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<span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputed_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputed_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Disputed succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputed_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edward's_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edward's_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Edward's reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Edward's_reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Edward's reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Edward's_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_"anti-monastic_reaction"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"anti-monastic_reaction""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>The "anti-monastic reaction"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"anti-monastic_reaction"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Charters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Coinage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Burial_and_translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial_and_translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Burial and translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial_and_translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_cult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_cult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Early cult</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_cult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_cult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_cult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Later cult</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_cult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispute_over_Edward's_bones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispute_over_Edward's_bones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Dispute over Edward's bones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispute_over_Edward's_bones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Churches_dedicated_to_Edward_the_Martyr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churches_dedicated_to_Edward_the_Martyr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Churches dedicated to Edward the Martyr</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churches_dedicated_to_Edward_the_Martyr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward the Martyr</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_die_Martelaar" title="Eduard die Martelaar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eduard die Martelaar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92adweard_se_Martyr" title="Ēadweard se Martyr – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ēadweard se Martyr" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="إدوارد الشهيد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدوارد الشهيد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99fake%C5%9F_Eduard" title="Cəfakeş Eduard – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cəfakeş Eduard" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%81%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="جفاکش ادوارد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جفاکش ادوارد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S%C3%BBn-k%C3%A0u-chi%C3%A1" title="Edward Sûn-kàu-chiá – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Edward Sûn-kàu-chiá" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Эдуард Мучанік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эдуард Мучанік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%9E%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Эдўард Пакутнік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эдўард Пакутнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Mu%C4%8Denik" title="Edvard Mučenik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Edvard Mučenik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_el_M%C3%A0rtir" title="Eduard el Màrtir – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eduard el Màrtir" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_II._Mu%C4%8Dedn%C3%ADk" title="Eduard II. Mučedník – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eduard II. Mučedník" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Martyren" title="Edvard Martyren – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Edvard Martyren" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_der_M%C3%A4rtyrer" title="Eduard der Märtyrer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eduard der Märtyrer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_M%C3%A4rter" title="Edward Märter – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Edward Märter" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Εδουάρδος ο Μάρτυρας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εδουάρδος ο Μάρτυρας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_el_M%C3%A1rtir" title="Eduardo el Mártir – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eduardo el Mártir" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_la_Martiro" title="Eduardo la Martiro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eduardo la Martiro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Martiria" title="Eduardo Martiria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eduardo Martiria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ادوارد شهید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادوارد شهید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_le_Martyr" title="Édouard le Martyr – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Édouard le Martyr" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%EC%88%9C%EA%B5%90%EC%99%95" title="에드워드 순교왕 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에드워드 순교왕" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A4%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Էդվարդ Տառապյալ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էդվարդ Տառապյալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_II._Mu%C4%8Denik" title="Eduard II. Mučenik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eduard II. Mučenik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoardo_il_Martire" title="Edoardo il Martire – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edoardo il Martire" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A8" title="אדוארד המרטיר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדוארד המרטיר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ედუარდ წამებული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ედუარდ წამებული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Shahidi" title="Edward Shahidi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Edward Shahidi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardus_Martyr" title="Edwardus Martyr – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Edwardus Martyr" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardas_Kankinys" title="Eduardas Kankinys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eduardas Kankinys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Szent_Edu%C3%A1rd_angol_kir%C3%A1ly" title="II. Szent Eduárd angol király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Szent Eduárd angol király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="ادوارد الشهيد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادوارد الشهيد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_de_Martelaar" title="Eduard de Martelaar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eduard de Martelaar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E6%AE%89%E6%95%99%E7%8E%8B" title="エドワード殉教王 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドワード殉教王" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Martyren" title="Edvard Martyren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edvard Martyren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_M%C4%99czennik" title="Edward Męczennik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edward Męczennik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo,_o_M%C3%A1rtir" title="Eduardo, o Mártir – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eduardo, o Mártir" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Martirul" title="Eduard Martirul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eduard Martirul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Эдуард Мученик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эдуард Мученик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Edward the Martyr" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Mu%C4%8Den%C3%ADk" title="Eduard Mučeník – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eduard Mučeník" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ئێدواردی شەھید – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێدواردی شەھید" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_II_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Едвард II Мученик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Едвард II Мученик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Mu%C4%8Denik" title="Edward Mučenik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Edward Mučenik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Marttyyri" title="Edvard Marttyyri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edvard Marttyyri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Martyren" title="Edvard Martyren – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Edvard Martyren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5" title="พระเจ้าเอ็ดเวิร์ดมรณสักขี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าเอ็ดเวิร์ดมรณสักขี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_(Edgar%27%C4%B1n_o%C4%9Flu)" title="Edward (Edgar'ın oğlu) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Edward (Edgar'ın oğlu)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Едуард Мученик – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Едуард Мученик" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%B4%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ایڈورڈ شہید – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایڈورڈ شہید" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Tu%E1%BA%ABn_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o" title="Edward Tuẫn đạo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Edward Tuẫn đạo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of the English from 975 to 978</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" title="Edmund the Martyr">Edmund the Martyr</a> or <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Edward the Martyr</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_the_Martyr_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Edward the Martyr" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Edward_the_Martyr_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg/220px-Edward_the_Martyr_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Edward_the_Martyr_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg/330px-Edward_the_Martyr_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Edward_the_Martyr_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg/440px-Edward_the_Martyr_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="601" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Edward in an early fourteenth-century <i>Genealogical Roll of the Kings of England</i>, <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_manuscripts,_British_Library" title="Royal manuscripts, British Library">Royal MS 14 B 6</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_English" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the English">King of the English</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">8 July 975 – 18 March 978</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 962</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">18 March 978 (aged about 16)<br /><a href="/wiki/Corfe_Castle_(village)" title="Corfe Castle (village)">Corfe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Wareham,_Dorset" title="Wareham, Dorset">Wareham, Dorset</a>; later <a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury" title="Shaftesbury">Shaftesbury</a>, Dorset</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">Wessex</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d_Eneda" title="Æthelflæd Eneda">Æthelflæd</a> (probably)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Edward the Martyr</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 962</span> – 18 March 978) was <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">King of the English</a> from 8 July 975 until he was killed in 978. He was the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">King Edgar</a> (r. 959–975). On Edgar's death, the succession to the throne was contested between Edward's supporters and those of his younger half-brother, the future King <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a>. As they were both children, it is unlikely that they played an active role in the dispute, which was probably between rival family alliances. Edward's principal supporters were <a href="/wiki/Dunstan" title="Dunstan">Dunstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwine,_Ealdorman_of_East_Anglia" title="Æthelwine, Ealdorman of East Anglia">Æthelwine, Ealdorman of East Anglia</a>, while Æthelred was backed by his mother, Queen <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth_(wife_of_Edgar)" title="Ælfthryth (wife of Edgar)">Ælfthryth</a> and her friend <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_of_Winchester" title="Æthelwold of Winchester">Æthelwold, Bishop of Winchester</a>. The dispute was quickly settled. Edward was chosen as king and Æthelred received the lands traditionally allocated to the king's eldest son in compensation. </p><p>Edgar had been a strong and overbearing king and a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/English_Benedictine_Reform" title="English Benedictine Reform">monastic reform movement</a>. He had forced the lay nobility and <a href="/wiki/Secular_clergy" title="Secular clergy">secular clergy</a> to surrender land and sell it at low prices to the monasteries. Æthelwold had been the most active and ruthless in seizing land for his monasteries with Edgar's assistance. The nobles took advantage of Edgar's death to get their lands back, mainly by legal actions but sometimes by force. The leading magnates were split into two factions, the supporters of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfhere,_Ealdorman_of_Mercia" title="Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia">Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia</a>, and Æthelwine, who both seized some monastic lands which they believed belonged to them, but also estates claimed by their rivals. The disputes never led to warfare. </p><p>Edward's short reign was brought to an end by his murder in March 978 in unclear circumstances. He was killed on the Dowager Queen Ælfthryth's estate at <a href="/wiki/Corfe_Castle_(village)" title="Corfe Castle (village)">the Gap of Corfe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>, and hurriedly buried at <a href="/wiki/Wareham,_Dorset" title="Wareham, Dorset">Wareham</a>. A year later, his body was <a href="/wiki/Translation_(relic)" title="Translation (relic)">translated</a> with great ceremony to <a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury_Abbey" title="Shaftesbury Abbey">Shaftesbury Abbey</a> in Dorset. Contemporary writers do not name the murderer, but almost all narratives in the period after the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> name Ælfthryth. Some modern historians agree, but others do not. Another theory is that the killers were <a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">thegns</a> of Æthelred, probably acting without orders. </p><p>Medieval kings were believed to be sacrosanct, and Edward's murder deeply troubled contemporaries who regarded it as a mortal sin. He soon came to be revered as a saint, and his feast of 18 March is listed in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">festal calendar</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1662)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1662)">Book of Common Prayer</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. Edward was known in his own time for his extreme violence, and historians consider his veneration thoroughly undeserved. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Martyr&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Levi_Roach" title="Levi Roach">Levi Roach</a> comments: "Little is known about Edward's reign save what can be gleaned from a few short notices in the <i>Chronicle</i> and the three authentic <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_charters" title="Anglo-Saxon charters">charters</a> in his name."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach201668_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach201668-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other pre-<a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Conquest</a> sources include Charter S 937<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of around 999, which gives details of his election as king,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200310Charter_S_937Whitelock1979582–584_(no._123)_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200310Charter_S_937Whitelock1979582–584_(no._123)-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Byrhtferth_of_Ramsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Byrhtferth of Ramsey">Byrhtferth of Ramsey</a>'s <i>Life of St Oswald</i>, written around 1000,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidge2009lxvii,_122–145_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidge2009lxvii,_122–145-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and parts of some manuscripts of the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i> (<i>ASC</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitelock1979109–117,_228–231_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitelock1979109–117,_228–231-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Passio et Miracula Sancti Eadwardi Regis et Martyris</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a> and Miracles of Saint Edward, King and Martyr</i>), was written around 1100, probably by the <a href="/wiki/Hagiographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagiographer">hagiographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Goscelin" title="Goscelin">Goscelin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post-Conquest chroniclers giving accounts of Edward's reign include <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_of_Worcester" title="John of Worcester">John of Worcester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFell1971MynorsThomsonWinterbottom1998260–269_(159.2-163)DarlingtonMcGurk1995416–417,_426–431_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFell1971MynorsThomsonWinterbottom1998260–269_(159.2-163)DarlingtonMcGurk1995416–417,_426–431-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Martyr&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the ninth century, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a> came under increasing attack from <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Viking</a> raids, culminating with an invasion by the Viking <a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a> in 865. By 878, the Vikings had overrun the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>, and nearly conquered <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>, but in that year the West Saxons achieved a decisive victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a> under King <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> (871–899).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge19839,_12–13_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge19839,_12–13-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next fifty years, the West Saxons and Mercians gradually conquered the Viking-ruled areas, and in 927 Alfred's grandson <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> (924–939) became the first king of all England when he conquered Northumbria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2011Foot2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2011Foot2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was succeeded by his half-brother and Edward's grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund</a>, who almost immediately lost control of the north to the Vikings, but recovered full control of England by 944. He was killed in a brawl with an outlaw in 946, and as his sons <a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar</a> were infants, their uncle <a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a> (946–955) became king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2004a_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2004a-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Edmund, Eadred inherited the kingship of the whole of England and soon lost it when <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">York</a> (southern Northumbria) accepted a Viking king, but he recovered it when the York magnates expelled King <a href="/wiki/Erik_Bloodaxe" class="mw-redirect" title="Erik Bloodaxe">Erik Bloodaxe</a> in 954.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2014a154–155_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2014a154–155-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eadred's key advisers included <a href="/wiki/Dunstan" title="Dunstan">Dunstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Abbey" title="Glastonbury Abbey">Abbot of Glastonbury</a> and future <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>. Eadred, who suffered from ill health, was in his early thirties when he died in 955, and Eadwig succeeded at the age of around fifteen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2004bKeynes2004_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2004bKeynes2004-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first king since the early ninth century not to face the threat of imminent foreign invasion, and England remained free from Viking attacks until 980, after Edward's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton1971364_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971364-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the start, Eadwig demonstrated his determination to establish his independence from his uncle's advisers. He clashed with Dunstan and sent him into exile. In 957, the kingdom was divided between Eadwig, who kept Wessex, and Edward's father Edgar, who became king of Mercia and other lands north of the <a href="/wiki/Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames">Thames</a>. It is unclear whether this had been planned since the beginning of his reign or was the result of a successful revolt brought about by Eadwig's incompetence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eadwig died in 959, and Edgar succeeded to the rule of the whole kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2014_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eadwig had appointed <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfhere" class="mw-redirect" title="Ælfhere">Ælfhere</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Ealdorman" title="Ealdorman">ealdorman</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Mercia, and he became the premier layman, a status he retained until his death in 983. His rise was at the expense of the family of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan_Half-King" title="Æthelstan Half-King">Æthelstan Half-King</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ealdorman of East Anglia, leading to a rivalry between the families which disrupted the country in Edward's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2004c_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2004c-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/English_Benedictine_Reform" title="English Benedictine Reform">Benedictine reform movement</a> reached its peak in Edgar's reign under the leadership of Dunstan, <a href="/wiki/Oswald,_Archbishop_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Oswald, Archbishop of York">Oswald, Archbishop of York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_of_Winchester" title="Æthelwold of Winchester">Æthelwold, Bishop of Winchester</a>. It became dominant as a result of the strong support of Edgar, earning him high praise by contemporary and later monastic chroniclers. He was a strong, indeed overbearing ruler, and he enriched Benedictine monasteries by forcing the aristocracy and secular (non-monastic) religious institutions to surrender land to them. Æthelwold was the most active and ruthless of the Benedictine leaders in securing land to support his monasteries, in some cases driving <a href="/wiki/Secular_clergy" title="Secular clergy">secular clergy</a> out of their establishments in favour of monks. Edgar died at the age of only thirty-one or thirty-two in 975.