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href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Neolithic_and_transition_to_the_Copper_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Neolithic_and_transition_to_the_Copper_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>End of the Neolithic and transition to the Copper age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Neolithic_and_transition_to_the_Copper_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Neolithic Europe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="العصر الحجري الحديث الأوروبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر الحجري الحديث الأوروبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_neol%C3%ADtica" title="Europa neolítica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Europa neolítica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europako_Neolitoa" title="Europako Neolitoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Europako Neolitoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="اروپای دوران نوسنگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اروپای دوران نوسنگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_n%C3%A9olithique" title="Europe néolithique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Europe néolithique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitikum_Eropa" title="Neolitikum Eropa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Neolitikum Eropa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithicum_in_Europa" title="Neolithicum in Europa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neolithicum in Europa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AE%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%91" title="新石器時代のヨーロッパ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="新石器時代のヨーロッパ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Неолит Европы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Неолит Европы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitska_Evropa" title="Neolitska Evropa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Neolitska Evropa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitska_Evropa" title="Neolitska Evropa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Neolitska Evropa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliittinen_Eurooppa" title="Neoliittinen Eurooppa – Finnish" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Anatolian_farmers&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Anatolian farmers">Early Anatolian farmers</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Era of pre-history prior to copper & bronze ages in each region</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expansion_of_farming_in_western_Eurasia,_9600%E2%80%934000_BCE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Expansion_of_farming_in_western_Eurasia%2C_9600%E2%80%934000_BCE.png/330px-Expansion_of_farming_in_western_Eurasia%2C_9600%E2%80%934000_BCE.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Expansion_of_farming_in_western_Eurasia%2C_9600%E2%80%934000_BCE.png/495px-Expansion_of_farming_in_western_Eurasia%2C_9600%E2%80%934000_BCE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Expansion_of_farming_in_western_Eurasia%2C_9600%E2%80%934000_BCE.png/660px-Expansion_of_farming_in_western_Eurasia%2C_9600%E2%80%934000_BCE.png 2x" data-file-width="3467" data-file-height="2196" /></a><figcaption>Map of the spread of farming into Europe up to about 3800 BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golemata_Majka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Golemata_Majka.jpg/160px-Golemata_Majka.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Golemata_Majka.jpg/240px-Golemata_Majka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Golemata_Majka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Female figure from <a href="/wiki/Tumba_Mad%C5%BEari" title="Tumba Madžari">Tumba Madžari</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>European Neolithic</b> is the period from the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> (New Stone Age) technology and the associated population of <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Early European Farmers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 7000 BC</span> (the approximate time of the first farming societies in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>) until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000</span>–1700 BC (the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a>). The Neolithic overlaps the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> periods in Europe as cultural changes moved from the southeast to northwest at about 1 km/year – this is called the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic Expansion">Neolithic Expansion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmmermanCavalli-Sforza1971_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmermanCavalli-Sforza1971-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The duration of the Neolithic varies from place to place, its end marked by the introduction of bronze tools: in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">southeast Europe</a> it is approximately 4,000 years (i.e. 7000 BC–3000 BC) while in parts of Northwest Europe it is just under 3,000 years (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4500 BC</span>–1700 BC). In parts of Europe, notably the Balkans, the period after <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5000 BC</span> is known as the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic_Europe" title="Chalcolithic Europe">Chalcolithic</a> (Copper Age) due to the invention of <a href="/wiki/Copper_smelting" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper smelting">copper smelting</a> and the prevalence of copper tools, weapons and other artifacts. </p><p>The spread of the Neolithic from the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a> in the Near East to Europe was first studied quantitatively in the 1970s, when a sufficient number of <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating"><sup>14</sup>C age determinations</a> for early Neolithic sites had become available.<sup id="cite_ref-AS1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ammerman" title="Ammerman">Ammerman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cavalli-Sforza" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalli-Sforza">Cavalli-Sforza</a> discovered a linear relationship between the age of an Early Neolithic site and its distance from the conventional source in the Near East (<a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>), thus demonstrating that the Neolithic spread at an average speed of about 1 km/yr.<sup id="cite_ref-AS1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent studies confirm these results and yield a speed of 0.6–1.3 km/yr at a 95% confidence level.<sup id="cite_ref-AS1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_cultural_characteristics">Basic cultural characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Europe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Basic cultural characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%A9olithique_0001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/N%C3%A9olithique_0001.jpg/250px-N%C3%A9olithique_0001.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/N%C3%A9olithique_0001.jpg/500px-N%C3%A9olithique_0001.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>An array of <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools.</figcaption></figure> <p>Regardless of specific chronology, many European Neolithic groups share basic characteristics, such as living in small-scale, family-based communities, subsisting on <a href="/wiki/Domesticated" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated">domesticated</a> plants and animals supplemented with the collection of wild plant foods and with hunting, and producing hand-made pottery, that is, pottery made without the <a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel" title="Potter's wheel">potter's wheel</a>. Polished <a href="/wiki/Stone_axe" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone axe">stone axes</a> lie at the heart of the neolithic (new stone) culture, enabling forest clearance for agriculture and production of wood for dwellings, as well as fuel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Pottery_-_28421665976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Pottery_-_28421665976.jpg/250px-Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Pottery_-_28421665976.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Pottery_-_28421665976.jpg/500px-Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Pottery_-_28421665976.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5025" data-file-height="2628" /></a><figcaption>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Greek Early and Middle Neolithic</a> pottery 6500–5300 BC. National Museum of Archaeology, Athens</figcaption></figure> <p>There are also many differences, with some Neolithic communities in southeastern Europe living in heavily fortified settlements of 3,000–4,000 people (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Sesklo" title="Sesklo">Sesklo</a> in Greece) whereas Neolithic groups in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> were small (possibly 50–100 people) and highly mobile cattle-herders.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (November 2016)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The details of the origin, chronology, social organization, subsistence practices and ideology of the peoples of Neolithic Europe are obtained from <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, and not historical records, since these people left none. Since the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">population genetics</a> has provided independent data on the population history of Neolithic Europe, including migration events and genetic relationships with peoples in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (November 2016)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A further independent tool, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, has contributed hypothetical reconstructions of early European languages and family trees with estimates of dating of splits, in particular theories on the relationship between speakers of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> and Neolithic peoples. Some archaeologists believe that the expansion of Neolithic peoples from southwest Asia into Europe, marking the eclipse of Mesolithic culture, coincided with the introduction of Indo-European speakers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenfrew1987_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenfrew1987-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> whereas other archaeologists and many linguists believe the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> were introduced from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> during the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Europe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistoric Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Europe_(archaeology)" title="Old Europe (archaeology)">Old Europe (archaeology)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expansion_n%C3%A9olithique.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Expansion_n%C3%A9olithique.png/261px-Expansion_n%C3%A9olithique.png" decoding="async" width="261" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Expansion_n%C3%A9olithique.png/392px-Expansion_n%C3%A9olithique.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Expansion_n%C3%A9olithique.png/522px-Expansion_n%C3%A9olithique.png 2x" data-file-width="1687" data-file-height="1106" /></a><figcaption>Neolithic expansion of <a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium pottery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a> according to archaeology.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detmeroder_Opferstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Detmeroder_Opferstein.jpg/250px-Detmeroder_Opferstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Detmeroder_Opferstein.jpg/330px-Detmeroder_Opferstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Detmeroder_Opferstein.jpg/500px-Detmeroder_Opferstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption> A stone used in Neolithic rituals, in Detmerode, <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a>, Germany.