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title="Common law">common law</a> series</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_innocence" title="Actual innocence">Actual innocence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_immunity" title="Legal immunity">Immunity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Insanity_defense" title="Insanity defense">Mental disorder (Insanity)</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diminished responsibility</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Intoxication_defense" title="Intoxication defense">Intoxication</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_infancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense of infancy">Infancy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Automatism_(law)" title="Automatism (law)">Automatism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alibi" title="Alibi">Alibi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_(criminal_law)" title="Consent (criminal law)">Consent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mistake_(criminal_law)" title="Mistake (criminal law)">Mistake</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Duress" class="mw-redirect" title="Duress">Duress</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_criminal_responsibility" title="Age of criminal responsibility">Age</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Necessity_(criminal_law)" title="Necessity (criminal law)">Necessity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Provocation_(law)" title="Provocation (law)">Provocation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Self-defense</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/False_confession" title="False confession">False confession</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Entrapment" title="Entrapment">Entrapment</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i>See also</i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criminal_procedure" title="Criminal procedure">procedure</a></dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Contract_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Contract law">Contract</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tort_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Tort law">Tort</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Will_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">wills</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">Trusts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">Estates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Portals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/16px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/24px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criminal_defenses" title="Template:Criminal defenses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criminal_defenses" title="Template talk:Criminal defenses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criminal_defenses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criminal defenses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a>, <b>diminished responsibility</b> (or <b>diminished capacity</b>) is a potential <a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">defense</a> by <a href="/wiki/Excuse" title="Excuse">excuse</a> by which <a href="/wiki/Defendant" title="Defendant">defendants</a> argue that although they broke the <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, they should not be held fully <a href="/wiki/Criminally" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminally">criminally</a> <a href="/wiki/Liable" class="mw-redirect" title="Liable">liable</a> for doing so, as their mental functions were "diminished" or impaired. </p><p>Diminished capacity is a partial defense to charges that require that the defendant act with a particular state of mind.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, if the <a href="/wiki/Felony_murder_rule" title="Felony murder rule">felony murder rule</a> does not apply, first degree murder requires that the state prove beyond a <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_doubt" title="Reasonable doubt">reasonable doubt</a> that the defendant acted with premeditation, deliberation, and the specific intent to kill—all three are necessary elements of the state's case.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If evidence exists, sufficient to create a reasonable doubt as to whether the defendant because of mental illness or "defect" possessed the capacity to premeditate, deliberate or form the specific intent to kill then the state cannot convict the defendant of first degree murder.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This does not mean that the defendant is entitled to an acquittal. The defendant still might be convicted of <a href="/wiki/Second-degree_murder" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-degree murder">second-degree murder</a> which only requires that the defendant act with general malice.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The defense's acceptance in American jurisdictions varies considerably. The majority of states have adopted it by statute or case decision, and a minority even recognise broader defenses such as "<a href="/wiki/Irresistible_impulse" title="Irresistible impulse">irresistible impulse</a>". Some U.S. states restrict the defense to the charge of murder only where a successful defense will result in a manslaughter conviction instead of murder. Until recently, the Republic of Ireland did not accept the partial defense. The Irish Supreme Court had rejected the existence of the defense in <i>DPP v O'Mahony</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case was <a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">abrogated</a>, however, by enactment of the Criminal Law (Insanity) Act 2006, effective June 1, 2006. The act, in pertinent part, specifically adopted the partial defense for the charge of murder