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2014Yorke2004aMiller2014b163–164_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2014Yorke2004aMiller2014b163–164-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Martyr&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Edward, who was born in around 962, was the eldest of the four known children of King Edgar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart2007_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No contemporary source gives the name of Edward's mother, and post-Conquest sources give varying accounts. The earliest is a life of Dunstan by <a href="/wiki/Osbern_of_Canterbury" title="Osbern of Canterbury">Osbern of Canterbury</a>, written around 1090. He wrote that Edward's mother was a nun at <a href="/wiki/Wilton_Abbey" title="Wilton Abbey">Wilton Abbey</a> whom the King seduced, and Dunstan punished Edgar by imposing a seven-year penance which delayed his coronation. Osbern's account is rejected by later chroniclers and modern historians. When <a href="/wiki/Eadmer" title="Eadmer">Eadmer</a> wrote a life of Dunstan in the early twelfth century, he included an account of Edward's parentage which he obtained from his friend <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Worcester" title="Nicholas of Worcester">Nicholas of Worcester</a>, who consulted ancient chronicles. Nicholas said that Edward was the son of Edgar's lawful wife <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d_Eneda" title="Æthelflæd Eneda">Æthelflæd <i>candida</i></a> (the white), daughter of Ealdorman Ordmær.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams20033,_157_n._14TurnerMuir2006lxvii,_136–137_and_n._122_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams20033,_157_n._14TurnerMuir2006lxvii,_136–137_and_n._122-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No ealdorman with that name is known, but some historians identify Æthelflæd's parents as a <i>vir potens</i> (powerful man) called Ordmær and his wife Ealde, who gave <a href="/wiki/Hatfield,_Hertfordshire" title="Hatfield, Hertfordshire">Hatfield</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a> to Æthelstan Half-King in exchange for land in Devon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart1992586_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart1992586-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John of Worcester, writing in the early twelfth century, also said that Edward was the son of Æthelflæd, adding that she had the byname <i>eneda</i> (duck).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams20033DarlingtonMcGurk1995416–417_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams20033DarlingtonMcGurk1995416–417-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edgar, who was brought up by Æthelstan Half-King's wife <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwynn,_wife_of_%C3%86thelstan_Half-King" title="Ælfwynn, wife of Æthelstan Half-King">Ælfwynn</a>, probably met Æthelflæd as a result of the connection between her father and his foster-father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2014Hart1992586_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2014Hart1992586-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all modern historians who have discussed Edward's parentage say that his mother was Æthelflæd,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most think that she was Edgar's first wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach201643Yorke2008144_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach201643Yorke2008144-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Brooks_(historian)" title="Nicholas Brooks (historian)">Nicholas Brooks</a> argues that Edgar must have married Æthelflæd because Dunstan backed Edward's succession to the throne, and he was a strong opponent of irregular unions who would not have supported the claim of an illegitimate son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1984249–250_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1984249–250-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the historian <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Roy_Hart" title="Cyril Roy Hart">Cyril Hart</a> describes Edward as "of doubtful legitimacy". Æthelflæd probably died shortly after his birth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart2007_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward's tutor in religion was <a href="/wiki/Sideman_(bishop)" title="Sideman (bishop)">Sideman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Crediton" title="Bishop of Crediton">Bishop of Crediton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidge2009138–139_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidge2009138–139-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edgar had his only known daughter, <a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Wilton" title="Edith of Wilton">Edith</a>, by his second known consort, <a href="/wiki/Wulfthryth_of_Wilton" title="Wulfthryth of Wilton">Wulfthryth</a>, who retired shortly afterwards to Wilton Abbey with her child.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke2004b_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke2004b-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 964, Edgar married <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth_(wife_of_Edgar)" title="Ælfthryth (wife of Edgar)">Ælfthryth</a>, the widow of Æthelstan Half-King's eldest son, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwald,_Ealdorman_of_East_Anglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelwald, Ealdorman of East Anglia">Æthelwold</a>. Her father was <a href="/wiki/Ordgar" title="Ordgar">Ordgar</a>, a leading Devonshire <a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">thegn</a> who was appointed an ealdorman in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2004_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2004-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had two sons, Edmund, who died in 971, and the future King <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a>, who was born around 968. She was the only wife of Edgar to be crowned, and she became a powerful political figure, especially in her son's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafford2004Williams20036_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford2004Williams20036-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disputed_succession">Disputed succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Martyr&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Disputed succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Edward is first recorded as a witness to the <a href="/wiki/New_Minster_Charter" title="New Minster Charter">Winchester New Minster Charter</a> in 966.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart2007_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ælfthryth attested as the "legitimate wife" of the King and Edmund as his "legitimate son", whereas Edward was described as "begotten by the same king". It is uncertain whether this was on the King's instruction, which would indicate that he wished to cut Edward out of the succession, or was ordered by Bishop Æthelwold, who was a friend and ally of Ælfthryth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke2008148–149Rumble200293–94Charter_S_745_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke2008148–149Rumble200293–94Charter_S_745-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Yorke" title="Barbara Yorke">Barbara Yorke</a> sees the denial of Edward's legitimacy as "opportunist special pleading" by Æthelwold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke198886_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke198886-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A genealogy created at Dunstan's Glastonbury Abbey around 969 gives Edward precedence over Edmund and Æthelred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke2008149_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke2008149-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Edgar died on 8 July 975 there was a dispute over the succession, but as Edward was around thirteen and Æthelred six to nine, the historian Sean Miller observes that "they were surely figureheads rather than active participants".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart2007Miller2014c167_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart2007Miller2014c167-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some historians have seen Edward's supporters as defenders of monastic reform and Æthelred's as its opponents, but there were supporters on both sides, and this view is now generally rejected. The real reasons for choosing between them probably lay in family alliances. Bishop Æthelwold backed his friend Ælfthryth, who naturally put forward the claim of her son Æthelred, while Archbishop Dunstan was Edward's chief supporter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1952254–255Miller2014c167Williams20039_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1952254–255Miller2014c167Williams20039-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to John of Worcester, Archbishop Oswald also supported Edward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarlingtonMcGurk1995426–427_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlingtonMcGurk1995426–427-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oswald was at odds with Ealdorman Ælfhere, who probably supported Æthelred,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_Cild" title="Ælfric Cild">Ælfric Cild</a>, while Ælfhere's enemy <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwine,_Ealdorman_of_East_Anglia" title="Æthelwine, Ealdorman of East Anglia">Æthelwine</a> (son of Æthelstan Half-King) probably backed Edward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams20039_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams20039-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Byrhtferth's life of Oswald portrays Edward as an unstable and violent young man:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Now certain of the magnates of this realm wished to elect the elder son of King Edgar, named Edward, as king; some of the ealdormen wanted the younger son, because he seemed more gentle to everyone in word and deed. But the elder son struck not only fear but even terror into everyone; he hounded them not only with tongue-lashings but even with cruel beatings – and most of all those who were members of his own household."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson20212Lapidge2009136–139_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson20212Lapidge2009136–139-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Frank_Stenton" title="Frank Stenton">Frank Stenton</a> comments in his "magisterial and massively authoritative" <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2003xxi_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2003xxi-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Long after [Edward] had passed into veneration as a saint it was remembered that his outbursts of rage had alarmed all who knew him<span class="nowrap"> </span> ... It may have been partly for this reason that a large number of nobles resolved to promote the election of Æthelred, the younger brother."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton1971372_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971372-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The Benedictine monk <a href="/wiki/Eadmer_of_Canterbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Eadmer of Canterbury">Eadmer of Canterbury</a> wrote in his <a href="/wiki/Hagiographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagiographical">hagiographical</a> life of Dunstan:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When this Edward ought to have been consecrated as king, many of the princes of the land sought to oppose that he should be made king, on the one hand, because they were wary of the severity of his character with which he had customarily criticized the excesses of his men fiercely and on the other because they knew that his mother, though legally married, had not, however, been consecrated to the kingdom – just as his father had not – when she gave birth to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnerMuir2006144–145_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnerMuir2006144–145-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Ann_Williams_(historian)" title="Ann Williams (historian)">Ann Williams</a> is sceptical of the last point, commenting that while it is possible that consecration of the king's wife before she gave birth may have been an issue in the tenth century, Eadmer was writing in the early twelfth century when it was an argument raised in favour of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a> against his elder brother, and this may have influenced his interpretation. In addition, as Eadmer says that Edgar was not crowned until two years before his death, the same argument applied to Æthelred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams20039_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams20039-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dispute was soon settled. A <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">calendar</a> entry in a manuscript dating to the late tenth or early eleventh century gives the date of Edward's election as king as 19 July, less than a fortnight after Edgar's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2012b136–137Keynes1980239_n._22Keynes2013150_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2012b136–137Keynes1980239_n._22Keynes2013150-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A charter probably dating to 999 states that Edward was unanimously chosen as king by the leading men of both orders. Æthelred was given the lands traditionally held by the king's sons, including some which had been granted by Edgar to <a href="/wiki/Abingdon_Abbey" title="Abingdon Abbey">Abingdon Abbey</a>, and which were now forcibly repossessed by the order of all the leading nobles. Æthelred commented in the charter that "whether they did this thing justly or unjustly, they themselves may know", and he granted other lands to Abingdon in compensation. The charter probably reflects a settlement under which Æthelred's supporters agreed to Edward's succession in return for the land grant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200310Charter_S_937Whitelock1979582–584_(no._123)_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200310Charter_S_937Whitelock1979582–584_(no._123)-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was crowned by Archbishop Dunstan at <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames" title="Kingston upon Thames">Kingston upon Thames</a>, possibly on the same day he was elected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2013148,_150_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2013148,_150-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The post-Conquest <i>Passio</i> gives a different account, claiming that Dunstan forced through the coronation of Edward as king: "But when, at the time of [Edward's] consecration, some of the leading men of the nation had wished to oppose [it], St Dunstan persevered single-mindedly in his election, and, taking hold of the banner of the holy cross which was customarily carried before him, he fixed it upright in the middle, and with the remaining pious bishops consecrated him king."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECubitt2008145_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECubitt2008145-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Edward's_reign"><span id="Edward.27s_reign"></span>Edward's reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Martyr&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Edward's reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"anti-monastic_reaction""><span id="The_.22anti-monastic_reaction.22"></span>The "anti-monastic reaction"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Martyr&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The "anti-monastic reaction""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Edward's succession was followed by what historians sometimes call the "anti-monastic reaction".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidge2009xx,_lxxi,_lxxiiiMiller2014c167Williams200310_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidge2009xx,_lxxi,_lxxiiiMiller2014c167Williams200310-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, Ælfhere and many other nobles, described by <i>ASC D</i><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the "adversaries of God", launched attacks on monasteries. His rival Æthelwine was called <i>amicus Dei</i> (friend of God), and portrayed as the chief defender of the monks, by Byrhtferth,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitelock1979229Lapidge2009130–131_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitelock1979229Lapidge2009130–131-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who wrote that in Edward's reign:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the commonwealth of the entire realm was shaken; bishops were perplexed, ealdormen were angry, monks were struck with fear, the people were terrified, and the secular clerics were made happy, because their time had come. Abbots are now expelled, together with their monks; clerics are brought in together with their wives; and 'the last error was worse than the first' ... Monks who were formerly accustomed to sit on <a href="/wiki/Caparison" title="Caparison">caparisoned</a> horses and with their companions to sing the melodious song of <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a>, could then be seen carting a burden, not being carried like the ancient patriarch on a carriage into Egypt, or walking about with companions and friends, 'without a purse, without shoes'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidge2009122–125_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidge2009122–125-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, most historians are sceptical of the claim that the conflict was between the supporters and opponents of monasticism, and attribute the disturbances to the nobles' personal rivalries and their determination to recover or obtain compensation for lands which Edgar had forced them to give up to monasteries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2004cMiller2014c168Jayakumar2009339–340_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2004cMiller2014c168Jayakumar2009339–340-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Æthelwine founded Byrhtferth's <a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Abbey" title="Ramsey Abbey">Ramsey Abbey</a>, but he was remembered at <a href="/wiki/Ely_Abbey" title="Ely Abbey">Ely Abbey</a> for stealing several of their estates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2014c168_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2014c168-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ælfhere is said to have disbanded monasteries founded by Æthelwold, but also to have protected Æthelwold's Ely from Æthelwine and been a benefactor of Dunstan's Glastonbury and Æthelwold's Abingdon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2004c_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2004c-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Williams comments that "there was more to the seizure of monastic lands than anti-monasticism. In many, perhaps most cases, it was the sharp practice involved in acquiring lands for the reformed houses that was being questioned, as the sellers (who had probably been put under considerable pressure) or their heirs sought to obtain a price closer to the actual market value."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200310_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200310-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians find it very difficult to judge the extent of disorder in Edward's reign in view of the very limited information available. At some point, Ælfhere and Æthelwine appear to have come close to open warfare, but there were no battles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200310–11_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200310–11-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A thegn called Leofsige seized estates at <a href="/wiki/Peterborough" title="Peterborough">Peterborough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oundle" title="Oundle">Oundle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kettering" title="Kettering">Kettering</a>, causing such disorder that no crops were sown for two years. Leofsige was killed by Æthelwine's brother, Ælfwold, who was then pardoned for the crime by Bishop Æthelwold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart1992151_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart1992151-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian George Molyneaux is sceptical of the portrayal of Edward's reign as a time of rampant strife in view of the lack of evidence of fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolyneaux201534_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolyneaux201534-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration">Administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Martyr&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Witan" title="Witan">Witans</a></i> (king's councils) met at Kingston upon Thames, perhaps on the occasion of Edward's coronation, at <a href="/wiki/Kirtlington" title="Kirtlington">Kirtlington</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a> after Easter 977, and at <a href="/wiki/Calne" title="Calne">Calne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a> in the same year. The meeting at Calne was held on an upper storey which collapsed; many leading counsellors were injured and some killed, but Dunstan was unharmed because he was standing on a beam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach201367,_240Williams200311_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach201367,_240Williams200311-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ælfhere attested first among the ealdormen and Æthelwine second in all of Edward's charters, indicating that they retained their positions from the previous reign as the leading lay magnates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes200853Hart2005Keynes2002Tables_LVI_(3_of_3),_LVIII_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes200853Hart2005Keynes2002Tables_LVI_(3_of_3),_LVIII-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward's first charter was attested by almost all the leading magnates, showing that his rule had been generally accepted. This is the first charter which lists the chronicler <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelweard_the_Chronicler" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelweard the Chronicler">Æthelweard</a> as an ealdorman and he was presumably appointed by Edward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach201668–70_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach201668–70-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There appear to have been no ealdormen covering the south of England in the early 970s, perhaps because Edgar's authority was so great that he was able to cover the area personally. After Edward acceded, three ealdormen were appointed to cover the area, Æthelweard in west Wessex, Æthelmær in Hampshire and <a href="/wiki/Eadwine_of_Sussex" title="Eadwine of Sussex">Eadwine</a> in Sussex and Kent. If stability had depended on Edgar's personal authority, then it is not surprising that the authorities found it so difficult to maintain order after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes200853_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes200853-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> disapprovingly records the exile of Ealdorman <a href="/wiki/Oslac_of_York" title="Oslac of York">Oslac of York</a> during Edward's reign, but the circumstances are unknown. Few other events are recorded during his reign: there was a severe famine in 976, Bishop Sideman died in 977,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200311Whitelock1979229–230_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200311Whitelock1979229–230-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 978 Dunstan purchased land near <a href="/wiki/Hendon" title="Hendon">Hendon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a> from Edward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes200557Charter_S_1450_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes200557Charter_S_1450-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charters">Charters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Martyr&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Charters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Simon_Keynes" title="Simon Keynes">Simon Keynes</a> sees a <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic">diplomatic</a> tradition which extends from the charters late in Edgar's reign to early in Æthelred's, but excluding the intervening "slightly anomalous" charters of Edward. Five charters survive which purport to date to the three years and nine months of Edward's reign, a low number as the average in the period was four to five a year. The authenticity of Charters S 828 and S 829 is disputed. Keynes says that they are fraudulent, but have witness lists which are probably based on genuine texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes198084_and_n._1Keynes2002Table_LVIIIHart197526–27_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes198084_and_n._1Keynes2002Table_LVIIIHart197526–27-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The editor of these charters, Susan Kelly, describes them as "very difficult documents", and thinks that they may be genuine. They both appear to have been drawn up at the same time by the same careless draftsman during or close to Edward's reign. S 828 is a grant of thirteen <a href="/wiki/Hide_(unit)" title="Hide (unit)">hides</a> of land at <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Bagpuize" title="Kingston Bagpuize">Kingston Bagpuize</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a> by King Edward to Bishop <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfstan" title="Ælfstan">Ælfstan</a>, probably of <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Ramsbury_(ancient)" title="Bishop of Ramsbury (ancient)">Ramsbury</a>. S 829 grants seven hides in the same village to <a href="/wiki/Abingdon_Abbey" title="Abingdon Abbey">Abingdon Abbey</a>. The boundary clause is the same in both charters, perhaps because the bishop and abbey held different scattered units within the estate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2001454–456Charter_S_828Charter_S_829_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2001454–456Charter_S_828Charter_S_829-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charter S 831 from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Minster,_Winchester" title="Old Minster, Winchester">Old Minster, Winchester</a>, is probably authentic and is based on one of 941. It is a grant by Edward to his minister Ælfric of land at <a href="/wiki/Wylye" title="Wylye">Wylye</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes198084_n._1Hart197527_n._1Charter_S_831_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes198084_n._1Hart197527_n._1Charter_S_831-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charter S 832 is a large grant of land in Cornwall by Edward to Ealdorman Æthelweard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitelock1979566–567_(no._115,_translation_of_charter)Charter_S_832_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitelock1979566–567_(no._115,_translation_of_charter)Charter_S_832-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is closely related to Charter S 830, a grant of land at <a href="/wiki/Cheriton_Bishop" title="Cheriton Bishop">Cheriton Bishop</a> in Devon by Edward to his "faithful vassal" (<i>fideli vasallo</i>) Ælfsige. Both charters are from the <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a> archive but probably written at <a href="/wiki/Crediton" title="Crediton">Crediton</a>, and Hart doubts whether they are genuine in their present form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharter_S_830Hart197526–27,_n._4Chaplais196615–16_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharter_S_830Hart197526–27,_n._4Chaplais196615–16-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coinage">Coinage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Martyr&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Coinage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EdwardMartyr.