-noise-removal">audacity profile-based background noise removal</a>:<div class="list"><ul id="_828"><li id="_829"><a href="https://forum.shotcut.org/t/how-to-apply-filter-reduction-noise-on-audio/12678/2">forum.shotcut.org/t/how-to-apply-filter-reduction-noise-on-audio/12678/2</a></li><li id="_830"><a href="https://forum.shotcut.org/t/noise-reduction-filter-request/5348/6">forum.shotcut.org/t/noise-reduction-filter-request/5348/6</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="openshot"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="openshot">OpenShot</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="openshot"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 65</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#video-editing-software" class="u"> Video editing software</a><a href="#_toc/openshot" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenShot" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/openshot"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_831"><a href="systems-programming#ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> 20.10 crash...:<div class="code" id="_832"><div><pre><code> exceptions:ERROR Unhandled Exception Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/openshot-qt", line 11, in <module> load_entry_point('openshot-qt==2.5.1', 'gui_scripts', 'openshot-qt')() File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/openshot_qt/launch.py", line 97, in main app = OpenShotApp(argv) File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/openshot_qt/classes/app.py", line 218, in __init__ from windows.main_window import MainWindow File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/openshot_qt/windows/main_window.py", line 45, in <module> from windows.views.timeline_webview import TimelineWebView File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/openshot_qt/windows/views/timeline_webview.py", line 42, in <module> from PyQt5.QtWebKitWidgets import QWebView ImportError: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libQt5Quick.so.5: undefined symbol: _ZN4QRhi10newSamplerEN11QRhiSampler6FilterES1_S1_NS0_11AddressModeES2_, version Qt_5_PRIVATE_API</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="h" id="subtitle"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="subtitle">Subtitle</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="subtitle"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 238</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 8</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#video-file-format" class="u"> Video file format</a><a href="#_toc/subtitle" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/subtitle"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="how-to-hardcode-subtitle-into-a-video-with-ffmpeg"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="how-to-hardcode-subtitle-into-a-video-with-ffmpeg">How to hardcode subtitle into a video with FFmpeg?</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="how-to-hardcode-subtitle-into-a-video-with-ffmpeg"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 59</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#subtitle" class="u"> Subtitle</a><a href="#_toc/how-to-hardcode-subtitle-into-a-video-with-ffmpeg" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/how-to-hardcode-subtitle-into-a-video-with-ffmpeg"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="list"><ul id="_833"><li id="_834"><a href="https://superuser.com/questions/869248/hardcoding-subs-with-ffmpeg">superuser.com/questions/869248/hardcoding-subs-with-ffmpeg</a></li><li id="_835"><a href="https://askubuntu.com/questions/485100/how-may-i-burn-srt-subtitles-to-video-with-avconv">askubuntu.com/questions/485100/how-may-i-burn-srt-subtitles-to-video-with-avconv</a></li></ul></div><div class="p" id="_836">On <a href="systems-programming#ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> 20.10, just:<div class="code" id="_837"><div><pre><code>ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "subtitles=subtitle.srt" output.mp4</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="p" id="_838">To change font size: <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/21363334/how-to-add-font-size-in-subtitles-in-ffmpeg-video-filter">stackoverflow.com/questions/21363334/how-to-add-font-size-in-subtitles-in-ffmpeg-video-filter</a><div class="code" id="_839"><div><pre><code>ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "subtitles=subtitle.srt:force_style='Fontsize=64'" output.mp4</code></pre></div></div>The default appears to be 24, so just multiply that by whatever seems like a reasonable factor.</div><div class="p" id="_840">Note howver that <a href="#substation-alpha">.ass subtitle files</a> can contain style information, which ffmpeg respects. <a href="#aegisub">Aegisub</a> can produce and preview such styles, making .ass one of the best options.</div><div class="h" id="subtitle-file-format"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="subtitle-file-format">Subtitle file format</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="subtitle-file-format"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 179</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 6</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#subtitle" class="u"> Subtitle</a><a href="#_toc/subtitle-file-format" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/subtitle-file-format"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="substation-alpha"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="substation-alpha">SubStation Alpha <span class="meta">(.ass subtitle file)</span></a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="substation-alpha"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#subtitle-file-format" class="u"> Subtitle file format</a><a href="#_toc/substation-alpha" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SubStation_Alpha" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/substation-alpha"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="subtitle-editor"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="subtitle-editor">Subtitle