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LiMuri-pjt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/LiMuri-pjt.jpg/250px-LiMuri-pjt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/LiMuri-pjt.jpg/330px-LiMuri-pjt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/LiMuri-pjt.jpg/500px-LiMuri-pjt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6922" data-file-height="2624" /></a><figcaption>Circular graves of <i>Li Muri</i> at <a href="/wiki/Arzachena" title="Arzachena">Arzachena</a>, one of the oldest megalithic sites in Italy dating to c. 4000-3300 BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>Archeologists trace the emergence of food-producing societies in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> region of southwest Asia to the close of the last glacial period around 12,000 BC, and these developed into a number of regionally distinctive cultures by the eighth millennium BC. Remains of food-producing societies in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean</a> have been carbon-dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6500 BCE</span> at <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franchthi_Cave" title="Franchthi Cave">Franchthi Cave</a>, and a number of mainland sites in <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>. Neolithic groups appear soon afterwards in the rest of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> and south-central Europe. The Neolithic cultures of Southeast Europe (including the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean</a>) show some continuity with groups in southwest Asia and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a>). </p><p>In 2018, an 8,000-year-old ceramic figurine portraying the head of the "Mother Goddess", was found near Uzunovo, <a href="/wiki/Vidin_Province" title="Vidin Province">Vidin Province</a> in Bulgaria, which pushes back the Neolithic revolution to 7th millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Current evidence suggests that Neolithic material culture was introduced to Europe via western Anatolia, and that similarities in cultures of North Africa and the Pontic steppes are due to diffusion <i>out</i> of Europe. All Neolithic sites in Europe contain <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">ceramics</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (November 2016)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> and contain the plants and animals domesticated in Southwest Asia: <a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">einkorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">emmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>. Genetic data suggest that no independent domestication of animals took place in Neolithic Europe, and that all domesticated animals were originally domesticated in Southwest Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellwood200468–9_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellwood200468–9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only domesticate not from Southwest Asia was <a href="/wiki/Broomcorn_millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Broomcorn millet">broomcorn millet</a>, domesticated in East Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellwood200474,_118_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellwood200474,_118-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The earliest evidence of <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a>-making dates to 5500 BC in <a href="/wiki/Kuyavia" title="Kuyavia">Kuyavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubbaraman2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubbaraman2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeologists agreed for some time that the culture of the early Neolithic is relatively homogeneous, compared to the late Mesolithic. DNA studies tend to confirm this, indicating that agriculture was brought to Western Europe by the Aegean populations, that are known as 'the Aegean Neolithic farmers'. When these farmers arrived in Britain, DNA studies show that they did not seem to mix much with the earlier population of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hunter-Gatherer">Western Hunter-Gatherers</a>. Instead, there was a substantial population replacement.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BraceDiekmann2019_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BraceDiekmann2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macro,_Liquid_drop_on_Feather,_70-300mm-Coupler_%26_reverse_Lens-213.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Macro%2C_Liquid_drop_on_Feather%2C_70-300mm-Coupler_%26_reverse_Lens-213.jpg/220px-Macro%2C_Liquid_drop_on_Feather%2C_70-300mm-Coupler_%26_reverse_Lens-213.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Macro%2C_Liquid_drop_on_Feather%2C_70-300mm-Coupler_%26_reverse_Lens-213.jpg/330px-Macro%2C_Liquid_drop_on_Feather%2C_70-300mm-Coupler_%26_reverse_Lens-213.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Macro%2C_Liquid_drop_on_Feather%2C_70-300mm-Coupler_%26_reverse_Lens-213.jpg/440px-Macro%2C_Liquid_drop_on_Feather%2C_70-300mm-Coupler_%26_reverse_Lens-213.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Poulnabrone_dolmen" title="Poulnabrone dolmen">Poulnabrone dolmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Burren" title="The Burren">the Burren</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Clare" title="County Clare">County Clare</a>, Ireland</figcaption></figure> <p>The diffusion of these farmers across Europe, from the Aegean to Britain, took about 2,500 years (6500–4000 BC). The Baltic region was penetrated a bit later, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3500 BCE</span>, and there was also a delay in settling the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian plain">Pannonian plain</a>. In general, colonization shows a "saltatory" pattern, as the Neolithic advanced from one patch of fertile alluvial soil to another, bypassing mountainous areas. Analysis of <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocarbon">radiocarbon</a> dates show clearly that Mesolithic and Neolithic populations lived side by side for as much as a millennium in many parts of Europe, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a> and along the Atlantic coast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellwood200468–72_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellwood200468–72-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Investigation of the Neolithic skeletons found in the <a href="/wiki/Talheim_Death_Pit" title="Talheim Death Pit">Talheim Death Pit</a> suggests that prehistoric men from neighboring tribes were prepared to fight and kill each other in order to <a href="/wiki/Raptio" title="Raptio">capture and secure women</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mass grave at <a href="/wiki/Talheim,_Heilbronn" title="Talheim, Heilbronn">Talheim</a> in southern Germany is one of the earliest known sites in the archaeological record that shows evidence of organised violence in Early Neolithic Europe, among various <a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a> tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaeological site of <a href="/wiki/Herxheim_(archaeological_site)" title="Herxheim (archaeological site)">Herxheim</a> contained the scattered remains of more than 1000 individuals from different, in some cases faraway regions, who died around 5000 BC. Whether they were war captives or <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifices</a> is unclear, but the evidence indicates that their corpses were <a href="/wiki/Rotisserie" title="Rotisserie">spit-roasted</a> whole and then consumed.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of overall size, some <a href="/wiki/Settlements_of_the_Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Settlements of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">settlements of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Talianki_(archaeological_site)" title="Talianki (archaeological site)">Talianki</a> (with a population of around 15,000) in western Ukraine, were as large as the <a href="/wiki/City-states" class="mw-redirect" title="City-states">city-states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>, and these Eastern European settlements predate the Sumerian cities by more than half of a millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_Neolithic_and_transition_to_the_Copper_age">End of the Neolithic and transition to the Copper age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Europe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: End of the Neolithic and transition to the Copper age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic_Europe" title="Chalcolithic Europe">Chalcolithic Europe</a></div> <p>With some exceptions, population levels rose rapidly at the beginning of the Neolithic until they reached the <a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">carrying capacity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShennanEdinborough2007_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShennanEdinborough2007-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by a population crash of "enormous magnitude" after 5000 BC, with levels remaining low during the next 1,500 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShennanEdinborough2007_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShennanEdinborough2007-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest golden artifacts in the world (4600 BC - 4200 BC) are found in the <a href="/wiki/Varna_Necropolis" title="Varna Necropolis">Varna Necropolis</a>, Bulgaria - grave offerings on exposition in <a href="/wiki/Varna_Archaeological_Museum" title="Varna Archaeological Museum">Varna Archaeological Museum</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IE_expansion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/IE_expansion.png/330px-IE_expansion.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/IE_expansion.png/435px-IE_expansion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/IE_expansion.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>Scheme of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4000</span> to 1000 BC according to the widely held <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a>. These migrations are thought to have spread <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">steppe pastoralist</a> ancestry and <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> throughout large parts of Eurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Populations began to rise after 3500 BC, with further dips and rises occurring between 3000 and 2500 BC but varying in date between regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShennanEdinborough2007_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShennanEdinborough2007-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time is the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_decline" title="Neolithic decline">Neolithic decline</a>, when populations collapsed across most of Europe, possibly caused by climatic conditions, plague, or mass migration. A study of twelve European regions found most experienced <a href="/wiki/Boom_and_bust" class="mw-redirect" title="Boom and bust">boom and bust</a> patterns and suggested an "endogenous, not climatic cause".<sup id="cite_ref-JAS1409_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAS1409-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent archaeological evidence suggests the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> causing this population collapse, as mass graves dating from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2900 BCE</span> were discovered containing fragments of <i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a></i> genetic material consistent with <a href="/wiki/Pneumonic_plague" title="Pneumonic plague">pneumonic plague</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chalcolithic Age in Europe started from about 3500 BC, followed soon after by the European <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age</a>. This also became a period of increased megalithic construction. From 3500 BC, copper was being used in the Balkans and eastern and central Europe. Also, the <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">domestication of the horse</a> took place during that time, resulting in the increased mobility of cultures. </p><p>Nearing the close of the Neolithic, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2500 BC</span>, large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Eurasian steppe peoples</a> migrated in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> from eastern Europe, from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Europe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 965px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karanovo4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pottery, 6th millennium BC (Karanovo I, Bulgaria).[26]"><img alt="Pottery, 6th millennium BC (Karanovo I, Bulgaria).[26]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Karanovo4.jpg/250px-Karanovo4.