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/EdwardMartyr.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="194" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">Obverse</a> of a penny of Edward the Martyr produced at <a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Lincolnshire" title="Stamford, Lincolnshire">Stamford</a> by the coiner Wulfgar<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaismith2017732–733_(coin_1777)_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaismith2017732–733_(coin_1777)-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The only coin in common use in late Anglo-Saxon England was the silver <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_penny_(c._600_%E2%80%93_1066)" title="History of the English penny (c. 600 – 1066)">penny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaismith2021386_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaismith2021386-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until late in Edgar's reign, pennies produced by mints in different towns varied in design, weight and <a href="/wiki/Fineness" title="Fineness">fineness</a> (silver content). In the early 970s, he brought in his reform coinage, with a single design and much greater uniformity of weight and fineness. The coins, with a design called the <i>Small Cross</i> type, had a left-facing bust of the King on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Obverse">obverse</a> surrounded by a circle with the King's name (+EADGAR REX ANGLOR[UM]) around the edge. The reverse had a small cross in the centre with the moneyer's name and mint-place around the edge. Edgar's reform design was the sole coin type produced during Edward's reign, and it was replaced early in Æthelred's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaismith2017260–261,_732–733_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaismith2017260–261,_732–733-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward's coins were on average slightly lighter than those of Edgar and heavier than those of Æthelred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaismith2017249_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaismith2017249-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fineness was high and uniform following Edgar's reform at 96%, and this was maintained under Edward apart from a few slightly less fine coins produced in Lincoln and York. After Edward's death fineness became more variable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaismith2017252_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaismith2017252-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Edgar's reign, dies for coins were almost all cut at one centre, probably <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a>, and distributed from there to other mints across the kingdom. Under Edward, the centre supplied a far smaller number of mints and it was supplemented by regional die-cutting centres. This may have been due to the difficult political situation in his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaismith2017261_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaismith2017261-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Martyr&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corfe_Castle2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Corfe_Castle2.jpg/250px-Corfe_Castle2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Corfe_Castle2.jpg/330px-Corfe_Castle2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Corfe_Castle2.jpg/500px-Corfe_Castle2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>The post-<a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Conquest</a> <a href="/wiki/Corfe_Castle" title="Corfe Castle">Corfe Castle</a></figcaption></figure><p> Edward was killed on <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth_(wife_of_Edgar)" title="Ælfthryth (wife of Edgar)">Ælfthryth</a>'s estate in <a href="/wiki/Corfe_Castle_(village)" title="Corfe Castle (village)">the Gap of Corfe</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Purbeck_Hills" title="Purbeck Hills">Purbeck Hills</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a> on the evening of 18 March 978.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart2007_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only detailed pre-Conquest account is by <a href="/wiki/Byrhtferth" title="Byrhtferth">Byrhtferth</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One day towards evening the remarkable and elected king, seeking the consolations of brotherly love, arrived at the house where his beloved brother was living with the dowager queen, as we have said. The magnates and leading men went to meet him, as was only fitting; he [the younger son] remained inside with the dowager queen, his mother. Those magnates had agreed among themselves a wicked plot: they were possessed of so damnable an intention and so murky and diabolical a blindness, that they did not fear to lay hands on God's anointed. Armed men surrounded him on all sides; with them was standing the royal butler, humbly waiting to be of service. The venerable king had with him very few soldiers, since he did not suspect anyone, trusting "in the Lord and in the might of His power". He had been instructed in holy scripture under the tutelage of Bishop Sideman; he was strong in body and sturdy. For when the conspirators surrounded him — and it was just as the Jews once surrounded our Lord — he remained sitting on his horse, fearless. They were seized by a single madness, an equal insanity ... The soldiers laid hold of him: one on his right-hand side drew him towards him, as if he wished to give him a kiss; another grabbed his left side firmly and gave him the death blow. And the King shouted out, as best he could: "What are you doing, breaking my right hand?" And suddenly he fell from his horse, and he was dead. This martyr of God was lifted up by his thegns, and taken to the house of a certain churl, where no <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a> and no funereal lament was heard; rather, this distinguished king of the whole country lay covered only by a cheap blanket, awaiting the light of day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidge2009138–141_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidge2009138–141-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Byrhtferth does not say when and where Edward died, and the oldest surviving version of the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> (<i>ASC A</i>) just says that he was killed in 978. <i>ASC C</i>, written in the 1040s after Edward had come to be seen as a saint, states that he was martyred. The fullest account of his death in the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> is in the northern recension, <i>ASC D</i> and <i>ASC E</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which post-dates the Conquest. This gives the date and location of his death. No version of the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> states who committed the murder, but the northern recension blames his relatives for failing to avenge his death,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitelock1979230–231Williams200311_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitelock1979230–231Williams200311-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a poem about Edward's death dating to around 1000 says: "It is certain that he died through envy, at the hands of his own kin."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumville2007277–280Keynes2012a117_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumville2007277–280Keynes2012a117-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pre-Conquest accounts of the murder do not say who was responsible, whereas post-Conquest chroniclers and hagiographers almost all blame Ælfthryth. The <i>Passio</i> and John of Worcester claim that she ordered the killing,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFell1971xviRoach201674–76DarlingtonMcGurk1995428–429_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFell1971xviRoach201674–76DarlingtonMcGurk1995428–429-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while William of Malmesbury has her handing him a drink to distract him and her servant stabbing him, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Huntingdon" title="Henry of Huntingdon">Henry of Huntingdon</a> writes that she killed Edward herself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMynorsThomsonWinterbottom1998264–265_(162.2)Greenway1996324–325_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMynorsThomsonWinterbottom1998264–265_(162.2)Greenway1996324–325-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Passio</i> is so biased against Ælfthryth that it deletes favourable information about her in its sources, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Regularis_Concordia_(Winchester)" title="Regularis Concordia (Winchester)">Regularis Concordia</a></i> of around 973, which laid down rules for monastic life. It gave Ælfthryth the role of protectress of nunneries, but the <i>Passio</i> changes the protectress to Edward's mother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFell1971xviiiKeynes1980172_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFell1971xviiiKeynes1980172-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern historians have offered a variety of interpretations of Edward's killing. Some blame Ælfthryth's followers and think that she may have been personally responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafford2004Higham199714_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford2004Higham199714-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cnut's biographer, Michael Lawson, thinks that the failure to punish the killers is suspicious and points to Ælfthryth's guilt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson201145_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson201145-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roach disagrees, seeing the fact that no contemporary blamed Ælfthryth as significant, and comments that we must be careful not to see conspiracies which did not exist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach201675–76_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach201675–76-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The editor of the <i>Passio</i>, <a href="/wiki/Christine_Fell" title="Christine Fell">Christine Fell</a>, points out that many of the details of Ælfthryth's role appear in the earlier stories of the murders of Anglo-Saxon royals, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kenelm" title="Saint Kenelm">Saint Kenelm</a> by his sister and <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_II_of_East_Anglia" title="Æthelberht II of East Anglia">Saint Æthelberht</a> by his potential mother-in-law. Fell argues that it was inevitable that Ælfthryth's hagiographical role in the <i>Passio</i> would similarly be that of scapegoat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFell19788–11_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFell19788–11-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yorke comments that such stories "draw upon hagiographical conventions spiced with traditional beliefs in the enmity of step-mothers for step-children, and should not be taken as reliable accounts of what actually occurred".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke1999101_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke1999101-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another theory is that the murder was the culmination of the conflict between Ælfhere and Æthelwine, and that Ælfhere had Edward killed to preserve his own power and put his own candidate on the throne. The historian Alan Thacker sees Ælfhere's role in the reburial of Edward as an act of <a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">expiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThacker1996248–249John1996120_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThacker1996248–249John1996120-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Roach points out that Byrhtferth praises Ælfhere's role, even though he was hostile to the ealdorman, and would have condemned him if he had been implicated in the crime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach201676_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach201676-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contemporary poem about Edward's death praises Ælfhere's role, describing him as "most worthy leader".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumville2007280_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumville2007280-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miller thinks that Æthelred's thegns probably acted on their own initiative in the hope of personal advancement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2014c168_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2014c168-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Edward's personality may have been a factor in his death, as afterwards the opposing factions were able to reach a compromise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke1999107_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke1999107-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were few changes at court: Ælfthryth and Bishop Æthelwold became more prominent, but Edward's officials mainly kept their positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2013342_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2013342-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Williams challenges the consensus that Edward's death was the result of a plot. She compares his death to <a href="/wiki/Beaduheard" title="Beaduheard">an earlier outbreak of violence due to a misunderstanding</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is possible that King Edward's death was also 'accidental' in that, far from being planned, it arose from a provocative confrontation between the young king (prone to violent behaviour, according to Byrhtferth) and one or more of the noblemen attending on his brother. It remains curious that the perpetrator is not named; Edward's grandfather King Edmund was killed in similar circumstances but "it was widely known how he ended his life, that Leofa stabbed (<i>ofstang</i>) him at <a href="/wiki/Pucklechurch" title="Pucklechurch">Pucklechurch</a>". Could it be that too many people (perhaps not all of them belonging to Ælfthryth's faction) were secretly relieved to be rid of a violent and unstable youth?<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200312_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200312-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Martyr&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial_and_translation">Burial and translation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Martyr&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Burial and translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Edward's death deeply troubled contemporaries. Roach observes "Medieval kings were felt to be touched by divinity; not only had they been chosen by God, but like bishops they were anointed into their office with holy oil. Royal consecration was a well-established tradition and the reformers had done much to emphasize the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">God-given nature of royal authority</a> further ... To kill a king was, therefore, more than a crime – it was a sin of the first order."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach201674–75_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach201674–75-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> England had a long tradition of revering murdered kings as saints, and the circumstances of Edward's death made it almost certain that he would come to be seen as a martyr, but this did not occur immediately. He was not regarded as saintly in his lifetime and he did not die defending <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. It was almost a year before he received royal burial, and the delay suggests that there was an argument over what to do with his body, with the case for honourable burial gradually gaining ground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200314Marafioti2014162–164_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200314Marafioti2014162–164-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>ASC D</i> and <i>ASC E</i> say that Edward was initially buried at Wareham without royal honour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitelock1979230–231_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitelock1979230–231-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byrhtferth states that a year later "the renowned Ealdorman Ælfhere arrived with a great train"; he ordered Edward's body to be disinterred, and it was found to be <a href="/wiki/Incorrupt" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorrupt">incorrupt</a>, which was taken as a miraculous sign; the body was carried with great ceremony for burial in <a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury_Abbey" title="Shaftesbury Abbey">Shaftesbury Abbey</a>, a house of nuns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarafioti2014162Lapidge2009140–143_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarafioti2014162Lapidge2009140–143-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the senior ealdorman, Ælfhere was probably charged with arranging the <a href="/wiki/Translation_(relic)" title="Translation (relic)">translation</a> of Edward's body from <a href="/wiki/Wareham,_Dorset" title="Wareham, Dorset">Wareham</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury" title="Shaftesbury">Shaftesbury</a> for a proper burial to pave the way for Æthelred's coronation on 4 May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes199949_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes199949-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early eleventh century <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_(died_1023)" title="Wulfstan (died 1023)">Wulfstan</a>, wrote that his body was burned, and Keynes comments that "the authority of Wulfstan is considerable",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1980167_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1980167-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as political circumstances required that Edward be decently buried, Ælfhere may have been charged with finding another body for the purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2012a124Whitelock1979931_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2012a124Whitelock1979931-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Post-Conquest accounts, such as the <i>Passio,</i> have more complicated and hagiographical narratives. The <i>Passio</i> says that Ælfthryth had Edward's body concealed in a marsh, where it was miraculously revealed in February 979 by a column of fire, and locals took it to Wareham church for burial. Ælfhere was filled with joy when he heard about the discovery of the body, and he took it to Shaftesbury for reburial in a more worthy place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarafioti2014168–169Ridyard1988155_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarafioti2014168–169Ridyard1988155-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Passio</i> goes on to say that in 1001 Edward told "a certain religious" in a vision of his wish to be moved from the churchyard to a more secure place in the abbey. This information was conveyed to the abbess, who passed it to King Æthelred, and he joyfully gave instructions for the relics to be again <a href="/wiki/Translation_(relics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Translation (relics)">translated</a>. He ordered <a href="/wiki/Wulfsige_III" title="Wulfsige III">Wulfsige</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Sherborne" title="Bishop of Sherborne">Bishop of Sherborne</a>, and another prelate, perhaps Ælfsige, the abbot of the <a href="/wiki/New_Minster,_Winchester" title="New Minster, Winchester">New Minster, Winchester</a>, to carry out the ceremony. The translation took place on 20 June, but the King could not be present because he was preoccupied with a Danish invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidyard1988156Williams200315–16Foot2000170_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidyard1988156Williams200315–16Foot2000170-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the historian Paul Hayward points out that this second translation is not mentioned in contemporary sources and no pre-Conquest calendar prescribes a feast on 20 June; he argues that it was an invention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayward199986–87_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward199986–87-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_cult">Early cult</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Martyr&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Early cult"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Edward was recognised as a saint soon after his death, and Æthelred appears to have been the chief sponsor of his brother's <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">cult</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200314_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200314-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was promoted initially by the ecclesiastical and secular leadership to demonstrate the sanctity of the royal office, but as Viking raids intensified they came to be seen as punishment of the English people by God for a terrible crime, the killing of the Lord's anointed, for which they needed to make amends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2012a125_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2012a125-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sigeric_(archbishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigeric (archbishop)">Sigeric</a>, Archbishop of Canterbury from 990 to 994, persuaded Æthelred to establish a monastery at <a href="/wiki/Cholsey_Abbey" title="Cholsey Abbey">Cholsey</a> in honour of Edward, and the king appointed <a href="/wiki/Germanus_of_Winchester" title="Germanus of Winchester">Germanus</a> as abbot. Edward's cult was also recognised at Canterbury and promoted by Wulfstan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2012a119,_122_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2012a119,_122-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1001, Æthelred granted a former minster church and land at <a href="/wiki/Bradford_on_Avon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bradford on Avon">Bradford on Avon</a> in Wiltshire to God and "his saint, my brother Edward, whom, drenched with his own blood, the Lord has seen fit to magnify in our time with many miracles", to provide a refuge for the nuns and Edward's relics against Viking attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200316Ridyard1988156–157Charter_S_899_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200316Ridyard1988156–157Charter_S_899-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Foot" title="Sarah Foot">Sarah Foot</a> describes the donation as "somewhat bizarre" as the Shaftesbury nunnery was in a fortified <a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">burh</a>, whereas Bradford was unprotected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot2000170–171Kelly1996119–120_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2000170–171Kelly1996119–120-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byrhtferth says that the first miracles occurred at Edward's tomb eleven years after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidge2009144–145Williams200315_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidge2009144–145Williams200315-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wulfstan's <i><a href="/wiki/Sermon_of_the_Wolf_to_the_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Sermon of the Wolf to the English">Sermon of the Wolf to the English</a></i> of around 1014 cites the murder of Edward and Æthelred being forced into exile by <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a>'s conquest of England in 1013 as examples of betrayals of lords by the English.