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Daniel Rapine - Wikipedia

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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Daniel Rapine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Daniel Rapine</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Washington,_D.C.#Mayors_of_the_City_of_Washington_(1802–1871)" title="List of mayors of Washington, D.C.">2nd Mayor of the City of Washington, D.C.</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1812–1813</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brent" title="Robert Brent">Robert Brent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_H._Blake" title="James H. Blake">James H. Blake</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1768-06-11</span>)</span>June 11, 1768<br />Germantown, Pennsylvania, US</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 29, 1826<span style="display:none">(1826-07-29)</span> (aged&#160;58)<br />Washington, DC, US</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Cemetery" title="Congressional Cemetery">Congressional Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rapine_ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Rapine_ad.jpg/250px-Rapine_ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Rapine_ad.jpg/375px-Rapine_ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Rapine_ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement for Daniel Rapine's bookstore in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Daniel Rapine</b> (June 11, 1768 &#8211; July 28 or July 29, 1826) was an American politician who served as the second <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Washington,_D.C." title="List of mayors of Washington, D.C.">mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, elected by the city council in June 1812 and serving for one year. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Rapine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rapine was a bookseller, printer and politician. He move to Washington from his birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia</a> in 1800 to open a bookstore in the new capital. He and his partner John Conrad opened the Washington Printing and Bookselling Company across the street from the Capitol. His bookstore became the intellectual center of early Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He married Charlotte Gillette, and had 3 daughters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayor_of_Washington_D.C.">Mayor of Washington D.C.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Rapine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Mayor of Washington D.C."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He served on the City Council from 1802 to 1806 and then again in 1812. At that time <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> restructured city ordinances to create a council of <a href="/wiki/Aldermen" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldermen">aldermen</a> for the city, which in turn elected the mayor. Both Rapine and the incumbent (appointed) mayor, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brent" title="Robert Brent">Robert Brent</a>, sought the office from the council, who voted to a tie between the two candidates; the matter was settled by a coin toss, which gave the office to Rapine.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Rapine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At that time, the mayor was an employee of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">Federal government</a>, with power to levy only very small taxes on the citizens of Washington City. Rapine raised money in two significant acts: by addressing the Congress and asking for appropriations for the city — especially after the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> was declared, when he received federal money to fund the city's defenses — and by creating a city <a href="/wiki/Lottery" title="Lottery">lottery</a>, whose proceeds went to the creation of two schools and a public <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water works</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Societies">Societies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Rapine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1820s, Rapine was a member of the prestigious society, <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Institute_for_the_Promotion_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences">Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences</a>, which counted among their members former presidents <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> and many prominent men of the day, including well-known representatives of the military, government service, medical and other professions.<sup id="cite_ref-rathbun_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rathbun-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_in_life">Later in life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Rapine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Later in life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rapine returned to the bookselling business after his term as mayor, although he was also appointed a <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">justice of the peace</a> for <a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_D.C." title="Washington County, D.C.">Washington County</a> by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He served as Postmaster of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> in the 1820s, until his death in July 1826.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Rapine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Daniel Rapine died on May 11, 1826, after a long illness and was buried in an unmarked grave in <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Cemetery" title="Congressional Cemetery">Congressional Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was the only of the early mayors to not have a school named for him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Rapine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1">"Daniel Rapine". <i>The Washington Post</i>. 18 May 1930.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Daniel+Rapine&amp;rft.date=1930-05-18&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Rapine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070101172437/http://prorev.com/dcfactshist.htm">"DC ALMANAC: Little known or suppressed facts about the colonial city of Washington DC A-M"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prorev.com/dcfactshist.htm">the original</a> on 2007-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=DC+ALMANAC%3A+Little+known+or+suppressed+facts+about+the+colonial+city+of+Washington+DC+A-M&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprorev.com%2Fdcfactshist.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Rapine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congressionalcemetery.org/Education/Tours/WalkingTour_Mayors.pdf">Belva Lockwood And The 'Way Of The World'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704071847/http://www.congressionalcemetery.org/Education/Tours/WalkingTour_Mayors.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-07-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rathbun-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rathbun_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRathbun1904" class="citation book cs1">Rathbun, Richard (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MY-5AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA118"><i>The Columbian institute for the promotion of arts and sciences: A Washington Society of 1816-1838</i></a>. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, October 18, 1917<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Columbian+institute+for+the+promotion+of+arts+and+sciences%3A+A+Washington+Society+of+1816-1838.&amp;rft.pub=Bulletin+of+the+United+States+National+Museum%2C+October+18%2C+1917&amp;rft.date=1904&amp;rft.aulast=Rathbun&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMY-5AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA118&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Rapine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928115813/http://www.congressionalcemetery.org/PDF/Obits/R/Obits_Rapine.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congressionalcemetery.org/PDF/Obits/R/Obits_Rapine.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Archived+copy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.congressionalcemetery.org%2FPDF%2FObits%2FR%2FObits_Rapine.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Rapine" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1923" class="citation journal cs1">Clark, Allen C. (1923). "Daniel Rapine, the Second Mayor". <i>Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C</i>. <b>25</b>: 194-215.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Columbia+Historical+Society%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.&amp;rft.atitle=Daniel+Rapine%2C+the+Second+Mayor&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.pages=194-215&amp;rft.date=1923&amp;rft.aulast=Clark&amp;rft.aufirst=Allen+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaniel+Rapine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IEJCyIWg_IYC&amp;pg=PA247">https://books.google.com/books?id=IEJCyIWg_IYC&amp;pg=PA247</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brent" title="Robert Brent">Robert Brent</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Washington,_D.C." title="List of mayors of Washington, D.C.">Mayor of Washington, D.C.</a> </b><br />1812–1813 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_H._Blake" title="James H. 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