where a successful defense will result in a manslaughter conviction instead of murder. </p><p>The defense is to be contrasted with insanity which is a complete but <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_defense" title="Affirmative defense">affirmative defense</a>. In most jurisdictions a defendant would be acquitted on the grounds of insanity if the defendant established to the satisfaction of the jury that he suffered from such a mental disease or defect that he was unable to appreciate the consequences of his actions or did not know what he was doing was wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As noted a successful insanity defense will result in acquittal although a number of jurisdictions have adopted the <a href="/wiki/Guilty_but_insane" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilty but insane">guilty but insane</a> verdict. The defense of insanity and diminished capacity although clearly distinct are not inconsistent defenses and both may be at issue in the same case.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The critical distinctions are that diminished capacity is a partial, negating defense (negates an element of the state's case) with the burden on the state to show that the defendant acted with the requisite state of mind while insanity is a complete but affirmative defense—the defendant bearing the burden of proving that he was legally insane. </p><p>This is an aspect of a more general <a href="/wiki/Insanity_defense" title="Insanity defense">insanity defense</a> (see the <a href="/wiki/M%27Naghten_rules" title="M'Naghten rules">M'Naghten rules</a>). The defense "was first recognized by <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">punishment</a> of the <span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span><i>partially insane</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It developed from the practice of juries in the 19th century of returning verdicts of guilty with a recommendation as to mercy or mitigation of sentence to reflect any extenuating circumstances. In a series of decisions, given mainly by <a href="/wiki/George_Deas,_Lord_Deas" title="George Deas, Lord Deas">Lord Deas</a>, a doctrine grew that various types of mental weakness could have the effect of reducing what would otherwise be a conviction for <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> (which attracted <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a>) to one for culpable homicide (where the courts had greater discretion in sentencing). An example of a "diminished capacity" might be extremely low <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a>. In the English case of <i>R v Raven</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a man who had a physical age of 22 years but a mental age of only 9 years felt provoked by homosexual advances and killed his perceived attacker. His mental deficiency was not in dispute and, since a child of 9 years would not have been criminally responsible (see s50 <a href="/wiki/Children_and_Young_Persons_Act_1933" title="Children and Young Persons Act 1933">Children and Young Persons Act 1933</a>), and his mental responsibility for his acts was substantially impaired, manslaughter was the only realistic verdict. The rationale of the defense is that, as a precondition to <a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">punishment</a>, the criminal law requires conduct to be voluntary. If something interferes with the capacity of the individual to choose to break the law, this should be reflected by an excuse or exculpation. The law should balance the need to be fair to the individual wrongdoer, but equally offer some protection to <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> from a person who may not have complete control over their behavior. </p><p>The effect of the defense varies between the <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a> and depends on the offence charged. In some cases, it will result in full excuse and therefore produce a verdict of "<a href="/wiki/Guilt_(law)" title="Guilt (law)">not guilty</a>". In others, it offers only exculpation to a degree, resulting in the substitution of a lesser offence (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">manslaughter</a> instead of murder) or a mitigated <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(law)" title="Sentence (law)">sentence</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_law">English law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diminished_responsibility&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: English law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Diminished_responsibility_in_English_law" title="Diminished responsibility in English law">Diminished responsibility in English law</a></div> <p>Section 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Homicide_Act_1957" title="Homicide Act 1957">Homicide Act 1957</a> states: </p> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;"><b>(1)</b> Where a person kills or is party to a killing of another, he shall not be convicted of murder if he was suffering from an abnormality of mental functioning which – <p><b>(a)</b> arose from a medical condition </p><p><b>(b)</b> substantially impaired D's ability to do one or more of the things mentioned in subsection (1A), and </p><p><b>(c)</b> provides an explanation for D's acts and omissions in doing or being a party to the killing. </p><p><b>(1A)</b> Those things are – </p><p><b>(a)</b> to understand the nature of D's conduct; </p><p><b>(b)</b> to form a rational judgment; </p><p><b>(c)</b> to exercise self-control. </p> <b>(1B)</b> For the purposes of subsection (1)(c), an abnormality of mental functioning provides and explanation of D's conduct if it causes, or is a significant contributory factor in causing, D to carry out that conduct.