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</li> <li id="toc-20_February" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20_February"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 20 February </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20_February-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21_February" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21_February"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 21 February </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21_February-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-24_February" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#24_February"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.6 24 February </div> </a> <ul id="toc-24_February-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-25_February" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#25_February"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.7 25 February </div> </a> <ul id="toc-25_February-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-26_February" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#26_February"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.8 26 February </div> </a> <ul id="toc-26_February-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-28_February" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#28_February"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.9 28 February </div> </a> <ul id="toc-28_February-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1_March" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1_March"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.10 1 March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1_March-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3_March" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3_March"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.11 3 March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3_March-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-5_March" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5_March"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.12 5 March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5_March-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-6_March" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#6_March"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.13 6 March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-6_March-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-8_March" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#8_March"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.14 8 March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-8_March-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-11_March" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11_March"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.15 11 March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11_March-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-13_March" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#13_March"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.16 13 March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-13_March-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16_March" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16_March"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.17 16 March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16_March-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19_March" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19_March"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.18 19 March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19_March-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20_March" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20_March"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.19 20 March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20_March-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-22_March" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#22_March"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.20 22 March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-22_March-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-9_April" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#9_April"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.21 9 April </div> </a> <ul id="toc-9_April-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-15–18_April" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15–18_April"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.22 15–18 April </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15–18_April-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-30_April_–_7_May" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#30_April_–_7_May"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.23 30 April – 7 May </div> </a> <ul id="toc-30_April_–_7_May-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-4_August" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#4_August"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.24 4 August </div> </a> <ul id="toc-4_August-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-27–29_August" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#27–29_August"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.25 27–29 August </div> </a> <ul id="toc-27–29_August-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-11_September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11_September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.26 11 September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11_September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012_Protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012_Protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 2012 Protests </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#13_February"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 13 February </div> </a> <ul id="toc-13_February-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-14_February_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#14_February_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 14 February </div> </a> <ul id="toc-14_February_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Arrests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Domestic responses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Domestic_responses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Domestic responses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Domestic_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Calls_for_executions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calls_for_executions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Calls