editor</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="subtitle-editor"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 179</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 4</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#subtitle-file-format" class="u"> Subtitle file format</a><a href="#_toc/subtitle-editor" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/subtitle-editor"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="subtitle-edit"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="subtitle-edit">Subtitle Edit</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="subtitle-edit"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 3</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#subtitle-editor" class="u"> Subtitle editor</a><a href="#_toc/subtitle-edit" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/subtitle-edit"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_842">Written in <a href="programming-language#c-sharp">C#</a>.</div><div class="h" id="aegisub"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="aegisub">Aegisub</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="aegisub"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 80</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#subtitle-editor" class="u"> Subtitle editor</a><a href="#_toc/aegisub" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/aegisub"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_843"><a href="https://github.com/Aegisub/Aegisub">github.com/Aegisub/Aegisub</a></div><div class="p" id="_844">This worked well on 3.2.2 <a href="systems-programming#ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> 20.10. Recommended.</div><div class="p" id="_845">First import video with:<div class="code" id="_846"><div><pre><code>aegisub-3.2 ourbigbook-parent.mkv</code></pre></div></div>They don't have an <code>aegisub</code> executable without the version number. Amazing.</div><div class="p" id="_847">If you already have a subtitle file that you want to edit, then just pass it on as well:<div class="code" id="_848"><div><pre><code>aegisub-3.2 ourbigbook-parent.mkv ourbigbook-parent.ass</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="p" id="_849">Ctrl + P: play and pause video.</div><div class="p" id="_850">Ctrl + 3: set current substitle start time.</div><div class="p" id="_851">Ctrl + 4: set current substitle end time.</div><div class="p" id="_852">Enter: finish editing the current entry and start a new one.</div><div class="h" id="gaupol"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="gaupol">Gaupol</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="gaupol"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 10</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#subtitle-editor" class="u"> Subtitle editor</a><a href="#_toc/gaupol" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/gaupol"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_853"><a href="https://github.com/otsaloma/gaupol">github.com/otsaloma/gaupol</a></div><div class="p" id="_854">Good shortcuts and user experience.</div><div class="p" id="_855">No waveform viewer: <a href="https://github.com/otsaloma/gaupol/issues/49">github.com/otsaloma/gaupol/issues/49</a> so unusable.</div><div class="h" id="kitone-subtitleeditor"><div class="notnav"><h6 data-level="7"><a href="kitone-subtitleeditor">kitone/subtitleeditor</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="kitone-subtitleeditor"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 86</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#subtitle-editor" class="u"> Subtitle editor</a><a href="#_toc/kitone-subtitleeditor" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/kitone-subtitleeditor"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_856"><a href="https://github.com/SubtitleEdit/subtitleedit">github.com/SubtitleEdit/subtitleedit</a></div><div class="p" id="_857">Not to be confused with <a href="#subtitle-edit">Subtitle Edit</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_858">As of 0.54.0 this feels featureful, but extremely buggy or lacking UI obvious enhancements that would be simple to implement, and offer huge value:<div class="list"><ul id="_859"><li id="_860">fundamental not defined out of box, e.g. Tiny forward/backwards. You can define them yourself, but they should be provided.</li><li id="_861"><a href="https://github.com/SubtitleEdit/subtitleedit/issues/4976">github.com/SubtitleEdit/subtitleedit/issues/4976</a> can't export <a href="#subrip">SubRip</a>?</li><li id="_862">can't interact with video on waveform?</li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_863">It is hard to understand how that project reached this weird featureful but crappy state. Feels like they just gave push permission to a bunch of random people.</div><div class="h" id="list-of-subtitle-file-formats"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="list-of-subtitle-file-formats">List of subtitle file formats</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="list-of-subtitle-file-formats"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#video-file-format" class="u"> Video file format</a><a href="#_toc/list-of-subtitle-file-formats" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/list-of-subtitle-file-formats"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="subrip"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="subrip">SubRip <span class="meta">(.srt)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="subrip"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#list-of-subtitle-file-formats" class="u"> List of subtitle file formats</a><a href="#_toc/subrip" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SubRip" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/subrip"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="list-of-file-formats"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="list-of-file-formats">List of file