</div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scottish_law">Scottish law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diminished_responsibility&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scottish law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the term is not used during the proceedings, the 1795 trial of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Archibald_Gordon_Kinloch,_7th_Baronet" title="Sir Archibald Gordon Kinloch, 7th Baronet">Sir Archibald Gordon Kinloch</a> for the murder of his brother Sir Francis Kinloch, 6th baronet of <a href="/wiki/Gilmerton" title="Gilmerton">Gilmerton</a> under <a href="/wiki/Robert_McQueen,_Lord_Braxfield" title="Robert McQueen, Lord Braxfield">Robert McQueen, Lord Braxfield</a> is one of the earliest clear examples of recognition of diminished responsibility. Whilst found guilty, and usually expecting a death sentence, not only was Kinloch sentenced to life imprisonment instead, but two days after the judgement (17 July 1795) the accused was released into the care of a doctor (<a href="/wiki/William_Farquharson_(surgeon)" title="William Farquharson (surgeon)">William Farquharson</a>) on the understanding that Kinloch be kept in a secure environment (the doctor's own house).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the course of the 20th century the courts began to limit the mental conditions falling within diminished responsibility. In <i>HM Advocate v Savage</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Alness" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Alness">Lord Alness</a> addressed the jury (at 51): </p> <blockquote><p>It is very difficult to put it in a phrase, but it has been put in this way: that there must be aberration or weakness of mind; that there must be some form of mental unsoundness; that there must be a state of mind which is bordering on, though not amounting to, insanity; that there must be a mind so affected that responsibility is diminished from full responsibility to partial responsibility. In other words, the prisoner in question must be only partially accountable for his actions. And I think one can see running through the cases that there is implied ... that there must be some form of mental disease.</p></blockquote> <p>This statement became the authoritative version of the test for diminished responsibility and the various factors mentioned by Lord Alness were regarded as being cumulative in nature. The effect was that the test became difficult to satisfy, and the courts adopted the position that the scope of the plea was not to be further widened (e.g. <i>Carraher v HM Advocate</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> held that the plea was not available to a person suffering from psychopathic personality. But in <i>Galbraith v HM Advocate</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was held that the formula in <i>Savage</i> was not to be read in a narrow sense, and it was not necessary that all the criteria in that formula had to be present. Furthermore, although the plea had to be based on some form of mental abnormality, that condition need not be one bordering on insanity. Instead the court ruled that diminished responsibility required the existence of an abnormality of mind which had the effect that the accused's ability to determine or control his actings was substantially impaired. However, the Court excluded from the scope of the plea: </p> <ol><li>any condition brought on by the consumption of drink or drugs, and</li> <li>psychopathic personality disorder.</li></ol> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Law_Commission" title="Scottish Law Commission">Scottish Law Commission</a> reported in 2004 proposing changes to the law on insanity and diminished responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australia">Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diminished_responsibility&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At present, diminished responsibility exists as a statutory partial defence in most Australian jurisdictions. The defence is only available in cases of murder and serves to reduce the offence to manslaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia it has been the subject of sentencing concerns specifically in relation to the weight attributed to protection of the community when sentencing offenders found guilty of manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In NSW, the partial defence of 'diminished responsibility' was replaced by the partial defence of "substantial impairment" in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-s23_NSW_Crimes_act_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s23_NSW_Crimes_act-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The burden is on the defendant to prove the defence, on the balance of probabilities. There are three conditions that the defendant must prove. The first is the defendant must be suffering from an abnormality of the mind at the time of the acts/omissions causing death;<sup id="cite_ref-s23_NSW_Crimes_act_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s23_NSW_Crimes_act-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> see also the case of Byrne for the definition of 'abnormality of the mind'.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, the abnormality must be the result of an underlying condition.