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Karanovo4.jpg/330px-Karanovo4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pottery, 6th millennium BC (<a href="/wiki/Karanovo_culture" title="Karanovo culture">Karanovo</a> I, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_figurine_marble_Thessaly_5300-3300_BC,_NAMA_8772_080802x.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Female figurine, marble, Thessaly, 5300–3300 BC. Neolithic Greece"><img alt="Female figurine, marble, Thessaly, 5300–3300 BC. Neolithic Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Female_figurine_marble_Thessaly_5300-3300_BC%2C_NAMA_8772_080802x.jpg/99px-Female_figurine_marble_Thessaly_5300-3300_BC%2C_NAMA_8772_080802x.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Female_figurine_marble_Thessaly_5300-3300_BC%2C_NAMA_8772_080802x.jpg/148px-Female_figurine_marble_Thessaly_5300-3300_BC%2C_NAMA_8772_080802x.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Female_figurine_marble_Thessaly_5300-3300_BC%2C_NAMA_8772_080802x.jpg/198px-Female_figurine_marble_Thessaly_5300-3300_BC%2C_NAMA_8772_080802x.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1207" data-file-height="1829" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Female figurine, marble, Thessaly, 5300–3300 BC. <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Greece</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Stone_Tools_%26_Weapons.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Neolithic Greece stone tools and weapons."><img alt="Ancient Neolithic Greece stone tools and weapons." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Stone_Tools_%26_Weapons.jpg/250px-Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Stone_Tools_%26_Weapons.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Stone_Tools_%26_Weapons.jpg/330px-Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Stone_Tools_%26_Weapons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Greece</a> stone tools and weapons.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Stone_Grinder.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Neolithic Greece stone grinder."><img alt="Ancient Neolithic Greece stone grinder." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Stone_Grinder.jpg/250px-Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Stone_Grinder.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Stone_Grinder.jpg/330px-Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Stone_Grinder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient Neolithic Greece stone grinder.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clay_vase_with_polychrome_decoration,_Dimini,_Magnesia,_Late_or_Final_Neolithic_(5300-3300_BC).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clay vase with polychrome decoration, Dimini, Neolithic Greece (5300–3300 BC)"><img alt="Clay vase with polychrome decoration, Dimini, Neolithic Greece (5300–3300 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Clay_vase_with_polychrome_decoration%2C_Dimini%2C_Magnesia%2C_Late_or_Final_Neolithic_%285300-3300_BC%29.jpg/250px-Clay_vase_with_polychrome_decoration%2C_Dimini%2C_Magnesia%2C_Late_or_Final_Neolithic_%285300-3300_BC%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Clay_vase_with_polychrome_decoration%2C_Dimini%2C_Magnesia%2C_Late_or_Final_Neolithic_%285300-3300_BC%29.jpg/330px-Clay_vase_with_polychrome_decoration%2C_Dimini%2C_Magnesia%2C_Late_or_Final_Neolithic_%285300-3300_BC%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3993" data-file-height="3215" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Clay vase with polychrome decoration, <a href="/wiki/Dimini" title="Dimini">Dimini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Greece</a> (5300–3300 BC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nea_Nikomedeia_Excavation_of_an_Early_Neolithic_house.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Neolithic site of Nea Nikomedeia, Northern Greece"><img alt="Neolithic site of Nea Nikomedeia, Northern Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nea_Nikomedeia_Excavation_of_an_Early_Neolithic_house.png/250px-Nea_Nikomedeia_Excavation_of_an_Early_Neolithic_house.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nea_Nikomedeia_Excavation_of_an_Early_Neolithic_house.png/330px-Nea_Nikomedeia_Excavation_of_an_Early_Neolithic_house.png 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="538" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neolithic site of Nea Nikomedeia, Northern Greece</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LBK_house_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neolithic long house, Germany, 5000 BC"><img alt="Neolithic long house, Germany, 5000 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/LBK_house_1.jpg/150px-LBK_house_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/LBK_house_1.jpg/225px-LBK_house_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/LBK_house_1.jpg/300px-LBK_house_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1918" data-file-height="1656" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">Neolithic long house</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a>, 5000 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goseck_Circle_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Goseck Circle, Germany, 4900 BC"><img alt="Goseck Circle, Germany, 4900 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Goseck_Circle_1.jpg/150px-Goseck_Circle_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Goseck_Circle_1.jpg/225px-Goseck_Circle_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Goseck_Circle_1.jpg/300px-Goseck_Circle_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1219" data-file-height="888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck Circle</a>, Germany, 4900 BC</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Europe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simplified_model_for_the_recent_demographic_history_of_Europeans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Simplified_model_for_the_recent_demographic_history_of_Europeans.jpg/290px-Simplified_model_for_the_recent_demographic_history_of_Europeans.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Simplified_model_for_the_recent_demographic_history_of_Europeans.jpg/435px-Simplified_model_for_the_recent_demographic_history_of_Europeans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Simplified_model_for_the_recent_demographic_history_of_Europeans.jpg/580px-Simplified_model_for_the_recent_demographic_history_of_Europeans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="1412" /></a><figcaption>Simplified model for the demographic history of Europeans during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>'s introduction of agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Genetic studies since the 2010s have identified the genetic contribution of Neolithic farmers to modern European populations, providing quantitative results relevant to the long-standing "replacement model" vs. "demic diffusion" dispute in archaeology. </p><p>The earlier population of Europe were the Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, called the "<a href="/wiki/Western_Hunter-Gatherers" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hunter-Gatherers">Western Hunter-Gatherers</a>" (WHG). Along with the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer">Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers</a> (SHG) and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hunter-Gatherer">Eastern Hunter-Gatherers</a> (EHG), the WHGs constituted one of the three main genetic groups in the postglacial period of early <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> Europe. Later, the Neolithic farmers expanded from the Aegean and Near East; in various studies, they are described as the <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Early European Farmers</a> (EEF); Aegean Neolithic Farmers (ANF),<sup id="cite_ref-BraceDiekmann2019_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BraceDiekmann2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First European Farmers (FEF), or also as the Early Neolithic Farmers (ENF). </p><p>A seminal 2014 study first identified the contribution of three main components to modern European lineages (the third being "<a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient North Eurasians">Ancient North Eurasians</a>", associated with the later <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European expansion">Indo-European expansion</a>). The EEF component was identified based on the genome of a woman buried c. 7,000 years ago in a <a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a> grave in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This 2014 study found evidence for genetic mixing between WHG and EEF throughout Europe, with the largest contribution of EEF in Mediterranean Europe (especially in Sardinia, Sicily, Malta and among Ashkenazi Jews), and the largest contribution of WHG in Northern Europe and among Basque people.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, DNA studies show that when the Neolithic farmers arrived in Britain, these two groups did not seem to mix much. Instead, there was a substantial population replacement.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BraceDiekmann2019_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BraceDiekmann2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2014, further studies have refined the picture of interbreeding between EEF and WHG. In a 2017 analysis of 180 ancient DNA datasets of the Chalcolithic and Neolithic periods from Hungary, Germany and Spain, evidence was found of a prolonged period of interbreeding. Admixture took place regionally, from local hunter-gatherer populations, so that populations from the three regions (Germany, Iberia and Hungary) were genetically distinguishable at all stages of the Neolithic period, with a gradually increasing ratio of WHG ancestry of farming populations over time. This suggests that after the initial expansion of early farmers, there were no further long-range migrations substantial enough to homogenize the farming population, and that farming and hunter-gatherer populations existed side by side for many centuries, with ongoing gradual admixture throughout the 5th to 4th millennia BC (rather than a single admixture event on initial contact).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Admixture rates varied geographically; in the late Neolithic, WHG ancestry in farmers in Hungary was at around 10%, in Germany around 25% and in Iberia as high as 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During late Neolithic and early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, the EEF-derived cultures of Europe were overwhelmed by successive invasions of <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Western Steppe Herders</a> (WSHs) from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These invasions led to EEF <a href="/wiki/Paternal" class="mw-redirect" title="Paternal">paternal</a> DNA lineages in Europe being almost entirely replaced with WSH paternal DNA (mainly <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">R1b</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">R1a</a>). EEF mtDNA however remained frequent, suggesting admixture between WSH males and EEF females.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Europe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Language_in_the_Neolithic"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paleo-European_languages" title="Paleo-European languages">Paleo-European languages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European-late-neolithic-english.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/European-late-neolithic-english.svg/290px-European-late-neolithic-english.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/European-late-neolithic-english.svg/435px-European-late-neolithic-english.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/European-late-neolithic-english.svg/580px-European-late-neolithic-english.