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id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Photojournalism</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"> <tr> <th style="background:#cdc8b8;;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News" title="News">News</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_style" title="News style">Writing style</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalistic_objectivity" title="Journalistic objectivity">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_values" title="News values">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_(journalism)" title="Source (journalism)">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">Editorial independence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism_school" title="Journalism school">Journalism school</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_journalism_articles" title="Index of journalism articles">Index of journalism articles</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background:#cdc8b8;">Areas</th> </tr> <tr> <td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_journalism" title="Arts journalism">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_journalism" title="Business journalism">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data-driven_journalism" title="Data-driven journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_journalism" title="Entertainment journalism">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_journalism" title="Fashion journalism">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_journalism" title="Medical journalism">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_journalism" title="Political journalism">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_journalism" title="Science journalism">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_journalism" title="Technology journalism">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_journalism" title="Trade journalism">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_reporting" title="Traffic reporting">Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_news" title="World news">World</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background:#cdc8b8;">Genres</th> </tr> <tr> <td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacy_journalism" title="Advocacy journalism">Advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_journalism" title="Analytic journalism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_journalism" title="Broadcast journalism">Broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_journalism" title="Civic journalism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_journalism" title="Collaborative journalism">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics-based</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_journalism" title="Community journalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_journalism" title="Database journalism">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">Gonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersion_journalism" title="Immersion journalism">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">Investigative</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_nonfiction" title="Creative nonfiction">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muckraker" title="Muckraker">Muckraking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_journalism" title="Narrative journalism">Narrative</a></li> <li>"<a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Journalism" title="New Journalism">New Journalism</a>"</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_journalism" title="Non-profit journalism">Non-profit</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_journalism" title="Online journalism" class="mw-redirect">Online</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_journalism" title="Opinion journalism">Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Photojournalism</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journalism" title="Scientific journalism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_journalism" title="Sensor journalism">Sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_journalism" title="Visual journalism">Visual</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">Watchdog</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background:#cdc8b8;">Social impact</th> </tr> <tr> <td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Estate" title="Fourth Estate">Fourth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Estate" title="Fifth Estate">Fifth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_service" title="Press service">Press service</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background:#cdc8b8;"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">TV and radio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">News agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background:#cdc8b8;">Roles</th> </tr> <tr> <td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">Journalists <span style="font-size:90%;">(reporters)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogger</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist" class="mw-redirect">Meteorologist</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presenter" title="Presenter">Presenter</a> (<a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_presenter" title="News presenter">news</a>)</li> <li><strong class="selflink">Photographer</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundit" title="Pundit">Pundit / commentator</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="plainlist" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;padding-top:0.1em;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Journalism" title="Category:Journalism">Category: Journalism</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Journalism_sidebar" title="Template:Journalism sidebar"><span title="View this template">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Journalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Journalism sidebar" class="mw-redirect"><span title="Discuss this template">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Journalism_sidebar&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <p><b>Photojournalism</b> is a particular form of <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a> (the collecting, editing, and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast) that employs images in order to tell a news story. It is now usually understood to refer only to still images, but in some cases the term also refers to video used in broadcast journalism. Photojournalism is distinguished from other close branches of <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> (e.g., <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">documentary photography</a>, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">social documentary photography</a>, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">street photography</a> or <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_photography" title="Celebrity photography">celebrity photography</a>) by complying with a rigid ethical framework which demands that the work is both honest and impartial whilst telling the story in strictly journalistic terms. Photojournalists create pictures that contribute to the news media.</p> <dl> <dt>Timeliness</dt> <dd>The images have meaning in the context of a recently published record of events.</dd> <dt>Objectivity</dt> <dd>The situation implied by the images is a fair and accurate representation of the events they depict in both content and tone.</dd> <dt>Narrative</dt> <dd>The images combine with other news elements to make facts relatable to the viewer or reader on a cultural level.</dd> </dl> <p>Like a writer, a photojournalist is a <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporter" title="Reporter" class="mw-redirect">reporter</a> but he or she must often make decisions instantly and carry <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">photographic equipment</a>, often while exposed to significant obstacles (e.g., physical danger, weather, crowds).