<sup id="cite_ref-s23_NSW_Crimes_act_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s23_NSW_Crimes_act-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Third, the impairment must be so substantial as to warrant liability for murder being reduced to manslaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-s23_NSW_Crimes_act_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s23_NSW_Crimes_act-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="India">India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diminished_responsibility&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> bench headed by <a href="/wiki/Ranjan_Gogoi" title="Ranjan Gogoi">Justice Gogoi</a> in a review petition upheld the principle of Diminished responsibility in the <a href="/wiki/2000_Dharmapuri_bus_burning" title="2000 Dharmapuri bus burning">2000 Dharmapuri bus burning</a> and commuted to life imprisonment the death penalty given by the <a href="/wiki/Salem_district" title="Salem district">Salem district court</a> and upheld by the <a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court" title="Madras High Court">Madras High Court</a> and by another <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a> bench to three <a href="/wiki/AIADMK" class="mw-redirect" title="AIADMK">AIADMK</a> party activists who had a set on fire a fully occupied bus with 44 girls and 2 lecturers of the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Agricultural_University" title="Tamil Nadu Agricultural University">Tamil Nadu Agricultural University</a> on an educational tour to protest <a href="/wiki/Jayalalithaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jayalalithaa">Jayalalithaa</a>'s conviction in <a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Stay_hotel_case" title="Pleasant Stay hotel case">Pleasant Stay hotel case</a> in this three college girls were burnt alive and 16 college girls suffered burn injuries were acting on mob frenzy and setting a legal precedent.<sup id="cite_ref-diminished_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diminished-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diminished_responsibility&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_law">Federal law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diminished_responsibility&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Federal law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Sentencing_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Sentencing Guidelines">U.S. Sentencing Guidelines</a> provide, "A downward departure may be warranted if (1) the defendant committed the offense while suffering from a significantly reduced mental capacity; and (2) the significantly reduced mental capacity contributed substantially to the commission of the offense."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_law">State law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diminished_responsibility&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: State law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> was the first state in the U.S. to adopt the diminished capacity defense, beginning with <i>People v. Wells</i><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>People v. Gorshen</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The doctrine would soon be abolished by <a href="/wiki/Ballot_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot initiative">ballot initiative</a> in 1982 following the negative publicity surrounding the case of <a href="/wiki/Dan_White" title="Dan White">Dan White</a>, who had <a href="/wiki/Moscone%E2%80%93Milk_assassinations" title="Moscone–Milk assassinations">killed George Moscone and Harvey Milk</a>. While White's defense team did argue successfully for a ruling of diminished capacity, resulting in a verdict of <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_manslaughter" title="Voluntary manslaughter">voluntary manslaughter</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legend</a> that the defense had blamed White's actions on the ingestion of sugar and <a href="/wiki/Junk_food" title="Junk food">junk food</a> (the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Twinkie_defense" title="Twinkie defense">Twinkie defense</a>") sprang up out of inaccurate media coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-Myth_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myth-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One participant in the debate over diminished capacity rulings waved a Twinkie in the air to make his point.<sup id="cite_ref-Myth_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myth-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, the <i><a href="/wiki/California_Penal_Code" title="California Penal Code">California Penal Code</a></i> states (2002), "The defense of diminished capacity is hereby abolished ... there shall be no defense of diminished capacity, diminished responsibility, or <a href="/wiki/Irresistible_impulse" title="Irresistible impulse">irresistible impulse</a>..."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diminished_responsibility&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insanity_defense" title="Insanity defense">Insanity defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intoxication_defense" title="Intoxication defense">Intoxication defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settled_insanity" title="Settled insanity">Settled insanity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diminished_responsibility&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g., <i>State v. Shank</i>, 322 N.C. 243, 367 S.E.2d 639 (1988) and <i>State v. Gerald</i>, 304 N.C. 511, 284 S.E.2d 312, (1981)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>State v. Shank</i>, 322 N.C. 243, 367 S.E.2d 639 (1988)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See generally, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRubin1989" class="citation journal cs1">Rubin, John (1989). "The Diminished Capacity Defense". <i>Administration of Justice Bulletin</i>. North Carolina School of Government.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Administration+of+Justice+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Diminished+Capacity+Defense&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiminished+responsibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malice means that the defendant acted with one of three "man-endangering" states of mind: intent to kill, intent to inflict serious bodily injury or with a "depraved" heart. Although malice thus required a specific state of mind, courts have not considered this fact as making second degree murder a specific intent crime.