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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Green screen" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Green_screen_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Green screen (disambiguation)">Green screen (disambiguation)</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> For the electronic music project, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_Key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chroma Key">Chroma Key</a>. For musical tonality depending on key, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Key_(music)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Key (music)">Key (music)</a>. </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <p><b>Chroma key compositing</b>, or <b>chroma keying</b>, is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Visual_effects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Visual effects">visual-effects</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Post-production?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Post-production">post-production</a> technique for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compositing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compositing">compositing</a> (layering) two or more <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Image?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Image">images</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Video">video</a> streams together based on colour hues (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colorfulness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colorfulness">chroma</a> range). The technique has been used in many fields to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Background_subtraction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Background subtraction">remove a background</a> from the subject of a photo or video – particularly the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newscast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Newscast">newscasting</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Motion_picture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion picture">motion picture</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video_game?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Video game">video game</a> industries. A colour range in the foreground footage is made transparent, allowing separately filmed background footage or a static image to be inserted into the scene. The chroma keying technique is commonly used in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video_production?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Video production">video production</a> and post-production. This technique is also referred to as <b>colour keying</b>, <b>colour-separation overlay</b> (<b>CSO</b>; primarily by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC">BBC</a><sup id="cite_ref-What_is_Chroma_Key?_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-What_is_Chroma_Key?-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), or by various terms for specific colour-related variants such as <b>green screen</b> or <b>blue screen</b>; chroma keying can be done with backgrounds of any colour that are uniform and distinct, but green and blue backgrounds are more commonly used because they differ most distinctly in hue from any <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_skin_colour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skin colour">human skin colour</a>. No part of the subject being filmed or photographed may duplicate the colour used as the backing, or the part may be erroneously identified as part of the backing.<sup id="cite_ref-BorisFX_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BorisFX-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Green_screens_compare_with_Iman_Crosson_20110524.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Green_screens_compare_with_Iman_Crosson_20110524.png/290px-Green_screens_compare_with_Iman_Crosson_20110524.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Green_screens_compare_with_Iman_Crosson_20110524.png/435px-Green_screens_compare_with_Iman_Crosson_20110524.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Green_screens_compare_with_Iman_Crosson_20110524.png/580px-Green_screens_compare_with_Iman_Crosson_20110524.png 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="840"></a> <figcaption> The practicality of green-screen compositing is demonstrated by actor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iman_Crosson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iman Crosson">Iman Crosson</a> in a self-produced video.<br><b>Top panel:</b> A frame in a full-motion video shot in the actor's living room.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><b>Bottom panel:</b> The corresponding frame in the final version in which the actor impersonates <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barack_Obama?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> "appearing" outside the White House's East Room.<sup id="cite_ref-SPOOFvid_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-SPOOFvid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption> </figure> <p>It is commonly used for live <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Weather_forecasting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Weather forecasting">weather forecast</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Broadcasts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasts">broadcasts</a> in which a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/News_presenter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="News presenter">news presenter</a> is seen standing in front of a large <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Computer-generated imagery">CGI</a> map which is really a large blue or green background. Using a blue screen, different weather maps are added on the parts of the image in which the colour is blue. If the news presenter wears blue clothes, their clothes will also be replaced with the background video. Chroma keying is also common in the entertainment industry for visual effects in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Movies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Movies">movies</a> and video games. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rotoscopy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotoscopy">Rotoscopy</a> may instead be carried out on subjects that are not in front of a green (or blue) screen. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Match_moving?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Match moving">Motion tracking</a> can also be used in conjunction with chroma keying, such as to move the background as the subject moves.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Predecessors"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Predecessors</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#From_bluescreen_to_greenscreen"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">From bluescreen to greenscreen</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Process"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Process</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Processing_a_green_backdrop"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Processing a green backdrop</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Processing_a_blue_backdrop"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Processing a blue backdrop</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Major_factors"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Major factors</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lighting"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Lighting</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Camera"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Camera</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Clothing"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Clothing</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Background_colour"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Background colour</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tolerances"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Tolerances</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Even_lighting"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Even lighting</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Exposure"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Exposure</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Programming"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Programming</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chroma_key&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Predecessors">Predecessors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chroma_key&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Predecessors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Prior to the introduction of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matte_(filmmaking)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matte (filmmaking)">travelling mattes</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Optical_printer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Optical printer">optical printing</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Double_exposure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Double exposure">double exposure</a> was used to introduce elements into a scene which were not present in the initial exposure. This was done using black draping where a green screen would be used today. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Albert_Smith_(film_pioneer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="George Albert Smith (film pioneer)">George Albert Smith</a> first used this approach in 1898. In 1903, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Great_Train_Robbery_(1903_film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)">The Great Train Robbery</a></i> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edwin_Stanton_Porter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Stanton Porter">Edwin S. Porter</a> used double exposure to add background scenes to windows which were black when filmed on set, using a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Garbage_matte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Garbage matte">garbage matte</a> to expose only the window areas.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Travelling_matte.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Travelling_matte.svg/330px-Travelling_matte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 248px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Travelling_matte.svg/330px-Travelling_matte.svg.png" data-width="330" data-height="248" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Travelling_matte.svg/495px-Travelling_matte.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Travelling_matte.svg/660px-Travelling_matte.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Simplified principle of travelling mattes </figcaption> </figure> <p>In order to have figures in one exposure actually move in front of a substituted background in the other, a travelling matte was needed, to occlude the correct portion of the background in each frame. In 1918 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frank_D._Williams_(cinematographer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frank D. Williams (cinematographer)">Frank Williams</a> patented a travelling matte technique, again based on using a black background. This was used in many films, such as <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Invisible_Man_(1933_film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Invisible Man (1933 film)">The Invisible Man</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Foster_6-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Foster-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup></p> <p>In the 1920s, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walt_Disney?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> used a white backdrop to include human actors with cartoon characters and backgrounds in his <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alice_Comedies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alice Comedies">Alice Comedies</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Foster_6-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Foster-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="From_bluescreen_to_greenscreen">From bluescreen to greenscreen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chroma_key&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: From bluescreen to greenscreen" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The blue screen method was developed in the 1930s at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RKO_Radio_Pictures?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="RKO Radio Pictures">RKO Radio Pictures</a>. At RKO, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linwood_Dunn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Linwood Dunn">Linwood Dunn</a> used an early version of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matte_(filmmaking)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matte (filmmaking)">travelling matte</a> to create "wipes" – where there were transitions like a windshield wiper in films such as <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flying_Down_to_Rio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flying Down to Rio">Flying Down to Rio</a></i> (1933). Credited to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lawrence_W._Butler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lawrence W. Butler">Larry Butler</a>, a scene featuring a genie escaping from a bottle was the first use of a proper bluescreen process to create a travelling matte for <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Thief_of_Bagdad_(1940_film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Thief of Bagdad (1940 film)">The Thief of Bagdad</a></i> (1940), which won the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Visual_Effects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Academy Award for Best Visual Effects">Academy Award for Best Special Effects</a> that year. In 1950, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warner_Brothers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Brothers">Warner Brothers</a> employee and ex-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kodak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kodak">Kodak</a> researcher <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arthur_Widmer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arthur Widmer">Arthur Widmer</a> began working on an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ultraviolet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> travelling matte process. He also began developing bluescreen techniques: one of the first films to use them was the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea_(1958_film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Old Man and the Sea (1958 film)">1958 adaptation</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> novella, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Old Man and the Sea">The Old Man and the Sea</a></i>, starring <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spencer_Tracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spencer Tracy">Spencer Tracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cri_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cri-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The name "Chroma-Key" was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RCA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RCA">RCA</a>'s trade name for the process, as used on its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NBC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NBC">NBC</a> television broadcasts, incorporating patents granted to RCA's Albert N. Goldsmith.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A very early broadcast use was NBC's George Gobel Show in fall 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petro_Vlahos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petro Vlahos">Petro Vlahos</a> was awarded an Academy Award for his refinement of these techniques in 1964. His technique exploits the fact that most objects in real-world scenes have a colour whose blue-colour component is similar in intensity to their green-colour component. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zbigniew_Rybczy%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zbigniew Rybczyński">Zbigniew Rybczyński</a> also contributed to bluescreen technology. An <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Optical_printer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Optical printer">optical printer</a> with two projectors, a film camera and a "beam splitter", was used to combine the actor in front of a blue screen together with the background footage, one frame at a time. In the early 1970s, American and British television networks began using green backdrops instead of blue for their newscasts. During the 1980s, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minicomputer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a> were used to control the optical printer. For the film <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Empire_Strikes_Back?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Empire Strikes Back">The Empire Strikes Back</a></i>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Edlund?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Edlund">Richard Edlund</a> created a "quad optical printer" that accelerated the process considerably and saved money. He received a special <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Academy_Awards?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> for his innovation.</p> <p>For decades, travelling matte shots had to be done "locked-down", so that neither the matted subject nor the background could shift their camera perspective at all. Later, computer-timed, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Motion_control_photography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Motion control photography">motion-control</a> cameras alleviated this problem, as both the foreground and background could be filmed with the same camera moves.</p> <p>Meteorologists on television often use a field monitor, to the side of the screen, to see where they are putting their hands against the background images. A newer technique is to project a faint image onto the screen.</p> <p>Some films make heavy use of chroma key to add backgrounds that are constructed entirely using <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer-generated imagery</a> (CGI). Performances from different takes can be composited together, which allows actors to be filmed separately and then placed together in the same scene. Chroma key allows performers to appear to be in any location without leaving the studio.</p> <p>Advances in computer technology have simplified the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camera_tracking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Camera tracking">incorporation of motion</a> into composited shots, even when using handheld cameras. Reference points such as a painted grid, X's marked with tape, or equally spaced tennis balls attached to the wall, can be placed onto the coloured background to serve as markers. In post-production, a computer can use these markers to compute the camera's position and thus render an image that matches the perspective and movement of the foreground perfectly. Modern advances in software and computational power have eliminated the need to accurately place the markers ⁠— ⁠the software figures out their position in space; a potential disadvantage of this is that it requires camera movement, possibly contributing to modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cinematography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cinematography">cinematographic</a> techniques whereby the camera is always in motion.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chroma_key&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Process" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:SpiderwickChroniclesSet.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SpiderwickChroniclesSet.jpg/267px-SpiderwickChroniclesSet.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="900"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 267px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SpiderwickChroniclesSet.jpg/267px-SpiderwickChroniclesSet.jpg" data-width="267" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SpiderwickChroniclesSet.jpg/401px-SpiderwickChroniclesSet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/SpiderwickChroniclesSet.jpg/534px-SpiderwickChroniclesSet.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Film set for <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Spiderwick_Chronicles_(film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Spiderwick Chronicles (film)">The Spiderwick Chronicles</a></i>, where a visual effects scene using bluescreen chroma key is in preparation </figcaption> </figure> <p>The principal subject is filmed or photographed against a background consisting of a single colour or a relatively narrow range of colours, usually blue or green because these colours are considered to be the furthest away from skin tone.<sup id="cite_ref-BorisFX_4-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BorisFX-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The portions of the video which match the pre-selected colour are replaced by the alternate background video. This process is commonly known as "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keying_(graphics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Keying (graphics)">keying</a>", "keying out" or simply a "key".</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Processing_a_green_backdrop">Processing a green backdrop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chroma_key&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Processing a green backdrop" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Green is used as a backdrop for TV and electronic cinematography more than any other colour because television weather presenters tended to wear blue suits. When chroma keying first came into use in television production, the blue screen that was then the norm in the movie industry was used out of habit, until other practical considerations caused the television industry to move from blue to green screens. Broadcast-quality colour television cameras use separate red, green and blue image sensors, and early analog TV chroma keyers required RGB component video to work reliably. From a technological perspective it was equally possible to use the blue or green channel, but because blue clothing was an ongoing challenge, the green screen came into common use. Newscasters sometimes forget the chroma key dress code, and when the key is applied to clothing of the same colour as the background, the person would seem to disappear into the key. Because green clothing is less common than blue, it soon became apparent that it was easier to use a green matte screen than it was to constantly police the clothing choices of on-air talent. Also, because the human eye is more sensitive to green wavelengths, which lie in the middle of the visible light spectrum, the green analog video channel typically carried more signal strength, giving a better signal to noise ratio compared to the other component video channels, so green screen keys could produce the cleanest key. In the digital television and cinema age, much of the tweaking that was required to make a good quality key has been automated. However, the one constant that remains is some level of colour coordination to keep foreground subjects from being keyed out.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Processing_a_blue_backdrop">Processing a blue backdrop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chroma_key&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Processing a blue backdrop" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Before electronic chroma keying, compositing was done on (chemical) film. The camera colour negative was printed onto high-contrast black and white negative, using either a filter or the high contrast film's colour sensitivity to expose only blue (and higher) frequencies. Blue light only shines through the colour negative where there is <i>not</i> blue in the scene, so this left the film clear where the blue screen was, and opaque elsewhere, except it also produced clear for any white objects (since they also contained blue). Removing these spots could be done by a suitable double-exposure with the colour positive (thus turning any area containing red or green opaque), and many other techniques. The result was film that was clear where the blue screen was, and opaque everywhere else. This is called a <i>female matte</i>, similar to an <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alpha_matte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha matte">alpha matte</a></i> in digital keying. Copying this film onto another high-contrast negative produced the opposite <i>male matte</i>. The background negative was then packed with the female matte and exposed onto a final strip of film, then the camera negative was packed with the male matte and was double-printed onto this same film. These two images combined creates the final effect.