</p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Origins_in_war_photography"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins in war photography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Expansion"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Expansion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Golden_age"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Golden age</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Decline"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Decline</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Professional_organizations"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Professional organizations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Ethical_and_legal_considerations"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Ethical and legal considerations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Unethical_practices"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Unethical practices</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#The_impact_of_new_technologies"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">The impact of new technologies</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photojournalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Origins_in_war_photography">Origins in war photography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photojournalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins in war photography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The practice of illustrating news stories with photographs was made possible by printing and photography innovations that occurred in the mid 19th century. Although early illustrations had appeared in newspapers, such as an illustration of the funeral of Lord <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson" class="mw-redirect">Horatio Nelson</a> in <i><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> (1806), the first weekly illustrated newspaper was the <i><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrated_London_News" title="Illustrated London News" class="mw-redirect">Illustrated London News</a></i>, first printed in 1842.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> The illustrations were printed with the use of <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engravings</a>.</p> <div class="thumb tmulti tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"> <div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:152px;max-width:152px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roger_Fenton_-_Shadow_of_the_Valley_of_Death.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Roger_Fenton_-_Shadow_of_the_Valley_of_Death.jpg/150px-Roger_Fenton_-_Shadow_of_the_Valley_of_Death.jpg" width="150" height="115" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Roger_Fenton_-_Shadow_of_the_Valley_of_Death.jpg/225px-Roger_Fenton_-_Shadow_of_the_Valley_of_Death.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Roger_Fenton_-_Shadow_of_the_Valley_of_Death.jpg/300px-Roger_Fenton_-_Shadow_of_the_Valley_of_Death.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3688" data-file-height="2816"/></a></div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:152px;max-width:152px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valley_of_the_Shadow_of_Death.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Valley_of_the_Shadow_of_Death.jpg/150px-Valley_of_the_Shadow_of_Death.jpg" width="150" height="118" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Valley_of_the_Shadow_of_Death.jpg/225px-Valley_of_the_Shadow_of_Death.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Valley_of_the_Shadow_of_Death.jpg/300px-Valley_of_the_Shadow_of_Death.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="480"/></a></div> </div> <div style="clear:left"></div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left;text-align:left;background-color:transparent">Versions of <i>Valley of the Shadow of Death</i>, with and without cannonballs</div> </div> </div> <p>During the <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, the <i>ILN</i> pioneered the birth of early photojournalism by printing pictures of the war that had been taken by <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Fenton" title="Roger Fenton">Roger Fenton</a>. Fenton was the first official <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_photography" title="War photography">war photographer</a> and his work documenting the effects of the war on the troops, laid the groundwork for modern photojournalism.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Other photographers of the war included <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Simpson_(artist)" title="William Simpson (artist)">William Simpson</a> and <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Szathmari" title="Carol Szathmari">Carol Szathmari</a>. Similarly, the <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> photographs of <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a> were engraved before publication in <i><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a>.</i> Disaster, including train wrecks and city fires, were also a popular subject for illustrated newspapers in these early days.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Expansion">Expansion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photojournalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Expansion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomson,_The_crawlers.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Thomson%2C_The_crawlers.jpg/200px-Thomson%2C_The_crawlers.jpg" width="200" height="269" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Thomson%2C_The_crawlers.jpg/300px-Thomson%2C_The_crawlers.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Thomson%2C_The_crawlers.jpg/400px-Thomson%2C_The_crawlers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="926"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomson,_The_crawlers.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <i>The Crawlers</i>, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, 1876–1877, a photograph from <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thomson_(photographer)" title="John Thomson (photographer)">John Thomson</a>'s <i>Street Life in London</i> photo-documentary</div> </div> </div> <p>The printing of images in newspapers remained an isolated occurrence in this period - photos were used to enhance the text rather than to act as a medium of information in its own right. This began to change with the work of one of the pioneers of photojournalism, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thomson_(photographer)" title="John Thomson (photographer)">John Thomson</a>, in the late 1870s.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> In collaboration with the radical journalist Adolphe Smith, he began publishing a monthly magazine, <i>Street Life in London</i>, from 1876 to 1877. The project documented in photographs and text, the lives of the street people of <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and established <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">social documentary photography</a> as a form of photojournalism.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Instead of the images acting as a supplement to the text, he pioneered the use of printed photographs as the predominant <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">medium for the imparting of information</a>, successfully combining photography with the <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_culture" title="Print culture">printed word</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>On March 4, 1880, <i><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Graphic" title="Daily Graphic">The Daily Graphic</a></i> (New York)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> published the first <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halftone" title="Halftone">halftone</a> (rather than engraved) reproduction of a news photograph. In 1887, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_powder" title="Flash powder">flash powder</a> was invented, enabling journalists such as <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Riis" title="Jacob Riis">Jacob Riis</a> to photograph informal subjects indoors, which led to the landmark work <i><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_the_Other_Half_Lives" title="How the Other Half Lives">How the Other Half Lives</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> By 1897, it became possible to reproduce halftone photographs on printing presses running at full speed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In France, agencies such as Rol, Branger and <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Chusseau-Flaviens" title="Charles Chusseau-Flaviens">Chusseau-Flaviens</a> (ca. 1880-1910) syndicated photographs from around the world to meet the need for timely new illustration.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> Despite these innovations, limitations remained, and many of the sensational <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a> and <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazine</a> stories in the period from 1897 to 1927 were illustrated with engravings. In 1921, the <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirephoto" title="Wirephoto">wirephoto</a> made it possible to transmit pictures almost as quickly as news itself could travel.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Golden_age">Golden age</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photojournalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Golden age">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The "Golden Age of Photojournalism" is often considered to be roughly the 1930s through the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> It was made possible by the development of the commercial <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35mm_film" title="35mm film" class="mw-redirect">35mm</a> <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leica_Camera" title="Leica Camera">Leica</a> camera in 1925, and the first <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_bulb" title="Flash bulb" class="mw-redirect">flash bulbs</a> between 1927 and 1930 that allowed the journalist true flexibility in taking pictures.