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<div class="theme-toggle-container theme-toggle-header"> <button class="theme-toggle"> <div class="visually-hidden">Toggle Light / Dark / Auto color theme</div> <svg class="theme-icon-when-auto-light"><use href="#svg-sun-with-moon"></use></svg> <svg class="theme-icon-when-auto-dark"><use href="#svg-moon-with-sun"></use></svg> <svg class="theme-icon-when-dark"><use href="#svg-moon"></use></svg> <svg class="theme-icon-when-light"><use href="#svg-sun"></use></svg> </button> </div> <label class="toc-overlay-icon toc-header-icon no-toc" for="__toc"> <div class="visually-hidden">Toggle table of contents sidebar</div> <svg><use href="#svg-toc"></use></svg> </label> </div> </header> <aside class="sidebar-drawer"> <div class="sidebar-container"> <div class="sidebar-sticky"><a class="sidebar-brand" href="../contents.html"> <div class="sidebar-logo-container"> <img class="sidebar-logo" src="../_static/5564530.png" alt="Logo"/> </div> </a><form class="sidebar-search-container" method="get" action="../search.html" role="search"> <input class="sidebar-search" placeholder="Search" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes"> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default"> </form> <div id="searchbox"></div><div class="sidebar-scroll"><div class="sidebar-tree"> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../install.html">Installation and Requirements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../changelog.html">Changelog</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-1" name="toctree-checkbox-1" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-1"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Changelog</div><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../changelog_1_5.html">Changes for 1.5</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../changelog_1_4.html">Changes for 1.4</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../changelog_1_3.html">Changes for 1.3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../changelog_1_2.html">Changes for 1.2</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../changelog_1_1.html">Changes for 1.1</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../changelog_1_0.html">Changes for 1.0</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../changelog_pre.html">Changes before gevent 1.0</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../intro.html">Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent</code> – common functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.greenlet.html">Greenlet Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../servers.html">Implementing servers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../dns.html">Name Resolution (DNS)</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-2" name="toctree-checkbox-2" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-2"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Name Resolution (DNS)</div><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.resolver.thread.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.resolver.thread</code> – thread based hostname resolver</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.resolver.ares.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.resolver.ares</code> – c-ares based hostname resolver</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.resolver.dnspython.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.resolver.dnspython</code> – Pure Python hostname resolver</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.resolver.blocking.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.resolver.blocking</code> – Non-cooperative resolver</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../monitoring.html">Monitoring and Debugging gevent Applications</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../loop_impls.html">Event Loop Implementations: libuv and libev</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../configuration.html">Configuring gevent</a></li> </ul> <ul class="current"> <li class="toctree-l1 current has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/index.html">API reference</a><input checked="" class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-3" name="toctree-checkbox-3" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-3"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of API reference</div><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></label><ul class="current"> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent</code> – common functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.timeout.html">Cooperative Timeouts Using <code class="docutils literal notranslate">gevent.Timeout</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.greenlet.html">Greenlet Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.socket.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.socket</code> – Cooperative low-level networking interface</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-4" name="toctree-checkbox-4" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-4"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of gevent.socket – Cooperative low-level networking interface</div><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent._socket3.html">Python 3 interface</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.ssl.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.ssl</code> – Secure Sockets Layer (SSL/TLS) module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.select.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.select</code> – Waiting for I/O completion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.selectors.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.selectors</code> – High-level IO Multiplexing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.event.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.event</code> – Notifications of multiple listeners</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.queue.