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The People (DPP) v Joseph O' Mahony</i> [1984] ILRM 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g., <i>State v. Silvers</i>, 323 N.C. 646, 655, 374 S.E.2d 858, 864 (1989)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g., <i>State v. Rose</i>, 323 N.C. 455, 373 S.E.2d 426 (1988)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArenella1977" class="citation journal cs1">Arenella, Peter (October 1977). "The Diminished Capacity and Diminished Responsibility Defenses: Two Children of a Doomed Marriage". <i>Columbia Law Review</i>. <b>77</b> (6): 830. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1121980">10.2307/1121980</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/112198">112198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Diminished+Capacity+and+Diminished+Responsibility+Defenses%3A+Two+Children+of+a+Doomed+Marriage&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=830&rft.date=1977-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1121980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F112198%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Arenella&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiminished+responsibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>R v Raven</i> (1982) Crim. LR 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Trial of Sir Archibald Gordon Kinloch for the Murder of Sir Francis Kinloch his Brother-German, 1795</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>HM Advocate v Savage</i> (1923) JC 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Carraher v HM Advocate</i> (1946) JC 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Galbraith v HM Advocate</i> (2002) JC 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotlawcom.gov.uk/download_file/view/231/">"Report on Insanity and Diminished Responsibility"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Scottish Law Commission. July 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+on+Insanity+and+Diminished+Responsibility&rft.pub=Scottish+Law+Commission&rft.date=2004-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlawcom.gov.uk%2Fdownload_file%2Fview%2F231%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiminished+responsibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060110134623/http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/docs/cp173apps.pdf">"Partial Defences to Murder: Overseas Studies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Law_Commission_(England_and_Wales)" title="Law Commission (England and Wales)">Law Commission (England and Wales)</a>. 2003. Consultation Paper No 173, Appendix A. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/docs/cp173apps.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Partial+Defences+to+Murder%3A+Overseas+Studies&rft.pages=Consultation+Paper+No+173%2C+Appendix+A&rft.pub=Law+Commission+%28England+and+Wales%29&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawcom.gov.uk%2Fdocs%2Fcp173apps.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiminished+responsibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Veen (No 2)</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1988/14.html">[1988] HCA 14</a>, (1988) 164 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 465 (29 March 1988), <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> (Australia).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s23_NSW_Crimes_act-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s23_NSW_Crimes_act_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s23_NSW_Crimes_act_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s23_NSW_Crimes_act_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s23_NSW_Crimes_act_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Crimes Act 1900</i> (NSW) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/ca190082/s23a.html">s 23A</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>R v Byrne</i> (1960) 2 QB 396.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diminished-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diminished_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/SC-commutes-death-penalty-of-Dharmapuri-bus-burning-convicts-to-life/article14149682.ece">"SC commutes death penalty of Dharmapuri bus burning convicts to life"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 11 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=SC+commutes+death+penalty+of+Dharmapuri+bus+burning+convicts+to+life&rft.date=2016-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2FSC-commutes-death-penalty-of-Dharmapuri-bus-burning-convicts-to-life%2Farticle14149682.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiminished+responsibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijayan2016" class="citation web cs1">Vijayan, Suchitra (15 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.in/suchitra-vijayan/dharmapuri-bus-burning-a-_b_9556544.html">"Wait, Murderous Bus-Burning AIADMK Members Were 'Victims' Of Mob-Think? The Apex Court Thinks So"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Wait%2C+Murderous+Bus-Burning+AIADMK+Members+Were+%27Victims%27+Of+Mob-Think%3F+The+Apex+Court+Thinks+So&rft.date=2016-07-15&rft.aulast=Vijayan&rft.aufirst=Suchitra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.in%2Fsuchitra-vijayan%2Fdharmapuri-bus-burning-a-_b_9556544.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiminished+responsibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijayan2016" class="citation web cs1">Vijayan, K M (23 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tracking-indian-communities/sc-ruling-on-dharmapuri-bus-burning-a-misinterpretation/">"SC ruling on Dharmapuri bus burning a misinterpretation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=SC+ruling+on+Dharmapuri+bus+burning+a+misinterpretation&rft.date=2016-03-23&rft.aulast=Vijayan&rft.aufirst=K+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Ftracking-indian-communities%2Fsc-ruling-on-dharmapuri-bus-burning-a-misinterpretation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiminished+responsibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100618191705/http://www.ussc.gov/2009guid/5k2_13.htm"><i>U.S.S.G. §5K2.13</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ussc.gov/2009guid/5k2_13.htm">the original</a> on 2010-06-18</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.S.G.