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>Neolithic cultures in Europe in ca. 4000–3500 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>There is no direct evidence of the languages spoken in the Neolithic. Some proponents of <a href="/wiki/Paleolinguistics" title="Paleolinguistics">paleolinguistics</a> attempt to extend the methods of <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguistics</a> to the Stone Age, but this has little academic support. Criticising scenarios which envision for the Neolithic only a small number of language families spread over huge areas of Europe (as in modern times), <a href="/wiki/Donald_Ringe" title="Donald Ringe">Donald Ringe</a> has argued on general principles of <a href="/wiki/Language_geography" title="Language geography">language geography</a> (as concerns "tribal", pre-state societies), and the scant remains of (apparently indigenous) non-Indo-European languages attested in ancient inscriptions, that Neolithic Europe must have been a place of great linguistic diversity, with many <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language families</a> with no recoverable <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">linguistic links</a> to each other, much like western North America prior to European colonisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinge2009_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinge2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discussion of hypothetical languages spoken in the European Neolithic is divided into two topics, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> and "Pre-Indo-European" languages. </p><p>Early Indo-European languages are usually assumed to have reached Danubian (and maybe Central) Europe in the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> or early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age</a>, e.g. with the <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Corded Ware">Corded Ware</a> or <a href="/wiki/Beaker_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker culture">Beaker cultures</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a> for related discussions). The <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a> postulates arrival of Indo-European languages with the early Neolithic. <a href="/wiki/Old_European_hydronymy" title="Old European hydronymy">Old European hydronymy</a> is taken by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krahe" title="Hans Krahe">Hans Krahe</a> to be the oldest reflection of the early presence of Indo-European in Europe. </p><p>Theories of "Pre-Indo-European" languages in Europe are built on scant evidence. The <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque language</a> is the best candidate for a descendant of such a language, but since Basque is a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>, there is no comparative evidence to build upon. <a href="/wiki/Theo_Vennemann" title="Theo Vennemann">Theo Vennemann</a> nevertheless postulates a "<a href="/wiki/Vasconic_substratum_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasconic substratum hypothesis">Vasconic</a>" family, which he supposes had co-existed with an <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_(Semitic)_languages" title="Atlantic (Semitic) languages">"Atlantic" or "Semitidic"</a> (i. e., para-<a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a>) group. Another candidate is a <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrrhenian languages">Tyrrhenian</a> family which would have given rise to <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Raetic language">Raetic</a> in the Iron Age, and possibly also <a href="/wiki/Aegean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean languages">Aegean languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pelasgian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelasgian language">Pelasgian</a> in the Bronze Age. </p><p>In the north, a similar scenario to Indo-European is thought to have occurred with <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a> expanding in from the east. In particular, while the <a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami languages</a> of the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami people</a> belong in the Uralic family, they show considerable <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (linguistics)">substrate</a> influence, thought to represent one or more extinct original languages. The Sami are estimated to have adopted a Uralic language less than 2,500 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAikio2004_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAikio2004-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some traces of indigenous languages of the Baltic area have been suspected in the <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic languages</a> as well, but these are much more modest. There are early loanwords from unidentified non-IE languages in other Uralic languages of Europe as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHäkkinen2012_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHäkkinen2012-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guus Kroonen brought up the so-called "Agricultural Substrate Hypothesis", based on the comparison of presumable Pre-Germanic and Pre-Greek substrate lexicon (especially agricultural terms without clear IE etymologies). Kroonen links that substrate to the gradual spread of agriculture in Neolithic Europe from Anatolia and the Balkans, and associates the Pre-Germanic agricultural substrate language with the <a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a>. The prefix <i>*a-</i> and the suffix <i>*-it-</i> are the most apparent linguistic markers by which a small group of "Agricultural" substrate words - i.e. <i>*arwīt</i> ("pea") or <i>*gait</i> ("goat") - can be isolated from the rest of the Proto-Germanic lexicon.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Aljoša Šorgo, there are at least 36 Proto-Germanic lexical items very likely originating from the "agricultural" substrate language (or a group of closely related languages). It is proposed by Šorgo that the Agricultural substrate was characterized by a four-vowel system of */æ/ */ɑ/ */i/ */u/, the presence of pre-nasalized stops, the absence of a semi-vowel */j/, a mobile stress accent, and reduction of unstressed vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_cultures_and_sites">List of cultures and sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Europe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: List of cultures and sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skara_Brae_house_1_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Skara_Brae_house_1_5.jpg/220px-Skara_Brae_house_1_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Skara_Brae_house_1_5.jpg/330px-Skara_Brae_house_1_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Skara_Brae_house_1_5.jpg/440px-Skara_Brae_house_1_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Excavated dwellings at <a href="/wiki/Skara_Brae" title="Skara Brae">Skara Brae</a> (Orkney, Scotland), Europe's most complete Neolithic village.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Mesolithic/Para-Neolithic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franchthi_Cave" title="Franchthi Cave">Franchthi Cave</a> (Greece, 20th to 3rd millennium BC) First European Neolithic site.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepenski_Vir" title="Lepenski Vir">Lepenski Vir culture</a> (Serbia, 10th/8th to 6th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megalithic culture</a> (8th to 2nd millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elshanka_culture" title="Elshanka culture">Elshanka culture</a> (Russia, 7th millennium BC) Oldest European pottery.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug-Dniester culture</a> (Moldova, Ukraine, 7th to 6th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erteb%C3%B8lle_culture" title="Ertebølle culture">Ertebølle culture</a> (Denmark, 6th to 4th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swifterbant_culture" title="Swifterbant culture">Swifterbant culture</a> (Netherlands, 6th to 4th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neman_culture" title="Neman culture">Neman culture</a> (Poland, Lithuania, 6th to 3rd millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper-Donets culture</a> (Ukraine, 5th millennium BC)</li></ul></li> <li>Early Neolithic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khirokitia" title="Khirokitia">Khirokitia</a> (Cyprus, 7th to 4th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesklo" title="Sesklo">Sesklo</a> culture (Greece, 7th to 5th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium pottery culture</a> (Mediterranean coast, 7th to 6th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakanj_culture" title="Kakanj culture">Kakanj culture</a> (Bosnia and Herzegovina, 7th to 5th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star%C4%8Devo_culture" title="Starčevo culture">Starčevo-Criș culture</a> (<i>Starčevo I, Körös, Criş</i>, Central Balkans, 7th to 5th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karanovo_culture" title="Karanovo culture">Karanovo culture</a> (Bulgaria, 7th to 5th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dude%C8%99ti_culture" title="Dudești culture">Dudești culture</a> (Romania, 6th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katundas_Cavern" title="Katundas Cavern">Katundas Cavern</a> (Albania, 6th millennium BC)</li></ul></li> <li>Middle Neolithic<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maidanetske_Cucuteni-Trypilla_mega_site,_illustration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Maidanetske_Cucuteni-Trypilla_mega_site%2C_illustration.png/220px-Maidanetske_Cucuteni-Trypilla_mega_site%2C_illustration.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Maidanetske_Cucuteni-Trypilla_mega_site%2C_illustration.png/330px-Maidanetske_Cucuteni-Trypilla_mega_site%2C_illustration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Maidanetske_Cucuteni-Trypilla_mega_site%2C_illustration.png/440px-Maidanetske_Cucuteni-Trypilla_mega_site%2C_illustration.png 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="2506" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the main occupation phase of the <a href="/wiki/Maidanetske" title="Maidanetske">Maidanetske</a> mega-site, c. 3800 BC.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Hoguette#Archeology" title="La Hoguette">La Hoguette</a> culture (France, 6th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_culture" title="Körös culture">Körös culture</a> (Hungary, Romania, 6th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Almagra_pottery" title="La Almagra pottery">La Almagra pottery culture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia#Neolithic" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Andalusia</a>, 6th to 5th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a> (6th to 5th millennium BC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_ditches" class="mw-redirect" title="Circular ditches">Circular enclosures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopot_culture" title="Sopot culture">Sopot culture</a> (Croatia, Hungary, 6th to 4th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culture" title="Vinča culture">Vinča culture</a> (Balkans, 6th to 5th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni-Trypillian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucuteni-Trypillian culture">Cucuteni-Trypillian culture</a> (Moldova, Ukraine, Romania, 6th to 3rd millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisza_culture" title="Tisza culture">Tisza culture</a> (Central Europe, 6th to 5th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langweiler_(archaeological_site)" title="Langweiler (archaeological site)">Langweiler</a> (Germany, 6th to 5th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamangia_culture" title="Hamangia culture">Hamangia culture</a> (Romania, Bulgaria, 6th to 5th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butmir_culture" title="Butmir culture">Butmir culture</a> (Bosnia and Herzegovina, 6th to 5th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonu_Ighinu_culture" title="Bonu Ighinu culture">Bonu Ighinu culture</a> (Sardinia, 6th to 5th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%A7ar_Dalam_phase" title="Għar Dalam phase">Għar Dalam phase</a> (Malta, 5th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengyel_culture" title="Lengyel culture">Lengyel culture</a> (Central Europe, 5th millennium BC) <ul><li>A culture in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> produced monumental arrangements of <a href="/wiki/Circular_ditches" class="mw-redirect" title="Circular ditches">circular ditches</a> between <a href="/wiki/4800_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="4800 BCE">4800 BC</a> and <a href="/wiki/4600_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="4600 BCE">4600 BC</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_Quintana_-_Unternberg_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Museum_Quintana_-_Unternberg_1.jpg/220px-Museum_Quintana_-_Unternberg_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Museum_Quintana_-_Unternberg_1.jpg/330px-Museum_Quintana_-_Unternberg_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Museum_Quintana_-_Unternberg_1.jpg/440px-Museum_Quintana_-_Unternberg_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction (model) of the Künzing-Unternberg circular ditch, Museum Quintana, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCnzing" title="Künzing">Künzing</a>, Lower