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.queue</code> – Synchronized queues</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.local.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.local</code> – Greenlet-local objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.lock.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.lock</code> – Locking primitives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.hub.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">gevent.hub</code> - The Event Loop and the Hub</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.core.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.core</code> - (deprecated) event loop abstraction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent</code> – common functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.backdoor.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.backdoor</code> – Interactive greenlet-based network console that can be used in any process</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.baseserver.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.baseserver</code> – Base class for implementing servers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.builtins.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.builtins</code> – gevent friendly implementations of builtin functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.contextvars.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.contextvars</code> – Cooperative <code class="docutils literal notranslate">contextvars</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.core.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.core</code> - (deprecated) event loop abstraction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.event.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.event</code> – Notifications of multiple listeners</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.events.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.events</code> – Publish/subscribe event infrastructure</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.exceptions.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.exceptions</code> – Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.fileobject.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.fileobject</code> – Wrappers to make file-like objects cooperative</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.hub.html"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">gevent.hub</code> - The Event Loop and the Hub</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.local.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.local</code> – Greenlet-local objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.lock.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.lock</code> – Locking primitives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.monkey.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.monkey</code> – Make the standard library cooperative</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.os.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.os</code> – Low-level operating system functions from <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">os</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.pool.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.pool</code> – Managing greenlets in a group</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.pywsgi.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.pywsgi</code> – A pure-Python, gevent-friendly WSGI server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.queue.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.queue</code> – Synchronized queues</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.resolver.ares.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.resolver.ares</code> – c-ares based hostname resolver</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.resolver.blocking.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.resolver.blocking</code> – Non-cooperative resolver</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.resolver.dnspython.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.resolver.dnspython</code> – Pure Python hostname resolver</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.resolver.thread.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.resolver.thread</code> – thread based hostname resolver</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.select.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.select</code> – Waiting for I/O completion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.selectors.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.selectors</code> – High-level IO Multiplexing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.server.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.server</code> – TCP/SSL server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../api/gevent.signal.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gevent.signal</code> – Cooperative implementation of special cases of <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">signal.signal()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" 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top </a> <div class="content-icon-container"> <div class="theme-toggle-container theme-toggle-content"> <button class="theme-toggle"> <div class="visually-hidden">Toggle Light / Dark / Auto color theme</div> <svg class="theme-icon-when-auto-light"><use href="#svg-sun-with-moon"></use></svg> <svg class="theme-icon-when-auto-dark"><use href="#svg-moon-with-sun"></use></svg> <svg class="theme-icon-when-dark"><use href="#svg-moon"></use></svg> <svg class="theme-icon-when-light"><use href="#svg-sun"></use></svg> </button> </div> <label class="toc-overlay-icon toc-content-icon no-toc" for="__toc"> <div class="visually-hidden">Toggle table of contents sidebar</div> <svg><use href="#svg-toc"></use></svg> </label> </div> <article role="main" id="furo-main-content"> <section id="example-webproxy-py"> <h1>Example webproxy.py<a class="headerlink" href="#example-webproxy-py" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1> <div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> 1#!