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003122–123Whitelock1979931_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2003122–123Whitelock1979931-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of twenty-five calendars dating to before 1100, Edward's death date of 18 March is listed in eighteen; only nine saints were listed in more, and five also have a feast on 13 February commemorating his translation from Wareham to Shaftesbury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson202110–11Rollason1989142–143_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson202110–11Rollason1989142–143-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Æthelred's eldest son, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan_%C3%86theling" title="Æthelstan Ætheling">Æthelstan</a> left £6 "to Holy Cross and St Edward at Shaftesbury" in his will, made on his deathbed in 1014. Cnut also patronised Edward's cult, and the law code V Æthelred of 1008 includes a clause, possibly inserted by <a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a> in around 1018, which commands that the feast of Edward's martyrdom be celebrated on 18 March throughout England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200314Thacker1996267Wormald197853–54Keynes199953,_70_n._130Keynes2012a123_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200314Thacker1996267Wormald197853–54Keynes199953,_70_n._130Keynes2012a123-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/David_Rollason" title="David Rollason">David Rollason</a> argues that Æthelred and Cnut promoted Edward's cult in order to heighten their prestige by emphasising the sanctity of their predecessor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollason1989144_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollason1989144-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The killing of Edward led to greater interest in other murdered royal saints by Oswald and in his monasteries, especially Ramsey and <a href="/wiki/Winchcombe_Abbey" title="Winchcombe Abbey">Winchcombe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECubitt200067_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECubitt200067-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Æthelred's failure as a king has been seen by post-Conquest writers and some modern historians as a result of Edward's murder. <a href="/wiki/Goscelin" title="Goscelin">Goscelin</a> wrote in his life of Edith that Æthelred was unworthy to rule because "his succession had been purchased with his brother's blood".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidyard1988158_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidyard1988158-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stenton comments that Æthelred "began to reign in an atmosphere of suspicion which destroyed the prestige of the Crown. It was never fully restored in his lifetime ... Much that has brought the condemnation of historians on King Æthelred may well be due in the last resort to the circumstances under which he became king." His ineffective conduct as king suggests "the reaction of a weak king to the consciousness that he had come to power through what his subjects regarded as the worst crime committed among the English peoples since their first coming to Britain".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton1971373–374_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971373–374-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Æthelred's support for his brother's cult has been seen as an attempt to dispel the cloud of suspicion which hung over him, but this view has been challenged since the late twentieth century by historians who have argued that contemporaries do not appear to have blamed Æthelred or his mother for the murder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidyard1988159–162_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidyard1988159–162-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keynes argues that if the royal family had been blamed for Edward's death, glorification of him would have drawn attention to the crime and undermined Æthelred's position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1980171_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1980171-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several religious communities claimed to have acquired parts of Edward's body during Cnut's reign, but William of Malmesbury stated that half of Edward's body was taken to <a href="/wiki/Leominster_Abbey" title="Leominster Abbey">Leominster</a> and half to Abingdon, where they both crumbled, and only the lung remained at Shaftesbury, where it was displayed, continuing to throb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBugyis2019225_and_n._1Winterbottom2007294–297_(ii.86.6)Marafioti2014214–215_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBugyis2019225_and_n._1Winterbottom2007294–297_(ii.86.6)Marafioti2014214–215-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_cult">Later cult</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Martyr&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Later cult"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Edward was the only tenth century king to be buried in a nunnery. Shaftesbury, which had been founded by Alfred the Great for one of his daughters, had strong royal connections,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke202168_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke202168-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the cult of Edward was valuable to it, giving it a high status among Wessex monasteries. At the end of the Anglo-Saxon period it was the richest Benedictine nunnery and Glastonbury the richest monastery of all. Later in the Middle Ages there was a saying that "If the abbot of Glastonbury might marry the abbess of Shaftesbury, their heir would have more land than the King of England".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes199955–56_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes199955–56-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward's cult was important for the prosperity of the nunnery and town of Shaftesbury in the later Middle Ages, and in some medieval documents the town is called <i>Edwardsstowe</i>, "the holy place of Edward".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke199999_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke199999-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lanfranc" title="Lanfranc">Lanfranc</a>, the first Norman Archbishop of Canterbury, denied the sanctity of many Anglo-Saxon saints. Edward's cult survived but it was regarded as "rustic" and relegated to a minor status only to be honoured in establishments with a particular reason to honour him, such as Shaftesbury. His cult revived in the later Middle Ages, although almost wholly in the southern half of the country. He was regarded as one of the English national saints until they were relegated by the Plantagenets' preference for the more martial figure of <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>. Edward survived the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, but as a low key figure only remembered on his feast day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson20219–10,_14–17_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson20219–10,_14–17-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward's feast of 18 March is still listed in the festal calendar of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1662)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1662)">1662 <i>Book of Common Prayer</i></a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson20211_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson20211-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Frank_Barlow_(historian)" title="Frank Barlow (historian)">Frank Barlow</a> comments that popular detestation of the crime led people to transform an unpleasant youth into a royal martyr.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow19974_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow19974-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian Tom Watson commented, "For an obnoxious teenager who showed no evidence of sanctity or kingly attributes and who should have been barely a footnote, his cult has endured mightily well."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson202119_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson202119-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispute_over_Edward's_bones"><span id="Dispute_over_Edward.27s_bones"></span>Dispute over Edward's bones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Martyr&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dispute over Edward's bones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shaftesbury Abbey was <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">dissolved</a> in 1539 and the buildings were almost wholly dismantled. Between 1930 and 1932, an amateur historian, John Wilson-Claridge, conducted excavations in the ruins of the abbey. No report of the excavations was ever published, but he claimed to have found the bones of Edward the Martyr in the north transept. The discovery was praised in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> as one of the greatest historical discoveries of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeen19995–7Parlby200337_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeen19995–7Parlby200337-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963, the bones were examined by the forensic pathologist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._A._Stowell" title="Thomas E. A. Stowell">Thomas Stowell</a>, who concluded that they were of a young man between the ages of seventeen and nineteen who had suffered injuries consistent with the description of the murder in Byrhtferth's account. Stowell concluded that beyond reasonable doubt the bones were of Edward the Martyr.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStowell1971160Lavelle200844_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStowell1971160Lavelle200844-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the bones was carbon-dated and found to date to the correct period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes199955,_70_n._132_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes199955,_70_n._132-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians' accounts of Stowell's findings usually mention that they were contradicted by the British Museum osteoarchaeologist <a href="/wiki/Don_Brothwell" title="Don Brothwell">Don Brothwell</a>, who is believed to have examined the bones and concluded that they were of an older man and that the damage was probably post-mortem, although no report of his examination was ever published.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes199954–55Rahtz198917Gem198411_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes199954–55Rahtz198917Gem198411-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson-Claridge negotiated with several churches to take the bones, but none was willing to agree to his requirement that they would be housed and revered as the true relics of the saint.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStowell1971141_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStowell1971141-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, Wilson-Claridge met, in his own words, "by divine providence" a Mr Pobjoy, who was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Abroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox Church Abroad">Russian Orthodox Church Abroad</a> (ROCA), which agreed to accept the bones on Wilson-Claridge's terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahtz198917_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahtz198917-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson-Claridge's brother strongly objected to the bones going to ROCA, arguing that they should go back to Shaftesbury. The dispute was debated in letters to <i>The Times</i>, including one from Keynes which objected to the bones going to a Russian Orthodox church: "No Saxon can have deserved that fate". In 1988, a High Court hearing ruled that the bones could go to the ROCA <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Edward_the_Martyr,_Brookwood" title="Church of St Edward the Martyr, Brookwood">Church of St Edward the Martyr, Brookwood</a>, which had been established for the purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahtz198917Keynes198411_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahtz198917Keynes198411-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians are very sceptical that the bones in the Brookwood church are those of Edward the Martyr, both because the body taken to Shaftesbury in 979 was probably not Edward's, and because the bones found in 1931 were probably not the ones believed by contemporaries to be his.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes199954–55Yorke1999112–113Watson202117–18_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes199954–55Yorke1999112–113Watson202117–18-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Churches_dedicated_to_Edward_the_Martyr">Churches dedicated to Edward the Martyr</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Martyr&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Churches dedicated to Edward the Martyr"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Edward%27s_church,_Goathurst_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3156834.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St_Edward%27s_church%2C_Goathurst_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3156834.jpg/220px-St_Edward%27s_church%2C_Goathurst_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3156834.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St_Edward%27s_church%2C_Goathurst_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3156834.jpg/330px-St_Edward%27s_church%2C_Goathurst_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3156834.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St_Edward%27s_church%2C_Goathurst_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3156834.jpg/440px-St_Edward%27s_church%2C_Goathurst_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3156834.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Edward_King_and_Martyr,_Goathurst" title="Church of St Edward King and Martyr, Goathurst">Church of St Edward King and Martyr</a>, Goathurst, Somerset</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Edward_King_and_Martyr,_Cambridge_(exterior).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/St_Edward_King_and_Martyr%2C_Cambridge_%28exterior%29.jpg/250px-St_Edward_King_and_Martyr%2C_Cambridge_%28exterior%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/St_Edward_King_and_Martyr%2C_Cambridge_%28exterior%29.jpg/330px-St_Edward_King_and_Martyr%2C_Cambridge_%28exterior%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/St_Edward_King_and_Martyr%2C_Cambridge_%28exterior%29.jpg/500px-St_Edward_King_and_Martyr%2C_Cambridge_%28exterior%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Edward_King_and_Martyr,_Cambridge" title="St Edward King and Martyr, Cambridge">Church of St Edward King and Martyr</a>, Cambridge</figcaption></figure> <p>Churches dedicated to Edward the Martyr are the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Edward_King_and_Martyr,_Goathurst" title="Church of St Edward King and Martyr, Goathurst">Church of St Edward King and Martyr</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Goathurst" title="Goathurst">Goathurst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistoric_England,_Church_of_St_Edward_the_Martyr,_Goathurst_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistoric_England,_Church_of_St_Edward_the_Martyr,_Goathurst-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Church of <a href="/wiki/St_Edward_King_and_Martyr,_Cambridge" title="St Edward King and Martyr, Cambridge">St Edward King and Martyr</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peas_Hill" title="Peas Hill">Peas Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistoric_England,_Church_of_St_Edward_the_Martyr,_Cambridge_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistoric_England,_Church_of_St_Edward_the_Martyr,_Cambridge-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Church of St Edward, King and Martyr, Corfe Castle,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_St_Edward,_King_and_Martyr,_Corfe_Castle_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_St_Edward,_King_and_Martyr,_Corfe_Castle-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Church of St Edward King & Martyr, <a href="/wiki/Castle_Donington" title="Castle Donington">Castle Donington</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_St_Edward_King_&_Martyr,_Castle_Donington_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_St_Edward_King_&_Martyr,_Castle_Donington-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Church of St Edward the Martyr, New York.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_St._Edward_the_Martyr,_New_York_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_St._Edward_the_Martyr,_New_York-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Martyr&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A charter's S number is its number in <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sawyer_(historian)" title="Peter Sawyer (historian)">Peter Sawyer</a>'s catalogue of Anglo-Saxon charters, available online at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esawyer.lib.cam.ac.uk/about/index.html">Electronic Sawyer</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fell and Ridyard think that the <i>Passio</i> was probably written by Goscelin, but Paul Hayward considers this "highly unlikely", arguing that "the work has little of the sweeping flair and distinctive vocabulary which characterises Goscelin's oeuvre".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFell1971xxRidyard198848–49Hayward199985–86_and_n._85_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFell1971xxRidyard198848–49Hayward199985–86_and_n._85-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ealdorman was the second rank of the lay aristocracy below the king. They governed large areas as the king's local representatives and led local levies in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafford2014156_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford2014156-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Æthelstan was known as the Half-King because kings were said to rely on his advice. He retired in 957 and was succeeded as ealdorman of East Anglia by his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwald,_Ealdorman_of_East_Anglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelwald, Ealdorman of East Anglia">Æthelwold</a>, Ælfthryth's first husband, who died in 962. Æthelwold was succeeded as ealdorman by his youngest brother, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwine,_Ealdorman_of_East_Anglia" title="Æthelwine, Ealdorman of East Anglia">Æthelwine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2014d19Lapidge200984–87Lapidge201420_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2014d19Lapidge200984–87Lapidge201420-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The twelfth century <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Eliensis" title="Liber Eliensis">Liber Eliensis</a></i> states that Edgar later claimed that Ordmær and Ealde bequeathed the land at Hatfield to him and gave the Hatfield land to Ely Abbey, After his death Æthelstan's sons claimed that Edgar had forced him to surrender it. They brought a successful action to recover the land from the abbey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart1992462–463,_586Fairweather2005103–104_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart1992462–463,_586Fairweather2005103–104-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Williams_(historian)" title="Ann Williams (historian)">Ann Williams</a> disputes the consensus, suggesting that Edward was a son of Wulfthryth and thus a full sister of Edith. She thinks that Æthelflæd was invented to absolve Edgar from Osbern's charge that he seduced a nun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams20036,_159_n._33_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams20036,_159_n._33-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historians do not agree on Wulfthryth's status. <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Love" title="Rosalind Love">Rosalind Love</a> refers to her as a concubine,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELove2014154_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELove2014154-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas her status as wife is accepted by <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Stafford" title="Pauline Stafford">Pauline Stafford</a> and defended by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Yorke" title="Barbara Yorke">Barbara Yorke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafford198951Yorke200397–113_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford198951Yorke200397–113-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his will, Ælfhere's brother Ælfheah described Ælfthryth as his <i>gefædera</i>, a word which denotes the relationship between a parent and a godparent or godparents of the same child. He made bequests to Ælfthryth and her sons, "the elder ætheling" and "the younger ætheling". Edward is not mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams20032,_9Whitelock193022–23_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams20032,_9Whitelock193022–23-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manuscripts of the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> are conventionally labelled <i>ASC A</i> to <i>ASC F</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitelock1979109–117_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitelock1979109–117-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The historian <a href="/wiki/David_Dumville" title="David Dumville">David Dumville</a> argues that Edward was killed on 18 March 979, but most historians give 978,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumville2007269–283Keynes2012b137Marafioti2014162_n._3_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumville2007269–283Keynes2012b137Marafioti2014162_n._3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Levi Roach thinks that there is little doubt that 978 is correct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach201672–73_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach201672–73-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">medieval Latin</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lapidge" title="Michael Lapidge">Michael Lapidge</a> argues that parallels between the biblical description of the betrayal of Christ and Byrhtferth's account of Edward's death suggest that he may have fabricated it,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidge199679–80_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidge199679–80-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Yorke disagrees, and Roach sees little reason not to trust Byrhtferth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke1999102Roach201677_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke1999102Roach201677-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i>ASC D</i> and <i>E</i> are together known as the northern recension because they contain material of northern interest not found in other versions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitelock1979113_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitelock1979113-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Martyr&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach201668-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach201668_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoach2016">Roach 2016</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200310Charter_S_937Whitelock1979582–584_(no._123)-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200310Charter_S_937Whitelock1979582–584_(no._123)_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200310Charter_S_937Whitelock1979582–584_(no._123)_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2003">Williams 2003</a>, p. 10; <a href="#CITEREFCharter_S_937">Charter S 937</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWhitelock1979">Whitelock 1979</a>, pp. 582–584 (no. 123).