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data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Artikel iki mung ana ing basa iki. Pertal artikelé menyang basa liya" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tambah basa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Mandhala aran"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details.</div></div><hr /> <p>Kowé bisa ndeleng lan nurun sumbering kaca iki. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="jv" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{taxobox |name = Kopi |color = lightgreen |image = Coffee Beans.jpg |image_caption = Wiji kopi kang wis digoreng |regnum = [[Plant]]ae | ordo = [[Gentianales]] |familia = [[Rubiaceae]] |subfamilia = [[Ixoroideae]] |tribus = [[Coffeeae]] | genus = '''''Coffea''''' |subdivision_ranks = Species |type_species = ''[[Coffea arabica]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/13442 |title=Genus Coffea |work=Taxonomy |publisher=UniProt |accessdate=2010-05-13}}</ref> |}} {{disambiginfo}} [[Gambar:Caramel Latte.jpg|jmpl|Caramel Latte, salah sawijining olahan kopi.]] '''Kopi''' iku ombenan kang digawé saka [[wiji]] kopi kang [[diobong]] utawa [[digorèng]]. Lumrahé wijiné iki saka tuwuhan ''coffea arabica'' utawa ''coffea canephora (robusta)''. Kopi kang asalé saka [[Jawa]] uga misuwur banget saindenging jagat. Kopi wujud sumber utama [[kafein]]. Saiki kopi dadi komodhitas angka [[loro]] kang paling akèh didagangaké sawisé [[lenga bumi]]. Total 6,7 yuta ton kopi diprodhuksi watara taun [[1998-2000]] waé. Diprakirakaké ing taun [[2010]], Prodhuksi kopi ing donya bakal tekan 7 yuta ton per taun (saka [http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5143e/y5143e0v.htm FAO]). == Sajarah == [[Gambar:Coffee cup.JPG|thumb|Kopi sacangkir lan wiji kopi.]] Sajarah kopi bisa dingertèni tilasé saka watara [[abad kaping 9]], ing dhataran dhuwur [[Ethiopia]]. Saka kana banjur nyebar menyang [[Mesir]] lan [[Yaman]], lan banjur ing abad limalas saya mawiyar menyang [[Pèrsi]], [[Mesir]], [[Turki,]] lan [[Afrika lor]]. Wiwitané kopi rada ora ditampa déning sapérangan wong. Ing taun [[1511]], amarga èfèk rangsangan kang njalari, dipenging panggunaané déning para [[imam]] konservatif lan otodhoks ing majelis kaagamaan ing [[Makkah]]. Nanging amarga popularitas ombèn iki, mila larangan mau ing taun [[1524]] diilangaké jalaran titah [[Sultan Selim I]] saka [[Kasultanan Utsmaniyah]] Turki. Ing [[Kairo]], Mesir, larangan kang padha uga disahaké ing taun [[1532]], ing ngendi warung kopi lan gudhang kopi ditutup. Saka donya [[Muslim]], kopi nyebar dhateng [[Éropa]], lan ombenan iki dadi populèr suwéné [[abad kaping 17]]. Wong [[Walanda]] kang sepisanan ngimpor kopi kanthi skala gedhé dhateng [[Éropa]], lan ing sawijining wektu nylundhupaké wijiné ing taun [[1690]], amarga tuwuhan utawa wiji mentahé ora diidinaké metu kawasan [[Arab]]. Iki banjur diterusaké kanthi pananduran kopi ing [[Jawa]] déning wong Walanda. Nalika kopi tekan kawasan koloni [[Amérika]], kawitané ora kasil kaya ing [[Éropa]], amarga dianggep kurang bisa nggantèkaké [[alkohol]]. Nanging, sawisé [[Perang Révolusi]], panyuwunan marang kopi mundhak cukup dhuwur, nganti para panyalur kudu mbukak parsedyan cadhangan lan ngundhakaké regané kanthi dramatis; sapérangan prakara iki amarga didhasari déning mudhuné