formats</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="list-of-file-formats"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 21</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#file-format" class="u"> File format</a><a href="#_toc/list-of-file-formats" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_file_formats" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/list-of-file-formats"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="uf2"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="uf2">UF2</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="uf2"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 21</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#list-of-file-formats" class="u"> List of file formats</a><a href="#_toc/uf2" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/uf2"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_865"><a href="https://github.com/microsoft/uf2">github.com/microsoft/uf2</a></div><div class="p" id="_866">A <a href="microsoft">Microsoft</a> format for flashing <a href="computer-hardware#microcontroller">microcontrollers</a> by copying files to a magic filesystem mounted on host, e.g. as done on the <a href="electronics#micro-bit">Micro Bit</a> and <a href="computer-hardware#raspberry-pi-pico">Raspberry Pi Pico</a>.</div><div class="h" id="markup-language"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="markup-language">Markup language</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="markup-language"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 201</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 16</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Computer</a><a href="#_toc/markup-language" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/markup-language"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="web-technology#html">HTML</a></li><li><a href="#xml">XML</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="lightweight-markup-language"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="lightweight-markup-language">Lightweight markup language</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="lightweight-markup-language"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#markup-language" class="u"> Markup language</a><a href="#_toc/lightweight-markup-language" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_markup_language" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/lightweight-markup-language"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="#asciidoc">AsciiDoc</a></li><li><a href="#markdown">Markdown</a></li><li><a href="ciro-santilli-s-projects#ourbigbook-markup">OurBigBook Markup</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="list-of-markup-languages"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="list-of-markup-languages">List of markup languages</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="list-of-markup-languages"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 201</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 14</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#markup-language" class="u"> Markup language</a><a href="#_toc/list-of-markup-languages" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/list-of-markup-languages"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="asciidoc"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="asciidoc">AsciiDoc</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="asciidoc"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#list-of-markup-languages" class="u"> List of markup languages</a><a href="#_toc/asciidoc" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AsciiDoc" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/asciidoc"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="#lightweight-markup-language">Lightweight markup language</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="asciidoctor"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="asciidoctor">AsciiDoctor</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="asciidoctor"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#asciidoc" class="u"> AsciiDoc</a><a href="#_toc/asciidoctor" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AsciiDoctor" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/asciidoctor"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="latex"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="latex">LaTeX</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="latex"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 75</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 3</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#list-of-markup-languages" class="u"> List of markup languages</a><a href="#_toc/latex" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/latex"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_868">Revolutionary for its time, and a big part of <a href="ourbigbook-com#motivation">Ciro's Enlightenment</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_869">But too insane, and did not <a href="https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/39309/convert-latex-to-html/196520#196520">keep up with internet age</a>, and so Ciro wants to kill it now.