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Major_factors">Major factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chroma_key&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Major factors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The most important factor for a key is the colour separation of the foreground (the subject) and background (the screen) – a blue screen will be used if the subject is predominantly green (for example plants), despite the camera being more sensitive to green light.</p> <p>In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Analog_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Analog television">analog television</a>, colour is represented by the phase of the chroma <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subcarrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Television" title="Subcarrier">subcarrier</a> relative to a reference oscillator. Chroma key is achieved by comparing the phase of the video to the phase corresponding to the pre-selected colour. In-phase portions of the video are replaced by the alternate background video.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital television">digital colour TV</a>, colour is represented by three numbers (red, green, blue intensity levels). Chroma key is achieved by a simple numerical comparison between the video and the pre-selected colour. If the colour at a particular point on the screen matches (either exactly, or in a range), then the video at that point is replaced by the alternate background.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Lighting">Lighting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chroma_key&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Lighting" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In order to create an illusion that characters and objects filmed are present in the intended background scene, the lighting in the two scenes must be a reasonable match. For outdoor scenes, overcast days create a diffuse, evenly coloured light which can be easier to match in the studio, whereas direct sunlight needs to be matched in both direction and overall colour based on time of day.</p> <p>A studio shot taken in front of a green screen will naturally have ambient light the same colour as the screen, due to its light scattering. This effect is known as <i>spill</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Foster_6-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Foster-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p20">: p20 </span></sup> This can look unnatural or cause portions of the characters to disappear, so must be compensated for, or avoided by using a larger screen placed far from the actors.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Camera">Camera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chroma_key&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Camera" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The depth of field used to record the scene in front of the coloured screen should match that of the background. This can mean recording the actors with a larger depth of field than normal.<sup id="cite_ref-bermingham_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bermingham-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Clothing">Clothing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chroma_key&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Clothing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:387px;max-width:387px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Girl_in_front_of_a_green_background.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Girl_in_front_of_a_green_background.jpg/173px-Girl_in_front_of_a_green_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="960"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 173px;height: 260px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Girl_in_front_of_a_green_background.jpg/173px-Girl_in_front_of_a_green_background.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="173" data-height="260" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Girl_in_front_of_a_green_background.jpg/260px-Girl_in_front_of_a_green_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Girl_in_front_of_a_green_background.jpg/346px-Girl_in_front_of_a_green_background.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Girl_in_room,_green_screen_example.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Girl_in_room%2C_green_screen_example.jpg/206px-Girl_in_room%2C_green_screen_example.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="892"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 206px;height: 260px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Girl_in_room%2C_green_screen_example.jpg/206px-Girl_in_room%2C_green_screen_example.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="206" data-height="260" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Girl_in_room%2C_green_screen_example.jpg/309px-Girl_in_room%2C_green_screen_example.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Girl_in_room%2C_green_screen_example.jpg/412px-Girl_in_room%2C_green_screen_example.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow" style="display:flex"> <div class="thumbcaption"> A model wearing blue clothing in front of green screen. The shadows cast onto the green screen are not ideal (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Even_lighting">even lighting</a>). </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>A chroma key subject must avoid wearing clothes which are similar in colour to the chroma key colour(s) (unless intentional e.g., wearing a green top to make it appear that the subject has no body), because the clothing may be replaced with the background image/video. An example of intentional use of this is when an actor wears a blue covering over a part of his body to make it invisible in the final shot. This technique can be used to achieve an effect similar to that used in the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harry Potter (film series)">Harry Potter</a></i> films to create the effect of an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cloak_of_invisibility?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cloak of invisibility">invisibility cloak</a>. The actor can also be filmed against a chroma-key background and inserted into the background shot with a distortion effect, in order to create a cloak that is marginally detectable.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Difficulties emerge with blue screen when a costume in an effects shot must be blue, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Superman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Superman">Superman</a>'s traditional blue outfit. In the 2002 film <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spider-Man_(2002_film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spider-Man (2002 film)">Spider-Man</a></i>, in scenes where both <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spider-Man?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spider-Man">Spider-Man</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Green_Goblin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Green Goblin">Green Goblin</a> are in the air, Spider-Man had to be shot in front of a green screen and the Green Goblin had to be shot in front of a blue screen. The colour difference is because Spider-Man wears a costume which is red and blue in colour and the Green Goblin wears a costume which is entirely green in colour. If both were shot in front of the same screen, parts of one character would be erased from the shot.</p> <p>For a clean division of foreground from background, it is also important that clothing and hair in the foreground shot have a fairly simple silhouette, as fine details such as frizzy hair may not resolve properly. Similarly, partially transparent elements of the costume cause problems.<sup id="cite_ref-bermingham_12-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bermingham-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Background_colour">Background colour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chroma_key&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Background colour" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:MuseumOfScienceBoston_BlueScreenAtSpecialEffectsShow.