for executions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calls_for_executions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clerics_call_for_"anger"_rally" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clerics_call_for_"anger"_rally"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Clerics call for "anger" rally </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clerics_call_for_"anger"_rally-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Censorship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 2012 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_child_soldiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_child_soldiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Use of child soldiers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_child_soldiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 International reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">2011–2012 Iranian protests</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" > 12 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_2011" title="الاحتجاجات الإيرانية 2011 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاحتجاجات الإيرانية 2011" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011-ci_il_%C4%B0ran_i%C4%9Fti%C5%9Fa%C5%9Flar%C4%B1" title="2011-ci il İran iğtişaşları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="2011-ci il İran iğtişaşları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteste_im_Iran_2011/2012" title="Proteste im Iran 2011/2012 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Proteste im Iran 2011/2012" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestas_en_Ir%C3%A1n_de_2011" title="Protestas en Irán de 2011 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protestas en Irán de 2011" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DB%B1%DB%B3%DB%B8%DB%B9_%D9%88_%DB%B1%DB%B3%DB%B9%DB%B0_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B4_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B2" title="اعتراضات ۱۳۸۹ و ۱۳۹۰ هواداران جنبش سبز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اعتراضات ۱۳۸۹ و ۱۳۹۰ هواداران جنبش سبز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contestation_en_Iran_en_2011" title="Contestation en Iran en 2011 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Contestation en Iran en 2011" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%EB%85%84_%EC%9D%B4%EB%9E%80_%EB%B0%98%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80_%EC%8B%9C%EC%9C%84" title="2011년 이란 반정부 시위 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="2011년 이란 반정부 시위" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteste_in_Iran_del_2011" title="Proteste in Iran del 2011 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Proteste in Iran del 2011" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F_(2011)" title="ההפגנות באיראן (2011) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ההפגנות באיראן (2011)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011-es_ir%C3%A1ni_t%C3%BCntet%C3%A9sek" title="2011-es iráni tüntetések – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="2011-es iráni tüntetések" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_(2011)" title="Волнения в Иране (2011) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Волнения в Иране (2011)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BB%83u_t%C3%ACnh_Iran_2011" title="Biểu tình Iran 2011 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biểu tình Iran 2011" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q947960#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of demonstrations in Iran</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article. (January 2013)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">2011–2012 protests in Iran</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Green_Movement" title="Iranian Green Movement">Iranian Green Movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">14 February 2011 – 14 February 2012</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location">Iran</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Alleged <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">electoral fraud</a> during <a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2009 Iranian presidential election">2009 elections</a>,<a href="#cite_note-karroubi-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">violation of human rights</a>, lack of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Goals</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Solidarity with demonstrators in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian0214-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Methods</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">civil resistance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (people)">demonstrations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">riots</a>, strike actions, <a href="/wiki/Online_activism" class="mw-redirect" title="Online activism">online activism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">No government concessions made</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Lead figures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244901718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-2 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> Opposition leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir-Hossein_Mousavi" title="Mir-Hossein Mousavi">Mir-Hossein Mousavi</a><a href="#cite_note-Leader-6">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Karroubi" title="Mehdi Karroubi">Mehdi Karroubi</a><a href="#cite_note-Leader-6">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami" title="Mohammad Khatami">Mohammad Khatami</a><a href="#cite_note-Leader-6">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahra_Rahnavard" title="Zahra Rahnavard">Zahra Rahnavard</a></li></ul> </div> <div> Government leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Reza_Rahimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad-Reza Rahimi">Mohammad-Reza Rahimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Mohammad_Najjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mostafa Mohammad Najjar">Mostafa Mohammad Najjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jafari" title="Mohammad Ali Jafari">Mohammad Ali Jafari</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Casualties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Death(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Unknown<a