</div><div class="h" id="latex-to-html"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="latex-to-html">LaTeX to HTML</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="latex-to-html"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 43</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#latex" class="u"> LaTeX</a><a href="#_toc/latex-to-html" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/latex-to-html"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="list"><ul id="_870"><li id="_871">full document: <a href="https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/39309/convert-latex-to-html/196520#196520">tex.stackexchange.com/questions/39309/convert-latex-to-html/196520#196520</a></li><li id="_872">just the formulas: <a href="https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/23804/how-to-incorporate-tex-mathematics-into-a-website/646504#646504">tex.stackexchange.com/questions/23804/how-to-incorporate-tex-mathematics-into-a-website/646504#646504</a></li></ul></div><div class="h" id="katex"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="katex">KaTeX</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="katex"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 14</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#latex-to-html" class="u"> LaTeX to HTML</a><a href="#_toc/katex" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/katex"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_873"><a href="https://github.com/KaTeX/KaTeX">github.com/KaTeX/KaTeX</a></div><div class="p" id="_874">Default mathematics typesetting used in <a href="ciro-santilli-s-projects#ourbigbook-markup">OurBigBook Markup</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_875">Key issues:<div class="list"><ul id="_876"><li id="_877"><a href="https://github.com/KaTeX/KaTeX/issues/2228">github.com/KaTeX/KaTeX/issues/2228</a> <code>newcommand</code> did not support optional arguments</li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="softcover-latex"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="softcover-latex">Softcover <span class="meta">(LaTeX)</span></a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="softcover-latex"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 24</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#latex-to-html" class="u"> LaTeX to HTML</a><a href="#_toc/softcover-latex" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/softcover-latex"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_878"><a href="https://github.com/softcover/softcover">github.com/softcover/softcover</a></div><div class="p" id="_879">LaTeX subset that output nicely to HTML.</div><div class="p" id="_880">Too insane though due to LaTeX roots, better just move to newer HTML-first markups like <a href="ciro-santilli-s-projects#ourbigbook-markup">OurBigBook Markup</a> or <a href="#markdown">markdown</a>.</div><div class="h" id="mathbook-xml"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="mathbook-xml">MathBook XML</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="mathbook-xml"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 9</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#list-of-markup-languages" class="u"> List of markup languages</a><a href="#_toc/mathbook-xml" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/mathbook-xml"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_881"><a href="https://github.com/rbeezer/mathbook">github.com/rbeezer/mathbook</a></div><div class="p" id="_882"><a href="#xml">XML</a>, ain't nobody ever going to write that manually.</div><div class="h" id="markdown"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="markdown">Markdown</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="markdown"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 117</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 6</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#list-of-markup-languages" class="u"> List of markup languages</a><a href="#_toc/markdown" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markdown" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/markdown"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="#lightweight-markup-language">Lightweight markup language</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_884">The questions are: who is this Mark, and why does he have to go down?</div><div class="h" id="markdown-compiler"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="markdown-compiler">Markdown compiler</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="markdown-compiler"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 26</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#markdown" class="u"> Markdown</a><a href="#_toc/markdown-compiler" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markdown_compiler" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/markdown-compiler"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="pandoc"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="pandoc">Pandoc</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="pandoc"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 26</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#markdown-compiler" class="u"> Markdown compiler</a><a href="#_toc/pandoc" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandoc" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/pandoc"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_885">This is good software.</div><div class="p" id="_886">If it only it were written in <a href="programming-language#javascript">JavaScript</a> instead of Haskell (!?), then Ciro might have used it as the basis for <a href="ciro-santilli-s-projects#ourbigbook-markup">OurBigBook Markup</a>.</div><div class="h" id="markdown-editor"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="markdown-editor">Markdown editor</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="markdown-editor"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#markdown" class="u"> Markdown</a><a href="#_toc/markdown-editor" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/markdown-editor"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="brain#zettlr">Zettlr</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="karlcow-markdown-testsuite"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="karlcow-markdown-testsuite">karlcow/markdown-testsuite</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="karlcow-markdown-testsuite"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 21</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#markdown" class="u"> Markdown</a><a href="#_toc/karlcow-markdown-testsuite" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/karlcow-markdown-testsuite"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_887"><a href="https://github.com/karlcow/markdown-testsuite">github.com/karlcow/markdown-testsuite</a></div><div class="p" id="_888"><a href="ciro-santilli">Ciro Santilli</a> was contributing to this, when <a href="#commonmark">CommonMark</a> left private mode and killed it, thus wasting many hours of Ciro's time.