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/MuseumOfScienceBoston_BlueScreenAtSpecialEffectsShow.jpg/267px-MuseumOfScienceBoston_BlueScreenAtSpecialEffectsShow.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="258" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="774"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 267px;height: 258px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/MuseumOfScienceBoston_BlueScreenAtSpecialEffectsShow.jpg/267px-MuseumOfScienceBoston_BlueScreenAtSpecialEffectsShow.jpg" data-width="267" data-height="258" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/MuseumOfScienceBoston_BlueScreenAtSpecialEffectsShow.jpg/401px-MuseumOfScienceBoston_BlueScreenAtSpecialEffectsShow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/MuseumOfScienceBoston_BlueScreenAtSpecialEffectsShow.jpg/534px-MuseumOfScienceBoston_BlueScreenAtSpecialEffectsShow.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Demonstration of the creation of visual effects techniques using chroma key </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blue">Blue</a> was originally used for the film industry as making the separations required a film that would only respond to the screen colour, and film that responded only to blue and higher frequencies (ultraviolet, etc.) was far easier to manufacture and make reliable than film that somehow excluded both frequencies higher and lower than the screen colour.</p> <p>In television and digital film making, however, it is equally easy to extract any colour, and green quickly became the favoured colour. Bright green is less likely to be in the foreground objects, colour film emulsions usually had much finer grain in the green, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lossy_compression?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lossy compression">lossy compression</a> used for analog video signals and digital images and movies retain more detail in the green channel. Green can also be used outdoors where the light colour temperature is significantly blue. Red is avoided as it is in human skin, and any other colour is a mix of primaries and thus produces a less clean extraction.</p> <p>A so-called "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sodium_vapor_process?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sodium vapor process">yellow screen</a>" is accomplished with a white backdrop. Ordinary stage lighting is used in combination with a bright yellow sodium lamp. The sodium light falls almost entirely in a narrow frequency band, which can then be separated from the other light using a prism, and projected onto a separate but synchronized film carrier within the camera. This second film is high-contrast black and white, and is processed to produce the matte.<sup id="cite_ref-Foster_6-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Foster-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup></p> <p>A newer technique is to use a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Retroreflective?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroreflective">retroreflective</a> curtain in the background, along with a ring of bright <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LED?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LEDs</a> around the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camera_lens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Camera lens">camera lens</a>. This requires no light to shine on the background other than the LEDs, which use an extremely small amount of power and space unlike big <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stage_light?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stage light">stage lights</a>, and require no <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rigging_(theatre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigging (theatre)">rigging</a>. This advance was made possible by the invention in the 1990s of practical blue LEDs, which also allow for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emerald_(color)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerald (color)">emerald green</a> LEDs.</p> <p>There is also a form of colour keying that uses light spectrum invisible to human eye. Called Thermo-Key, it uses <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infrared?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Infrared">infrared</a> as the key colour, which would not be replaced by background image during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video_post-processing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Video post-processing">postprocessing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>For <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Star Trek: The Next Generation">Star Trek: The Next Generation</a></i>, an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ultraviolet_light?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a> matting process was proposed by Don Lee of CIS Hollywood and developed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gary_Hutzel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gary Hutzel">Gary Hutzel</a> and the staff of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Image_G&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Image G (page does not exist)">Image G</a>. This involved a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fluorescent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent">fluorescent</a> orange backdrop which made it easier to generate a holdout <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matte_(filmmaking)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matte (filmmaking)">matte</a>, thus allowing the effects team to produce effects in a quarter of the time needed for other methods.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In principle, any type of still background can be used as a chroma key instead of a solid colour. First the background is captured without actors or other foreground elements; then the scene is recorded. The image of the background is used to cancel the background in the actual footage; for example in a digital image, each pixel will have a different chroma key. This is sometimes referred to as a <i>difference matte</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this makes it easy for objects to be accidentally removed if they happen to be similar to the background, or for the background to remain due to camera noise or if it happens to change slightly from the reference footage.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A background with a repeating pattern alleviates many of these issues, and can be less sensitive to wardrobe colour than solid-colour backdrops.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p><span class="anchor" id="Magic_pink"></span> There is some use of the specific full-intensity <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magenta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magenta">magenta</a> colour <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">#FF00FF</span> in digital colour images to encode (1-bit) transparency; this is sometimes referred to as "magic pink".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not a photographic technique and the extraction of the foreground from the background is trivial.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Tolerances">Tolerances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chroma_key&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Tolerances" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Even_lighting">Even lighting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chroma_key&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Even lighting" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Myx_tv.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Myx_tv.jpg/267px-Myx_tv.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="191" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="360"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 267px;height: 191px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Myx_tv.jpg/267px-Myx_tv.jpg" data-width="267" data-height="191" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Myx_tv.jpg/401px-Myx_tv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Myx_tv.