Bavaria, Germany</figcaption></figure></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinkelstein_culture" title="Hinkelstein culture">Hinkelstein culture</a> (Germany, 5th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke-ornamented_ware_culture" title="Stroke-ornamented ware culture">Stroke-ornamented ware culture</a> (5th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimini" title="Dimini">Dimini</a> culture (Greece, 5th to 4th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerny_culture" title="Cerny culture">Cerny culture</a> (France, 5th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danilo_culture" title="Danilo culture">Danilo culture</a> (Croatia, 5th to 4th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ssen_culture" title="Rössen culture">Rössen culture</a> (Central Europe, 5th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Ciriaco_culture" title="San Ciriaco culture">San Ciriaco culture</a> (Sardinia, 5th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chass%C3%A9en_culture" title="Chasséen culture">Chasséen culture</a> (France, 5th to 4th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog culture</a> (Ukraine, Russia, 5th to 4th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelsberg_culture" title="Michelsberg culture">Michelsberg culture</a> (Central Europe, 5th to 4th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boian_culture" title="Boian culture">Boian culture</a> (Romania, Bulgaria, 5th to 4th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfyn_culture" title="Pfyn culture">Pfyn culture</a> (Switzerland, 5th to 4th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit%E2%80%93Comb_Ware_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit–Comb Ware culture">Pit–Comb Ware culture</a>, a.k.a. Comb Ceramic culture (Northeast Europe, 5th to 3rd millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol_culture" title="Mariupol culture">Mariupol culture</a> (Pontic Steppe, 5th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hembury" title="Hembury">Hembury</a> culture (Britain, 5th to 4th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalberge_group" title="Baalberge group">Baalberge group</a> (Germany, Czechia, 4th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortaillod_culture" title="Cortaillod culture">Cortaillod culture</a> (Switzerland, 4th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondsee_group" title="Mondsee group">Mondsee group</a> (Austria, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horgen_culture" title="Horgen culture">Horgen culture</a> (Switzerland, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvar_culture" title="Hvar culture">Hvar culture</a> (Eastern Adriatic coast, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_Hill_culture" title="Windmill Hill culture">Windmill Hill culture</a> (Britain, 4th millennium BC)</li></ul></li> <li>Eneolithic (<a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a>)<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg/250px-Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg/330px-Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg/500px-Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>A model of the prehistoric town of <a href="/wiki/Los_Millares" title="Los Millares">Los Millares</a>, with its walls (Andalusia, Spain)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara culture</a> (Russia, 5th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk culture</a> (Russia, 5th to 4th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumelni%C8%9Ba_culture" title="Gumelnița culture">Gumelniţa culture</a> (Romania, 5th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna_culture" title="Varna culture">Varna culture</a> (Bulgaria, 5th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiszapolg%C3%A1r_culture" title="Tiszapolgár culture">Tiszapolgár culture</a> (Central Europe, 5th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suvorovo_culture" title="Suvorovo culture">Suvorovo culture</a> (North-west Black Sea, 5th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novodanilovka_group" title="Novodanilovka group">Novodanilovka culture</a> (Ukraine, 5th to 4th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funnelbeaker_culture" title="Funnelbeaker culture">Funnelbeaker culture</a> (5th to 3rd millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă culture</a> (Bulgaria, Romania, 5th to 4th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repin_culture" title="Repin culture">Repin culture</a> (East European forest steppe, 4th millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone culture</a> (Italy, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden culture</a> (Central Europe, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usatove_culture" title="Usatove culture">Usatove culture</a> (North-west Black Sea, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora culture</a> (Central Europe, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a> (Pontic-Caspian steppe, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutresis_culture" title="Eutresis culture">Eutresis culture</a> (Greece, 4th to 3rd millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vu%C4%8Dedol_culture" title="Vučedol culture">Vučedol culture</a> (North-west Balkans, Pannonian Plain, late 4th to 3rd millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Millares" title="Los Millares">Los Millares culture</a> (Almería, Spain, 4th to 2nd millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a>, a.k.a. Battle-axe or Single Grave culture (Northern Europe, 3rd millennium BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudo_culture" title="Gaudo culture">Gaudo culture</a> (Italy, 4th to 3rd millennium BC, early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaker_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker culture">Beaker culture</a> (3rd to 2nd millennium BC, early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skara_Brae" title="Skara Brae">Skara Brae</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Megalithic">Megalithic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Europe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Megalithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klekkende_H%C3%B8j_barrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Klekkende_H%C3%B8j_barrow.jpg/250px-Klekkende_H%C3%B8j_barrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Klekkende_H%C3%B8j_barrow.jpg/330px-Klekkende_H%C3%B8j_barrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Klekkende_H%C3%B8j_barrow.jpg/500px-Klekkende_H%C3%B8j_barrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1803" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Klekkende_H%C3%B8j" title="Klekkende Høj">Klekkende Høj</a> passage grave, Denmark, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3500-2800 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Some Neolithic cultures listed above are known for constructing <a href="/wiki/Megaliths" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaliths">megaliths</a>. These occur primarily on the Atlantic coast of Europe, but there are also megaliths on western Mediterranean islands. </p> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5000 BCE</span>: Constructions in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Almendres_Cromlech" title="Almendres Cromlech">Évora</a>). Emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period, the age of agriculture along the fertile shores of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4800 BCE</span>: Constructions in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barnenez" title="Barnenez">Barnenez</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tumulus_of_Bougon" title="Tumulus of Bougon">Bougon</a>).</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4000 BCE</span>: Constructions in Brittany (<a href="/wiki/Carnac" title="Carnac">Carnac</a>), Portugal (<a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>), Spain (<a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>), <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (central and southern), <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, England, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, Northern Ireland (<a href="/wiki/Legananny_Dolmen" title="Legananny Dolmen">Banbridge</a>) and elsewhere.</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3700 BCE</span>: Constructions in Ireland (<a href="/wiki/Carrowmore" title="Carrowmore">Carrowmore</a> and elsewhere) and Spain (<a href="/wiki/Dolmen_of_Menga" title="Dolmen of Menga">Dolmen of Menga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antequera_Dolmens_Site" title="Antequera Dolmens Site">Antequera Dolmens Site</a>, Málaga).</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3600 BCE</span>: Constructions in England (<a href="/wiki/Maumbury_Rings" title="Maumbury Rings">Maumbury Rings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Godmanchester" title="Godmanchester">Godmanchester</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C4%A0gantija" title="Ġgantija">Ġgantija</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mnajdra" title="Mnajdra">Mnajdra</a> temples).</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3500 BCE</span>: Constructions in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dolmen_de_Viera" title="Dolmen de Viera">Dolmen of Viera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antequera_Dolmens_Site" title="Antequera Dolmens Site">Antequera Dolmens Site</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guadiana" title="Guadiana">Guadiana</a>), Ireland (south-west), France (<a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a> and the north), north-west and central Italy (<a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valle_d%27Aosta" class="mw-redirect" title="Valle d'Aosta">Valle d'Aosta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>), Mediterranean islands (<a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>) and elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (north-east) and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (central and south-west).</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3400 BCE</span>: Constructions in Ireland (<a href="/wiki/Newgrange" title="Newgrange">Newgrange</a>), <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (north-east), Germany (northern and central) <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>.</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3200 BCE</span>: Constructions in Malta (<a href="/wiki/%C4%A6a%C4%A1ar_Qim" title="Ħaġar Qim">Ħaġar Qim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarxien" title="Tarxien">Tarxien</a>).</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3000 BCE</span>: Constructions in France (<a href="/wiki/Saumur" title="Saumur">Saumur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Biscay</a>, and the Mediterranean coast), Spain (<a href="/wiki/Los_Millares" title="Los Millares">Los Millares</a>), Belgium (<a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, as well as the first <a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">henges</a> (circular earthworks) in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a>.</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2900 BCE</span>: Constructions in Spain (<a href="/wiki/Tholos_de_El_Romeral" title="Tholos de El Romeral">Tholos of El Romeral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antequera_Dolmens_Site" title="Antequera Dolmens Site">Antequera Dolmens Site</a>, Málaga)</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2800 BCE</span>: Construction of the henge at Stonehenge.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Europe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistoric Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic_Europe" title="Chalcolithic Europe">Chalcolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_tomb" title="Neolithic tomb">Neolithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Europe_(archaeology)" title="Old Europe (archaeology)">Old European culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages" title="Pre-Indo-European languages">Pre-Indo-European languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_symbols" title="Vinča symbols">Vinča symbols</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Europe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmermanCavalli-Sforza1971-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmmermanCavalli-Sforza1971_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmmermanCavalli-Sforza1971">Ammerman & Cavalli-Sforza 1971</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AS1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AS1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Original text published under Creative Commons license CC BY 4.0: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShukurovSarsonGangal2014" class="citation journal cs1">Shukurov, Anvar; Sarson, Graeme R.; Gangal, Kavita (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4012948">"The Near-Eastern Roots of the Neolithic in South Asia"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>9</b> (5): e95714. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...995714G">2014PLoSO...995714G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0095714">10.1371/journal.pone.0095714</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4012948">4012948</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24806472">24806472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+Near-Eastern+Roots+of+the+Neolithic+in+South+Asia&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e95714&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4012948%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24806472&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0095714&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...995714G&rft.aulast=Shukurov&rft.aufirst=Anvar&rft.au=Sarson%2C+Graeme+R.&rft.au=Gangal%2C+Kavita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4012948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> Material was copied from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenfrew1987-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenfrew1987_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRenfrew1987">Renfrew 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellwood2004_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBellwood2004">Bellwood 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007-5"><span 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href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Neolithic+men+were+prepared+to+fight+for+their+women&rft.date=2008-06-02&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.au=Roger+Highfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F2066554%2FNeolithic-men-were-prepared-to-fight-for-their-women.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-33967908">"German mass grave records prehistoric warfare"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 17 August 2015.</cite><span 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Department of Scandinavian Studies and Linguistics, Copenhagen University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Šorgo, Aljoša.</i> 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljosasorgo.si/_files/ugd/fa844c_dc718ff01140403bba0d43a6443a59e0.pdf?index=true">Characteristics of Lexemes of a Substratum Origin in Proto-Germanic.</a> In Romain Garnier (ed.): Loanwords and substrata: proceedings of the colloquium held in Limoges, 5th-7th June 2018. Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck: Innsbruck. Pages 427—472</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Europe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAikio2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aikio, Ante (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4811770">"An essay on substrate studies and the origin of Saami"</a>. In Hyvärinen, Irma; Kallio, Petri; Korhonen, Jarmo (eds.). <i>Etymologie, Entlehnungen und Entwicklungen</i> [<i>Etymology, loanwords and developments</i>]. Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki (in German). Vol. 63. 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(2005). "Ancient DNA from the First European Farmers in 7500-Year-Old Neolithic Sites". <i>Science</i>. <b>310</b> (5750): <span class="nowrap">1016–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...310.1016H">2005Sci...310.1016H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1118725">10.1126/science.1118725</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1095-9203">1095-9203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16284177">16284177</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11546893">11546893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ancient+DNA+from+the+First+European+Farmers+in+7500-Year-Old+Neolithic+Sites&rft.volume=310&rft.issue=5750&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1016-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11546893%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Sci...310.1016H&rft.issn=1095-9203&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1118725&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16284177&rft.aulast=Haak&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Forster%2C+Peter&rft.au=Bramanti%2C+Barbara&rft.au=Matsumura%2C+Shuichi&rft.au=Brandt%2C+Guido&rft.au=T%C3%A4nzer%2C+Marc&rft.au=Villems%2C+Richard&rft.au=Renfrew%2C+Colin&rft.au=Gronenborn%2C+Detlef&rft.au=Alt%2C+K.+W.&rft.au=Burger%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil1989" class="citation journal cs1">Zvelebil, Marek (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131030095411/http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/063/Ant0630379.htm">"On the transition to farming in Europe, or what was spreading with the Neolithic: a reply to Ammerman (1989)"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>63</b> (239): <span class="nowrap">379–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00076110">10.1017/S0003598X00076110</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162882505">162882505</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/063/Ant0630379.htm">the original</a> on 2013-10-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=On+the+transition+to+farming+in+Europe%2C+or+what+was+spreading+with+the+Neolithic%3A+a+reply+to+Ammerman+%281989%29&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=239&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E379-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00076110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162882505%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantiquity.ac.uk%2Fant%2F063%2FAnt0630379.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil2009a" class="citation book cs1">Zvelebil, Marek (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RPw8DsBG-aIC&pg=PA5">"Mesolithic prelude and neolithic revolution"</a>. In Zvelebil, Marek (ed.). <i>Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies of Temperate Eurasia and Their Transition to Farming</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-10957-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-10957-4"><bdi>978-0-521-10957-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mesolithic+prelude+and+neolithic+revolution&rft.btitle=Hunters+in+Transition%3A+Mesolithic+Societies+of+Temperate+Eurasia+and+Their+Transition+to+Farming&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-10957-4&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRPw8DsBG-aIC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil2009b" class="citation book cs1">Zvelebil, Marek (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RPw8DsBG-aIC&pg=PA167">"Mesolithic societies and the transition to farming: problems of time, scale and organisation"</a>. In Zvelebil, Marek (ed.). <i>Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies of Temperate Eurasia and Their Transition to Farming</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">167–</span>88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-10957-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-10957-4"><bdi>978-0-521-10957-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mesolithic+societies+and+the+transition+to+farming%3A+problems+of+time%2C+scale+and+organisation&rft.btitle=Hunters+in+Transition%3A+Mesolithic+Societies+of+Temperate+Eurasia+and+Their+Transition+to+Farming&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-10957-4&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRPw8DsBG-aIC%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Europe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellwood2001" class="citation journal cs1">Bellwood, Peter (2001). "Early Agriculturalist Population Diasporas? Farming, Languages, and Genes". <i><a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Anthropology" title="Annual Review of Anthropology">Annual Review of Anthropology</a></i>. <b>30</b>: <span class="nowrap">181–</span>207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.30.1.181">10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.181</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3069214">3069214</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12157394">12157394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Early+Agriculturalist+Population+Diasporas%3F+Farming%2C+Languages%2C+and+Genes&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E207&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12157394%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3069214%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.30.1.181&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCavalli-SforzaMenozziPiazza1994" class="citation book cs1">Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; Menozzi, Paolo; Piazza, Alberto (1994). <i>The History and Geography of Human Genes</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08750-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08750-4"><bdi>978-0-691-08750-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Geography+of+Human+Genes&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-691-08750-4&rft.aulast=Cavalli-Sforza&rft.aufirst=Luigi+Luca&rft.au=Menozzi%2C+Paolo&rft.au=Piazza%2C+Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCavalli-Sforza2001" class="citation book cs1">Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca (2001). <i>Genes, Peoples, and Languages</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22873-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22873-3"><bdi>978-0-520-22873-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genes%2C+Peoples%2C+and+Languages&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22873-3&rft.aulast=Cavalli-Sforza&rft.aufirst=Luigi+Luca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGimbutas1989" class="citation book cs1">Gimbutas, Marija (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languageofgoddes00gimb"><i>The Language of the Goddess</i></a></span>. Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-250356-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-250356-5"><bdi>978-0-06-250356-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+the+Goddess&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-06-250356-5&rft.aulast=Gimbutas&rft.aufirst=Marija&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flanguageofgoddes00gimb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016" class="citation journal cs1">Fu Q, Posth C, Hajdinjak M, Petr M, Mallick S, Fernandes D, et al. (June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4943878">"The genetic history of Ice Age Europe"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>534</b> (7606): <span class="nowrap">200–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.534..200F">2016Natur.534..200F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature17993">10.1038/nature17993</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10211.3%2F198594">10211.3/198594</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4943878">4943878</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27135931">27135931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+genetic+history+of+Ice+Age+Europe&rft.volume=534&rft.issue=7606&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E200-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4943878%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Natur.534..200F&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27135931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature17993&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10211.3%2F198594&rft.aulast=Fu&rft.aufirst=Q&rft.au=Posth%2C+C&rft.au=Hajdinjak%2C+M&rft.au=Petr%2C+M&rft.au=Mallick%2C+S&rft.au=Fernandes%2C+D&rft.au=Furtw%C3%A4ngler%2C+A&rft.au=Haak%2C+W&rft.au=Meyer%2C+M&rft.au=Mittnik%2C+A&rft.au=Nickel%2C+B&rft.au=Peltzer%2C+A&rft.au=Rohland%2C+N&rft.au=Slon%2C+V&rft.au=Talamo%2C+S&rft.au=Lazaridis%2C+I&rft.au=Lipson%2C+M&rft.au=Mathieson%2C+I&rft.au=Schiffels%2C+S&rft.au=Skoglund%2C+P&rft.au=Derevianko%2C+AP&rft.au=Drozdov%2C+N&rft.au=Slavinsky%2C+V&rft.au=Tsybankov%2C+A&rft.au=Cremonesi%2C+RG&rft.au=Mallegni%2C+F&rft.au=G%C3%A9ly%2C+B&rft.au=Vacca%2C+E&rft.au=Morales%2C+MR&rft.au=Straus%2C+LG&rft.au=Neugebauer-Maresch%2C+C&rft.au=Teschler-Nicola%2C+M&rft.au=Constantin%2C+S&rft.au=Moldovan%2C+OT&rft.au=Benazzi%2C+S&rft.au=Peresani%2C+M&rft.au=Coppola%2C+D&rft.au=Lari%2C+M&rft.au=Ricci%2C+S&rft.au=Ronchitelli%2C+A&rft.au=Valentin%2C+F&rft.au=Thevenet%2C+C&rft.au=Wehrberger%2C+K&rft.au=Grigorescu%2C+D&rft.au=Rougier%2C+H&rft.au=Crevecoeur%2C+I&rft.au=Flas%2C+D&rft.au=Semal%2C+P&rft.au=Mannino%2C+MA&rft.au=Cupillard%2C+C&rft.au=Bocherens%2C+H&rft.au=Conard%2C+NJ&rft.au=Harvati%2C+K&rft.au=Moiseyev%2C+V&rft.au=Drucker%2C+DG&rft.au=Svoboda%2C+J&rft.au=Richards%2C+MP&rft.au=Caramelli%2C+D&rft.au=Pinhasi%2C+R&rft.au=Kelso%2C+J&rft.au=Patterson%2C+N&rft.au=Krause%2C+J&rft.au=P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo%2C+S&rft.au=Reich%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4943878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Europe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neolithic_Europe" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHofmanováKreutzerHellenthal2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hofmanová, Zuzana; Kreutzer, Susanne; Hellenthal, Garrett; et al. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4922144">"Early farmers from across Europe directly descended from Neolithic Aegeans"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>113</b> (25): <span class="nowrap">6886–</span>6891. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PNAS..113.6886H">2016PNAS..113.6886H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1523951113">10.1073/pnas.1523951113</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4922144">4922144</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27274049">27274049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Early+farmers+from+across+Europe+directly+descended+from+Neolithic+Aegeans&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6886-%3C%2Fspan%3E6891&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4922144%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PNAS..113.6886H&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27274049&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1523951113&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Hofmanov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Zuzana&rft.au=Kreutzer%2C+Susanne&rft.au=Hellenthal%2C+Garrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4922144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/06/16/059311.full.pdf">The genetic structure of the world's first farmers, Lazaridis et al, 2016</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2015/02/10/013433">Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe, Haak et al, 2015</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v522/n7555/full/nature14507.html">Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia, Allentoft et al, 2015</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2015/03/13/016477">Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe, Mathieson et al, 2015</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horsewheelandlanguage">"The Horse, the Wheel and Language, How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes shaped the Modern World", David W Anthony, 2007</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eliznik.org.uk/EastEurope/History/timeline/index.htm">General table of Neolithic sites in Europe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080405085514/http://www.continuitas.com/intro.html">Mario Alinei, et al., Paleolithic Continuity Theory of Indo-European Origins</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/harsova/en/index.html">culture.gouv.fr: Life along the Danube 6500 years ago</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neolithic_Europe" title="Template talk:Neolithic Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neolithic_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neolithic Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neolithic_Europe_(including_the_Chalcolithic)315" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neolithic Europe</a> <small>(including the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a>)</small></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic#Europe" title="Mesolithic">↑ Mesolithic Europe ↑</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horizon_(archaeology)" title="Horizon (archaeology)">Horizons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Temperate_Neolithic" title="First Temperate Neolithic">First Temperate Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a> (LBK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">Cultures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaker_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker culture">Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boian_culture" title="Boian culture">Boian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butmir_culture" title="Butmir culture">Butmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerny_culture" title="Cerny culture">Cerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chass%C3%A9en_culture" title="Chasséen culture">Chasséen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortaillod_culture" title="Cortaillod culture">Cortaillod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co%C8%9Bofeni_culture" title="Coțofeni culture">Coțofeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni–Trypillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danilo_culture" title="Danilo culture">Danilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decea_Mure%C5%9Fului_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Decea Mureşului culture">Decea Mureşului</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dude%C8%99ti_culture" title="Dudești culture">Dudești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funnelbeaker_culture" title="Funnelbeaker culture">Funnelbeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudo_culture" title="Gaudo culture">Gaudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorne%C8%99ti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gornești culture">Gornești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumelni%C8%9Ba%E2%80%93Karanovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gumelnița–Karanovo culture">Gumelnița–Karanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamangia_culture" title="Hamangia culture">Hamangia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horgen_culture" title="Horgen culture">Horgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakanj_culture" title="Kakanj culture">Kakanj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karanovo_culture" title="Karanovo culture">Karanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengyel_culture" title="Lengyel culture">Lengyel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narva_culture" title="Narva culture">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neman_culture" title="Neman culture">Neman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petre%C8%99ti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrești culture">Petrești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit%E2%80%93Comb_Ware_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit–Comb Ware culture">Pit–Comb Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitted_Ware_culture" title="Pitted Ware culture">Pitted Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfyn_culture" title="Pfyn culture">Pfyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ssen_culture" title="Rössen culture">Rössen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rzucewo_culture" title="Rzucewo culture">Rzucewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seine%E2%80%93Oise%E2%80%93Marne_culture" title="Seine–Oise–Marne culture">Seine–Oise–Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesklo#Sesklo_culture" title="Sesklo">Sesklo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopot_culture" title="Sopot culture">Sopot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star%C4%8Devo%E2%80%93K%C3%B6r%C3%B6s%E2%80%93Cri%C8%99_culture" title="Starčevo–Körös–Criș culture">Starčevo–Körös–Criș</a> <div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star%C4%8Devo_culture" title="Starčevo culture">Starčevo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_culture" title="Körös culture">Körös</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C5%9F_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Criş culture">Criş</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisza_culture" title="Tisza culture">Tisza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiszapolg%C3%A1r_culture" title="Tiszapolgár culture">Tiszapolgár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna_culture" title="Varna culture">Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culture" title="Vinča culture">Vinča</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vu%C4%8Dedol_culture" title="Vučedol culture">Vučedol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartberg_culture" title="Wartberg culture">Wartberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_Hill_culture" title="Windmill Hill culture">Windmill Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monumental<br /> architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_barrow" title="Bank barrow">Bank barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_entrance" title="Megalithic entrance">Megalithic entrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_dolmen" title="Polygonal dolmen">Polygonal dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Rondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">Stone row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">Unchambered long barrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool#Neolithic_industries" title="Stone tool">Lithic industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_during_the_Copper_Age_in_Europe" title="Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">Neolithic long house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danubian_culture" title="Danubian culture">Danubian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Europe_(archaeology)" title="Old Europe (archaeology)">Old Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">↓ Bronze Age Europe ↓</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_Europe122" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_Europe" title="Template:Prehistoric Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_Europe" title="Template talk:Prehistoric Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_Europe122" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistoric Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Albania" title="Prehistoric Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Armenia" title="Prehistoric Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria#Prehistory_and_early_history" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan#Prehistory" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Early history of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia_before_the_Croats" title="History of Croatia before the Croats">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Cyprus" title="Prehistoric Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" title="Prehistory of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany#Prehistory" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece#Prehistoric_Greece" title="History of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary_before_the_Hungarian_Conquest#Prehistory" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hungary before the Hungarian Conquest">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_and_protohistory_of_Poland" title="Prehistory and protohistory of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania#Prehistory" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia#Prehistory" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia_before_the_Slovaks" title="History of Slovakia before the Slovaks">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia#Early_history" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Sweden" title="Prehistoric Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Switzerland#Prehistory" title="Early history of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine#Prehistory" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Northern_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Northern Ireland (page does not exist)">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Wales" title="Prehistoric Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Cyprus" title="Prehistoric Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prehistoric_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prehistoric Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe117" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe117" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology434" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chronology_of_the_Neolithic_period598" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template:Neolithic Chronology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template talk:Neolithic Chronology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neolithic