</div><div class="p" id="_889">See also: <a href="the-most-important-projects-done-by-ciro-santilli#ciro-santilli-s-minor-projects">Ciro Santilli's minor projects</a>.</div><div class="h" id="commonmark"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="commonmark">CommonMark</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="commonmark"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 55</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#markdown" class="u"> Markdown</a><a href="#_toc/commonmark" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/commonmark"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_890"><a href="https://commonmark.org/">commonmark.org/</a></div><div class="p" id="_891">CommonMark is a good project. But its initial release method was not very nice, they first developed everything behind closed doors with the big adopters like <a href="software#github">GitHub</a> and <a href="stack-overflow">Stack Overflow</a>, and only later released the thing read, thus wasting the time of people who were working on alternative in the meanwhile, e.g. <a href="https://github.com/karlcow/markdown-testsuite">github.com/karlcow/markdown-testsuite</a> which Ciro contributed to: <a href="the-most-important-projects-done-by-ciro-santilli#ciro-santilli-s-minor-projects">Ciro Santilli's minor projects</a>.</div><div class="h" id="markdownlint-markdownlint"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="markdownlint-markdownlint">markdownlint/markdownlint</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="markdownlint-markdownlint"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#markdown" class="u"> Markdown</a><a href="#_toc/markdownlint-markdownlint" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/markdownlint-markdownlint"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_892"><a href="https://github.com/markdownlint/markdownlint">github.com/markdownlint/markdownlint</a></div><div class="h" id="machine-learning"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="machine-learning">Machine learning</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="computer-split"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 11k</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 387</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Computer</a><a href="#_toc/machine-learning" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/machine-learning"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_893"><a href="machine-learning">This section is present in another page, follow this link to view it.</a></div><div class="h" id="parallel-computing"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="parallel-computing">Parallel computing</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="parallel-computing"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 52</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 6</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Computer</a><a href="#_toc/parallel-computing" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/parallel-computing"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="memory-semantics"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="memory-semantics">Memory semantics</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="memory-semantics"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 38</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#parallel-computing" class="u"> Parallel computing</a><a href="#_toc/memory-semantics" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_semantics" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/memory-semantics"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_894">These are the rules which specify what different concurrent read/write memory accesses from different threads/processes can or cannot see.</div><div class="p" id="_895">Notable such set of rules include:<div class="list"><ul id="_896"><li id="_897"><a href="#c-plus-plus-memory-model">C++ memory model</a>. These are also reflected on the semantics of memory of the corresponding <a href="computer-hardware#instruction-set-architecture">instruction set architecture</a></li><li id="_898"><a href="sql#sql-transaction-isolation-level">SQL transaction isolation level</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="c-plus-plus-memory-model"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="c-plus-plus-memory-model">C++ memory model</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="c-plus-plus-memory-model"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#memory-semantics" class="u"> Memory semantics</a><a href="#_toc/c-plus-plus-memory-model" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/c-plus-plus-memory-model"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_899"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6319146/c11-introduced-a-standardized-memory-model-what-does-it-mean-and-how-is-it-g">stackoverflow.com/questions/6319146/c11-introduced-a-standardized-memory-model-what-does-it-mean-and-how-is-it-g</a></div><div class="h" id="parallel-computing-library"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="parallel-computing-library">Parallel computing library</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="parallel-computing-library"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#parallel-computing" class="u"> Parallel computing</a><a href="#_toc/parallel-computing-library" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing_library" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/parallel-computing-library"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="read-modify-write"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="read-modify-write">Read-modify-write</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="read-modify-write"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 7</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#parallel-computing" class="u"> Parallel computing</a><a href="#_toc/read-modify-write" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read–modify–write" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/read-modify-write"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_900">That's what usually fucks up parallel programs.