href="#cite_note-guardian0214-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wall_Street-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-RFERL1-8">[8]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Armenian_protests" title="2011 Armenian protests">2011 Armenian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Azerbaijani_protests" title="2011 Azerbaijani protests">2011 Azerbaijani protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Burkinab%C3%A9_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Burkinabé protests">2011 Burkinabé protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Spain" title="Anti-austerity movement in Spain">Anti-austerity movement in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Chilean_student_protests" title="2011–2013 Chilean student protests">2011–2013 Chilean student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Chinese_pro-democracy_protests" title="2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests">2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2011–2012 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Israeli_social_justice_protests" title="2011 Israeli social justice protests">2011 Israeli social justice protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Peace_with_Justice_and_Dignity" title="Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity">Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">Tuareg rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The 2011–2012 protests in Iran were a series of demonstrations in Iran which began on 14 February 2011, called "The Day of Rage".<a href="#cite_note-Richter_14_Feb-9">[9]</a> The protests followed the <a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932010_Iranian_election_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2009–2010 Iranian election protests">2009–2010 Iranian election protests</a> and were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">other concurrent protests in the region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-businessweek_Unrest_Spreads-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> Following the highly controversial <a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2009 Iranian presidential election">2009 Iranian presidential elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932010_Iranian_election_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2009–2010 Iranian election protests">massive protests</a> erupted across Iran. The Iranian government suppressed the protests and stopped the mass demonstrations in 2009, with only very minor flare-ups in 2010. However, not many of the protesters' demands were met. Then, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> spread across the West Asia and North Africa. After the ousting of President <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a> in Tunisia on 14 January 2011, millions of people began demonstrating across the region in a broad movement aimed at various issues such as their <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standards of living</a> or influencing significant reforms, with varying degrees of success. With the successful ousting of Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a> on 11 February 2011 following that of President Ben Ali of Tunisia, renewed protests began in Iran. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2011_Protests">2011 Protests</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 2011 Protests">edit</a>]</div> On 27 January, the opposition <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Green_Movement" title="Iranian Green Movement">Green Movement</a> of Iran announced a series of protests against the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Iranian government</a> scheduled to take place prior to the "Revolution Day" march on 11 February.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> On 9 February, various opposition groups in Iran sent a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Interior (Iran)">Ministry of Interior</a> requesting permission to protest under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian police">Iranian police</a>. Permission was refused by the relevant government officials.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Despite these setbacks and crackdowns on activists and members of opposition parties, opposition leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Mir_Hossein_Mousavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Hossein Mousavi">Mir Hossein Mousavi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Karroubi" title="Mehdi Karroubi">Mehdi Karroubi</a> called for protests.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> According to BBC, supporters of the opposition argued that Ahmadinejad's re-election as president in June 2009, was rigged.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="14_February">14 February</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 14 February">edit</a>]</div> This date was chosen for protests to coincide with 25 Bahman, the 11th month of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian calendar">Persian calendar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CNN-16">[16]</a> and was publicized as "The Day of Rage".<a href="#cite_note-Richter_14_Feb-9">[9]</a> The day before the protests were due to begin, opposition leaders Mousavi and Karroubi were placed under house arrest and denied access to telephones and the Internet. Their homes were blockaded and they were not allowed visitors.<a href="#cite_note-UPI-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> On 14 February 2011, thousands of protesters began to gather in a solidarity rally with Egypt and Tunisia. There was a large number of police on the streets to keep an eye on the protesters, but thousands were still able to gather together in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Azadi_Square" title="Azadi Square">Azadi Square</a>.<a href="#cite_note-huff-19">[19]</a> The solidarity protests turned into an anti-government demonstration during which the police fired tear gas and <a href="/wiki/Paintball" title="Paintball">paintballs</a> at protesters.<a href="#cite_note-AFP-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> To protect themselves, protesters responded by setting fires in garbage bins.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes-22">[22]</a> Video footage showed one civilian being violently beaten by a group of protesters.