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidge2009lxvii,_122–145-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidge2009lxvii,_122–145_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLapidge2009">Lapidge 2009</a>, pp. lxvii, 122–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitelock1979109–117,_228–231-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitelock1979109–117,_228–231_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitelock1979">Whitelock 1979</a>, pp. 109–117, 228–231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFell1971xxRidyard198848–49Hayward199985–86_and_n._85-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFell1971xxRidyard198848–49Hayward199985–86_and_n._85_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFell1971">Fell 1971</a>, p. xx; <a href="#CITEREFRidyard1988">Ridyard 1988</a>, pp. 48–49; <a href="#CITEREFHayward1999">Hayward 1999</a>, pp. 85–86 and n. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFell1971MynorsThomsonWinterbottom1998260–269_(159.2-163)DarlingtonMcGurk1995416–417,_426–431-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFell1971MynorsThomsonWinterbottom1998260–269_(159.2-163)DarlingtonMcGurk1995416–417,_426–431_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFell1971">Fell 1971</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMynorsThomsonWinterbottom1998">Mynors, Thomson & Winterbottom 1998</a>, pp. 260–269 (159.2-163); <a href="#CITEREFDarlingtonMcGurk1995">Darlington & McGurk 1995</a>, pp. 416–417, 426–431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge19839,_12–13-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge19839,_12–13_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynesLapidge1983">Keynes & Lapidge 1983</a>, pp. 9, 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2011Foot2011-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2011Foot2011_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2011">Miller 2011</a>; <a href="#CITEREFFoot2011">Foot 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2004a-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2004a_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2004a">Williams 2004a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2014a154–155-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2014a154–155_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2014a">Miller 2014a</a>, pp. 154–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2004bKeynes2004-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2004bKeynes2004_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2004b">Williams 2004b</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKeynes2004">Keynes 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971364-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton1971364_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStenton1971">Stenton 1971</a>, p. 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2004_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes2004">Keynes 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2014-16"><span 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class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2014c">Miller 2014c</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200310-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200310_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2003">Williams 2003</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200310–11-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200310–11_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2003">Williams 2003</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart1992151-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart1992151_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHart1992">Hart 1992</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolyneaux201534-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolyneaux201534_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow19974_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarlow1997">Barlow 1997</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson202119-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson202119_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson2021">Watson 2021</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeen19995–7Parlby200337-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeen19995–7Parlby200337_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen1999">Keen 1999</a>, pp. 5–7; <a href="#CITEREFParlby2003">Parlby 2003</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStowell1971160Lavelle200844-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStowell1971160Lavelle200844_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStowell1971">Stowell 1971</a>, p. 160; <a href="#CITEREFLavelle2008">Lavelle 2008</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes199955,_70_n._132-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes199955,_70_n._132_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes1999">Keynes 1999</a>, pp. 55, 70 n. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes199954–55Rahtz198917Gem198411-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes199954–55Rahtz198917Gem198411_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes1999">Keynes 1999</a>, pp. 54–55; <a href="#CITEREFRahtz1989">Rahtz 1989</a>, p. 17; <a href="#CITEREFGem1984">Gem 1984</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStowell1971141-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStowell1971141_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStowell1971">Stowell 1971</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERahtz198917-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahtz198917_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahtz1989">Rahtz 1989</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERahtz198917Keynes198411-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahtz198917Keynes198411_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahtz1989">Rahtz 1989</a>, p. 17; <a href="#CITEREFKeynes1984">Keynes 1984</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes199954–55Yorke1999112–113Watson202117–18-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes199954–55Yorke1999112–113Watson202117–18_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes1999">Keynes 1999</a>, pp. 54–55; <a href="#CITEREFYorke1999">Yorke 1999</a>, pp. 112–113; <a href="#CITEREFWatson2021">Watson 2021</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistoric_England,_Church_of_St_Edward_the_Martyr,_Goathurst-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistoric_England,_Church_of_St_Edward_the_Martyr,_Goathurst_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistoric_England,_Church_of_St_Edward_the_Martyr,_Goathurst">Historic England, Church of St Edward the Martyr, Goathurst</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistoric_England,_Church_of_St_Edward_the_Martyr,_Cambridge-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistoric_England,_Church_of_St_Edward_the_Martyr,_Cambridge_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistoric_England,_Church_of_St_Edward_the_Martyr,_Cambridge">Historic England, Church of St Edward the Martyr, Cambridge</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_St_Edward,_King_and_Martyr,_Corfe_Castle-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_St_Edward,_King_and_Martyr,_Corfe_Castle_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurch_of_St_Edward,_King_and_Martyr,_Corfe_Castle">Church of St Edward, King and Martyr, Corfe Castle</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_St_Edward_King_&_Martyr,_Castle_Donington-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_St_Edward_King_&_Martyr,_Castle_Donington_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurch_of_St_Edward_King_&_Martyr,_Castle_Donington">Church of St Edward King & Martyr, Castle Donington</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_St._Edward_the_Martyr,_New_York-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_St._Edward_the_Martyr,_New_York_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurch_of_St._Edward_the_Martyr,_New_York">Church of St. Edward the Martyr, New York</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_2">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Martyr&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarlow1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Barlow_(historian)" title="Frank Barlow (historian)">Barlow, Frank</a> (1997). <i>Edward the Confessor</i> (2nd ed.). New Haven, CT: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07208-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07208-2"><bdi>978-0-300-07208-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Confessor&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07208-2&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Brooks_(historian)" title="Nicholas Brooks (historian)">Brooks, Nicholas</a> (1984). <i>The Early History of the Church of Canterbury</i>. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-1182-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-1182-1"><bdi>978-0-7185-1182-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+the+Church+of+Canterbury&rft.place=Leicester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7185-1182-1&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBugyis2019" class="citation book cs1">Bugyis, Katie (2019). <i>The Care of Nuns: The Ministries of Benedictine Women in England during the Central Middle Ages</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-085128-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-085128-6"><bdi>978-0-19-085128-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Care+of+Nuns%3A+The+Ministries+of+Benedictine+Women+in+England+during+the+Central+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-085128-6&rft.aulast=Bugyis&rft.aufirst=Katie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaplais1966" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Chaplais" title="Pierre Chaplais">Chaplais, Pierre</a> (May 1966). "The Authenticity of the Royal Anglo-Saxon Diplomas of Exeter". <i>Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research</i>. <b>XXXIX</b> (99): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>34. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-2894">0020-2894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Institute+of+Historical+Research&rft.atitle=The+Authenticity+of+the+Royal+Anglo-Saxon+Diplomas+of+Exeter&rft.volume=XXXIX&rft.issue=99&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=1966-05&rft.issn=0020-2894&rft.aulast=Chaplais&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharter_S_745" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esawyer.lib.cam.ac.uk/charter/745.html">"Charter S 745"</a>. <i>The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters</i>. London: King's College London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Electronic+Sawyer%3A+Online+Catalogue+of+Anglo-Saxon+Charters&rft.atitle=Charter+S+745&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesawyer.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcharter%2F745.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharter_S_828" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esawyer.lib.cam.ac.uk/charter/828.html">"Charter S 828"</a>. <i>The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters</i>. London: King's College London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Electronic+Sawyer%3A+Online+Catalogue+of+Anglo-Saxon+Charters&rft.atitle=Charter+S+828&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesawyer.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcharter%2F828.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharter_S_829" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esawyer.lib.cam.ac.uk/charter/829.html">"Charter S 829"</a>. <i>The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters</i>. London: King's College London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Electronic+Sawyer%3A+Online+Catalogue+of+Anglo-Saxon+Charters&rft.atitle=Charter+S+829&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesawyer.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcharter%2F829.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharter_S_830" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esawyer.lib.cam.ac.uk/charter/830.html">"Charter S 830"</a>. <i>The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters</i>. London: King's College London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Electronic+Sawyer%3A+Online+Catalogue+of+Anglo-Saxon+Charters&rft.atitle=Charter+S+830&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesawyer.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcharter%2F830.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharter_S_831" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esawyer.lib.cam.ac.uk/charter/831.html">"Charter S 831"</a>. <i>The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters</i>. London: King's College London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Electronic+Sawyer%3A+Online+Catalogue+of+Anglo-Saxon+Charters&rft.atitle=Charter+S+831&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesawyer.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcharter%2F831.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharter_S_832" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esawyer.lib.cam.ac.uk/charter/832.html">"Charter S 832"</a>. <i>The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters</i>. London: King's College London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Electronic+Sawyer%3A+Online+Catalogue+of+Anglo-Saxon+Charters&rft.atitle=Charter+S+832&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesawyer.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcharter%2F832.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharter_S_899" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esawyer.lib.cam.ac.uk/charter/899.html">"Charter S 899"</a>. <i>The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters</i>. London: King's College London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Electronic+Sawyer%3A+Online+Catalogue+of+Anglo-Saxon+Charters&rft.atitle=Charter+S+899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesawyer.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcharter%2F899.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharter_S_937" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esawyer.lib.cam.ac.uk/charter/937.html">"Charter S 937"</a>. <i>The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters</i>. London: King's College London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Electronic+Sawyer%3A+Online+Catalogue+of+Anglo-Saxon+Charters&rft.atitle=Charter+S+937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesawyer.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcharter%2F937.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharter_S_1450" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esawyer.lib.cam.ac.uk/charter/1450.html">"Charter S 1450"</a>. <i>The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters</i>. London: King's College London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Electronic+Sawyer%3A+Online+Catalogue+of+Anglo-Saxon+Charters&rft.atitle=Charter+S+1450&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesawyer.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcharter%2F1450.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChurch_of_St_Edward_King_&_Martyr,_Castle_Donington" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.achurchnearyou.com/church/5267/about-us/">"Church of St Edward King & Martyr, Castle Donington"</a>. About us.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+of+St+Edward+King+%26+Martyr%2C+Castle+Donington&rft.pages=About+us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.achurchnearyou.com%2Fchurch%2F5267%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChurch_of_St_Edward,_King_and_Martyr,_Corfe_Castle" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stedwardscorfecastle.co.uk/about-st-edwards/">"Church of St Edward, King and Martyr, Corfe Castle"</a>. About St Edwards.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+of+St+Edward%2C+King+and+Martyr%2C+Corfe+Castle&rft.pages=About+St+Edwards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstedwardscorfecastle.co.uk%2Fabout-st-edwards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChurch_of_St._Edward_the_Martyr,_New_York" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saintedwardthemartyr.com/pages/parish-history">"Church of St. Edward the Martyr, New York"</a>. Early history.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+of+St.+Edward+the+Martyr%2C+New+York&rft.pages=Early+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsaintedwardthemartyr.com%2Fpages%2Fparish-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCubitt2000" class="citation journal cs1">Cubitt, Catherine (2000). "Sites and Sanctity: Revisiting the Cults of Murdered and Martyred Anglo-Saxon Royal Saints". <i>Early Medieval Europe</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">53–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0254.00059">10.1111/1468-0254.00059</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0963-9462">0963-9462</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154743054">154743054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Medieval+Europe&rft.atitle=Sites+and+Sanctity%3A+Revisiting+the+Cults+of+Murdered+and+Martyred+Anglo-Saxon+Royal+Saints&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154743054%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0963-9462&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-0254.00059&rft.aulast=Cubitt&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCubitt2008" class="citation book cs1">Cubitt, Catherine (2008). "Archbishop Dunstan: A Prophet in Politics". In <a href="/wiki/Julia_Barrow" title="Julia Barrow">Barrow, Julia</a>; Wareham, Andrew (eds.). <i>Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters</i>. Abingdon, UK: Ashgate. pp. <span class="nowrap">145–</span>166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5120-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5120-8"><bdi>978-0-7546-5120-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archbishop+Dunstan%3A+A+Prophet+in+Politics&rft.btitle=Myth%2C+Rulership%2C+Church+and+Charters&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E166&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5120-8&rft.aulast=Cubitt&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDarlingtonMcGurk1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/R._R._Darlington" title="R. R. Darlington">Darlington, R.R.</a>; McGurk, Patrick, eds. (1995). <i>The Chronicle of John of Worcester</i> (in Latin and English). Vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822261-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822261-3"><bdi>978-0-19-822261-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+John+of+Worcester&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822261-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDumville2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Dumville" title="David Dumville">Dumville, David</a> (2007). "The Death of King Edward the Martyr – 18 March 979?". <i>Anglo-Saxon</i>. <b>1</b>: <span class="nowrap">269–</span>283. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1754-372X">1754-372X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglo-Saxon&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+King+Edward+the+Martyr+%E2%80%93+18+March+979%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E283&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1754-372X&rft.aulast=Dumville&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFairweather2005" class="citation book cs1">Fairweather, Janet, ed. (2005). <i>Liber Eliensis: A History of the Isle of Ely from the Seventh Century to the Twelfth</i>. Woodbridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/The_Boydell_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Boydell Press">The Boydell Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-015-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-015-3"><bdi>978-1-84383-015-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liber+Eliensis%3A+A+History+of+the+Isle+of+Ely+from+the+Seventh+Century+to+the+Twelfth&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-015-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFell1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christine_Fell" title="Christine Fell">Fell, Christine</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edwardkingmartyr0000fell"><i>Edward, King and Martyr</i></a>. Leeds, UK: University of Leeds School of English. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-902296-07-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-902296-07-7"><bdi>978-0-902296-07-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward%2C+King+and+Martyr&rft.place=Leeds%2C+UK&rft.pub=University+of+Leeds+School+of+English&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-902296-07-7&rft.aulast=Fell&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedwardkingmartyr0000fell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFell1978" class="citation book cs1">Fell, Christine (1978). "Edward King and Martyr and the Anglo-Saxon Hagiographic Tradition". In Hill, David (ed.). <i>Ethelred the Unready</i>. Oxford: B.A.R. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86054-043-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86054-043-4"><bdi>978-0-86054-043-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+King+and+Martyr+and+the+Anglo-Saxon+Hagiographic+Tradition&rft.btitle=Ethelred+the+Unready&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=B.A.R.&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-86054-043-4&rft.aulast=Fell&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFisher1952" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, D.J.V. (1952). "The Anti-Monastic Reaction in the Reign of Edward the Martyr". <i>Cambridge Historical Journal</i>. <b>10</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">254–</span>270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs147469130000295x">10.1017/s147469130000295x</a> (inactive 6 March 2025). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-246X">0018-246X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Anti-Monastic+Reaction+in+the+Reign+of+Edward+the+Martyr&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E254-%3C%2Fspan%3E270&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs147469130000295x&rft.issn=0018-246X&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=D.J.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2025 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_March_2025" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2025">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoot2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Foot" title="Sarah Foot">Foot, Sarah</a> (2000). <i>Veiled Women</i>. Vol. II. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0044-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0044-2"><bdi>978-0-7546-0044-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veiled+Women&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+UK&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-0044-2&rft.aulast=Foot&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoot2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Foot, Sarah (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/833?docPos=2">"Æthelstan (Athelstan) (893/4–939), king of England"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F833">10.1093/ref:odnb/833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%86thelstan+%28Athelstan%29+%28893%2F4%E2%80%93939%29%2C+king+of+England&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F833&rft.aulast=Foot&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F833%3FdocPos%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGem1984" class="citation news cs1">Gem, Richard (24 September 1984). 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Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822224-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822224-8"><bdi>978-0-19-822224-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry%2C+Archdeacon+of+Huntingdon%2C+Historia+Anglorum+The+History+of+the+English+People&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822224-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHart1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Roy_Hart" title="Cyril Roy Hart">Hart, Cyril</a> (1975). <i>The Early Charters of Northern England and the North Midlands</i>. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-1131-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-1131-9"><bdi>978-0-7185-1131-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Charters+of+Northern+England+and+the+North+Midlands&rft.place=Leicester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-7185-1131-9&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHart1992" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Cyril (1992). <i>The Danelaw</i>. London: The Hambledon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-044-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-044-9"><bdi>978-1-85285-044-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Danelaw&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Hambledon+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-044-9&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHart2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hart, Cyril (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-8919">"Æthelwine [Ethelwine, Æthelwine Dei Amicus] (d. 992)"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8919">10.1093/ref:odnb/8919</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861412-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%86thelwine+%5BEthelwine%2C+%C3%86thelwine+Dei+Amicus%5D+%28d.