pasedyan [[tèh]] déning para pedhagang [[Inggris]]. Minat wong [[Amérika]] marang kopi tuwuh ing wiwitan [[abad kaping 19]], nyusul dumadiné perang ing taun [[1812]], ing ngendi aksès impor tèh kapedhot sauntara, lan uga amarga ningkaté tèknologi panggawéan minuman, mila posisi kopi minangka komodhitas saben dina ing Amérika saya kuwat. == Jinis wiji kopi == Jinis Kopi antarané<ref name="kompas">[http://female.kompas.com/read/2010/02/09/1703067/Mengenal.Jinis.Kopi.Kelas.Dunia]</ref>: [[Gambar:Starr 070617-7331 Coffea arabica.jpg|thumb|left|130px|Wiji kopi arbika, jinis kopi kanthi cita rasa paling apik.]] === '''Kopi arabika''' (arabica coffee) === :Kopi arabika iku jinis kopi tradhisional kang duwé citarasa paling apik.<ref name=arro>[http://www.talkaboutcoffee.com/coffee_beans.html Coffee Beans – Varieties Of Coffee: Arabica and Robusta.] 2010.</ref> Kopi jinis iki asalé saka [[Etiopia]] lan saiki wis dibudidayakake ing pirang-pirang panggonan ing donya iki, wiwit saka [[Amérika Latin]], [[Afrika]] Tengah, [[Afrika Timur]], [[India]], lan [[Indonésia]].<ref name=arro2/> Kanthi cara umum, kopi iki thukul ing panggonan kang duwé [[iklim]] [[tropis]] utawa [[subtropis]].<ref name=arro2/> Kopi arabika uripé ing panggonan kang dhuwuré 600-2000 m sadhuwuring laut. Tuwuhan iki bisa thukul nganti tekan 3 mèter yèn kaanan lingkungane apik. Suhu thukul optimale ya iku 18-26 <sup>o</sup>C. Wiji kopi kang diasilake ukurane cukup cilik lan awarna ijo nganti tekan abang semu ireng utawa abang tuwa.<ref name=arro2>[http://www.ringsurf.com/online/2069-coffee_plants.html. Coffee Plants.]{{Pranala mati|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 2009.</ref> [[Gambar:Coffea canephora W2 IMG 2430.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Wiji kopi robusta, jinis kopi kelas 2.]] === '''Kopi robusta''' === :Kopi robusta pisanan tinemokake ing [[Kongo]] ing taun [[1898]].<ref name=arro2/> Kopi robusta bisa kaaran jinis kopi kelas 2, amarga rasané luwih pait, rada kecut, lan ngandhut [[kafein]] kanthi cacahé kang luwih akèh. Kajaba iku, cakupan laladan thukulé kopi robusta amba tinimbang kopi arabika kang kudu urip ing panggonan kang duwé dhuwur tartamtu.<ref name=arro/> Kopi robusta bisa urip ing panggonan kang dhuwuré 800 m sadhuwuring laut. Kajaba iku, kopi jinis iki luwih resisten karo [[ama]] lan [[lelara]]. Kaanan kaya mangkono kang ndadèkaké kopi robusta regane luwih murah. Kopi robusta akèh kang urip ing [[Afrika]] Barat, Afrika Tengah, [[Asia Tenggara]], lan [[Amérika Selatan]].<ref name=arro2/> [[Gambar:Kopi luwak 090910-0075 lamb.JPG|thumb|left|130px|Wiji kopi luwak asil fermentasi alami sajeroning weteng kéwan [[luwak]].]] === '''Kopi luwak''' === {{utama|Kopi Luwak}} :[[Kopi luwak]] iku kopi asli [[Indonésia]] kang wis misuwur.<ref name=luwak>[http://www.ringsurf.com/online/2151-kopi_luwak.html. Coffee Plants]{{Pranala mati|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. 2009. Diakses padha 13 Mèi 2010.</ref> Kopi luwak minangka kopi kang didol regane paling larang ing donya.<ref name=arro2/> Prosès gawé lan rasané kang unik banget dadi alesan utama larange rega kopi jinis iii. Jan-jane kopi iki isih kalebu jinis kopi arabika. Wiji kopi iki banjur dipangan déning ''[[luwak]]'' utawa kéwan jinis [[musang]].<ref name=arro/> Nanging, ora kabèh péranganing wiji kopi iki bisa kacerna déning kéwan iki.