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Two protesters were killed in Tehran, both university students. <a href="/wiki/Sane_Jaleh" title="Sane Jaleh">Sane Jaleh</a> during the protest, and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mokhtari_(protester)" title="Mohammad Mokhtari (protester)">Mohammad Mokhtari</a> the next day from his wounds. According to reporter <a href="/wiki/Farnaz_Fassihi" title="Farnaz Fassihi">Farnaz Fassihi</a>, Jaleh and Mokhtari were both shot by men on motorcycles who their friends identified as <a href="/wiki/Basij" title="Basij">Basij</a> members.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Protests were also reported in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>, which police forcibly dispersed,<a href="#cite_note-Forbes-22">[22]</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Rasht" title="Rasht">Rasht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The protests that occurred on this day marked a setback for the government of Iran, as the regime has campaigned that Mousavi's Green Movement had lost momentum, but the revived uprisings helps prove otherwise.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> According to some reports, 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> fighters assisted in the suppression of the protests in Azadi Square. Following the initial protests, Hezbollah fighters allegedly continued to participate, assisting local forces in suppressing protests.<a href="#cite_note-report_hezbollah_fighting-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="15–16_February">15–16 February</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 15–16 February">edit</a>]</div> Protests on 15 February were not as intense as the day before.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> On 16 February, there were sporadic clashes between protesters and pro-government forces. Karroubi and Mousavi responded to calls for their execution by saying they are willing to die for change.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-30">[30]</a> Thousands of pro-government supporters turned up in Tehran for several state sponsored rallies on 16 February.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="17–19_February">17–19 February</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 17–19 February">edit</a>]</div> On 17 February, it was reported that opposition leader Mousavi had been missing since Tuesday, 15 February.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Mousavi's daughters stated that they had had no contact with their father for over two days after security forces had put him under house arrest. His daughters feared that both Mousavi and their mother "had been detained".<a href="#cite_note-SFGate-33">[33]</a> Mousavi's website stated that the "normal" guards that had been surrounding his home during his house arrest over the past week had been replaced with "masked security forces".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Karroubi reported that one of his son's homes had been raided in an attempt to arrest his eldest son, but he was not in the building at the time.<a href="#cite_note-SFGate-33">[33]</a> On 18 February, thousands of pro-government supporters called for the execution of opposition leaders after <a href="/wiki/Friday_prayers" class="mw-redirect" title="Friday prayers">Friday prayers</a>. Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Jannati" title="Ahmad Jannati">Ahmad Jannati</a> said that the opposition leaders had lost their reputation and are as good as "dead and executed". He said there should be more restrictions on Mousavi and Karroubi. "Their communications with people should be completely cut. They should not be able to receive or send messages. Their phone lines and Internet should be cut. They should be prisoners in their homes."<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> On 19 February, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Interior (Iran)">Interior Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Mohammad-Najjar" title="Mostafa Mohammad-Najjar">Mostafa Mohammad-Najjar</a> stated that the protests set for Sunday, 20 February, will "be confronted as per the law".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20_February">20 February</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 20 February">edit</a>]</div> Protests were also planned for 20 February, to mark a week since the deaths of those killed in the 14 February protests.<a href="#cite_note-fozoole_mahaleh_03-37">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fars_News_Agency" title="Fars News Agency">Fars News Agency</a> released a report in the morning warning that "armed opposition groups plan to shoot at people in [the] protest rally set for Sunday afternoon." The agency claimed that this group was <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen-e_Khalq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujahideen-e Khalq">Mujahideen-e Khalq</a>, an Iraq-based Iranian opposition group, which had entered the country for the sole purpose of attacking the protesters.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Protesters began gathering in the tens of thousands throughout Iran and especially in Tehran. The protesters were seen occupying government buildings, such as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Broadcasting" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting">Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting</a> building. However, extremely large numbers of police and plainclothes Basij militia were stationed throughout the city, even outnumbering the protesters in some of the city squares. Tear gas was fired and witnesses reported that security forces fired into protests and beat demonstrators with steel batons. In one neighborhood, Basij members reportedly took over a commercial building and dropped tear gas canisters from the roof onto protesters.<a href="#cite_note-Wall_Street-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-report_hezbollah_fighting-27">[27]</a> Eyewitnesses reported that two protesters were killed by Basij paramilitaries, one each in the <a href="/wiki/Vanak" title="Vanak">Vanak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valiasr_Street" title="Valiasr Street">Vali Asr</a> squares.<a href="#cite_note-Wall_Street-7">[7]</a> Police arrested a number of protesters and were seen stopping people on the streets and frisking them, along with removing people from vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The daughter of former Iranian President <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani">Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faezeh_Hashemi" class="mw-redirect" title="Faezeh Hashemi">Faezeh Hashemi</a>, was arrested for taking part in a banned rally. Shortly afterward, she was reportedly released. The Fars News Agency reported that she had been released after claiming that she was out shopping.