</p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berliner_Illustrirte_Zeitung_01.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Berliner_Illustrirte_Zeitung_01.jpg/220px-Berliner_Illustrirte_Zeitung_01.jpg" width="220" height="304" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Berliner_Illustrirte_Zeitung_01.jpg/330px-Berliner_Illustrirte_Zeitung_01.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Berliner_Illustrirte_Zeitung_01.jpg/440px-Berliner_Illustrirte_Zeitung_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2449" data-file-height="3380"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berliner_Illustrirte_Zeitung_01.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The <i><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Illustrirte_Zeitung" title="Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung">Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung</a></i> pioneered modern photojournalism and was widely copied. Pictured, the cover of issue of 26 August 1936: a meeting between <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> and <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Mola" title="Emilio Mola">Emilio Mola</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p>A new style of magazine and newspaper sprung up that used photography more than text to tell their stories. The (<i><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Illustrirte_Zeitung" title="Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung">Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung</a></i> was the first to pioneer the format of the illustrated news magazine. Beginning in 1901, it began to print photographs inside the magazine, a revolutionary innovation. In the successive decades, it was developed into the prototype of the modern news magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-Ganeva53_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ganeva53-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>It pioneered the photo-essay,<sup id="cite_ref-Ganeva53_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ganeva53-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> had a specialised staff and production unit for pictures and maintained a photo library.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> It also introduced the use of candid photographs taken with the new smaller cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The magazine sought out reporters who could tell a story using photographs, notably the pioneer sports photographer <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Munk%C3%A1csi" title="Martin Munkácsi">Martin Munkácsi</a>, the first staff photographer,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Salomon" title="Erich Salomon">Erich Salomon</a>, one of the founders of photojournalism.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Other magazines included, <i><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung" title="Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung">Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung</a></i> (Berlin), <i><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vu_(magazine)" title="Vu (magazine)">Vu</a></i> (France), <i><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> (USA), <i><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_(American_magazine)" title="Look (American magazine)">Look</a></i> (USA), <i><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_Post" title="Picture Post">Picture Post</a></i> (London)); and newspapers, <i><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Mirror" title="The Daily Mirror" class="mw-redirect">The Daily Mirror</a></i> (London) and <i><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Daily_News" title="The New York Daily News" class="mw-redirect">The New York Daily News</a></i>. Famous photographers of the era included <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Capa" title="Robert Capa">Robert Capa</a>, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano_Cagnoni" title="Romano Cagnoni">Romano Cagnoni</a>, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Eisenstaedt" title="Alfred Eisenstaedt">Alfred Eisenstaedt</a>, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a> and <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Eugene_Smith" title="W. Eugene Smith">W. Eugene Smith</a>.</p> <p><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Cartier-Bresson" title="Henri Cartier-Bresson">Henri Cartier-Bresson</a> is held by some to be the father of modern photojournalism, although this appellation has been applied to various other photographers, such as <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Salomon" title="Erich Salomon">Erich Salomon</a>, whose candid pictures of political figures were novel in the 1930s.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg/200px-Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg" width="200" height="260" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg/300px-Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg/400px-Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6205" data-file-height="8066"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> In <i>Migrant Mother</i> <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a> produced the seminal image of the <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. The FSA also employed several other photojournalists to document the depression.</div> </div> </div> <p>Soldier <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Vaccaro" title="Tony Vaccaro">Tony Vaccaro</a> is also recognized as one of the pre-eminent photographers of <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. His images taken with the modest <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argus_C3" title="Argus C3">Argus C3</a> captured horrific moments in war, similar to Capa's soldier being shot. Capa himself was on <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha Beach</a> on <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Day" title="D-Day" class="mw-redirect">D-Day</a> and captured pivotal images of the conflict on that occasion. Vaccaro is also known for having developed his own images in soldier's helmets, and using chemicals found in the ruins of a camera store in 1944.</p> <p>Until the 1980s, most large newspapers were printed with turn-of-the-century "letterpress" technology using easily smudged oil-based ink, off-white, low-quality "newsprint" paper, and coarse engraving screens. While letterpresses produced legible text, the photoengraving dots that formed pictures often bled or smeared and became fuzzy and indistinct. In this way, even when newspapers used photographs well — a good crop, a respectable size — murky reproduction often left readers re-reading the caption to see what the photo was all about. The <i><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" title="Wall Street Journal" class="mw-redirect">Wall Street Journal</a></i> adopted <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipple" title="Stipple" class="mw-redirect">stippled</a> <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedcut" title="Hedcut">hedcuts</a> in 1979 to publish portraits and avoid the limitations of letterpress printing. Not until the 1980s had a majority of newspapers switched to "offset" presses that reproduce photos with fidelity on better, whiter paper.</p> <p>By contrast <i>Life</i>, one of America's most popular weekly magazines from 1936 through the early 1970s, was filled with photographs reproduced beautifully on oversize 11×14-inch pages, using fine engraving screens, high-quality inks, and glossy paper. <i>Life</i> often published a <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a> (UPI) or <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> (AP) photo that had been first reproduced in newspapers, but the quality magazine version appeared to be a different photo altogether. In large part because their pictures were clear enough to be appreciated, and because their name always appeared with their work, magazine photographers achieved near-celebrity status. <i>Life</i> became a standard by which the public judged photography, and many of today's photo books celebrate "photojournalism" as if it had been the exclusive province of near-celebrity magazine photographers.</p> <p>Many photographic magazines celebrated the human spirit during the Second World War and when the war ended there was an optimistic period in the USA and Europe of unbridled consumerism and a general belief that things could only get better. The magazines celebrated humanism and the sense that anything was possible. Even if they showed poverty and hunger it was with an underlying message that by exposing it to public scrutiny things would improve.</p> <p>In 1947 a few famous photographers founded the international photographic cooperative <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnum_Photos" title="Magnum Photos">Magnum Photos</a>. In 1989 <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbis" title="Corbis">Corbis Corporation</a> and in 1993 <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getty_Images" title="Getty Images">Getty Images</a> were founded. These powerful image libraries sell the rights to photographs and other still images.