CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8e72551a3e3c6044',cH: 'vusHhutNzHgUXehJUK2zcrUSW2ZU3OCQXLvePGA0204-1732377209-1.2.1.1-jCsoNgDjeWw_vjoJY9I41Kc3Y5hFF6PM2INAB0AyioNDl3f0qFW8rZegx2rAj1gl',cUPMDTk: "\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/ecs2.3915?__cf_chl_tk=MpcS8lFg9_FYnFeFslYTK.5v7DaLsH7y8FAFLkLxJW8-1732377209-1.0.1.1-7IcjW_HB9j8guwG8TF.jRTbEAkihjIo2UJhRjfpsBDQ",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1732377209',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/ecs2.3915?__cf_chl_f_tk=MpcS8lFg9_FYnFeFslYTK.5v7DaLsH7y8FAFLkLxJW8-1732377209-1.0.1.1-7IcjW_HB9j8guwG8TF.jRTbEAkihjIo2UJhRjfpsBDQ",md: "p.uyz4rIcZyBlkBZ9mYoEgwJmmTzCtXQxuyygqm29Yo-1732377209-1.2.1.1-emcBxK2DZ0sY_Lk.4yUNWtpIhyQ1A1H04kLd3BpvmxeWX9Onz1btuxawOAftOBIi2fzQhFPeFkozdsgvMrLbyZJ4KxxVj7.._nurR9YdiM6VE95r55aek8Gt2qtUdepFiMWhDD6vd3DpbNU7UEl6EhZR8OcO6vW_QW2ofZ6cwZH3WF7OAFF964qWdNInf4odI3W16L4V6IfLxqA55xAJxTpUoNrRDdUxX1Ie42OZZl.yhPY8V6F7vnUOlRNMZlegupzQ826c.WuqP9sGhXbpaQV.d.s5MLiNm5yBWta98VtZ8HSEI48QG7hzZZbn8VYm0aUuGvQYmBpyQVW0mKHA7HhdjVp6VLWVimPjzsADYzP8Yu1PtC.3eY9WSXStGcoIpdTYKWfQZRBBYxE6L3MQh.ymTXnmjcBZsJ89deXruosNQlgaANswCoIl7wbK4hBA2Nuc_pj1DQKcrjEs7E5cugCbLg9L9FgAYyXCv4wWQzTzoTNZ_tJEiFhS0u0XkSsbIJAUcLY7iwpohSqrX6CpDjUNfbh8sGhBhwbgkpO9n5AX15MIhaKmp.pJJXsN1PQrE4o0HFTpobBqomsNr_Su.YfTYbsmu9oc7O4VLpVwwWa6gNpWbZrefauHjyYpZH9gLqI0qhjL3wcqkJjsXPq15EQW53yDnCLQzucuOIWvy5d4GJFwqB.cmPTHoPNdckHBnT3NIAk8qk5pNHokG00ogQRrfp.xAp53gLGSuFO1I9GLLMLnG9s0CeEu6MTgL9zprIwWw_NPxD8kVKGHHUlgyJ68R6CUnttkS4eRTqgKl_TpGJR4l3EWAh29yo3_cHK5xz4X5qVc3bmFapHDSidsTSUVFJ21TqYcln6DKznqbIQy3FPwhoFKczy0QP_pv5kUydeU7ukSSVeUzz_Jcb8_eae0JWiVKtvWbc3jQdaZ5v0MEi7RouVKgNIuOKEu99WVxB51_8isbglI8yqmBIApkWJo2AucXXURmAVxdrgGuslaKcZhgpkQnr6lfky.Xc4OqiF2WqLzLwnBeuIQ05TyQclpqqu7OeX5FKbFuIfnUq3WXyS2MY3hM_Nz6RkAOIByAiCFrt0J.RdyQox6HkX6P2n4ns3LzZUk5.y7AmFBi2xIVpaU6VnIVprr7ZsNVQdSip_cO9TANDWteqxTr_HwO_LhmVlV9M5y9Ls0Dd1iLoJrK0zznhu15X6WI_R73_66dk.t0.p39bcWmcPPWjMuVHecH8OoT5uwyJi_i3Ig20_INkHZxO64IQJtWwUe98ir6_HE6rwtt4S1ZIx2acolxwzsF3wmDBmgJ_xi5Eqk7Bt7O.