<a href="#cite_note-report_hezbollah_fighting-27">[27]</a> There were also reports of other protester demonstrations going on in other major cities across Iran. However, coverage by journalists was thin because the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_and_National_Security_(Iran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Intelligence and National Security (Iran)">Ministry of Intelligence and National Security</a> had "sent a letter to foreign media offices in Tehran warning them that their bureaus would be shut down and their reporters deported if they wrote 'negative articles' surrounding the opposition protests." While the protests were taking place, the IRNA news agency released television reports saying that things were "completely quiet and normal." Furthermore, the Fars News Agency had released reports to the public saying that the 20 February protests would be especially violent, because the "opposition plans to shoot people".<a href="#cite_note-Wall_Street-7">[7]</a> It was later reported by witnesses that demonstrations did take place in <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>, most of which were dispersed after being attacked by police and Basij militia. Five protesters were reportedly injured in Shiraz.<a href="#cite_note-report_hezbollah_fighting-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="21_February">21 February</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 21 February">edit</a>]</div> A statement released by the "Green Wave" movement in France said that the first secretary and vice consul at the consulate in Milan, Ahmed Maleki, a nephew to opposition leader Ayatollah Medhi Karroubi, had defected to the side of the opposition movement, and applied for political asylum in France where the rest of his immediate family were already residing.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="24_February">24 February</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 24 February">edit</a>]</div> A statement was released by opposition websites and opposition leader Mousavi calling for "nationwide street protests every Tuesday for the next three weeks as a way to increase pressure on the government", which would have protests occurring on 1, 8, and 15 March. Dubbed the "Tuesdays of Protest", they were decided upon in order to keep the "momentum" of the protests going and to call for the protesters to move onto other types of resistance, such as "sit-ins, strikes, boycotts and civil resistance". The opposition has also stated that these new protests were called for in order to end the house arrests of the opposition leaders, Mousavi and Karroubi.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="25_February">25 February</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 25 February">edit</a>]</div> A video depicting opposition leader Mehdi Karroubi was released early 25 February on the news website Sahamnews.org. It had been recorded by Karroubi before he had been placed under house arrest on 13 February. It called for the protesters to remain determined, saying, "We must remain determined on the road of our convictions, and I am certain we will succeed...We are committed to the pact we made with the people, to establish the power of the people and Islam based on elections. And on this road, no trouble, no difficulty is too hard to bear." The video itself was snuck out of his home by his wife in order to get it to the local media.<a href="#cite_note-karroubi-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="26_February">26 February</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 26 February">edit</a>]</div> It was reported that opposition leaders Mousavi and Karroubi, along with their wives, had been "placed in a safe house for their own welfare, but they have not been arrested", according to officials in the Iranian government. This was stated to be for their own protection, as the protesters were "looking for martyrs".<a href="#cite_note-Safe-43">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_for_Human_Rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran">International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran</a> expressed its concern for these changes, since a <a href="/wiki/Safe_house" title="Safe house">safe house</a> is "considered a place for the secret detention of high security-value detainees, which is not under the control of the judiciary or any other monitoring mechanisms." They have been reportedly used in the past by the Iranian government as places where confessions are obtained from detainees through "methods and techniques".<a href="#cite_note-Safe-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="28_February">28 February</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 28 February">edit</a>]</div> The statement that opposition leaders Mousavi and Karroubi had been moved to a safe house was put at odds with a statement released by a member of the Iranian judiciary, who stated that, "The two are currently in their homes and there have only been restrictions on their contacts."<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1_March">1 March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1 March">edit</a>]</div> According to the families of opposition leaders <a href="/wiki/Karroubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karroubi">Karroubi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mousavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mousavi">Mousavi</a>, and the website Kaleme (which is connected to the leaders), Karroubi and Mousavi and their wives have been arrested and are being held in <a href="/wiki/Heshmatiyeh_Prison" title="Heshmatiyeh Prison">Heshmatiyeh Prison</a>. Officials of the Iranian government have denied it.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> An advisor to opposition leader Mousavi, Ardeshir Amir-Arjomand, said in response to this charge that Mousavi and Karroubi "have become hostages in the hands of the Iranian government. It is surprising that two prominent political figures have disappeared and no government official takes responsibility."<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The opposition movement called for a protest for 1 March, which is the first in a series of protests dubbed the "Tuesdays of Protest". As in the other protests, security forces deploying tear gas and other weapons were out in significant numbers and clashed with protesters.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> According to opposition sources, over 200 protesters were arrested in Tehran by security services and plain clothes and another 40 in Isfahan.