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boy_destroying_piano.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Boy_destroying_piano.jpg/220px-Boy_destroying_piano.jpg" width="220" height="333" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Boy_destroying_piano.jpg/330px-Boy_destroying_piano.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Boy_destroying_piano.jpg/440px-Boy_destroying_piano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4724"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boy_destroying_piano.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Boy destroying piano at Pant-y-Waen, South Wales, by <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Jones_Griffiths" title="Philip Jones Griffiths">Philip Jones Griffiths</a>, 1961</div> </div> </div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Decline">Decline</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photojournalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decline">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photojournalists_bw.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Photojournalists_bw.jpg/220px-Photojournalists_bw.jpg" width="220" height="205" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Photojournalists_bw.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Photojournalists_bw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="280"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photojournalists_bw.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Sports photojournalists at <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway" title="Indianapolis Motor Speedway">Indianapolis Motor Speedway</a></div> </div> </div> <p>The Golden Age of Photojournalism ended in the 1970s when many photo-magazines ceased publication. They found that they could not compete with other media for advertising revenue to sustain their large circulations and high costs. Still, those magazines taught journalism much about the photographic essay and the power of the still images.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>However, since the late 1970s, photojournalism and <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">documentary photography</a> have increasingly been accorded a place in art galleries alongside <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_art_photography" title="Fine art photography" class="mw-redirect">fine art photography</a>. <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Delahaye" title="Luc Delahaye">Luc Delahaye</a>, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Rivera-Ortiz" title="Manuel Rivera-Ortiz">Manuel Rivera-Ortiz</a> and the members of <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII_Photo_Agency" title="VII Photo Agency">VII Photo Agency</a> are among many who regularly exhibit in galleries and museums.<sup id="cite_ref-ZoneZero_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZoneZero-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Professional_organizations">Professional organizations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photojournalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Professional organizations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Union_of_Press_Photographers" title="Danish Union of Press Photographers">Danish Union of Press Photographers</a> (Pressefotografforbundet) was the first national organization for newspaper photographers in the world. It was founded in 1912 in <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> by six press photographers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Today it has over 800 members.</p> <p>The <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Press_Photographers_Association" title="National Press Photographers Association">National Press Photographers Association</a> (NPPA) was founded in 1946 in the U.S., and has about 10,000 members. Others around the world include the British Press Photographers Association<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> (BPPA) founded in 1984, then relaunched in 2003, and now has around 450 members. Hong Kong Press Photographers Association (1989), Northern Ireland Press Photographers Association (2000), Pressfotografernas Klubb (Sweden, 1930), and PK — Pressefotografenes Klubb (Norway).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnum_Photos" title="Magnum Photos">Magnum Photos</a> was founded in 1947 by <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Capa" title="Robert Capa">Robert Capa</a>, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Seymour_(photographer)" title="David Seymour (photographer)">David "Chim" Seymour</a>, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Cartier-Bresson" title="Henri Cartier-Bresson">Henri Cartier-Bresson</a>, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Rodger" title="George Rodger">George Rodger</a>, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Vandivert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Vandivert (page does not exist)">William Vandivert</a>, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rita_Vandivert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rita Vandivert (page does not exist)">Rita Vandivert</a> and <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Eisner" title="Maria Eisner">Maria Eisner</a>, being one of the first photographic cooperatives, owned and administered entirely by its members worldwide.</p> <p><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII_Photo_Agency" title="VII Photo Agency">VII Photo Agency</a> was founded in September 2001 and got its name from the original seven founders, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Boulat" title="Alexandra Boulat">Alexandra Boulat</a>, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Haviv" title="Ron Haviv">Ron Haviv</a>, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Knight" title="Gary Knight">Gary Knight</a>, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Kratochvil" title="Antonin Kratochvil" class="mw-redirect">Antonin Kratochvil</a>, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Morris_(photographer)" title="Christopher Morris (photographer)">Christopher Morris</a>, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Nachtwey" title="James Nachtwey">James Nachtwey</a> and <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stanmeyer" title="John Stanmeyer">John Stanmeyer</a>. Today it has 30 members, along with a mentor program.</p> <p>News organizations and journalism schools run many different awards for photojournalists. Since 1968, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prizes" title="Pulitzer Prizes" class="mw-redirect">Pulitzer Prizes</a> have been awarded for the following categories of photojournalism: 'Feature Photography', 'Spot News Photography'. Other awards are World Press Photo, Best of Photojournalism, and Pictures of the Year as well as the UK based The Press Photographer's Year.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ethical_and_legal_considerations">Ethical and legal considerations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photojournalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ethical and legal considerations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Photojournalism works within the same ethical approaches to objectivity that are applied by other journalists. What to shoot, how to frame and how to edit are constant considerations. Photographing news for an assignment is one of the most ethical problems photographers face. Photojournalists have a moral responsibility to decide what pictures to take, what picture to stage, and what pictures to show the public. For example, photographs of violence and tragedy are prevalent in American journalism because as an understated rule of thumb, that "if it bleeds, it reads". The public is attracted to gruesome photographs and dramatic stories. A lot of controversy arises when deciding which photographs are too violent to show the public.</p> <p>Photographs of the dead or injured arouse controversy because more often than not, the name of person depicted in the photograph is not given in the caption. The family of the person is often not informed of the photograph until they see it published. The photograph of the street execution of a suspected Viet Cong soldier during the Vietnam War provoked a lot of interest because it captured the exact moment of death. The family of the victim was also not informed that the picture would run publicly.</p> <p>Other issues involving photojournalism include the right to privacy and the compensation of the news subject. Especially regarding pictures of violence, photojournalists face the ethical dilemma of whether or not to publish images of the victims. The victim's right to privacy is sometimes not addressed or the picture is printed without their knowledge or consent. The compensation of the subject is another issue. Subjects often want to be paid in order for the picture to be published, especially if the picture is of a controversial subject.