+992%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8919&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861412-8&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-8919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHart2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hart, Cyril (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-8515">"Edward [St Edward; called Edward the Martyr] (c. 962–978)"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8515">10.1093/ref:odnb/8515</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861412-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+%5BSt+Edward%3B+called+Edward+the+Martyr%5D+%28c.+962%E2%80%93978%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8515&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861412-8&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-8515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHayward1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hayward, Paul (1999). "Translation-Narratives in Post-Conquest Hagiography and English Resistance to the Norman Conquest". <i>Anglo-Norman Studies: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1998</i>. <b>xxi</b>: <span class="nowrap">67–</span>93. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0954-9927">0954-9927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglo-Norman+Studies%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Battle+Conference+1998&rft.atitle=Translation-Narratives+in+Post-Conquest+Hagiography+and+English+Resistance+to+the+Norman+Conquest&rft.volume=xxi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0954-9927&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHigham1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/N._J._Higham" title="N. J. Higham">Higham, Nicholas</a> (1997). <i>The Death of Anglo-Saxon England</i>. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-0885-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-0885-6"><bdi>978-0-7509-0885-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Stroud%2C+UK&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-0885-6&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England,_Church_of_St_Edward_the_Martyr,_Cambridge" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1126076?section=official-list-entry">"Church of St Edward King and Martyr, Cambridge (1126076)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Church+of+St+Edward+King+and+Martyr%2C+Cambridge+%281126076%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1126076%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England,_Church_of_St_Edward_the_Martyr,_Goathurst" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1177353?section=official-list-entry">"Church of St Edward King and Martyr, Goathurst3 (1177353)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Church+of+St+Edward+King+and+Martyr%2C+Goathurst3+%281177353%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1177353%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJayakumar2009" class="citation book cs1">Jayakumar, Shashi (2009). "Reform and Retribution: the Anti-Monastic Reaction in the Reign of Edward the Martyr". In Baxter, Stephen; Karkov, Catherine; Nelson, Janet; Pelteret, David (eds.). <i>Early Medieval Studies in Memory of Patrick Wormald</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">337–</span>352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-24819-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-24819-9"><bdi>978-1-138-24819-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reform+and+Retribution%3A+the+Anti-Monastic+Reaction+in+the+Reign+of+Edward+the+Martyr&rft.btitle=Early+Medieval+Studies+in+Memory+of+Patrick+Wormald&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E337-%3C%2Fspan%3E352&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-138-24819-9&rft.aulast=Jayakumar&rft.aufirst=Shashi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_John" title="Eric John">John, Eric</a> (1996). <i>Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England</i>. Manchester, UK: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5053-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5053-4"><bdi>978-0-7190-5053-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reassessing+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Manchester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5053-4&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeen1999" class="citation book cs1">Keen, Laurence (1999). "Introduction". In Keen, Laurence (ed.). <i>Studies in the Early History of Shaftesbury Abbey</i>. Dorchester, UK: <a href="/wiki/Dorset_County_Council" title="Dorset County Council">Dorset County Council</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85216-887-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85216-887-5"><bdi>978-0-85216-887-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Early+History+of+Shaftesbury+Abbey&rft.place=Dorchester%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.pub=Dorset+County+Council&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-85216-887-5&rft.aulast=Keen&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelly1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_E._Kelly" title="Susan E. Kelly">Kelly, Susan</a>, ed. (1996). <i>Charters of Shaftesbury Abbey</i>. Anglo-Saxon Charters. Vol. 5. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the British Academy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726151-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726151-4"><bdi>978-0-19-726151-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charters+of+Shaftesbury+Abbey&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Anglo-Saxon+Charters&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+for+the+British+Academy&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726151-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelly2001" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Susan, ed. (2001). <i>Charters of Abingdon Abbey Part 2</i>. Anglo-Saxon Charters. Vol. 8. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the British Academy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726221-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726221-4"><bdi>978-0-19-726221-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charters+of+Abingdon+Abbey+Part+2&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Anglo-Saxon+Charters&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+for+the+British+Academy&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726221-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Keynes" title="Simon Keynes">Keynes, Simon</a> (1980). <i>The Diplomas of King Æthelred the Unready 978-1016</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02308-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02308-5"><bdi>978-0-521-02308-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diplomas+of+King+%C3%86thelred+the+Unready+978-1016&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-521-02308-5&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1984" class="citation news cs1">Keynes, Simon (27 September 1984). "Relics of a Saxon king". Letters to the editor. <i>The Times</i>. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Relics+of+a+Saxon+king&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1984-09-27&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1999" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, Simon (1999). "King Alfred the Great and Shaftesbury Abbey". In Keen, Laurence (ed.). <i>Studies in the Early History of Shaftesbury Abbey</i>. Dorchester, UK: Dorset County Council. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85216-887-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85216-887-5"><bdi>978-0-85216-887-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=King+Alfred+the+Great+and+Shaftesbury+Abbey&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Early+History+of+Shaftesbury+Abbey&rft.place=Dorchester%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=Dorset+County+Council&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-85216-887-5&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeynesLapidge1983" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael, eds. (1983). <i>Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources</i>. London: Penguin Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044409-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044409-4"><bdi>978-0-14-044409-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+the+Great%3A+Asser%27s+Life+of+King+Alfred+%26+Other+Contemporary+Sources&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044409-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeynes2002" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, Simon (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dk.robinson.cam.ac.uk/node/115"><i>An Atlas of Attestations in Anglo-Saxon Charters, c.670-1066</i></a>. Cambridge: Dept. of Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic, University of Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9532697-6-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9532697-6-1"><bdi>978-0-9532697-6-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Atlas+of+Attestations+in+Anglo-Saxon+Charters%2C+c.670-1066&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Dept.+of+Anglo-Saxon%2C+Norse%2C+and+Celtic%2C+University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-9532697-6-1&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdk.robinson.cam.ac.uk%2Fnode%2F115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeynes2003" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, Simon (2003). "Introduction". <i>An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England by Peter Hunter Blair with a New Introduction by Simon Keynes</i> (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">xi–</span>xxxv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83085-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83085-0"><bdi>978-0-521-83085-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Anglo-Saxon+England+by+Peter+Hunter+Blair+with+a+New+Introduction+by+Simon+Keynes&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exi-%3C%2Fspan%3Exxxv&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83085-0&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeynes2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Keynes, Simon (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-8572">"Eadwig [Edwy] (c. 940–959)"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8572">10.1093/ref:odnb/8572</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861412-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eadwig+%5BEdwy%5D+%28c.+940%E2%80%93959%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8572&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861412-8&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-8572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeynes2005" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, Simon (2005). "Wulfsige, Monk of Glastonbury, Abbot of Westminster (c. 990-3), and Bishop of Sherborne (c. 993-1002)". In Barker, Katherine; Hinton, David; Hunt, Alan (eds.). <i>St Wulfsige and Sherborne</i>. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">53–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-175-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-175-2"><bdi>978-1-84217-175-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wulfsige%2C+Monk+of+Glastonbury%2C+Abbot+of+Westminster+%28c.+990-3%29%2C+and+Bishop+of+Sherborne+%28c.+993-1002%29&rft.btitle=St+Wulfsige+and+Sherborne&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84217-175-2&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeynes2008" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, Simon (2008). "Edgar <i>rex admirabilis</i>". In Scragg, Donald (ed.). <i>Edgar King of the English: New Interpretations</i>. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-399-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-399-4"><bdi>978-1-84383-399-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edgar+rex+admirabilis&rft.btitle=Edgar+King+of+the+English%3A+New+Interpretations&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-399-4&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeynes2012a" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, Simon (2012a). "The Cult of King Edward the Martyr during the Reign of King Æthelred the Unready". In Nelson, Janet; Reynolds, Susan; Johns, Susan (eds.). <i>Gender and Historiography: Studies in the Earlier Middle Ages in Honour of Pauline Stafford</i>. London: University of London Press: Institute of Historical Research. pp. <span class="nowrap">115–</span>125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905165-79-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905165-79-7"><bdi>978-1-905165-79-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cult+of+King+Edward+the+Martyr+during+the+Reign+of+King+%C3%86thelred+the+Unready&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Historiography%3A+Studies+in+the+Earlier+Middle+Ages+in+Honour+of+Pauline+Stafford&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.pub=University+of+London+Press%3A+Institute+of+Historical+Research&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-905165-79-7&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeynes2012b" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, Simon (2012b). "The Burial of King Æthelred the Unready at St Paul's". In Roffe, David (ed.). <i>The English and their Legacy, 900-1200: Essays in Honour of Ann Williams</i>. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">129–</span>148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-794-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-794-7"><bdi>978-1-84383-794-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Burial+of+King+%C3%86thelred+the+Unready+at+St+Paul%27s&rft.btitle=The+English+and+their+Legacy%2C+900-1200%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Ann+Williams&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-794-7&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeynes2013" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, Simon (2013). "Church Councils, Royal Assemblies and Anglo-Saxon Royal Diplomas". In Owen-Crocker, Gale; Schneider, Brian (eds.). <i>Kingship, Legislation and Power in Anglo-Saxon England</i>. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-877-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-877-7"><bdi>978-1-84383-877-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Church+Councils%2C+Royal+Assemblies+and+Anglo-Saxon+Royal+Diplomas&rft.btitle=Kingship%2C+Legislation+and+Power+in+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-877-7&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLapidge1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lapidge" title="Michael Lapidge">Lapidge, Michael</a> (1996). "Byrhtferth and Oswald". In Brooks, Nicholas; Cubitt, Catherine (eds.). <i>St Oswald of Worcester: Life and Influence</i>. London: Leicester University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">64–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-0003-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-0003-0"><bdi>978-0-7185-0003-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Byrhtferth+and+Oswald&rft.btitle=St+Oswald+of+Worcester%3A+Life+and+Influence&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7185-0003-0&rft.aulast=Lapidge&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLapidge2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lapidge, Michael, ed. (2009). <i>Byrhtferth of Ramsey: The Lives of St Oswald and St Ecgwine</i> (in Latin and English). Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955078-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955078-4"><bdi>978-0-19-955078-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byrhtferth+of+Ramsey%3A+The+Lives+of+St+Oswald+and+St+Ecgwine&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955078-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLapidge2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lapidge, Michael (2014). "Æthelwine". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). <i>The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England</i> (2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65632-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65632-7"><bdi>978-0-470-65632-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%86thelwine&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pages=20&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65632-7&rft.aulast=Lapidge&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavelle2008" class="citation book cs1">Lavelle, Ryan (2008). <i>Aethelred II: King of the English</i> (2nd ed.). Stroud, UK: The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4678-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4678-3"><bdi>978-0-7524-4678-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aethelred+II%3A+King+of+the+English&rft.place=Stroud%2C+UK&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-4678-3&rft.aulast=Lavelle&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLawson2011" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, M. K. (2011). <i>Cnut: England's Viking King 1016-35</i> (2nd ed.). Stroud, UK: The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6069-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6069-7"><bdi>978-0-7524-6069-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cnut%3A+England%27s+Viking+King+1016-35&rft.place=Stroud%2C+UK&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-6069-7&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=M.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lewis, C. P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-20813">"Ordgar (d. 971)"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F20813">10.1093/ref:odnb/20813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ordgar+%28d.+971%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F20813&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-20813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLove2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Love" title="Rosalind Love">Love, Rosalind</a> (2014). "Eadgyth [Edith], St". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). <i>The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England</i> (2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65632-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65632-7"><bdi>978-0-470-65632-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eadgyth+%5BEdith%5D%2C+St&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pages=154&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65632-7&rft.aulast=Love&rft.aufirst=Rosalind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarafioti2014" class="citation book cs1">Marafioti, Nicole (2014). <i>The King's Body: Burial and Succession in Late Anglo-Saxon England</i>. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4758-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4758-9"><bdi>978-1-4426-4758-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+Body%3A+Burial+and+Succession+in+Late+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-4758-9&rft.aulast=Marafioti&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Miller, Sean (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8514?docPos=1">"Edward [called Edward the Elder] (870s?–924), king of the Anglo-Saxons"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8514">10.1093/ref:odnb/8514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+%5Bcalled+Edward+the+Elder%5D+%28870s%3F%E2%80%93924%29%2C+king+of+the+Anglo-Saxons&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8514&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F8514%3FdocPos%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller2014a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Miller, Sean (2014a). "Eadred". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). <i>The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England</i> (second ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">154–</span>155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65632-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65632-7"><bdi>978-0-470-65632-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eadred&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65632-7&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller2014b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Miller, Sean (2014b). "Edgar". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). <i>The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England</i> (second ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">163–</span>164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65632-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65632-7"><bdi>978-0-470-65632-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edgar&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65632-7&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller2014c" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Miller, Sean (2014c). "Edward the Martyr". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). <i>The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England</i> (second ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">167–</span>168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65632-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65632-7"><bdi>978-0-470-65632-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+the+Martyr&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65632-7&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller2014d" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Miller, Sean (2014d). "Æthelstan Half-King". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). <i>The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England</i> (second ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65632-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65632-7"><bdi>978-0-470-65632-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%86thelstan+Half-King&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pages=19&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65632-7&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMolyneaux2015" class="citation book cs1">Molyneaux, George (2015). <i>The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871791-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871791-1"><bdi>978-0-19-871791-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+the+English+Kingdom+in+the+Tenth+Century&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-871791-1&rft.aulast=Molyneaux&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMynorsThomsonWinterbottom1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/R.A.B._Mynors" class="mw-redirect" title="R.A.B. Mynors">Mynors, R.A.B.</a>; Thomson, R.M.; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Winterbottom_(academic)" title="Michael Winterbottom (academic)">Winterbottom, M.</a>, eds. (1998). <i>William of Malmesbury: Gesta Regum Anglorum, The History of the English Kings</i> (in Latin and English). Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820678-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820678-1"><bdi>978-0-19-820678-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+of+Malmesbury%3A+Gesta+Regum+Anglorum%2C+The+History+of+the+English+Kings&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820678-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNaismith2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rory_Naismith" title="Rory Naismith">Naismith, Rory</a> (2017). <i>Britain and Ireland c. 400-1066</i>. Medieval European Coinage: with a Catalogue of the Coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. Vol. 8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26016-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26016-9"><bdi>978-0-521-26016-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+Ireland+c.+400-1066&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Medieval+European+Coinage%3A+with+a+Catalogue+of+the+Coins+in+the+Fitzwilliam+Museum%2C+Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26016-9&rft.aulast=Naismith&rft.aufirst=Rory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNaismith2021" class="citation book cs1">Naismith, Rory (2021). <i>Early Medieval Britain, c. 500-1000</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-44025-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-44025-7"><bdi>978-1-108-44025-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Medieval+Britain%2C+c.+500-1000&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-108-44025-7&rft.aulast=Naismith&rft.aufirst=Rory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParlby2003" class="citation journal cs1">Parlby, Geri (March 2003). "A King Turns Icon". <i>BBC History Magazine</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 200338. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-8552">1469-8552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+History+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+King+Turns+Icon&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=200338&rft.date=2003-03&rft.issn=1469-8552&rft.aulast=Parlby&rft.aufirst=Geri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRahtz1989" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rahtz" title="Philip Rahtz">Rahtz, Philip</a> (March 1989). "The President's Piece". <i>British Archaeological News</i>. <b>4</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">17–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0269-1906">0269-1906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Archaeological+News&rft.atitle=The+President%27s+Piece&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=1989-03&rft.issn=0269-1906&rft.aulast=Rahtz&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRidyard1988" class="citation book cs1">Ridyard, Susan (1988). <i>The Royal Saints of Anglo-Saxon England</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30772-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30772-7"><bdi>978-0-521-30772-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Saints+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30772-7&rft.aulast=Ridyard&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoach2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Levi_Roach" title="Levi Roach">Roach, Levi</a> (2013). <i>Kingship and Consent in Anglo-Saxon England, 871–978</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03653-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03653-6"><bdi>978-1-107-03653-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingship+and+Consent+in+Anglo-Saxon+England%2C+871%E2%80%93978&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-03653-6&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoach2016" class="citation book cs1">Roach, Levi (2016). <i>Æthelred the Unready</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22972-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22972-1"><bdi>978-0-300-22972-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%86thelred+the+Unready&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-300-22972-1&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRollason1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Rollason" title="David Rollason">Rollason, David</a> (1989). <i>Saints and Relics in Anglo-Saxon England</i>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16506-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16506-4"><bdi>978-0-631-16506-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints+and+Relics+in+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell+Ltd&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-631-16506-4&rft.aulast=Rollason&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRumble2002" class="citation book cs1">Rumble, Alexander (2002). <i>Property and Piety in Early Medieval Winchester: Documents Relating to the Topography of the Anglo-Saxon and Norman City and its Minster</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-813413-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-813413-8"><bdi>978-0-19-813413-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Property+and+Piety+in+Early+Medieval+Winchester%3A+Documents+Relating+to+the+Topography+of+the+Anglo-Saxon+and+Norman+City+and+its+Minster&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-813413-8&rft.aulast=Rumble&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRyan2013" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Martin J. (2013). "The Age of Æthelred". In Higham, Nicholas J.; Ryan, Martin J. (eds.). <i>The Anglo-Saxon World</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">335–</span>373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12534-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12534-4"><bdi>978-0-300-12534-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Age+of+%C3%86thelred&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+World&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E335-%3C%2Fspan%3E373&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12534-4&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStafford1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Stafford" title="Pauline Stafford">Stafford, Pauline</a> (1989). <i>Unification and Conquest. A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries</i>. London: Edward Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7131-6532-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7131-6532-6"><bdi>978-0-7131-6532-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unification+and+Conquest.+A+Political+and+Social+History+of+England+in+the+Tenth+and+Eleventh+Centuries&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7131-6532-6&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStafford2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stafford, Pauline (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-194">"Ælfthryth (d. 999x1001)"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F194">10.1093/ref:odnb/194</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861412-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%86lfthryth+%28d.+999x1001%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F194&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861412-8&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStafford2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stafford, Pauline (2014). "Ealdorman". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). <i>The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England</i> (2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">156–</span>157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65632-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65632-7"><bdi>978-0-470-65632-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ealdorman&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65632-7&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStenton1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stenton" title="Frank Stenton">Stenton, Frank</a> (1971). <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280139-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280139-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280139-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280139-5&rft.aulast=Stenton&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStowell1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._A._Stowell" title="Thomas E. A. Stowell">Stowell, Thomas</a> (1971) [originally published in <i>The Criminologist</i> (1970), 5, pp. 97–119]. "The Bones of Edward the Martyr". In Morland, Nigel (ed.). <i>Papers from The Criminologist</i>. London: Wolfe Publishing Limited. pp. <span class="nowrap">141–</span>160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7234-0432-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7234-0432-3"><bdi>978-0-7234-0432-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Bones+of+Edward+the+Martyr&rft.btitle=Papers+from+The+Criminologist&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.pub=Wolfe+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-7234-0432-3&rft.aulast=Stowell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThacker1996" class="citation book cs1">Thacker, Alan (1996). "Saint-Making and Relic Collecting by Oswald and his Communities". In Brooks, Nicholas; Cubitt, Catherine (eds.). <i>St Oswald of Worcester: Life and Influence</i>. London: Leicester University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">244–</span>268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-0003-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-0003-0"><bdi>978-0-7185-0003-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint-Making+and+Relic+Collecting+by+Oswald+and+his+Communities&rft.btitle=St+Oswald+of+Worcester%3A+Life+and+Influence&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E244-%3C%2Fspan%3E268&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7185-0003-0&rft.aulast=Thacker&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurnerMuir2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Turner, Andrew; Muir, Bernard, eds. (2006). <i>Eadmer of Canterbury: Lives and Miracles of Saints Oda, Dunstan and Oswald</i> (in Latin and English). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925380-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925380-7"><bdi>978-0-19-925380-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eadmer+of+Canterbury%3A+Lives+and+Miracles+of+Saints+Oda%2C+Dunstan+and+Oswald&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925380-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatson2021" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, Tom (2021). "The Enduring Cult of Edward the Martyr". <i>Southern History</i>. <b>43</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0142-4688">0142-4688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+History&rft.atitle=The+Enduring+Cult+of+Edward+the+Martyr&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=0142-4688&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitelock1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Whitelock" title="Dorothy Whitelock">Whitelock, Dorothy</a>, ed. (1930). <i>Anglo-Saxon Wills</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/786120891">786120891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+Wills&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F786120891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitelock1979" class="citation book cs1">Whitelock, Dorothy, ed. (1979). <i>English Historical Documents, Volume 1, c. 500–1042</i> (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14366-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14366-0"><bdi>978-0-415-14366-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Historical+Documents%2C+Volume+1%2C+c.+500%E2%80%931042&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14366-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Williams_(historian)" title="Ann Williams (historian)">Williams, Ann</a> (2003). <i>Æthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King</i>. London: Hambledon and London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-382-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-382-2"><bdi>978-1-85285-382-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%86thelred+the+Unready%3A+The+Ill-Counselled+King&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hambledon+and+London&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-382-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Williams, Ann (2004a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-8501">"Edmund I (920/21–946)"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8501">10.1093/ref:odnb/8501</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861412-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edmund+I+%28920%2F21%E2%80%93946%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8501&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861412-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-8501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Williams, Ann (2004b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-8510">"Eadred [Edred] (d. 955)"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8510">10.1093/ref:odnb/8510</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861412-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eadred+%5BEdred%5D+%28d.+955%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8510&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861412-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-8510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004c" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Williams, Ann (2004c). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-182">"Ælfhere (d. 983)"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F182">10.1093/ref:odnb/182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%86lfhere+%28d.+983%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F182&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Williams, Ann (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8463?docPos=1">"Edgar (called Edgar Pacificus) (943/4–975)"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8463">10.1093/ref:odnb/8463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edgar+%28called+Edgar+Pacificus%29+%28943%2F4%E2%80%93975%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8463&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F8463%3FdocPos%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinterbottom2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Winterbottom_(academic)" title="Michael Winterbottom (academic)">Winterbottom, Michael</a>, ed. (2007). <i>William of Malmesbury: Gesta Pontificum Anglorum, The History of the English Bishops</i> (in Latin and English). Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820770-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820770-2"><bdi>978-0-19-820770-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+of+Malmesbury%3A+Gesta+Pontificum+Anglorum%2C+The+History+of+the+English+Bishops&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820770-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWormald1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wormald" title="Patrick Wormald">Wormald, Patrick</a> (1978). "Æthelred the Lawmaker". In Hill, David (ed.). <i>Ethelred the Unready</i>. Oxford: B.A.R. pp. <span class="nowrap">45–</span>80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86054-043-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86054-043-4"><bdi>978-0-86054-043-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%86thelred+the+Lawmaker&rft.btitle=Ethelred+the+Unready&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.pub=B.A.R.&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-86054-043-4&rft.aulast=Wormald&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYorke1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Yorke" title="Barbara Yorke">Yorke, Barbara</a> (1988). "Æthelwold and the Politics of the Tenth Century". In Yorke, Barbara (ed.). <i>Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence</i>. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">65–</span>88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-705-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-705-4"><bdi>978-0-85115-705-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%86thelwold+and+the+Politics+of+the+Tenth+Century&rft.btitle=Bishop+%C3%86thelwold%3A+His+Career+and+Influence&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-705-4&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYorke1999" class="citation book cs1">Yorke, Barbara (1999). "Edward, King and Martyr: A Saxon Murder Mystery". In Keen, Laurence (ed.). <i>Studies in the early history of Shaftesbury Abbey</i>. Dorchester, UK: Dorset County Council. pp. <span class="nowrap">99–</span>116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85216-887-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85216-887-5"><bdi>978-0-85216-887-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward%2C+King+and+Martyr%3A+A+Saxon+Murder+Mystery&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+early+history+of+Shaftesbury+Abbey&rft.place=Dorchester%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.pub=Dorset+County+Council&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-85216-887-5&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYorke2003" class="citation journal cs1">Yorke, Barbara (2003). "The Legitimacy of St Edith". <i>Haskins Society Journal</i>. <b>11</b>: <span class="nowrap">97–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0963-4959">0963-4959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haskins+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Legitimacy+of+St+Edith&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0963-4959&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYorke2008" class="citation book cs1">Yorke, Barbara (2008). "The Women in Edgar's Life". In Scragg, Donald (ed.). <i>Edgar, King of the English 959–975</i>. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">143–</span>157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-928-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-928-6"><bdi>978-1-84383-928-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Women+in+Edgar%27s+Life&rft.btitle=Edgar%2C+King+of+the+English+959%E2%80%93975&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-928-6&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYorke2004a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Yorke, Barbara (2004a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-8920">"Æthelwold [St Æthelwold, Ethelwold] (904x9–984)"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8920">10.1093/ref:odnb/8920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%86thelwold+%5BSt+%C3%86thelwold%2C+Ethelwold%5D+%28904x9%E2%80%93984%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8920&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-8920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYorke2004b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Yorke, Barbara (2004b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-8482">"Edith [St Edith, Eadgyth] (961x4–984x7)"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8482">10.1093/ref:odnb/8482</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861412-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edith+%5BSt+Edith%2C+Eadgyth%5D+%28961x4%E2%80%93984x7%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8482&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861412-8&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-8482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYorke2021" class="citation book cs1">Yorke, Barbara (2021). "Royal Burial in Winchester: Context and Significance". In Lavelle, Ryan; Roffey, Simon; Weikert, Katherine (eds.). <i>Early Medieval Winchester: CommuAnities, Authority and Power in an Urban Space, c.800-c.1200</i>. Oxford: Oxbow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78925-623-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78925-623-9"><bdi>978-1-78925-623-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Royal+Burial+in+Winchester%3A+Context+and+Significance&rft.btitle=Early+Medieval+Winchester%3A+CommuAnities%2C+Authority+and+Power+in+an+Urban+Space%2C+c.800-c.1200&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-78925-623-9&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+the+Martyr" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Martyr&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External 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decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Edward_the_Martyr" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pase.ac.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?personKey=7854">Edward 12</a> at <a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England">Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">King of England</a> </b><br />975–978 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_160384"> <ul><li><b>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_170757"> <ul><li><b>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_Anglo-Saxon_England220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglo-Saxon_saints" title="Template:Anglo-Saxon saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglo-Saxon_saints" title="Template talk:Anglo-Saxon saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_Anglo-Saxon_England220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Saxon_saints" title="List of Anglo-Saxon saints">Saints of Anglo-Saxon England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British / Welsh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Aldate" title="Saint Aldate">Aldate of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Barloc">Barloc of Norbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brannoc_of_Braunton" title="Brannoc of Braunton">Brannoc of Braunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branwalator" title="Branwalator">Branwalator of Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credan" title="Credan">Credan of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congar_of_Congresbury" title="Congar of Congresbury">Congar of Congresbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Dachuna">Dachuna of Bodmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decuman" title="Decuman">Decuman of Watchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfin_of_Warrington" title="Elfin of Warrington">Elfin of Warrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivo_of_Ramsey" title="Ivo of Ramsey">Ivo of Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judoc" title="Judoc">Judoc of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melor" title="Melor">Melorius of Amesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectan_of_Hartland" title="Nectan of Hartland">Nectan of Hartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Neot_(monk)" title="Saint Neot (monk)">Neot of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Glastonbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumon">Rumon of Tavistock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_of_Dol" title="Samson of Dol">Samson of Dol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sativola" class="mw-redirect" title="Sativola">Sativola of Exeter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Anglian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_II_of_East_Anglia" title="Æthelberht II of East Anglia">Æthelberht of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelburh_of_Faremoutiers" title="Æthelburh of Faremoutiers">Æthelburh of Faremoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d_of_Ramsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelflæd of Ramsey (page does not exist)">Æthelflæd of Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth of Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwine_of_Lindsey" title="Æthelwine of Lindsey">Æthelwine of Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adulf" title="Adulf">Athwulf of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Blida" title="Saint Blida">Blida of Martham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botwulf_of_Thorney" class="mw-redirect" title="Botwulf of Thorney">Botwulf of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cissa_of_Crowland" title="Cissa of Crowland">Cissa of Crowland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuthbald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuthbald (page does not exist)">Cuthbald of Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" title="Edmund the Martyr">Eadmund of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadnoth_the_Younger" title="Eadnoth the Younger">Eadnoth of Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthlac_of_Crowland" title="Guthlac of Crowland">Guthlac of Crowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herefrith_of_Thorney" class="mw-redirect" title="Herefrith of Thorney">Herefrith of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiurmine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiurmine (page does not exist)">Hiurmine of Blythburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huna_of_Thorney" title="Huna of Thorney">Huna of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pega" title="Pega">Pega of Peakirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaxburh_of_Ely" title="Seaxburh of Ely">Seaxburh of Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigeberht_of_East_Anglia" title="Sigeberht of East Anglia">Sigeberht of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyrs_of_Thorney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martyrs of Thorney (page does not exist)">Tancred of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyrs_of_Thorney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martyrs of Thorney (page does not exist)">Torthred of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyrs_of_Thorney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martyrs of Thorney (page does not exist)">Tova of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Walstan" title="Saint Walstan">Walstan of Bawburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendreda" title="Wendreda">Wendreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wihtburh" title="Wihtburh">Wihtburh of Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfric_of_Holme" title="Wulfric of Holme">Wulfric of Holme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelburh_of_Barking" title="Æthelburh of Barking">Æthelburh of Barking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildelith" title="Hildelith">Hildelith of Barking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osgyth" title="Osgyth">Osgyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6bbi_of_Essex" title="Sæbbi of Essex">Sæbbi of London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frisian, <br />Frankish<br /> and Old Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balthild_of_Romsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balthild of Romsey (page does not exist)">Balthild of Romsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Kent" title="Bertha of Kent">Bertha of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_of_Burgundy" title="Felix of Burgundy">Felix of Dommoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helier" title="Helier">Helier of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimbald" title="Grimbald">Grimbald of St Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monegunda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monegunda (page does not exist)">Monegunda of Watton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odwulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odwulf (page does not exist)">Odwulf of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfram_of_Sens" title="Wulfram of Sens">Wulfram of Grantham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Irish and Scottish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_of_Lindisfarne" title="Aidan of Lindisfarne">Aidan of Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boisil" title="Boisil">Boisil of Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echa_of_Crayke" class="mw-redirect" title="Echa of Crayke">Echa of Crayke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultan_the_Scribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultan the Scribe">Ultan the Scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indract_of_Glastonbury" title="Indract of Glastonbury">Indract of Glastonbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Dub" title="Máel Dub">Maildub of Malmesbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kentish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domne_Eafe" title="Domne Eafe">Æbbe of Thanet (Domne Eafe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Kent" title="Æthelberht of Kent">Æthelberht of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelburh_of_Kent" title="Æthelburh of Kent">Æthelburh of Kent </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_and_%C3%86thelberht" title="Æthelred and Æthelberht">Æthelred of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albinus_(abbot)" title="Albinus (abbot)">Albinus of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhtwald" title="Berhtwald">Berhtwald of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deusdedit_of_Canterbury" title="Deusdedit of Canterbury">Deusdedit of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edburga_of_Minster-in-Thanet" title="Edburga of Minster-in-Thanet">Edburga of Minster-in-Thanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eanswith" title="Eanswith">Eanswith of Folkestone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eormengyth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eormengyth (page does not exist)">Eormengyth of Thanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildrith" title="Mildrith">Mildrith of Thanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothhelm" title="Nothhelm">Nothhelm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigeburh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigeburh (page does not exist)">Sigeburh of Thanet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mercian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfnoth_of_Stowe" title="Ælfnoth of Stowe">Ælfnoth of Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth_of_Crowland" title="Ælfthryth of Crowland">Ælfthryth of Crowland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelberht_of_Bedford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelberht of Bedford (page does not exist)">Æthelberht of Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelmod_of_Leominster" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelmod of Leominster">Æthelmod of Leominster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_of_Mercia" title="Æthelred of Mercia">Æthelred of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelwynn_of_Sodbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelwynn of Sodbury (page does not exist)">Æthelwynn of Sodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldwyn_of_Coln" title="Aldwyn of Coln">Aldwyn of Coln</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beonna_of_Breedon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beonna of Breedon (page does not exist)">Beonna of Breedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beorhthelm_of_Stafford" title="Beorhthelm of Stafford">Beorhthelm of Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coenwulf_of_Mercia" title="Coenwulf of Mercia">Coenwulf of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cotta_of_Breedon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cotta of Breedon (page does not exist)">Cotta of Breedon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Credan_of_Evesham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Credan of Evesham (page does not exist)">Credan of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyneburga,_Kyneswide_and_Tibba" title="Kyneburga, Kyneswide and Tibba">Cyneburh of Castor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyneburh_of_Gloucester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyneburh of Gloucester (page does not exist)">Cyneburh of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kenelm" title="Saint Kenelm">Cynehelm of Winchcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyneswith" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyneswith">Cyneswith of Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadburh_of_Bicester" title="Eadburh of Bicester">Eadburh of Bicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadburh_of_Pershore" class="mw-redirect" title="Eadburh of Pershore">Eadburh of Pershore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eadburh_of_Southwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eadburh of Southwell (page does not exist)">Eadburh of Southwell </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadgyth_of_Aylesbury" title="Eadgyth of Aylesbury">Eadgyth of Aylesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eadweard_of_Maugersbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eadweard of Maugersbury (page does not exist)">Eadweard of Maugersbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdgyth_of_Stortford" class="mw-redirect" title="Ealdgyth of Stortford">Ealdgyth of Stortford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earconwald" title="Earconwald">Earconwald of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egwin_of_Evesham" title="Egwin of Evesham">Egwin of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freomund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freomund (page does not exist)">Freomund of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithuric" class="mw-redirect" title="Frithuric">Frithuric of Breedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithuswith" title="Frithuswith">Frithuswith of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithuwold_of_Chertsey" title="Frithuwold of Chertsey">Frithuwold of Chertsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A6mma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hæmma (page does not exist)">Hæmma of Leominster</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merefin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merefin (page does not exist)">Merefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildburh" title="Mildburh">Mildburh of Wenlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildgyth" title="Mildgyth">Mildgyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildrith" title="Mildrith">Mildrith of Thanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milred" title="Milred">Milred of Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_of_Canterbury" title="Oda of Canterbury">Oda of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Worcester" title="Oswald of Worcester">Oswald of Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osburh_of_Coventry" title="Osburh of Coventry">Osburh of Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regenhere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regenhere (page does not exist)">Regenhere of Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbold_of_Buckingham" title="Rumbold of Buckingham">Rumbold of Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyneburga,_Kyneswide_and_Tibba" title="Kyneburga, Kyneswide and Tibba">Tibba of Ryhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werburgh" title="Werburgh">Werburgh of Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%A6rstan" title="Wærstan">Wærstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigstan" title="Wigstan">Wigstan of Repton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulfhild_of_Barking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wulfhild of Barking (page does not exist)">Wulfhild of Barking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northumbrian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acca_of_Hexham" title="Acca of Hexham">Acca of Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86bbe_of_Coldingham" title="Æbbe of Coldingham">Æbbe "the Elder" of Coldingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86bbe_the_Younger" title="Æbbe the Younger">Æbbe "the Younger" of Coldingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lffl%C3%A6d_of_Whitby" title="Ælfflæd of Whitby">Ælfflæd of Whitby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwald_I_of_Northumbria" title="Ælfwald I of Northumbria">Ælfwald of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelburh_of_Hackness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelburh of Hackness (page does not exist)">Æthelburh of Hackness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelgyth_of_Coldingham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelgyth of Coldingham (page does not exist)">Æthelgyth of Coldingham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelsige_of_Ripon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelsige of Ripon (page does not exist)">Æthelsige of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_(hermit)" title="Æthelwold (hermit)">Æthelwold of Farne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_(bishop_of_Lindisfarne)" title="Æthelwold (bishop of Lindisfarne)">Æthelwold of Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchhild_of_Middleham" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchhild of Middleham">Alchhild of Middleham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchmund_of_Hexham" title="Alchmund of Hexham">Alchmund of Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkmund_of_Derby" title="Alkmund of Derby">Alkmund of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldred_of_Tyninghame" title="Baldred of Tyninghame">Balthere of Tyningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Beda of Jarrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Bega" title="Saint Bega">Bega of Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Biscop" title="Benedict Biscop">Benedict Biscop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bercthun" title="Bercthun">Bercthun of Beverley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billfrith" title="Billfrith">Billfrith of Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosa_of_York" title="Bosa of York">Bosa of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botwine" title="Botwine">Botwine of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_of_Mercia" title="Chad of Mercia">Ceadda of Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedd" title="Cedd">Cedd of Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolfrith" title="Ceolfrith">Ceolfrith of Monkwearmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolwulf_of_Northumbria" title="Ceolwulf of Northumbria">Ceolwulf of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert" title="Cuthbert">Cuthbert of Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryhthelm" title="Dryhthelm">Dryhthelm of Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadberht_of_Lindisfarne" title="Eadberht of Lindisfarne">Eadberht of Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadfrith_of_Leominster" title="Eadfrith of Leominster">Eadfrith of Leominster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadfrith_of_Lindisfarne" title="Eadfrith of Lindisfarne">Eadfrith of Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Eadwine of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdberht_of_Ripon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ealdberht of Ripon">Ealdberht of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Eanmund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Eanmund (page does not exist)">Eanmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eardwulf_of_Northumbria" title="Eardwulf of Northumbria">Eardwulf of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eata_of_Hexham" title="Eata of Hexham">Eata of Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht_of_Ripon" title="Ecgberht of Ripon">Ecgberht of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eoda (page does not exist)">Eoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosterwine" title="Eosterwine">Eosterwine of Monkwearmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_of_Whitby" title="Hilda of Whitby">Hilda of Whitby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyglac" title="Hyglac">Hyglac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwig" title="Iwig">Iwig of Wilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Beverley" title="John of Beverley">John of Beverley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osana" title="Osana">Osana of Howden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osthryth" title="Osthryth">Osthryth of Bardney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Northumbria" title="Oswald of Northumbria">Oswald of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswine_of_Deira" title="Oswine of Deira">Oswine of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicgred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicgred">Sicgred of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigfrith" title="Sigfrith">Sigfrith of Monkwearmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatberht" title="Tatberht">Tatberht of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wihtberht" title="Wihtberht">Wihtberht of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid" title="Wilfrid">Wilfrith of Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_II_(bishop_of_York)" title="Wilfrid II (bishop of York)">Wilfrith II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilgils" title="Wilgils">Wilgils of Ripon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firmin_of_North_Crawley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Firmin of North Crawley (page does not exist)">Firmin of North Crawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birinus" title="Birinus">Birinus of Dorchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentius_of_Peterborough" title="Florentius of Peterborough">Florentius of Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_of_Canterbury" title="Adrian of Canterbury">Hadrian of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_of_Canterbury" title="Honorius of Canterbury">Honorius of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Deacon" title="James the Deacon">James the Deacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus" title="Justus">Justus of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_of_Canterbury" title="Laurence of Canterbury">Laurence of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellitus" title="Mellitus">Mellitus of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_York" title="Paulinus of York">Paulinus of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Canterbury" title="Peter of Canterbury">Peter of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Tarsus" title="Theodore of Tarsus">Theodore of Canterbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuthfl%C3%A6d" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuthflæd">Cuthflæd of Lyminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthmann_of_Steyning" title="Cuthmann of Steyning">Cuthmann of Steyning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewina" title="Lewina">Lewina of Bishopstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgar_of_Selwood" title="Ælfgar of Selwood">Ælfgar of Selwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Exeter" title="Ælfgifu of Exeter">Ælfgifu of Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Shaftesbury" title="Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury">Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfheah_of_Canterbury" title="Ælfheah of Canterbury">Ælfheah of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfheah_the_Bald" title="Ælfheah the Bald">Ælfheah of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d_of_Romsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelflæd of Romsey">Æthelflæd of Romsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelgar" title="Æthelgar">Æthelgar of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelnoth_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Æthelnoth (archbishop of Canterbury)">Æthelnoth of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwine_of_Athelney" title="Æthelwine of Athelney">Æthelwine of Athelney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_of_Winchester" title="Æthelwold of Winchester">Æthelwold of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldhelm" title="Aldhelm">Aldhelm of Sherborne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benignus_of_Glastonbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benignus of Glastonbury (page does not exist)">Benignus of Glastonbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beocca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beocca (page does not exist)">Beocca of Chertsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beorhthelm_of_Shaftesbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beorhthelm of Shaftesbury (page does not exist)">Beorhthelm of Shaftesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beornstan_of_Winchester" title="Beornstan of Winchester">Beornstan of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beornwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Beornwald">Beornwald of Bampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centwine_of_Wessex" title="Centwine of Wessex">Centwine of Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthburh" title="Cuthburh">Cuthburh of Wimborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cwenburh" title="Cwenburh">Cwenburh of Wimborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunstan" title="Dunstan">Dunstan of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadburh_of_Winchester" title="Eadburh of Winchester">Eadburh of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_the_Peaceful" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar the Peaceful">Eadgar of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Polesworth" title="Edith of Polesworth">Eadgyth of Polesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Wilton" title="Edith of Wilton">Eadgyth of Wilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Eadweard the Confessor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eadweard the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwold_of_Cerne" title="Eadwold of Cerne">Eadwold of Cerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earmund" class="mw-redirect" title="Earmund">Earmund of Stoke Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edor" class="mw-redirect" title="Edor">Edor of Chertsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everilda" title="Everilda">Evorhilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithestan" title="Frithestan">Frithestan of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A6dde" title="Hædde">Hædde of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humbert_of_Stokenham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humbert of Stokenham (page does not exist)">Humbert of Stokenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwita" class="mw-redirect" 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Mechlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urith" title="Urith">Urith of Chittlehampton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192920#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1128" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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[\"CITEREFFairweather2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFell1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFell1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoot2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoot2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGem1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenway1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayward1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHigham1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHistoric_England,_Church_of_St_Edward_the_Martyr,_Cambridge\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHistoric_England,_Church_of_St_Edward_the_Martyr,_Goathurst\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayakumar2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeynes1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeynes1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeynes1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeynes2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeynes2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeynes2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeynes2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeynes2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeynes2012a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeynes2012b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeynes2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeynesLapidge1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLapidge1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLapidge2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLapidge2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavelle2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLove2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarafioti2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2014a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2014b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2014c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2014d\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMolyneaux2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMynorsThomsonWinterbottom1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaismith2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaismith2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParlby2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahtz1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidyard1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoach2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoach2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRollason1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRumble2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStafford1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStafford2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStafford2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStenton1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStowell1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThacker1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurnerMuir2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitelock1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitelock1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2004a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2004b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2004c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinterbottom2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWormald1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYorke1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYorke1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYorke2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYorke2004a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYorke2004b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYorke2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYorke2021\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anglo-Saxon saints\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 5,\n [\"CS1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 57,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 12,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Edward the Martyr\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 12,\n [\"English, Scottish and British monarchs\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"National Heritage List for England\"] = 2,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"ODNBsub\"] = 13,\n [\"PASE\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-reg\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 91,\n [\"Sfn whitelist\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 59,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 14,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Use shortened footnotes\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFHistoric_England,_Church_of_St_Edward_the_Martyr,_Cambridge\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHistoric_England,_Church_of_St_Edward_the_Martyr,_Goathurst\"] = 1,\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n \"Historic_England%d+\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-j76bh","timestamp":"20250331025945","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Edward the Martyr","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edward_the_Martyr","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q192920","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q192920","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-04-03T11:46:24Z","dateModified":"2025-03-21T19:41:27Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e3\/Edward_the_Martyr_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg","headline":"King of the English (975-978)"}</script> </body> </html>