<ref name=luwak/> Pérangan jero wiji iki bakalan metu bebarengan karo teleke. Amarga suwéné ing sajeroning saluran pencernaan luwak, wiji kopi iki wis ngalami [[fermentasi]] singkat kang klakon déning [[baktèri]] alami ing sajeroning kang bisa mènèhi cita rasa tambahan kang unik.<ref name=luwak/> == Jinising nginuman kopi == Omben-ombenan kopi saiki akèh maceme, ya iku:<ref name=tipe1>[http://www.talkaboutcoffee.com/types-of-coffee-coffee-varieties-I.html. Types Of Coffee – Coffee Varieties I & II.] 2010. Diakses tanggal 14 Mèi 2010.</ref><ref name=book1>Brown A. 2008. ''Understanding Food: Principles and Preparation''. Thomson Learning: AS. Halaman: 518-521.</ref> {|align=right |[[Gambar:Cappuccino.jpg|thumb|right|110px| Cappuccino.]]||| |- |[[Gambar:Kopi Tubruk Jakarta.jpg|thumb|right|110px| Kopi tubruk.]]||[[Gambar:IrishCoffee.jpg|thumb|right|100px| ''Irish coffee''.]] |} * [[Kopi ireng]], minangka asil ekstraksi langsung saka wiji kopi kang digodhog lan disajikake tanpa tinambahan [[perisa]].<ref name=tipe1/> * [[Espresso]], minangka kopi kang kagawé kanthi ngekstraksi wiji kopi kanthi migunakaké keluk kang panas ing tekanan kang dhuwur.<ref name=book1/> * [[Latte]] (''coffee latte''), iki minangka jinis kopi [[espresso]] kang tinambahan [[susu]] kanthi rasio antara [[susu]] lan kopi 3:1.<ref name=book1/> * ''[[Café au lait]]'', arep padha karo ''caffe latte'' nanging mugunakake campuran kopi ireng.<ref name=tipe1/> * [[Caffè macchiato]], minangka kopi espresso kang ditambahi susu kanthi rasio antarané kopi lan susu 4:1.<ref name=book1/> * [[Cappuccino]], minangka kopi kanthi tinambahan susu, krim, lan remukan cokelat.<ref name=book1/> * ''[[Dry cappuccino]]'', minangka cappuccino kanthi diwènèhi [[krim]] sithik lan tanpa diwènèhi [[susu]].<ref name=tipe1/> * ''[[Frappé]]'', minangka [[espresso]] kang disajekake kanthi cara anyes.<ref name=tipe1/> * Kopi instan, asalé saka wiji kopi kang digaringaké lan digranulasi.<ref name=book1/> * [[Kopi Irlandia]] (''[[irish coffee]]''), minangka kopi kang dicampur karo [[wiski]].<ref name=tipe1/> * [[Kopi tubruk]], kopi asli saka [[Indonésia]], kopi asli [[Indonésia]] kang digawé kanthi masak wiji kopi bebarengan karo [[gula]].<ref name=tipe1/> * [[Melya]], isih kalebu jinis kopi kanthi nambahake bubuk cokelat lan [[madu]].<ref name=tipe1/> * [[Kopi moka]], arep padha karo cappuccino lan latte, nanging diwènèhi tambahan sirup [[cokelat]].<ref name=book1/> * [[Oleng]], kopi kas [[Thailand]] kang dimasak karo [[jagung]], [[kacang kedelai]], lan [[wijen]].<ref name=tipe1/> == Mupangat Kanggo Awak == [[Gambar:Berlin marathon.jpg|thumb|left|200px| Kopi akèh dikonsumsi déning para atlet sadurungé tandhing.]] Kandutan [[kafein]] sajeroning kopi duwé efek kang warna-warna ing saben-saben wong. Akèh wong kang bakalan ngalami efeknya kanthi cara langsung, déné wong liya ora ngrasakake babar pisan. Kaya mangkene ana gegayutane karo sipat [[genetika]] kang diduwèni saben-saben wong kang ana gegayutane karo kamampuan [[metabolisme]] awak sajeroning ncerna kafein.<ref name=enzim1/> Metabolisme kafein kedaden kanthi direwangi enzim ''[[sitokrom]]'' P450 1A2 (CYP1A2). Ana 2 jinis enzim, ya iku CYP1A2-1 lan CYP1A2-1.<ref name=enzim3>Bach C. 2008. [http://www.consumergenetics.com/DNA-Tests/Caffeine-Metabolism-Test.php. Caffeine Metabolism DNA Testing: CaffeineGEN™.]