FMbNzgZaRQCADAf8Wz1dr8zEKkUVPuq_dfJqh13NmXr1Iw.7tx4Pv0bNIvgHkdTccVvtcKZ0qJb4Y_gCicmrSJi.pXr0t1YMihvZ04THjZKnUofuLQt1dkAnVoMcnz0g72AU4pzqItt7zc6TQoeP5a2MewgzkHmPbNkB2D3jEl4Srcg67lP.nxelR33HQbr72WXtLmXXVn6TL1FIOfjc8zpabxtmDzJDyO6MdIg7nXgc2XITbX69G4qZdTzA1LDNvFVIro3ybVSq6RU9UiCATg3qudYz7e2evzoTdbbeGWA2idgk5oU06.T.baDW1_iCpw9VcnZ9QH.edzFVCfXFDFRGgVREi80uv2_H0sQESoXZ5TwLpWqkZ0pA4iRUqlIzU6j_F9lSv7kG4oiTH.IiAv.097r8sLGk5LomGC1EubMZkQn06k7hVPTcu3I5Y5TiEeg7wGNNtg8p2uCmbgIVhhvo5WoyUrB_G33cPDAImyHuLMBMVKqh.LBc9V1AANWBNSIQ2NaDhtXQ8hjWtBxJvbOS7PrkSCgoNeYHisr.ep5TK4wkJCxpRcUjQggaiwggtIjwXcax7y9k5nhXGSLuWUFNHBBN.qJL7rzjbFCY8e3ta5fsX_0uQQHzFfAb6Rnbgy_DKPfIPixL0uT_COdNUk2IllG2Yt9aEPVUsMproWiaiqN1sZ2WWv3ALus5PRngQBU2oOPUiQ4S2GjDAJgXOym7ODWMX3Ai9bP9LOXUV0pC4M85ukJeIagZ40waNKsS9FZdvGZ.5Mj0O2IIkIUYLTBCquUiKN75IiEHaQurHes1QSwCkXKYzUH7qjPJLWLUbaAaaa8r_EX8SH0FJp7Ynj9ojI.3KC0h6WInIlvfsBgm_.G3WK55ZJYCHwiePMV7fWlZXjtOANFjjLKwXIb1bQrW3ImrA0PzVHPVwam_u7AoUrf45QiIO6SsmDIEVOXMPeFEEyb0u9B2LcdZ5i3Bg_EJD0WztVryC6QgW3F9uWUHCQtA1pzb0faie3FZUFptEs0P1K3zcb525BPzQDjIcJWRXQQTx9_dx.1R22uyxWpqiLeCuZ4pv7gJw9PLR6aQ9s9k0OAOnoKv4Wvws9HgqMTWryLFwyuPfF_UwFo9wL_nlKszhIxVdlwB2YsyYCzkcw02Y4eZD_.GQE7NB2cN_7wC3l2y7P9bMDC7iDxv6UZTOoeE3tTDHJBx3G3abnErw7_6WLvAInwje0Po636MG0KgVfSxJlsfcHOrpgAjj4fOdtsjylKWGXqlLtxcagJKDUiAAZF..OAjrETI.jhMhIZPngYVuiwST7FxntaR9J3OzXLRWvZ3oASdX9GK.sclU3ykrvhxVaHpRt0vEwJImtRyGkPmSK54KzWjchxaRVR7WzeYw1BHs4kUW3vh8bfuVDsEYQ.xRgtgSk1T43vM5aD.TFQ2j8cXRSb5juPLVeaEVqO3wHXaqHwcXGoZtbTaO3EiVInQe6mcndgkVer7T4HyG7gHIx.R0ZLOJLu1wB9Qze_YbWktknzLE2iUIg1ZLGGshduyeLLF6TD1.NcBaBTAk5PK1S2c12WOOQsWP7e9DaJ.2WH5SX32zUTVTWxqxWPBRumQdHO75GXotzugAk9bCTsvQ39Q.Y4HYSmlv3DRXXnUQwXruS22eZWnRuZf6InAwlJuOtTRY3A0C8",mdrd: "c3.Mk6j7HYKMdGanXxULqgQnG6AQVO8BNZFX4NDNmsY-1732377209-1.2.1.1-nSMpRJUWoKSKBDQWMppDd9dzJyPiVjq_AB7FJI8ssuMaecPB7.meyjTY5BHKWjbGe8_8OHWysW6tSOTOKkdGnMKy2IRorZd2NqQ6szi6hvOe.l4IZ.W4V2_YhLIhzfeGDfAJFgTf2.j9MWp_gmhQUDu.jCzpSDSkwWL7ZN.Tj_sjdnhLESxu2eir0wXO1itOC6nN2VnuMc9Ca8sfQCNS.LMubtDZDRd0cSF6QpHqX7ah.ErwOdyb2.jCJu0MPb29zYA4qz1yHocuI_c0SNzOUhpENx80ChV6h3i_z