</div><div class="h" id="thread-computing"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="thread-computing">Thread <span class="meta">(computing)</span></a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="thread-computing"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 7</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#parallel-computing" class="u"> Parallel computing</a><a href="#_toc/thread-computing" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_(computing)" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/thread-computing"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="simultaneous-multithreading"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="simultaneous-multithreading">Simultaneous multithreading <span class="meta">(Hyperthreading)</span></a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="simultaneous-multithreading"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 7</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#thread-computing" class="u"> Thread (computing)</a><a href="#_toc/simultaneous-multithreading" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/simultaneous-multithreading"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="list"><ul id="_902"><li id="_903"><a href="https://superuser.com/questions/133082/what-is-the-difference-between-hyper-threading-and-multiple-cores/995858#995858">superuser.com/questions/133082/what-is-the-difference-between-hyper-threading-and-multiple-cores/995858#995858</a></li><li id="_904"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/680684/what-are-the-differences-between-multi-cpu-multi-core-and-hyper-thread/73405312#73405312">stackoverflow.com/questions/680684/what-are-the-differences-between-multi-cpu-multi-core-and-hyper-thread/73405312#73405312</a></li><li id="_905"><a href="https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/88283/so-what-are-logical-cpu-cores-as-opposed-to-physical-cpu-cores/739296#739296">unix.stackexchange.com/questions/88283/so-what-are-logical-cpu-cores-as-opposed-to-physical-cpu-cores/739296#739296</a></li></ul></div><div class="p" id="_906">Hyperthreding is the <a href="computer-hardware#intel">Intel</a> brand-name, TODO generic name.</div><div class="h" id="history-of-computers"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="history-of-computers">History of computers</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="history-of-computers"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Computer</a><a href="#_toc/history-of-computers" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/history-of-computers"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="eniac"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="eniac">ENIAC <span class="meta">(ENIAC)</span></a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="eniac"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#history-of-computers" class="u"> History of computers</a><a href="#_toc/eniac" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/eniac"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="software"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="software">Software</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="computer-split"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 41k</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1k</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Computer</a><a href="#_toc/software" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/software"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_908"><a href="software">This section is present in another page, follow this link to view it.</a></div><div class="h" id="computer-hardware"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="computer-hardware">Computer hardware</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="computer-split"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 13k</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 369</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Computer</a><a href="#_toc/computer-hardware" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/computer-hardware"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_909"><a href="computer-hardware">This section is present in another page, follow this link to view it.</a></div><div class="h" id="vaporware"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="vaporware">Vaporware</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="vaporware"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 16</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Computer</a><a href="#_toc/vaporware" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporware" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/vaporware"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_910">One of the saving graces of <a href="software#open-source-software">open source</a> is that you ship <a href="molecular-biology#feces">shit</a>, but you don't announce <a href="music#vaporwave">vaporwave</a>.