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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://pps.org/training/info/research","20080720065300","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1216536780"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <title> Research | Project for Public Spaces (PPS) </title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <meta http-equiv="CONTENT" content="Project for Public Spaces is a non-profit planning and design organization dedicated to preserving public spaces as the nexus of community life. Founded in 1975, PPS has worked with over 1000 communities throughout the United States and internationally to help make their public spaces more attractive, safe, comfortable, and enjoyable for all those who use them. Using a collaborative planning process, PPS works to grow plazas, parks, streets, public buildings, libraries, markets, waterfronts and transit facilities into centers of neighborhood life: places that can nurture a community's spirit and vitality and enhance its economic and social well-being."> <meta http-equiv="DISTRIBUTION" content="GLOBAL"> <meta http-equiv="DESCRIPTION" content="Project for Public Spaces, a nonprofit urban planning and design organization, improves parks plazas civic squares transportation markets public buildings and architecture to build livable communities"> <meta http-equiv="KEYWORDS" content="Place community places sprawl smart growth new urbanism city cities civic architecture urban design Place-making books Streets street road Public Spaces public space Amenities Downtowns Town Centers Sense of Place parks park Plazas plaza Central Squares square Transit Facilities Train Stations transit stops transportation Livability livable context senstive design 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id="main_nav"> <li class="daddy"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/aboutpps/">About PPS</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/aboutpps/staff/">Who We Are</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/aboutpps/about">Our Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/pdf/pps_brochure.pdf">PPS Brochure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/aboutpps/ouroffice">Our Office</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/aboutpps/b_directors">Board of Directors</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/aboutpps/jobopenings">Jobs & Internships</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/aboutpps/member_organizations">Member Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/newsletter/thirtieth_anniversary/timeline">30 Years of Placemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/aboutpps/greatest_hits">PPS's Greatest Hits, Volume 1</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="daddy"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/services/current_projects">Where is PPS Working Today?</a></li> <li class="daddy"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/services/">Planning and Design Services</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/services/our_approach/">Our Approach</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/services/why_choose_pps">Why Choose PPS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/projects">Project Experience</a></li>  </ul> </li> <li class="daddy"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/training/">Placemaking Training</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/training/info/httapa_training_course">"How to Turn a Place Around" Training</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/training/info/markets_training_course">"How to Create Successful Markets" Training</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/training/info/transportation_training_course">"Streets as Places" Training</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/training/info/training_program">Tailored Training Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/training/info/speakers">Speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/training/info/research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/training/info/conference">Conferences</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="daddy"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/placemakingtools/">Free Resources and Bookstore</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/placemakingtools/Books_Videos/">Bookstore</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/newsletter/">Making Places Newsletter</a></li> <li><a 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href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/parks_plazas_squares/">Parks</a></li> <li id="transportation"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/transportation/">Transportation</a></li> <li id="civic_centers"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/civic_centers/">Civic Centers</a></li> <li id="markets"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/markets/">Public Markets</a></li> <li id="downtowns"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/downtowns/">Downtowns</a></li> <li id="mixed_use"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/mixed_use/">Mixed-use <br>Development</a></li> <li id="campuses"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/campuses/">Campuses</a></li> <li id="squares"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/squares/">Squares</a></li> <li id="waterfronts"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/waterfronts/">Waterfronts</a></li>  </ul> <hr> </div> <div id="other_links"> <h3>Major Initiatives</h3> <ul> <li id="streets_as_places"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/streets_as_places">Streets as Places</a></li> <li id="thinking_beyond_the_station"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/Thinking_Beyond_the_Station/">Thinking Beyond the Station</a></li> <li id="great_cities"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/great_cities">Great Cities Initiative</a></li> <li id="placemaking_in_new_york"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/placemaking_in_new_york">Placemaking in New York</a></li> </ul> <hr> <h3>Special Features</h3> <ul> <li id="gps"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/great_public_spaces/">Great Public Spaces</a></li> <li id="imagedb"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/imagedb/">Image Collection</a></li> <li