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> A live broadcast of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Myx_TV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Myx TV">Myx TV</a> using green-screen chroma key. Note the lack of shadows on the screen. The whiter area near the center of the image is due to the angle this photo was taken from, and would not appear from the video camera's angle. </figcaption> </figure> <p>The biggest challenge when setting up a blue screen or green screen is even lighting and the avoidance of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shadow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shadow">shadow</a> because it is best to have as narrow a colour range as possible being replaced. A shadow would present itself as a darker colour to the camera and might not register for replacement. This can sometimes be seen in low-budget or live broadcasts where the errors cannot be manually repaired or scenes reshot. The material being used affects the quality and ease of having it evenly lit. Materials which are shiny will be far less successful than those that are not. A shiny surface will have areas that reflect the lights making them appear pale, while other areas may be darkened. A matte surface will diffuse the reflected light and have a more even colour range. In order to get the cleanest key from shooting green screen, it is necessary to create a value difference between the subject and the green screen. In order to differentiate the subject from the screen, a two-stop difference can be used, either by making the green screen two stops higher than the subject, or vice versa.</p> <p>Sometimes a shadow can be used to create a visual effect. Areas of the blue screen or green screen with a shadow on them can be replaced with a darker version of the desired background video image, making it look like the person is casting a shadow on them. Any spill of the chroma key colour will make the result look unnatural. A difference in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Focal_length?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Focal length">focal length</a> of the lenses used can affect the success of chroma key.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Exposure">Exposure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chroma_key&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Exposure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Another challenge for blue screen or green screen is proper <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camera_exposure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Camera exposure">camera exposure</a>. Underexposing or overexposing a coloured backdrop can lead to poor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colorfulness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colorfulness">saturation</a> levels. In the case of video cameras, underexposed images can contain high amounts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Image_noise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Image noise">noise</a>, as well. The background must be bright enough to allow the camera to create a bright and saturated image.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Programming">Programming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chroma_key&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Programming" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>There are several different quality- and speed-optimised techniques for implementing colour keying in software.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gcfilms_22-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gcfilms-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In most versions, a function <var style="padding-right: 1px;">f</var>(<var style="padding-right: 1px;">r</var>, <var style="padding-right: 1px;">g</var>, <var style="padding-right: 1px;">b</var>) → <var style="padding-right: 1px;">α</var> is applied to every pixel in the image. <var style="padding-right: 1px;">α</var> (alpha) has a meaning similar to that in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alpha_compositing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alpha compositing">alpha compositing</a> techniques. <var style="padding-right: 1px;">α</var> ≤ 0 means the pixel is fully in the green screen, <var style="padding-right: 1px;">α</var> ≥ 1 means the pixel is fully in the foreground object, and intermediate values indicate the pixel is partially covered by the foreground object (or it is transparent). A further function <var style="padding-right: 1px;">g</var>(<var style="padding-right: 1px;">r</var>, <i>g</i>, <i>b</i>) → (<var style="padding-right: 1px;">r</var>, <i>g</i>, <i>b</i>) is needed to remove green spill on the foreground objects.</p> <p>A very simple <var style="padding-right: 1px;">f</var>() function for green screen is <var style="padding-right: 1px;">A</var>(<var style="padding-right: 1px;">r</var>+<i>b</i>) − <var style="padding-right: 1px;">Bg</var> where <var style="padding-right: 1px;">A</var> and <var style="padding-right: 1px;">B</var> are user adjustable constants with a default value of 1.0. A very simple <var style="padding-right: 1px;">g</var>() is (<i>r</i>, min(<i>g</i>,<i>b</i>), <i>b</i>). This is fairly close to the capabilities of analog and film-based screen pulling.</p> <p>Modern examples<sup id="cite_ref-gcfilms_22-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gcfilms-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of these functions are best described by two closed nested surfaces in 3D RGB space, often quite complex. Colours inside the inner surface are considered green screen. Colours outside the outer surface are opaque foreground. Colours between the surfaces are partially covered, they are more opaque the closer they are to the outer surface. Sometimes more closed surfaces are used to determine how to remove green spill. It is also very common for <var style="padding-right: 1px;">f</var>() to depend on more than just the current pixel's colour, it may also use the (<i>x</i>, <i>y</i>) position, the values of nearby pixels, the value from reference images or a statistical colour model of the scene,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and values from user-drawn masks. These produce closed surfaces in space with more than three dimensions.</p> <p>A different class of algorithm tries to figure out a 2D path that separates the foreground from the background. This path can be the output, or the image can be drawn by filling the path with <var style="padding-right: 1px;">α</var> = 1 as a final step. An example of such an algorithm is the use of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Active_contour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Active contour">active contour</a>. Most research in recent years<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2016)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> has been into these algorithms.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chroma_key&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compositing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compositing">Compositing</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DaVinci_Resolve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="DaVinci Resolve">DaVinci Resolve</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drew_Carey%27s_Green_Screen_Show?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drew Carey's Green Screen Show">Drew Carey's Green Screen Show</a></i></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federal_Standard_1037C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federal Standard 1037C">Federal Standard 1037C</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filmmaking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Film_production?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Film production">Film production</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Front_projection_effect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Front projection effect">Front projection effect</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Live_action?