</p> <p>Another major issue of photojournalism is <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_manipulation" title="Photo manipulation">photo manipulation</a> – what degree is acceptable?  Some pictures are simply manipulated for color enhancement, whereas others are manipulated to the extent where people are edited in or out of the picture. War photography has always been a genre of photojournalism that is frequently staged – see <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_photography#History" title="War photography">war photography: history</a> for early examples). Due to the bulkiness and types of cameras present during past wars in history, it was rare when a photograph could capture a spontaneous news event. Subjects were carefully composed and staged in order to capture better images. Another ethical issue is false or misleading captioning. The <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War_photographs_controversies" title="2006 Lebanon War photographs controversies">2006 Lebanon War photographs controversies</a> is a notable example of some of these issue, and see <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_manipulation#Use_in_journalism" title="Photo manipulation">photo manipulation: use in journalism</a> for other examples.</p> <p>The emergence of <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">digital photography</a> offers whole new realms of opportunity for the manipulation, reproduction, and transmission of images. It has inevitably complicated many of the ethical issues involved.</p> <p>Often, ethical conflicts can be mitigated or enhanced by the actions of a sub-editor or picture editor, who takes control of the images once they have been delivered to the news organization. The photojournalist often has no control as to how images are ultimately used.</p> <p>The United States National Press Photographers Association (NPPA) is a professional society that acknowledges concern for the public's right to freedom in searching for truth in a photograph and the public's right to be informed about the events that occur in the world. Since the same ethical approaches are applied to photojournalism as to other journalism forms, photographs should illustrate news in an object manner to keep the public accurately informed. The following are the Code of Ethics that the members of NPPA follow:</p> <ol> <li>The practice of photojournalism, both as a science and art, is worthy of the very best thought and effort of those who enter into it as a profession.</li> <li>Photojournalism affords an opportunity to serve the public that is equaled by few other vocations and all members of the profession should strive by example and influence to maintain high standards of ethical conduct free of mercenary considerations of any kind.</li> <li>It is the individual responsibility of every photojournalist at all times to strive for pictures that report truthfully, honestly and objectively.</li> <li>Business promotion in its many forms is essential, but untrue statements of any nature are not worthy of a professional photojournalist and we severely condemn any such practice.</li> <li>It is our duty to encourage and assist all members of our profession, individually and collectively, so that the quality of photojournalism may constantly be raised to higher standards.</li> <li>It is the duty of every photojournalist to work to preserve all freedom-of-the-press rights recognized by law and to work to protect and expand freedom-of-access to all sources of news and visual information.</li> <li>Our standards of business dealings, ambitions and relations shall have in them a note of sympathy for our common humanity and shall always require us to take into consideration our highest duties as members of society. In every situation in our business life, in every responsibility that comes before us, our chief thought shall be to fulfill that responsibility and discharge that duty so that when each of us is finished we shall have endeavored to lift the level of human ideals and achievement higher than we found it.</li> <li>No Code of Ethics can prejudge every situation, thus common sense and good judgment are required in applying ethical principles.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup></li> </ol> <p>Laws regarding photography can vary significantly from nation to nation. The legal situation is further complicated when one considers that photojournalism made in one country will often be published in many other countries.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Unethical_practices">Unethical practices</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photojournalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Unethical practices">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>In the history of photojournalism there were some photographers who did not follow ethical principles and sought only to gain celebrity through taking spectacular shots. Many of them faced loss of credibility and were also fired from the newspapers.</p> <p>Mike Meadows of the <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> was covering a major wild fire sweeping southern California. His picture of a fireman cooling himself off with water in a pool ran not only in the Times but also nationally. Prior to submitting the photograph for a contest, the newspaper's editor contacted the fireman, who said he had been asked by the photographer to go to the pool and splash water on his head. The photographer responded "I may have been guilty of saying 'this would make a nice shot', but I did not directly ask him to do that". What Meadows did not understand was that even a suggestion to a subject in a news situation is a form of interference—and thus out of place on the continuum of control. The picture was withdrawn from competition and the photographer left the paper.</p> <p>Edward Keating, a <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> winner from <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, photographed a young boy pointing a toy gun outside a Middle Eastern grocery store, near a town where the <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI" title="FBI" class="mw-redirect">FBI</a> raided an alleged <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qaeda" title="Al Qaeda" class="mw-redirect">Al Qaeda</a> cell. Other photographers at the scene claimed that Keating pointed with his own arm to show the boy which way to look and aim the gun. After the Columbia Journalism Review reported the incident, Keating was forced to leave the paper.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="The_impact_of_new_technologies">The impact of new technologies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photojournalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The impact of new technologies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Smaller, lighter cameras greatly enhanced the role of the photojournalist. Since the 1960s, motor drives, electronic flash, auto-focus, better lenses and other camera enhancements have made picture taking easier. New <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a> free photojournalists from the limitation of film roll length, as thousands of images can be stored on a single <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">memory card</a>.</p> <p>Content remains the most important element of photojournalism, but the ability to extend deadlines with rapid gathering and editing of images has brought significant changes. As recently as 15 years ago, nearly 30 minutes were needed to scan and transmit a single color photograph from a remote location to a news office for printing. Now, equipped with a digital camera, a <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a> and a <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptop</a> computer, a photojournalist can send a high-quality image in minutes, even seconds after an event occurs. <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera phones</a> and portable <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> links increasingly allow for the mobile transmission of images from almost any point on the earth.</p> <p>There is some concern by news photographers that the profession of photojournalism as it is known today could change to such a degree that it is unrecognizable as image-capturing technology naturally progresses.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen journalism</a> and the increase in user contribution and submission of amateur photos to news sites is becoming more widespread. As early as the <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> in the mid-19th century, photographers were using the novel technology of the <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">box camera</a> to record images of British soldiers in the field. However, the widespread use of cameras as a way of reporting news did not come until the advent of smaller, more portable cameras that used the enlargeable <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_negative" title="Film negative" class="mw-redirect">film negative</a> to record images. The introduction of the 35 mm Leica camera in the 1930s made it possible for photographers to move with the action, taking shots of events as they were unfolding.