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kang duwé enzim CYP1A2-1 bisa ''mematabolisme'' kafein kanthi rikat lan efisien mula efek saka kafein bisa dirasa kanthi nyata. [[Enzim]] CYP1A2-2 duwé laju metabolisme kafein kang alon mula akèh-akèhé wong kanthi jinis iki ora ngrasakake efek kasarasan saka kafein lan malahan cenderung ndadèkaké efek kang négatif.<ref name=enzim1>Cornelis MC, El-Sohemy A, Kabagambe EK, and Campos H. 2006. Coffee, CYP1A2 genotype, and risk of myocardial infarction. ''JAMA'' 295:1135-41.</ref><ref name=enzim3/><ref name=enzim2>Sata F, Yamada H, Suzuki K, Saijo Y, Kato EH, Morikawa M, Minakami H, Kishi R. 2005. Caffeine intake, CYP1A2 polymorphism and the risk of recurrent pregnancy loss. ''Mol Human Repro'' 11(5):357-60.</ref> Akeh isu kang ngrembaka ngenani efek négatif nginum kopi kanggo awak, kaya déné ngunggahna risiko kena [[kanker]], [[diabetes melitus]] jinis 2, [[insomnia]], lelara [[jantung]], lan kelangan konsèntrasi.<ref name=efek1>Yuhardin. 2009. [http://scriptintermedia.com/view.php?id=2514. Delapan Khasiat Minum Kopi.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312075311/http://scriptintermedia.com/view.php?id=2514. |date=2016-03-12 }}</ref> Kandutan kafein sajeroning kopi jebule bisa neken thukulé [[sèl]] [[kanker]] kanthi cara ''bertahap''.<ref name=efek1/> Kajaba iku, kafein bisa mudhunake risiko kena diabetes melitus jinis 2 kanthi njaga sensitivitas awak marang [[insulin]].<ref name=book3>Wildman REC.2007. ''Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Funtional Foods''. Ed ke-2. CRC Press: AS. Halaman: 453-462.</ref> Kafein sajeroning kopi uga wis kabukti bisa ncegah lelara serangan jantung.<ref name=efek1/><ref name=mood1/> Ngonsumsi kopi uga bisa nggawé awak tetep kajaga lan ngunggahake konsèntrasi sanajan ora signifikan.<ref name=mood1>Smith A, Whitney H, Thomas M, Brockman P. 1999. Effects of caffeine and noise on mood, performance and cardiovascular functioning. ''Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Experimental'' 12(1):27-33.</ref><ref name=con1>Frewer LJ, Lader M. 2004. The effects of caffeine on two computerized tests of attention and vigilance. ''Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Experimental'' 6(2):119-128.</ref> Ing babagan [[ulah raga]], kopi akèh dikonsumsi déning para [[atlet]] sadurungé tandhing amarga senyawa aktif sajeroning kopi bisa ngunggahake [[metabolisme]] [[ènergi]], mligi kanggo mecahake [[glikogen]] ([[gula]] cadangan sajeroning awak).<ref>McClaran, Wetter. 2007. Sports nutrition. ''J Int Soc'' 4:11.</ref> Saliyané kafein, kopi uga duwé kandhutan senyawa [[antioksidan]] kang cacahé rada akèh.<ref name=antio/> Anane antioksidan bisa ncegah efek pangrusakan déning senyawa [[radikal bébas]], kaya déné kanker, diabetes, lan penurunan respon imun.<ref name=mood1/> Tuladhané senyawa antioksidan kang ana ing sajeroning kopi ya iku [[polifenol]], [[flavonoid]], [[proantosianidin]], [[kumarin]], [[asem klorogenat]], lan [[tokoferol]].<ref>[http://www.buzzle.com/articles/antioxidants-in-coffee.html. Antioxidants in Coffee.] 2009.</ref> Kanthi digodhog, aktivitas antioksidan iki bisa diunggahaké.<ref name=antio>Yanagimoto K, Ochi H, Lee KG, Shibamoto T. 2004. Antioxidative activities of fractions obtained from brewed coffee. 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