0n._a8aSftqbii0ek9XCWMImV.Qt7F5vwSnOUka_yr7Q_TBbymeZBQnTyxqRUdkkDmaDsyogQ3xJOP2lI9eYzlPwxZgV85EK3wHMpPGzE18wM94cawQxGX9ef2p3Z685p9HTPYxl7EWOQBa1LNCpIDh1stKCSq5M0_dgbmmRY6ZWuRBP8MdtS6XXwN7Bzt36gchJclJJTxPjFRKrFNupUHslfhZ_xt56zEs3gy2Vts7c9VMhdUObZKrPxB0gQbDdOhJru.W2xrU7Uv6bgpLf5o30.fDf3fUZFEQABDhO749XgY2pJts8qnRVI8b4.MroKoYcXlqLa7_ua7R_ro9nSlHgwpmJbC75v2VgLLZ.7wn3s9d04UzkwlylRHVFJpgbJoLNSwpmgfZcM1MWCIH.owKibCQQz4vckxbxJz5fFtpYaUsyw5b7RhTFz6fgPGRvTmPHA5GTX16dJgRF_hHqtoWR8V4LKQnE2sKGpgNYz_2ecJDJZ9CH5kWlE1t_5Ccv5xdNV2uE0VnwWIPQlGHe5ugIkHIyLwzNzp39yNu4hVsceQFvPZ7TkhDs.ENwc94TAd2dl3D6VRHDE14wI1M8i7jZRHb4odm47cTc9XTkevIMlDXUVn_0Kz4itoqg3SYH5nnTdKU5KeOARptCV7jjUoDRx10jOaf7akABHS2GJkAhnpdRuF1IXiNv.Mp0PhyjzvDl.cZ6nNTpuO11s8nFUt12xZOfFLAQwcgVgn6RzsQrIY3FzSlNZa.BQb2OOXdoBwchOm.yvb5i9f3DsG6dLnZgwaCi08yvpaWBHO2pSUfZt8QDKp4qX3E.PRXMiSd0PSAjF19HxiDRdRCM.YnS_MVJdH3crLWM.kTpjZ_7ck8NLBIiKe8FbGDmPFKaKP0wtADU2aXwX_AnvzGamPlpdT3Yki._fk20QCME3DDqXVkyMbdXvHSUzQvHRgTEmzbdicfSMisDbPTr84NY3TBBhwUUQXK7WGxnvP887A5UU2Vl3hXQDUclbyxbEPm54ZpibqXwJjon_ElV.NwDnrbfGsg_.6L5i7R9kOJ9X6SUsrbXx752Rsv_h74LBnm3j3Y0JgMF5gqD9qQRogQyrb0IYBdM._5iDgGEGadxtAF.7cjVvYfq3iHU25iT5zhPRvP4E1OepLu2I0GqTQZEfTlMIYxjLyr6wfPes.CbcrBZqp8CD.yaIK00e_UShgzFBbs0ZyY_SRC6JdXJ6OM4wu0MCJKoQ8_5DqpwA8x9hle04f7zGAaKuXHq9hKn5fZNB2_OqgOXHY4BRjhD4aN4RJU3jKTcRlZRlL7Mb1KnAttI4bS_qgu4pKyblrIf0QgASIYJY4qoEIYQjypZL8aDPDGxgj1dtKeuXBIqaiP3eN9dmQacg1lCAR1LhZ9wZ1Hx0qaUZ5sm0hOtSckLDTTWP1FLaZ2xWaneVt1MvahDrQ32dGHCAZF6rOylcZE8Ir2To9p4zSp.OCoTT2pWTzvYTSd5SWKJpsNWm1ixj7nqQA.a0EtmUHwtRrPOEgXiRcUtVIqtwH4gjzBaJVLrW20qxfYX_Fbl5lxVsuJ268gU.95H0hGoCrkz0BfeYdkWV5HebZOp.wXfnsQi41Cx7.j4DQO99eLle0af_0ykjb35XUt7pvTPwBBRDVswM.layDntM2v7JWeB13sAlmoCiinVoqy9Z3i0nz6oiFU3OLIYOb36c.7_P.of0e_5rt4Os2PdHDgELiJ2VE"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8e72551a3e3c6044';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/ecs2.3915?__cf_chl_rt_tk=MpcS8lFg9_FYnFeFslYTK.5v7DaLsH7y8FAFLkLxJW8-1732377209-1.0.1.1-7IcjW_HB9j8guwG8TF.jRTbEAkihjIo2UJhRjfpsBDQ" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>