</p> <p>The age of the citizen journalist and the attainment of news photos from amateur bystanders have contributed to the art of photojournalism. <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Levinson" title="Paul Levinson">Paul Levinson</a> attributes this shift to the <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak" class="mw-redirect">Kodak</a> camera, one of the first cheap and accessible photo technologies that "put a piece of visual reality into every person's potential grasp."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> The empowered news audience with the advent of the Internet sparked the creation of <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogs" title="Blogs" class="mw-redirect">blogs</a>, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcasts" title="Podcasts" class="mw-redirect">podcasts</a> and online news, independent of the traditional outlets, and "for the first time in our history, the news increasingly is produced by companies outside journalism".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> Dan Chung, a former photojournalist for <i><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> and <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, believes that professional photojournalists will have to adapt to video to make a living.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_single_lens_reflex" title="Digital single lens reflex" class="mw-redirect">digital single lens reflex</a> bodies are being equipped withvideo capabilities such as the <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon</a> <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5D_Mark_III" title="5D Mark III" class="mw-redirect">5D Mark III</a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photojournalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="noprint portal tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px"> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/28px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/42px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/56px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism portal</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII_Photo_Agency" title="VII Photo Agency">VII Photo Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photojournalists" title="List of photojournalists">List of photojournalists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnum_Photos" title="Magnum Photos">Magnum Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_caption" title="Photo caption">Photo caption</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZUMA_Press" title="ZUMA Press" class="mw-redirect">ZUMA Press</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photojournalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Laurel Brake, Marysa Demoor, Margaret Beetham (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qVrUTUelE6YC"><i>Dictionary of Nineteenth-century Journalism in Great Britain and Ireland</i></a>. Academia Press. p. 495.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotojournalism&rft.aulast=Laurel+Brake%2C+Marysa+Demoor%2C+Margaret+Beetham&rft.au=Laurel+Brake%2C+Marysa+Demoor%2C+Margaret+Beetham&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Nineteenth-century+Journalism+in+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqVrUTUelE6YC&rft.pages=495&rft.pub=Academia+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Keith Hayward, Mike Presdee (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=c3u8KLWGcJsC"><i>Framing Crime: Cultural Criminology and the Image</i></a>. Routledge. p. 38.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotojournalism&rft.au=Keith+Hayward%2C+Mike+Presdee&rft.aulast=Keith+Hayward%2C+Mike+Presdee&rft.btitle=Framing+Crime%3A+Cultural+Criminology+and+the+Image&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc3u8KLWGcJsC&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Carlebach, Michael L. (1992). <i>The Origins of Photojournalism in America</i>. Smithsonian Institution Press. <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56098-159-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56098-159-8">1-56098-159-8</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotojournalism&rft.au=Carlebach%2C+Michael+L.&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft.aulast=Carlebach&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Photojournalism+in+America&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-56098-159-8&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Elliott S. Parker (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TvK2mgEACAAJ"><i>John Thomson, Photojournalist in Asia, 1862-1872</i></a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotojournalism&rft.au=Elliott+S.+Parker&rft.aulast=Elliott+S.+Parker&rft.btitle=John+Thomson%2C+Photojournalist+in+Asia%2C+1862-1872&rft.date=1977&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTvK2mgEACAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://digital.nls.uk/thomson/introduction.html">"The photographs of John Thomson"</a>. National Library of Scotland.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotojournalism&rft.btitle=The+photographs+of+John+Thomson&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.nls.uk%2Fthomson%2Fintroduction.html&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Scotland&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Ovenden, Richard (1997). <i>John Thomson (1837-1921) Photographer</i>. Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland. p. 42. <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0114958335" title="Special:BookSources/0114958335">0114958335</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotojournalism&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Ovenden&rft.au=Ovenden%2C+Richard&rft.btitle=John+Thomson+%281837-1921%29+Photographer&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0114958335&rft.pages=42&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Scotland&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://collections.ic.gc.ca/heirloom_series/volume4/14-15.htm">"Welcome to... / Bienvenue r"</a>. Collections.ic.gc.ca. 2001-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-10</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotojournalism&rft.btitle=Welcome+to...+%2F+Bienvenue+r&rft.date=2001-05-01&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.ic.gc.ca%2Fheirloom_series%2Fvolume4%2F14-15.htm&rft.pub=Collections.ic.gc.ca&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.authentichistory.com/postcivilwar/riis/contents.html"><i>How the Other Half Lives</i> complete text and photos online</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Taft, <i>Photography and the American scene: A social history, 1839–1889</i> (New York: Dover, 1964), 446</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Campbell, W. Joseph (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://academic2.american.edu/~wjc/exceptyear1.htm">"1897 American journalism's exceptional year"</a>. <i>Journalism History</i>. Winter. <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0094-7679">0094-7679</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotojournalism&rft.atitle=1897+American+journalism%27s+exceptional+year&rft.au=Campbell%2C+W.+Joseph&rft.aufirst=W.+Joseph&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic2.american.edu%2F~wjc%2Fexceptyear1.htm&rft.issn=0094-7679&rft.jtitle=Journalism+History&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=Winter" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Gervais, Thierry (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://etudesphotographiques.revues.org/index729.html">"Photographies de presse"</a>. <i>Études photographiques</i> (in French) (16): 166–181<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotojournalism&rft.atitle=Photographies+de+presse&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rft.au=Gervais%2C+Thierry&rft.aulast=Gervais&rft.date=May+2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetudesphotographiques.revues.org%2Findex729.html&rft.issue=16&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+photographiques&rft.pages=166-181&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moran, Terence P. <i>Introduction to the History of Communication: Evolutions & Revolutions.</i> Peter Lang Publishing, 2010. p. 181.