Chronology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chronology_of_the_Neolithic_period598" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Chronology of the Neolithic period</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #C0C0C0;background-color:#F5F5F5; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a></span> <span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #C0C0C0;background-color:#FDF5E6; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em;">BC</span> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabur</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> </th> <th>Middle <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> </th> <th>Low<br /><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Khuzistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzistan">Khuzistan</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">11000</span> </th> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Early Pottery</a><br />(18,000 BC) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">10000</span> </th> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="4"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Gesher_(archaeological_site)" title="Gesher (archaeological site)">Gesher</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mureybet" title="Mureybet">Mureybet</a><br />(10,500 BC) </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="2">  </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="6"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="5"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="4"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">9000</span> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">8000</span> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ay%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Çayönü">Çayönü</a><br /><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b>Initial Neolithic</b><br /><b>(<a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Pottery</a>)</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Nanzhuangtou" title="Nanzhuangtou">Nanzhuangtou</a><br />(8500–8000 BC) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">7000</span> </th> <td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt#Neolithic" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Egyptian Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Nabta_Playa" title="Nabta Playa">Nabta Playa</a><br />(7500 BC) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a><br />(7500–5500)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hacilar" title="Hacilar">Hacilar</a><br />(7000 BC) </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sabi_Abyad" title="Tell Sabi Abyad">Tell Sabi Abyad</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bouqras" title="Bouqras">Bouqras</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Jarmo" title="Jarmo">Jarmo</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ganj_Dareh" title="Ganj Dareh">Ganj Dareh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chia_Jani" title="Chia Jani">Chia Jani</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ali_Kosh" title="Ali Kosh">Ali Kosh</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">6500</span> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neolithic Europe</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Franchthi_Cave" title="Franchthi Cave">Franchthi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sesklo" title="Sesklo">Sesklo</a><br /> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic C">Pre-Pottery Neolithic C</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ayn_Ghazal_(archaeological_site)" title="Ayn Ghazal (archaeological site)">'Ain Ghazal</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sabi_Abyad" title="Tell Sabi Abyad">Tell Sabi Abyad</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bouqras" title="Bouqras">Bouqras</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Jarmo" title="Jarmo">Jarmo</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Chogha_Bonut" title="Chogha Bonut">Chogha Bonut</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Teppe_Zagheh" title="Teppe Zagheh">Teppe Zagheh</a> </td> <td rowspan="9" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Peiligang_culture" title="Peiligang culture">Peiligang</a><br />(7000–5000 BC) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">6000</span> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Sesklo" title="Sesklo">Sesklo</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dimini" title="Dimini">Dimini</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Sha%27ar_HaGolan" title="Sha'ar HaGolan">Sha'ar HaGolan</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 0<br />(<a href="/wiki/Tell_el-%27Oueili" title="Tell el-'Oueili">Tell el-'Oueili</a>) </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Chogha_Mish" title="Chogha Mish">Chogha Mish</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Sang-i_Chakmak" title="Sang-i Chakmak">Sang-i Chakmak</a> </td> <td rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Pottery in the Indian subcontinent">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Lahuradewa" title="Lahuradewa">Lahuradewa</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh II</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">5600</span> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt#Faiyum_A_culture" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Faiyum A</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Amuq" class="mw-redirect" title="Amuq">Amuq</a> A </td> <td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Halaf-Ubaid_Transitional_period" title="Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period">Halaf-Ubaid</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umm_Dabaghiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umm Dabaghiya (page does not exist)">Umm Dabaghiya</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra</a><br />(6000–4800 BC) </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Muhammad_Djafar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepe Muhammad Djafar">Tepe Muhammad Djafar</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Sialk" title="Tepe Sialk">Tepe Sialk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">5200</span> </th> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a><br />(5500–4500 BC) </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br />Amuq B </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Hacilar" title="Hacilar">Hacilar</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a><br />24–22<br />  </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 1<br />(<a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a> 19–15)<br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 2<br />(<a href="/wiki/Hadji_Muhammed" title="Hadji Muhammed">Hadji Muhammed</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a> 14–12) </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Susiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Susiana">Susiana</a> A </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Yarim_Tepe_(Iran)" title="Yarim Tepe (Iran)">Yarim Tepe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hajji_Firuz_Tepe" title="Hajji Firuz Tepe">Hajji Firuz Tepe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">4800</span> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Merimde_culture" title="Merimde culture">Merimde</a><br /> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br />Amuq C </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Hacilar" title="Hacilar">Hacilar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a><br />22–20 </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna</a> Late<br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Gawra" title="Tepe Gawra">Gawra</a> 20 </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tepe_Sabz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tepe Sabz (page does not exist)">Tepe Sabz</a> </td> <td rowspan="34" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Kul_Tepe_Jolfa" title="Kul Tepe Jolfa">Kul Tepe Jolfa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">4500</span> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br />Amuq D </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;">Gian Hasan<br /><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a><br />19–17 </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 3 </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 3<br />(<a href="/wiki/Tepe_Gawra" title="Tepe Gawra">Gawra</a>)<br />19–18 </td> <td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 3 </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Khazineh" title="Khazineh">Khazineh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Susiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Susiana">Susiana</a> B </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><br /><span style="position:relative;top:1em">3800</span> </th> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Badarian_culture" title="Badarian culture">Badarian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Naqada_culture" title="Naqada culture">Naqada</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"> </th> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;" colspan="8"><i>Succeeded by: <a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East">Historical Ancient Near East</a></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Europe&oldid=1282842270#Genetics">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Europe&oldid=1282842270#Genetics</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neolithic_Europe" title="Category:Neolithic Europe">Neolithic 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-65585cc8dc-pjjsb","wgBackendResponseTime":227,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.272","walltime":"1.490","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15291,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":307746,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14040,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":235248,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1184.675 1 -total"," 33.34% 394.968 37 Template:Cite_journal"," 19.42% 230.110 1 Template:Reflist"," 8.96% 106.118 14 Template:Sfn"," 7.26% 86.036 1 Template:Neolithic_Europe"," 7.11% 84.173 1 Template:Navbox"," 6.79% 80.472 8 Template:Fix"," 6.66% 78.848 1 Template:Prehistoric_Europe"," 6.32% 74.854 1 Template:Europe_topic"," 5.81% 68.833 1 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[\"CITEREFCruciani_et_al.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurry\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurry2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaley\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerenkoMalyarchukDenisovaPerkova2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDi_GiacomoLucaPopaAkar2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDokládalBrožek1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDupanloupBertorelleChikhiBarbujani2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGimbutas1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg_et_al.2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrandeAugustyn2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaakForsterBramantiMatsumura2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaakLazaridisPattersonRohland2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofmanováKreutzerHellenthal2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHäkkinen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIan_Sample2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuras_et_al.2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacanKeyserRicautBrucato2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenotti2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlalde_et_al.2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRascovanSjögrenKristiansenNielsen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenfrew1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicautWaelkens2008\"] = 1,\n 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2,\n [\"Neolithic Chronology\"] = 1,\n [\"Neolithic Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Original research inline\"] = 3,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Prehistoric Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Prehistoric technology\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 14,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-56486f98c9-jtdx9","timestamp":"20250331031724","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Neolithic Europe","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neolithic_Europe#Genetics","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1275904","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1275904","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia 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