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</a> </div> <ul class="list-unstyled components"> <p></p> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#constSubmenu" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="true" class="dropdown-toggle" id="constToggle"><b>Constitutions</b></a> <ul class="collapse show list-unstyled" id="constSubmenu"> <ul> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/af__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/al__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ag__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ao__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ar__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/am__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/as__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/au__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/aj__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ba__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bo__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/be__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/br__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cb__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ca__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cc__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ch__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">China</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cf__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cs__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cy__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ez__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/da__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/er__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/en__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/et__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fj__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fi__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">France</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gm__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/h1__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ic__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/in__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">India</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/id__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" active><b>Iran</b></a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/iz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ei__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/is__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/it__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ja__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ke__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/lg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/le__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/li__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ly__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/lh__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/lu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ma__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mt__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mo__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/wa__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/np__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/nl__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/nz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/kn__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/no__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pa__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pl__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/po__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/qa__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ro__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/rs__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/rw__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sa__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ri__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sn__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/lo__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/si__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sf__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ks__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sp__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sw__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sy__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tw__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ti__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/th__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/t1__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ts__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/uk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/us__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">United States of America</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/vm__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ym__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/za__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Zambia</a></li> <li><a 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href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ve__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Venezuela</a></li> </ul> </ul></li> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="col-sm-10" style="margin-bottom: 70px; margin-top: 50px;"> <div class="container-fluid sticky-top pl-0 pt-3 pb-1 bg-white" style="top: 50px;"> <h1 class="display-5">Iran</h1> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Constitution</a> (<a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00t___.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">1992</a>)<a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00c___.doc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"><img src="/web/20210630073418im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/download.gif" alt=" Download Document" border="0" height="13" width="15"></a></li><br> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/http://www.majlis.ir/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="top">Parliament</a><img src="/web/20210630073418im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/others.gif" alt=" ..." height="11" width="17"></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/http://www.president.ir/en/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="top">Government</a><img src="/web/20210630073418im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/others.gif" alt=" ..." height="11" width="17"></li> </ul><br> <h4>Constitutional Background</h4> <div align="left"> The former monarchy and the Constitution of 1906 were abolished by the revolution of February 1979. The <b>1979 Constitution</b> dates 24 Oct 1979 and is in force since 3 Dec 1979. Significant amendments were adopted on 28 July 1989. </div><br> <div align="left"> <b>1.</b> The 270-member <i>Majlis</i> (Islamic Consultative Assembly) can initiate laws (<i>cf.</i><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A071_">Art. 71</a>), but is subject to a number of restrictions (<a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A072_">Art. 72</a>) and needs the support of at least fifteen members (<a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A074_">Art. 74</a>). The Majlis can hinder the President's policy, veto cabinet appointments, and even impeach ministers. Its speaker is powerful due to his seat on all of the main councils of state. </div><br> <div align="left"> <b>2.</b> The <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#I000_">Preamble</a> is very long, containing a history of the revolution, a description of the new state, and quotes of Koranic verses. The Preamble states that <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#ECONOMY">Economy is a Means, Not an End</a>. It also asserts that the home centered role of <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#WOMEN">Women in Islam</a> is actually a liberation, assigning women <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A021_">special rights</a>. Iran places no belief in <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#EXECUTIVE">Government Control</a>. </div><br> <div align="left"> <b>3.</b> Iran has an <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A012_">official religion</a>, some <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A013_">recognized religious minorities</a>, and acknowledges <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A014_">rights of non-Muslims</a>. Iran grants a <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A028_">right to work</a>, <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A029_">extensive welfare rights</a>, and a right to <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A046_">fruits of business</a>. The Constitution requires that the <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A080_">taking of foreign aid</a> be approved by the Parliament. <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A081_">Concessions for foreign businesses</a> are forbidden. The Constitution acknowledges <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A085_">committee legislation</a> and features a <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A107">religious leader</a> as well as a <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A157_">Head of Judiciary</a>. Public officials are subject to an <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A142_">asset control</a>. </div><br> <h4>History and News</h4> <ul> <li>23 May 1997: Surprisingly, presidential elections are won by <i>Mohammad Khatami,</i> favored by the intellectual left. After 11 years in office, he was disposed of his position as minister of culture and Islamic guidance in 1992 by President <i>Ali Akbar Rafsanjani. Rafsanjani</i> was barred by the Constitution from seeking a third consecutive term and did not get his favorite successor, the conservative cleric and speaker of parliament <i>Ali Akbar Nateq-Noori,</i> elected.</li> <li>10 May 1997: Earthquake near the Afghan border kills at least 1,600 people and makes 50,000 homeless.</li> <li>8 March 1996: Elections for the 270-seat Majlis, the consultative parliament.</li> <li>1990: With the Soviet's retreat from Afghanistan, refugees were sent back to their home country.</li> <li>1979: With the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, about 3 million refugees came into Iran's Korasan region.</li> </ul> <hr size="1"> <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> For methodology see: <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/http://ssrn.com/abstract=1502125?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> Comparing Constitutions and International Constitutional Law</a>.<br><i>漏 1994 - 27.6.2020 / For corrections please contact <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/http://www.rechtsphilosophie.ch/tschentscher.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">A. Tschentscher</a>.</i> </font> </center> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-md pl-0 navbar-dark fixed-bottom" style="background-color: #009900;"> <div class="container-fluid"><button type="button" class="navbar-toggler" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#footerCollapse"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="footerCollapse"> <div class="navbar-nav"><a class="nav-link active" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Projects  ></a> <a class="nav-link active" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">ICL  ></a> <a class="nav-link active" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/index.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Countries  ></a> <a class="nav-link active" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Iran</a> </div> </div> <div class="navbar-nav ml-auto"><a class="nav-link active" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210630073418/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/rechtsphilosophie/tschentscher.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">漏 <i>1994-2020 A. Tschentscher</i></a> </div> </div> </nav> <script>function gtElInit() {var lib = new google.translate.TranslateService();lib.translatePage('en', 'en', function () {});}</script> <script src="https://translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=gtElInit&hl=en-GB&client=wt" type="text/javascript"></script> </body> </html>