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ganeva53-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ganeva53_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganeva53_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mila Ganeva, <i>Women in Weimar Fashion: Discourses and Displays in German Culture, 1918–1933</i>, Screen cultures, Rochester, New York: Camden House, 2008, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781571132055" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9781571132055</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://books.google.com/books?id=d_GByB6YjCkC&pg=PA53&dq=Berliner+Illustrirte+Zeitung&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PMTxUM2GKuPBigLQnIHABg&ved=0CFkQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Berliner%20Illustrirte%20Zeitung&f=false">p. 53</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Warner Marien, <i>Photography: A Cultural History</i>, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2002, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810905597" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780810905597</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://books.google.com/books?id=Ur_8L9hasQkC&pg=PA236&dq=Berliner+Illustrirte+Zeitung&hl=en&sa=X&ei=j7PyUOH4NtHNigKVjIDgAg&ved=0CE8Q6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=pioneered%20the%20photo-essay&f=false">p. 235</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Corey Ross (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://books.google.com/books?id=qA5ptR85VC0C"><i>Media and the Making of Modern Germany: Mass Communications, Society, and Politics from the Empire to the Third Reich</i></a>. Oxford/New York: Oxford University. p. 30. <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191557293" title="Special:BookSources/9780191557293">9780191557293</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotojournalism&rft.au=Corey+Ross&rft.aulast=Corey+Ross&rft.btitle=Media+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Germany%3A+Mass+Communications%2C+Society%2C+and+Politics+from+the+Empire+to+the+Third+Reich&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqA5ptR85VC0C&rft.isbn=9780191557293&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Oxford%2FNew+York%3A+Oxford+University&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITEREFBrett_Abbott2010" class="citation">Brett Abbott (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://books.google.com/books?id=s3zn2PivtX4C"><i>Engaged Observers: Documentary Photography Since the Sixties Exhibition catalogue</i></a>, Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, p. 6, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781606060223" title="Special:BookSources/9781606060223">9781606060223</a></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotojournalism&rft.au=Brett+Abbott&rft.aulast=Brett+Abbott&rft.btitle=Engaged+Observers%3A+Documentary+Photography+Since+the+Sixties+Exhibition+catalogue&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds3zn2PivtX4C&rft.isbn=9781606060223&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Los+Angeles%3A+J.+Paul+Getty+Museum&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tim Gidal, "Modern Photojournalism: The First Years", <i>Creative Camera</i>, July/August 1982, repr. in: David Brittain, ed., <i>Creative Camera: 30 Years of Writing</i>, Critical Image, Manchester: Manchester University, 1999, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719058042" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780719058042</a>, pp. 73–80, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://books.google.com/books?id=_WK7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA75&dq=Berliner+Illustrirte+Zeitung,+Munk%C3%A1csi&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DgH0UJaUOcG0igLjwIDoBQ&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Berliner%20Illustrirte%20Zeitung%2C%20Munk%C3%A1csi&f=false">p. 75</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maria Morris Hambourg, "Photography between the Wars: Selections from the Ford Motor Company Collection", <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin</i> N.S. 45.4, Spring 1988, pp. 5–56, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.jstor.org/stable/3258720?seq=13&Search=yes&searchText=Titanic&list=show&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DTitanic%26filter%3Diid%253A10.2307%252Fi364209%26Search%3DSearch%26wc%3Don%26fc%3Doff%26globalSearch%3D%26sbbBox%3D%26sbjBox%3D%26sbpBox%3D&prevSearch=&item=1&ttl=1&returnArticleService=showFullText&resultsServiceName=null">p. 17</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sherre Lynn Paris, "Raising Press Photography to Visual Communication in American Schools of Journalism, with Attention to the Universities of Missouri and Texas, 1880's–1990's", Dissertation, University of Texas, 2007, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/311853822">311853822</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://books.google.com/books?id=ayZP0D3amnsC&pg=PA116&dq=Berliner+Illustrirte+Zeitung+Erich+Salomon&hl=en&sa=X&ei=g-_yUKaKKqK6igLZqoGQCA&ved=0CC0Q6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Berliner%20Illustrirte%20Zeitung%20Erich%20Salomon&f=false">p. 116</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Stovall, Jim (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.jprof.com/magazines/05goldagephotog.html">"Magazines and Photojournalism's Golden Age"</a>. Jprof.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-16</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotojournalism&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.aulast=Stovall&rft.au=Stovall%2C+Jim&rft.btitle=Magazines+and+Photojournalism%27s+Golden+Age&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jprof.com%2Fmagazines%2F05goldagephotog.html&rft.pub=Jprof.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-ZoneZero-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZoneZero_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Malo, Alejandro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.zonezero.com/zz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1157&catid=14">"Documentary Art"</a>. ZoneZero<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-05</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotojournalism&rft.aufirst=Alejandro&rft.aulast=Malo&rft.au=Malo%2C+Alejandro&rft.btitle=Documentary+Art&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zonezero.com%2Fzz%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D1157%26catid%3D14&rft.pub=ZoneZero&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.pressefotografforbundet.dk/forbundet/historie.php">"Historie"</a> (in Danish). pressefotografforbundet.dk.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotojournalism&rft.btitle=Historie&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressefotografforbundet.dk%2Fforbundet%2Fhistorie.php&rft.pub=pressefotografforbundet.dk&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.thebppa.com/">thebppa.com</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.thebppa.com/">British Press Photographers Association</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.hkppa.net/">Hong Kong Press Photographers Association</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.n-ippa.org/">Northern Ireland Press Photographers Association</a>; <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(Swedish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.pfk.se/">Pressfotografernas Klubb</a>; <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(Norwegian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.fotojournalisten.com/">Fotojournalisten</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.worldpressphoto.org/">World Press Photo</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://bop.nppa.org/">Best of Photojournalism</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.poyi.org/">Pictures of the Year</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.theppy.com/">The Press Photographer's Year</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/https://nppa.org/code_of_ethics">USNPPA Code of Ethics</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kobre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Kobre (page does not exist)">Kenneth Kobre</a>. 2008. Photojournalism: The Professionals' Approach</span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/10/business/media/10photo.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=photojournalism&st=cse">"Lament for a Dying Field: Photojournalism," New York Times, August 10, 2009</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Levinson" title="Paul Levinson">Paul Levinson</a>. 1997. The Soft Edge: a Natural History and Future of the Information Revolution, Routledge, London and New York, p. 39</span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Kovach, B.; Rosenstiel, T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.journalism.org/node/72">"The Elements of Journalism; What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect"</a>. journalism.org.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotojournalism&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Kovach%2C+B.&rft.aulast=Kovach&rft.au=Rosenstiel%2C+T.&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Journalism%3B+What+Newspeople+Should+Know+and+the+Public+Should+Expect&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalism.org%2Fnode%2F72&rft.pub=journalism.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/10/when-photojournalists-and-thei/?scp=2&sq=photojournalism&st=cse">"Gamma's Bankruptcy Shows Shift in Photojournalism"</a>. New York Times. August 10, 2009.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotojournalism&rft.btitle=Gamma%27s+Bankruptcy+Shows+Shift+in+Photojournalism&rft.date=August+10%2C+2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdealbook.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F08%2F10%2Fwhen-photojournalists-and-thei%2F%3Fscp%3D2%26sq%3Dphotojournalism%26st%3Dcse&rft.pub=New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dpreview.com" title="Dpreview.com" class="mw-redirect">dpreview.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.dpreview.com/articles/9982656990/no-future-in-photojournalism-interview-dan-chung">'No Future in Photojournalism' Interview: Dan Chung</a> Barney Britton Feb 10, 2012.</span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photojournalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://lightscoop.com/about/index.php">Kenneth Kobre</a>, <i>Photojournalism : The Professional's Approach</i> 6th edition Focal Press, 2008.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_McCullin" title="Don McCullin">Don McCullin</a>. <i>Hearts of Darkness</i> (1980 - much reprinted).</li> <li>Zavoina, Susan C., and John H. Davidson, <i>Digital Photojournalism</i> (Allyn & Bacon, 2002). <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0205332404" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-205-33240-4</a></li> <li>The Photograph, Graham Clarke, <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192842005" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-284200-5</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://uniquecreator.webs.com/apps/documents/">An Hand Book: Photo Journalism</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photojournalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524220534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photojournalism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></b></i>.</td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/rcollins/242photojournalism/historyofphotography.html">"A Brief History of Photography and Photojournalism</a>, by Ross Collins, North Dakota State University, Fargo</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.reportage.org/2001/CubaLaBruja/PagesCubaLB/cubalbstrip.html">La Bruja, Cuba - an example of photojournalism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://digitalcustom.com/howto/mediaguidelines.asp">An example of ethics guidelines for photo-journalism</a> by DigitalCustom</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/p/photojournalism/">Photojournalism</a> article at the <a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.thebppa.com/">The British Press Photographers' Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.gaia-photos.com/">Gaia - Photojournalism from around the world</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://journalism.cubreporters.org/2010/09/photojournalism.html">How To Become a Photojournalist, CubReporters.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.norcc.org/wiki/Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.norcc.org/">norcc.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.pressphotos.biz/">Pressphotos freelance photographers associations around the world</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/coll/596_womphotoj.html">Women Photojournalists</a></li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Photography" title="Template:Photography"><span title="View this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Photography" title="Template talk:Photography"><span title="Discuss this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Photography&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> <div><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_photography" title="Outline of photography">Outline of photography</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_terminology" title="Technical terminology" class="mw-redirect">Terminology</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_view" title="Angle of view">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_distortion_(photography)" title="Perspective distortion (photography)">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_system" title="Zone system" class="mw-redirect">Zone system</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_balance" title="White balance" class="mw-redirect">White balance</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Photography_by_genre" title="Category:Photography by genre">Genres</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_photography" title="Commercial photography" class="mw-redirect">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomography" title="Lomography">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Photojournalism</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_portraits" title="Senior portraits" class="mw-redirect">Senior</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Photographic_techniques" title="Category:Photographic techniques">Techniques</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">Exposing to the right</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solarisation" title="Solarisation">Sabatier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> (<a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)#Geometry_and_symmetry" title="Composition (visual arts)">Geometry and symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Photography_equipment" title="Category:Photography equipment">Equipment</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> (<a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_camera" title="Still camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> (<a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> (<a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> (<a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoot#Grid" title="Snoot">grid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_box" title="Soft box">soft box</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella#In_photography" title="Umbrella">umbrella</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_synchronization#Wireless_sync" title="Flash synchronization">wireless sync</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> (<a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">Analog photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> (<a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLRs</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirrorless_interchangeable-lens_camera" title="Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_versus_film_photography" title="Digital versus film photography">Digital versus film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> (<a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_pixel_sensor" title="Active pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_sharing" title="Photo sharing">Photo sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_film" title="Color film" class="mw-redirect">Color film</a> (<a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">print</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">slide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> (<a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a>)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br/> processing</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;">Lists</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> (<a href="/web/20150524220534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a 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hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodismo_fotogr%C3%A1fico" title="Periodismo fotográfico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foto%C4%B5urnalismo" title="Fotoĵurnalismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotokazetaritza" title="Fotokazetaritza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="عکاسی خبری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photojournalisme" title="Photojournalisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%86%A0%EC%A0%80%EB%84%90%EB%A6%AC%EC%A6%98" title="포토저널리즘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novinska_fotografija" title="Novinska fotografija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foto_jurnalistik" title="Foto jurnalistik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="צילום עיתונות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Фото-новинарство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%B1%E9%81%93%E5%86%99%E7%9C%9F" title="報道写真 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotojournalistikk" title="Fotojournalistikk – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><a 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<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фотожурналистика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B4_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ඡායාරූප පත්‍රකලාවේදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novin%C3%A1rska_fotografia" title="Novinárska fotografia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvajournalismi" title="Kuvajournalismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildjournalistik" title="Bildjournalistik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фотожурналістика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524220534/http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="تصويری صحافت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a 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