</div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="website#jordan-peterson-s-university-online">Jordan Peterson's university online</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="computer-biliography"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="computer-biliography">Computer biliography</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="computer-biliography"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 30</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Computer</a><a href="#_toc/computer-biliography" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/computer-biliography"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="computer-youtube-channel"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="computer-youtube-channel">Computer YouTube channel</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="computer-youtube-channel"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 30</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-biliography" class="u"> Computer biliography</a><a href="#_toc/computer-youtube-channel" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/computer-youtube-channel"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="explainingcomputers"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="explainingcomputers">ExplainingComputers</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="explainingcomputers"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 30</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computer-youtube-channel" class="u"> Computer YouTube channel</a><a href="#_toc/explainingcomputers" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/explainingcomputers"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_911"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@ExplainingComputers">www.youtube.com/@ExplainingComputers</a></div><div class="p" id="_912">It is hard to say if this channel is good because of the awesome information, or if because of the absolute cutness of that British presenter. Maybe it is both.</div><h2 id="_ancestors"><a href="#_ancestors"><span class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Ancestors <span class="meta">(4)</span></a></h2><div class="list"><ol><li><a href="technology#information-technology">Information technology</a></li><li><a href="technology#area-of-technology">Area of technology</a></li><li><a href="technology">Technology</a></li><li><a href="."><span title="Home" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Home</a></li></ol></div><h2 id="_incoming-links"><a href="#_incoming-links"><span title="Incoming links" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Incoming links <span class="meta">(28)</span></a></h2><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="accounts">Accounts controlled by Ciro Santilli</a></li><li><a href="art">Art</a></li><li><a href="#blade-server">Blade server</a></li><li><a href="united-kingdom#british-pragmatism">British pragmatism</a></li><li><a href="literature#charles-bukowski">Charles Bukowski</a></li><li><a href="ciro-santilli-s-psychology-and-physiology#ciro-santilli-s-cycling">Ciro Santilli's cycling</a></li><li><a href="ciro-santilli#ciro-santilli-s-musical-education">Ciro Santilli's musical education</a></li><li><a href="quantum-computing#classical-computer">Classical computer</a></li><li><a href="physics#computational-physics">Computational physics</a></li><li><a href="">Computer</a></li><li><a href="computer-science">Computer science</a></li><li><a href="technology#deep-tech">Deep tech</a></li><li><a href="#digital-electronic-computer">Digital electronic computer</a></li><li><a href="systems-programming#emulator">Emulator</a></li><li><a href="cirism#good">Good</a></li><li><a href="physicist#hans-bethe">Hans Bethe</a></li><li><a href="electronics#marc-verdiell">Marc Verdiell</a></li><li><a href="linguistics#natural-language">Natural language</a></li><li><a href="technology#power-engineering">Power engineering</a></li><li><a href="programming-language">Programming language</a></li><li><a href="richard-feynman">Richard Feynman</a></li><li><a href="china#scholar-official">Scholar-official</a></li><li><a href="condensed-matter-physics#semiconductor">Semiconductor</a></li><li><a href="software#software-engineer">Software engineer</a></li><li><a href="economy#trader-finance">Trader (finance)</a></li><li><a href="social-technology#turing-award">Turing Award</a></li><li><a href="technology#user-interface">User interface</a></li><li><a href="video-game#video-game-console">Video game console</a></li></ul></div> </main> <footer> <div>Powered by <a href="https://docs.ourbigbook.com">OurBigBook</a></div> <div>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless noted</div> <div><a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/cirosantilli.github.io/issues">Suggestions and corrections</a></div> <div><a href="contact">Contact Ciro Santilli</a></div> <div><a href="_dir">Website source code</a></div> <div><a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/cirosantilli.github.io">Website source code on GitHub</a></div> <div><a href="_file/computer.bigb">Source code for this page: computer.bigb</a></div> <div><a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/cirosantilli.github.io/blob/ac53face5d7ab6afd9037df69d196b80ab40bb53/computer.bigb">Source code for this page on GitHub</a></div> <div>Cite with: <a href="https://zenodo.org/badge/latestdoi/16453261">this DOI</a></div> <div><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cirosantilli/media/master/ID_photo_of_Ciro_Santilli_taken_in_2013_left_eye_200_100.jpg" loading="lazy" alt="ID photo of Ciro Santilli taken in 2013 right eye"></div> </footer> <script> window.ourbigbook_split_headers = true; window.ourbigbook_html_x_extension = false; window.ourbigbook_redirect_prefix = ""; </script> <script src="_obb/dist/ourbigbook_runtime.js"></script><script>ourbigbook_runtime.ourbigbook_runtime()</script><script src="_raw/main.js"></script> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-47867706-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-DEE2HEJW9X"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-DEE2HEJW9X'); </script> <script src="https://giscus.app/client.js" data-repo="cirosantilli/cirosantilli.github.io" data-repo-id="MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkxNjQ1MzI2MQ==" data-category="giscus" data-category-id="DIC_kwDOAPsOjc4CZ6zZ" data-mapping="pathname" data-strict="0" data-reactions-enabled="1" data-emit-metadata="0" data-input-position="bottom" data-theme="dark_high_contrast" data-lang="en" crossorigin="anonymous" async> </script> </body> </html>