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Live action">Live action</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Films_with_live_action_and_animation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Films with live action and animation">Live action/Animation</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matte_(filmmaking)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matte (filmmaking)">Matte (filmmaking)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Motion_control_photography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Motion control photography">Motion control photography</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muslin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muslin">Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Optical_printer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Optical printer">Optical printer</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primatte_chromakey_technology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Primatte chromakey technology">Primatte chromakey technology</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rear_projection_effect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear projection effect">Rear projection effect</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reverse_bluescreen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reverse bluescreen">Reverse bluescreen</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sch%C3%BCfftan_process?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schüfftan process">Schüfftan process</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Signal_processing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Signal processing">Signal processing</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sodium_vapor_process?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sodium vapor process">Sodium vapor process</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special_effects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Special effects">Special effects</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video_switcher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Video switcher">Video switcher</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virtual_set?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual set">Virtual set</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chroma_key&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From YouTube video <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v%3D_U9HzHqMGi0">"President Obama on Death of Osama SPOOF- <b>BEHIND THE SCENES</b>"</a> posted to Crosson's secondary YouTube channel "Iman" on 8 May 2011.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-SPOOFvid-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-SPOOFvid_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The final (composite) video <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v%3DxlOIy6QEbes">"President Obama on Death of Osama bin Laden <b>(SPOOF)</b>"</a> posted to Crosson's YouTube channel "Alphacat" on 4 May 2011.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-What_is_Chroma_Key?-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-What_is_Chroma_Key?_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://lumeo.com.au/chroma-key/">"What is Chroma Key?"</a>. Lumeo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Chroma+Key%3F&rft.pub=Lumeo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flumeo.com.au%2Fchroma-key%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroma+key" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-BorisFX-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BorisFX_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BorisFX_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20050315004609/http://en.chinabroadcast.cn/2246/2005-2-14/90%2540206385.htm">"The Chroma Effect"</a>. <i>Chroma Key Tutorial</i>. BorisFX. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.borisfx.com/tutorials/chroma_key.php">the original</a> on 15 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2010</span>. <q>If the foreground is a person then blue or green backing colour is recommended as these colours are not present in human flesh pigments. In fact, human skin colour is 70% red for all people regardless of race.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chroma+Key+Tutorial&rft.atitle=The+Chroma+Effect&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.borisfx.com%2Ftutorials%2Fchroma_key.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroma+key" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamey2015" class="citation book cs1">Ramey, Kathryn (30 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DXYRICgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA70"><i>Experimental Filmmaking: Break the Machine</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 70. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136071508?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781136071508"><bdi>9781136071508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Experimental+Filmmaking%3A+Break+the+Machine&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2015-07-30&rft.isbn=9781136071508&rft.aulast=Ramey&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYRICgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroma+key" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Foster-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Foster_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Foster_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Foster_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Foster_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2010" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Jeff (2010). <i>The Green Screen Handbook: Real-World Production Techniques</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-52107-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-52107-6"><bdi>978-0-470-52107-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Green+Screen+Handbook%3A+Real-World+Production+Techniques&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-470-52107-6&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroma+key" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-cri-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cri_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20050315004609/http://en.chinabroadcast.cn/2246/2005-2-14/90%2540206385.htm">"Illusions Take Home First Oscars"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China_Radio_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China Radio International">CRI English</a>. 14 February 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://en.chinabroadcast.cn/2246/2005-2-14/90@206385.htm">the original</a> on 15 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Illusions+Take+Home+First+Oscars&rft.pub=CRI+English&rft.date=2005-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.chinabroadcast.cn%2F2246%2F2005-2-14%2F90%40206385.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroma+key" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Studio: The World--NBC Introduces 'Chroma-Key' to Extend Scope of TV Settings." Electronic Age, January 1958, 8.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, Erskine. "Video's Special Effects Men Becoming Master Magicians of Hollywood; Many Tricks." (NEA syndicated article) Gloversville (NY) Leader-Herald, 6 December 1957.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.videomaker.com/article/f5/13055-the-keys-to-chromakey-how-to-use-a-green-screen">"The Keys To Chromakey: How To Use A Green Screen"</a>. Videomaker<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.skinyourscreen.com/site/Articles/so-you-wanna-make-a-theme">the original</a> on 29 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=skinyourscreen.com+articles&rft.atitle=So+you+wanna+make+a+theme%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skinyourscreen.com%2Fsite%2FArticles%2Fso-you-wanna-make-a-theme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroma+key" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshihkmin" class="citation web cs1">Ashihkmin, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930132543/http://www.cs.utah.edu/~michael/chroma/">"High Quality Chroma Key"</a>. University of Utah. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cs.utah.edu/~michael/chroma/">the original</a> on 30 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+Quality+Chroma+Key&rft.pub=University+of+Utah&rft.aulast=Ashihkmin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.utah.edu%2F~michael%2Fchroma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroma+key" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-gcfilms-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-gcfilms_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-gcfilms_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannon" class="citation web cs1">Cannon, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://gc-films.com/chromakey.html">"Greenscreen code and hints"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greenscreen+code+and+hints&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgc-films.com%2Fchromakey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroma+key" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chroma_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAksoyAydinPollefeysSmolic2016" class="citation journal cs1">Aksoy, Yagiz; Aydin, Tunc; Pollefeys, Marc; Smolic, Aljoscha (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1145%252F3072959.2907940">"Interactive High-Quality Green-Screen Keying via Colour Unmixing"</a>. <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 1. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1145%252F3072959.2907940">10.1145/3072959.2907940</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+Transactions+on+Graphics&rft.atitle=Interactive+High-Quality+Green-Screen+Keying+via+Colour+Unmixing&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3072959.2907940&rft.aulast=Aksoy&rft.aufirst=Yagiz&rft.au=Aydin%2C+Tunc&rft.au=Pollefeys%2C+Marc&rft.au=Smolic%2C+Aljoscha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F3072959.2907940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChroma+key" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chroma_key&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chroma_key" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chroma key">Chroma key</a></span>. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/blue-screen.htm">How Blue Screens Work</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v%3DclnozSXyF4k">Stargate Studios Virtual Backlot Reel 2009 – A demonstration of green screen scenes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sourceforge.net/projects/cvchromakey">ChromaKey SourceCode</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2581%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AD_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2583%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7" title="مفتاح الكروما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مفتاح الكروما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE_%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25BF" title="ক্রোমা কি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্রোমা কি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_(%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2585%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0)" title="Син екран (филмова техника) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Син екран (филмова техника)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluescreen-Technik" title="Bluescreen-Technik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bluescreen-Technik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croma" title="Croma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Croma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barevn%25C3%25A9_kl%25C3%25AD%25C4%258Dov%25C3%25A1n%25C3%25AD" title="Barevné klíčování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Barevné klíčování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_key" title="Chroma key – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chroma key" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_Keying" title="Chroma Keying – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chroma Keying" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croma" title="Croma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Croma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_key" title="Chroma key – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Chroma key" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7_%25DA%25A9%25DB%258C" title="کروما کی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کروما کی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incrustation" title="Incrustation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Incrustation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharc_boinn_ghoirm" title="Amharc boinn ghoirm – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Amharc boinn ghoirm" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%2581%25AC%25EB%25A1%259C%25EB%25A7%2588%25ED%2582%25A4" title="크로마키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크로마키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolor-inkrusto" title="Kolor-inkrusto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kolor-inkrusto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunci_kroma" title="Kunci kroma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kunci kroma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%25C3%25A1tjald" title="Blátjald – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Blátjald" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_key" title="Chroma key – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chroma key" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259E%25D7%25A1%25D7%259A_%25D7%259B%25D7%2597%25D7%2595%25D7%259C_(%25D7%25A7%25D7%2595%25D7%259C%25D7%25A0%25D7%2595%25D7%25A2)" title="מסך כחול (קולנוע) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסך כחול (קולנוע)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9" title="Хромакей – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хромакей" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_keying" title="Chroma keying – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Chroma keying" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebox_technika" title="Bluebox technika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bluebox technika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B5%2582%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B5%258D" title="നിറപ്പൂട്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിറപ്പൂട്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunci_kroma" title="Kunci kroma – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kunci kroma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromakey" title="Chromakey – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chromakey" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%25AD%25E3%2583%259E%25E3%2582%25AD%25E3%2583%25BC" title="クロマキー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クロマキー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluescreen" title="Bluescreen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bluescreen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xromakey" title="Xromakey – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xromakey" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_box" title="Blue box – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Blue box" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_key" title="Chroma key – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chroma key" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_key" title="Chroma key – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chroma key" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9" title="Хромакей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хромакей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_key" title="Chroma key – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chroma key" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%25C3%25A4riavainnus" title="Väriavainnus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Väriavainnus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_key" title="Chroma key – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chroma key" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9" title="Хромакей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хромакей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%2589%25B2%25E9%2594%25AE" title="色键 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="色键" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E2%25B5%259C%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B5%2599%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B5%2594%25E2%25B5%2593%25E2%25B5%259C_%25E2%25B5%258F_%25E2%25B4%25BD%25E2%25B5%2594%25E2%25B5%2593%25E2%25B5%258E%25E2%25B4%25B0" title="ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⵓⵎⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⵓⵎⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" 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