<a href="#cite_note-bbc030211-48">[48]</a> According to the BBC news, one of the arrested was Fakhrosadar Mohtashami, the wife of former minister <a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Tajzadeh" title="Mostafa Tajzadeh">Mostafa Tajzadeh</a>, who (according to a relative or hers) is being kept in <a href="/wiki/Evin_Prison" title="Evin Prison">Evin Prison</a> and "has not been allowed contact with her family for the time being."<a href="#cite_note-bbc030211-48">[48]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/RFERL" class="mw-redirect" title="RFERL">RFERL</a>, a "number of prominent Iranian activists" have appealed to United Nations Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> urging him "to use all 'international levers' at his disposal" to ensure the welfare of Musavi and Karrubi and "seek their release from detention".<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> has issued a document of "Urgent Action" to their members asking them to write to Iranian authorities and appeal to them to "immediately disclose the whereabouts of Mir Hossein Mousavi, Mehdi Karroubi, Zahra Rahnavard and Fatemeh Karroubi."<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The Iranian foreign ministry spokesman, <a href="/wiki/Ramin_Mehmanparast" title="Ramin Mehmanparast">Ramin Mehmanparast</a>, stated that the situation with Mousavi and Karroubi was a "domestic issue" and that "the news related to some people [Karroubi and Mousavi] will be looked into by judiciary officials and within the legal frameworks. This issue cannot be used as a pretext by America and some other western countries ... to try to divert everyone's attention to unreal issues."<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Mohseni-Eje%27i" title="Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i">Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i</a>, spokesperson for the Iranian judiciary. also released a statement saying, "The news released by some hostile media regarding the transfer of Mr Moussavi and Mr Karroubi to Heshmatieh detention centre is not correct."<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="3_March">3 March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 3 March">edit</a>]</div> During President Ahmadinejad's trip to <a href="/wiki/Lorestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorestan">Lorestan</a> province, which is in the west of the country,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] he blamed foreign powers for triggering unrest in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-farsnews-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="5_March">5 March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 5 March">edit</a>]</div> Opposition website Kaleme posted an announcement by the Green Coordination Council of the <a href="/wiki/The_Green_Path_of_Hope" title="The Green Path of Hope">Green Path of Hope</a> that called for a protest set for 8 March, which is <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a>. The protest is to be focused on "demanding more gender equality in the Islamic Republic and to protest the 'incarceration' of opposition leaders Mir Houssein Mousavi and Mehdi Karroubi and their wives."<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Nobel Peace Prize laureate <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a> also made a similar announcement, calling for support for an 8 March protest, saying, "On this day, shoulder to shoulder with our brothers, we will come to the streets to support the popular and broad democratic demands, because achieving 'equal rights' is possible only if voiced in a democratic system. But, we must not allow anyone to disregard our demands under the auspices of preventing crisis or avoiding divisiveness." She also commented on the <a href="/wiki/Chador" title="Chador">change of dress</a> for Iranian women that had become law at the beginning of the Iranian government, stating, "Thirty-two years ago on 8 March, International Women's Day, a statement broadcast on national television, stripped women employed by the government of one of their most basic rights – the freedom to choose their own dress...Iranian women are not starved for political power nor are they demanding decadence. They are simply weary of enduring more cruelty and disparagement. They are in search of justice and equality."<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="6_March">6 March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 6 March">edit</a>]</div> The official website of opposition leader Karroubi released a statement saying that <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> had been directly involved in the "abduction of Karroubi and his wife, Fatemeh", having given the orders to the soldiers under his command to do so. The statement also said that Vahid Haghanian, the administrative advisor to Khamenei, had personally led the "security forces which raided Karroubi's house in north Tehran and confiscated his belongings."<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="8_March">8 March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 8 March">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani">Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani</a>, the former fourth Iranian president and prominent critic of the current Iranian government, was ousted as head of the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly of Experts</a>, a body of clerics that chooses Iran's Supreme Leader. His departure from the Assembly came about after a lengthy period of opposition towards him among the conservatives of the Assembly after his support for the 2009 election protests. He had been running for reelection as head of the assembly, against Mahdavi Kani, but withdrew himself upon leaving the assembly. During his last speech at the Assembly, he stated, "I would like to devote my time to writing my memoirs and not run for any more public office."<a href="#cite_note-Critic-57">[57]</a> Rafsanjani's resignation from the Assembly caused concern among the opposition protesters, as they had been hoping that he would "help influence Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei to moderate his support for Mr. Ahmadinejad". Analysts have stated that his resignation now allows the Assembly to choose a new supreme leader that will be more conservative than would otherwise have been possible.