/usr/bin/env python 2"""A web application that retrieves other websites for you. 3 4To start serving the application on port 8088, type 5 6 python webproxy.py 7 8To start the server on some other interface/port, use 9 10 python -m gevent.wsgi -p 8000 -i 0.0.0.0 webproxy.py 11 12""" 13from __future__ import print_function 14from gevent import monkey; monkey.patch_all() 15import sys 16import re 17import traceback 18 19try: 20 from cgi import escape 21except ImportError: 22 # Python 3.8 removed this API 23 from html import escape 24 25try: 26 import urllib2 27 from urlparse import urlparse 28 from urllib import unquote 29except ImportError: 30 # pylint:disable=import-error,no-name-in-module 31 from urllib import request as urllib2 32 from urllib.parse import urlparse 33 from urllib.parse import unquote 34 35LISTEN = ('127.0.0.1', 8088) 36 37 38def _as_bytes(s): 39 if not isinstance(s, bytes): # Py3 40 s = s.encode('utf-8') 41 return s 42 43 44def _as_str(s): 45 if not isinstance(s, str): # Py3 46 s = s.decode('latin-1') 47 return s 48 49 50def application(env, start_response): 51 proxy_url = 'http://%s/' % env['HTTP_HOST'] 52 method = env['REQUEST_METHOD'] 53 path = env['PATH_INFO'] 54 if env['QUERY_STRING']: 55 path += '?' + env['QUERY_STRING'] 56 path = path.lstrip('/') 57 58 if (method, path) == ('GET', ''): 59 start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')]) 60 return [FORM] 61 62 if method == 'GET': 63 return proxy(path, start_response, proxy_url) 64 65 if (method, path) == ('POST', ''): 66 key, value = env['wsgi.input'].read().strip().split(b'=') 67 assert key == b'url', repr(key) 68 value = _as_str(value) 69 start_response('302 Found', [('Location', _as_str(join(proxy_url, unquote(value))))]) 70 elif method == 'POST': 71 start_response('404 Not Found', []) 72 else: 73 start_response('501 Not Implemented', []) 74 return [] 75 76 77def proxy(path, start_response, proxy_url): 78 # pylint:disable=too-many-locals 79 if '://' not in path: 80 path = 'http://' + path 81 82 try: 83 try: 84 response = urllib2.urlopen(path) 85 except urllib2.HTTPError as ex: 86 response = ex 87 print('%s: %s %s' % (path, response.code, response.msg)) 88 # Beginning in Python 3.8, headers aren't guaranteed to arrive in 89 # lowercase; we must do so ourself. 90 headers = [(k, v) for (k, v) in response.headers.items() if k.lower() not in DROP_HEADERS] 91 scheme, netloc, path, _params, _query, _fragment = urlparse(path) 92 host = (scheme or 'http') + '://' + netloc 93 except Exception as ex: # pylint:disable=broad-except 94 sys.stderr.write('error while reading %s:\n' % path) 95 traceback.print_exc() 96 tb = traceback.format_exc() 97 start_response('502 Bad Gateway', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')]) 98 # pylint:disable=deprecated-method 99 error_str = escape(str(ex) or ex.__class__.__name__ or 'Error') 100 error_str = '<h1>%s</h1><h2>%s</h2><pre>%s</pre>' % (error_str, escape(path), escape(tb)) 101 return [_as_bytes(error_str)] 102 else: 103 print("Returning", headers) 104 start_response('%s %s' % (response.code, response.msg), headers) 105 data = response.read() 106 data = fix_links(data, proxy_url, host) 107 return [data] 108 109 110def join(url1, *rest): 111 if not rest: 112 return url1 113 url2, rest = rest[0], rest[1:] 114 url1 = _as_bytes(url1) 115 url2 = _as_bytes(url2) 116 if url1.endswith(b'/'): 117 if url2.startswith(b'/'): 118 return join(url1 + url2[1:], *rest) 119 return join(url1 + url2, *rest) 120 121 if url2.startswith(b'/'): 122 return join(url1 + url2, *rest) 123 124 return join(url1 + b'/' + url2, *rest) 125 126 127def fix_links(data, proxy_url, host_url): 128 """ 129 >>> fix_links("><img src=images/hp0.gif width=158", 'http://127.0.0.1:8088', 'www.google.com') 130 '><img src="http://127.0.0.1:8088/www.google.com/images/hp0.gif" width=158' 131 """ 132 def fix_link_cb(m): 133 url = m.group('url') 134 if b'://' in url: 135 result = m.group('before') + b'"' + join(proxy_url, url) + b'"' 136 else: 137 result = m.group('before') + b'"' + join(proxy_url, host_url, url) + b'"' 138 #print('replaced %r -> %r' % (m.group(0), result)) 139 return result 140 data = _link_re_1.sub(fix_link_cb, data) 141 data = _link_re_2.sub(fix_link_cb, data) 142 return data 143 144_link_re_1 = re.compile(br'''(?P<before>(href|src|action)\s*=\s*)(?P<quote>['"])(?P<url>[^#].*?)(?P=quote)''') 145_link_re_2 = re.compile(br'''(?P<before>(href|src|action)\s*=\s*)(?P<url>[^'"#>][^ >]*)''') 146 147# The lowercase names of headers that we will *NOT* forward. 148DROP_HEADERS = { 149 'transfer-encoding', 150 'set-cookie' 151} 152 153FORM = b"""<html><head> 154<title>Web Proxy - gevent example</title></head><body> 155<table width=60% height=100% align=center> 156<tr height=30%><td align=center valign=bottom>Type in URL you want to visit and press Enter</td></tr> 157<tr><td align=center valign=top> 158<form action=/ method=post> 159<input size=80 name=url value="http://www.gevent.org"/> 160</form> 161</td></tr> 162</table></body></table> 163""" 164 165if __name__ == '__main__': 166 from gevent.pywsgi import WSGIServer 167 print('Serving on %s...' % (LISTEN,)) 168 WSGIServer(LISTEN, application).serve_forever() </pre></div> </div> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/gevent/gevent/blob/master/examples/webproxy.py">Current source</a> </section> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="related-pages"> <a class="next-page" href="webpy.html"> <div class="page-info"> <div class="context"> Next </div> <div class="title">Example webpy.py</div> </div> <svg class="furo-related-icon"><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg> </a> <a class="prev-page" href="unixsocket_server.html"> <svg class="furo-related-icon"><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg> <div class="page-info"> <div class="context"> Previous </div> <div class="title">Example unixsocket_server.py</div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="bottom-of-page"> <div class="left-details"> <div class="copyright"> Copyright © 2009-2023, 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