+%C2%A75K2.13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ussc.gov%2F2009guid%2F5k2_13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiminished+responsibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>People v. Wells</i> 202 P.2d 53 (1949)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>People v. Gorshen</i> 336 P.2d 492 (1959)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909112146/http://myweb.wvnet.edu/~jelkins/lawpsy04/diminished.html">"Diminished Capacity"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myweb.wvnet.edu/~jelkins/lawpsy04/diminished.html">the original</a> on 2006-09-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diminished+Capacity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmyweb.wvnet.edu%2F~jelkins%2Flawpsy04%2Fdiminished.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiminished+responsibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myth-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Myth_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Myth_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPogash2003" class="citation web cs1">Pogash, Carol (2003-11-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/11/23/INGRE343501.DTL&hw=twinkie+defense&sn=001&sc=1000">"Myth of the 'Twinkie defense': The verdict in the Dan White case wasn't based on his ingestion of junk food"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Myth+of+the+%27Twinkie+defense%27%3A+The+verdict+in+the+Dan+White+case+wasn%27t+based+on+his+ingestion+of+junk+food&rft.date=2003-11-23&rft.aulast=Pogash&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2003%2F11%2F23%2FINGRE343501.DTL%26hw%3Dtwinkie%2Bdefense%26sn%3D001%26sc%3D1000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiminished+responsibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/legal/twinkie.htm">"The Twinkie Defense"</a>. <i>Snopes.com</i>. 30 October 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes.com&rft.atitle=The+Twinkie+Defense&rft.date=1999-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Flegal%2Ftwinkie.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiminished+responsibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072525/http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=pen&group=00001-01000&file=25-29.8"><i>California Penal Code</i></a>, California State Legislature, sec. 25a, 28b, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=pen&group=00001-01000&file=25-29.8">the original</a> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-22</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=California+Penal+Code&rft.pages=sec.+25a%2C+28b&rft.pub=California+State+Legislature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leginfo.ca.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fdisplaycode%3Fsection%3Dpen%26group%3D00001-01000%26file%3D25-29.8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiminished+responsibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diminished_responsibility&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Boland, F, <i>Diminished Responsibility as a Defence in Irish Law</i>, (1995) 5 Irish Criminal Law Journal 193.</li> <li>Boland, F, <i>Diminished Responsibility as a Defence in Irish Law: Past English Mistakes and Future Irish Directions</i>, (1996) 5 Irish Criminal Law Journal 19.</li> <li>Butler Committee (1975) The Butler Committee on Mentally Abnormal Offenders (London: HMSO) Cmnd 6244.</li> <li>Dell, S, <i>Diminished Responsibility Reconsidered</i>, (1982) CLR 809.</li> <li>Griew, E, <i>Reducing Murder to Manslaughter: Whose Job?</i> (1986) 12 Journal of Medical Ethics 18.</li> <li>Griew, E, <i>The Future of Diminished Responsibility</i>, (1988) CLR 75.</li> <li>Scottish Law Commission. Discussion Paper on Insanity and Diminished Responsibility. Discussion Paper No 122. (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717012535/http://www.scotlawcom.gov.uk/downloads/dp122_insanity.pdf">[1]</a></li> <li>Whelan, D, <i>Mental Health Law and Practice: Civil and Criminal Aspects</i> (Dublin: Thomson Round Hall, 2009)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diminished_responsibility&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Kimberly Reed (February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michbar.org/journal/pdf/pdf4article546.pdf">"The Untimely Death of Michigan's Diminished Capacity Defense: People vs. Carpenter"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Michigan State Bar Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+State+Bar+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Untimely+Death+of+Michigan%27s+Diminished+Capacity+Defense%3A+People+vs.+Carpenter&rft.date=2003-02&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Kimberly+Reed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michbar.org%2Fjournal%2Fpdf%2Fpdf4article546.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiminished+responsibility" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diminished_responsibility&oldid=1250085739">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diminished_responsibility&oldid=1250085739</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Criminal_defenses" title="Category:Criminal defenses">Criminal defenses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mental_health_law" title="Category:Mental health law">Mental health law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forensic_psychology" title="Category:Forensic psychology">Forensic psychology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 October 2024, at 11:51<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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