id="newsletter"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/newsletter/">Making Places News</a></li> <li id="news"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/news/">Places in the News</a></li> <li id="forums"><a 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<div class="column" id="main"> <h1>Research</h1> <p><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/products/Books_Videos/public_parks"><img src="/web/20080720065300im_/http://pps.org/graphics/upo-pages/parks_partners_cover_small" alt="" width="75" height="100" align="right" border="0"></a> <a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/products/Books_Videos/role_of_transit"><img src="/web/20080720065300im_/http://pps.org/graphics/upo-pages/role_of_transit_small" alt="" width="76" height="100" align="right" border="0"></a>At PPS, we are constantly carrying out innovative research related to public spaces. Working with leading practitioners in the field--and with guidance from major funders such as the Ford Foundation, the Kellogg Foundation, the Tranportation Research Board, and the Rockefeller Brothers Fund--we critically examine issues involving context-sensitive transportation solutions, public markets and economic development, public health and civic design, and public park management.</p> <p>You may commission us for studies of specific locations or other issues. Our research is sometimes published in books and on the program area sections of this website.</p> <p>PPS research helps guarantee that we are bringing the best thinking to our work on the ground in making places.</p> <hr> <p class="email_this"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/getinvolved/membership_donate/">Support Great Places - Become a PPS Member</a></p> <p class="email_this"><a class="email_this" href="#" onclick="window.open('/email-this-page?url=/training/info/research', 'email_popup', 'width=650,height=450');">Email this page</a></p> </div>  <div class="column" id="sidebar">    <div id="topics-nav"> <h3 style="text-indent: -10px; padding-left: 18px;">« <a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/training/">Training</a></h3>  <li id="training_program"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/training/info/training_program">PPS's Training Programs</a></li> <li id="training_projects"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/training/info/training_projects/">Training Project Experience</a></li> <li id="httapa_training_course"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/training/info/httapa_training_course">"How to Turn a Place Around" Training</a></li> <li id="markets_training_course"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/training/info/markets_training_course">"How to Create Successful Markets" Training</a></li> <li id="transportation_training_course"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/training/info/transportation_training_course">"Streets as Places" Training</a></li> <li id="speakers"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/training/info/speakers/">Speakers</a></li> <li id="research"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/training/info/research">Research</a></li> <li id="conference"><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/training/info/conference">Conferences</a></li>  <hr> </div> <div id="lob_contact"> For more information on <strong>PPS's Training program</strong>, contact: <a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/aboutpps/staff/kmadden">Kathy Madden</a> </div> <p class="email_this"><a class="email_this" href="#" onclick="window.open('/email-this-page?url=/training/info/research', 'email_popup', 'width=650,height=450');" ">Email this page</a></p>    <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720065300/http://www.pps.org/info/getinvolved/membership_donate/"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720065300im_/http://www.pps.org/graphics/upo-pages/minibanner_become_a_member" border="0" alt="Become a Member"></a><br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720065300/http://www.pps.org/info/getinvolved/membership_donate/"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720065300im_/http://www.pps.org/graphics/upo-pages/minibanner_donate1" border="0" alt="Donate to PPS"></a><br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720065300/http://www.pps.org/info/getinvolved/making_places/"> <img 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720065300/http://www2.pps.org/forums/"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720065300im_/http://www.pps.org/graphics/upo-pages/minibanner_forums" border="0" alt="Forums"></a><br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720065300/http://www.pps.org/info/placemakingtools/Books_Videos/"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720065300im_/http://www.pps.org/graphics/upo-pages/minibanner_bookstore" border="0" alt="Visit Our Bookstore"></a><br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720065300/http://www.pps.org/great_public_spaces/"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720065300im_/http://www.pps.org/graphics/upo-pages/minibanner_nominate" border="0" alt="Nominate a Great Public Space"></a><br>   </div>  </div>  <div id="footer"> <dl id="welcome"> <dt>Welcome</dt> <dd>Project for Public Spaces (PPS) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to creating and sustaining public places that build communities.</dd> <dd><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/aboutpps/">About PPS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/aboutpps/staff/">Who We Are</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/aboutpps/about">What We Do</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/projects/">Our Project Experience</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/aboutpps/jobopenings">Jobs & Internships</a></dd> </dl> <dl id="contactus"> <dt><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/aboutpps/ouroffice">Contact Us</a></dt> <dd>700 Broadway, 4th Floor<br>(at 4th Street)<br>New York, NY 10003</dd> <dd>P: (212) 620-5660</dd> <dd>F: (212) 620-3821</dd> <dd>E: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720065300/mailto:pps@pps.org">pps@pps.org</a></dd> <dd><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/">www.pps.org</a></dd> </dl> <dl id="getinvolved"> <dt><a href="/web/20080720065300/http://pps.org/info/getinvolved/">Get Involved</a></dt> <dd><a 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