<a href="#cite_note-Critic-57">[57]</a> A report was released by <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Bureau" title="Tehran Bureau">Tehran Bureau</a>'s staff reporter Hamid Farokhnia who has been covering events in Tehran. He stated that in preparation for the protests planned for <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a> on 8 March, various groups that have been leading the opposition, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Green_Path_of_Hope" title="The Green Path of Hope">The Green Path of Hope</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mourning_Mothers" title="Mourning Mothers">Mourning Mothers</a> and other groups, made announcements telling their followers to protest in multiple locations across Tehran. The purpose of this, according to Farokhnia, was to thin out the security presence at any one area, as this separation of protesters would require the Iranian police and the Basij to cover all possible places of protest in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Hamid-58">[58]</a> One of the methods that the Basij used to counteract this was to obtain more members, having new members "as young as 14" joining. Also, perhaps in order to show some sense of equality in light of International Women's Day, according to Farokhnia, the police also had groups of "female stormtroopers" working with the police and Basij, which he described as "fierce-looking chador-clad warriors".<a href="#cite_note-Hamid-58">[58]</a> Farokhnia went on to say that the Mourning Mothers told their followers to gather in protest at the usual place, "Laleh Park west of Vali Asr". In contrast, the Green Path of Hope assigned "four or five strategic locales in the city to its followers." This resulted in confusion for both the police forces and for the protesters, who eventually gave up on gathering in one of the places given and instead returned to the "old routine of walking quietly on the sidewalks of Enghelab Avenue." Because of the approach of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_New_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian New Year">Persian New Year</a>, Farokhnia stated, there was a high number of shoppers that ended up mingling with the protesters, creating confusion on which people were the protesters. Farokhnia explained the scenario as having "made for unnerving moments of tension but also rare instances of congeniality: protesters offering cookies to the special units of NAJA (the state police) and some young Basijis smiling approvingly at the brave protesters, proving for the umpteenth time that no matter how foul a political ideology, most Iranians in their hearts are revolted by violence and fanaticism."<a href="#cite_note-Hamid-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="11_March">11 March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 11 March">edit</a>]</div> Jay Deshmukh, the <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a> deputy bureau chief in Tehran, was expelled from the country and "stripped of his press card along with 10 other correspondents". In response, Agence France-Presse "lodged an official protest with the Iranian authorities, in Tehran and Paris." The spokesman of the French foreign ministry, Bernard Valero, also released a statement saying: "This pitiful decision by the Iranian authorities reflects a new deterioration in the working conditions of journalists in Iran. We have expressed to the Iranian ambassador our concern and incomprehension at this new infringement of press freedom which will not be without consequences."<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="13_March">13 March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 13 March">edit</a>]</div> The children of opposition leaders Mousavi and Karroubi released a statement through Mousavi's website Kaleme stating that on 8 March, they had been allowed to visit their parents. It was revealed that the two opposition leaders were being held in separate houses that were in the same neighborhood as Mousavi's home. Mousavi had told them that during an earlier raid on his home by police forces "various documents pertaining to the period of [his] years as prime minister, and a series of CDs containing years of work and research by Zahra Rahnavard were confiscated". Their children had been warned after their visit not to discuss it with anyone; but, after a few days of consideration, they decided to publish the information.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> It was reported by <a href="/wiki/Radio_Farda" title="Radio Farda">Radio Farda</a> in interviews with student activists in Iran that, since the start of the protests, "16–18 students of [Tehran] university have been detained." However, the students also noted that the number of student activists arrested could be much higher, as families of arrested student activists have been "warned against publicizing their plights".<a href="#cite_note-Farda-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="16_March">16 March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 16 March">edit</a>]</div> Sajjad Rezaie, the head of the Islamic Association of Tehran University's art faculty, had spoken out previously about <a href="/wiki/Sane_Jaleh" title="Sane Jaleh">Sanee Zhaleh</a>, stating that he had been "a member of Mir Hossein Musavi's presidential campaign team in the June 2009 election." In response, Rezaie was "suspended from his teaching duties pending a ruling by the university's disciplinary committee."<a href="#cite_note-Farda-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19_March">19 March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 19 March">edit</a>]</div> One of opposition leader Karroubi's sons, who had been arrested three weeks prior during the beginning of the protests, was "released on bail", but still "remains under unofficial house arrest".<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Another of Karroubi's sons, Mohammad Taghi Karroubi, made an announcement in line with a previous statement from the daughters of opposition leader Mousavi, saying that he had been allowed to visit Karroubi, who is still under house arrest with his wife.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20_March">20 March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 20 March">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Yazdi" title="Ebrahim Yazdi">Ebrahim Yazdi</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Movement_of_Iran" title="Freedom Movement of Iran">Freedom Movement of Iran</a>, was released from jail after having been arrested for being a prominent opposition leader during the <a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932010_Iranian_election_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2009–2010 Iranian election protests">2009–2010 Iranian election protests</a>. Upon his release, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_News_Agency" title="Islamic Republic News Agency">Islamic Republic News Agency</a> reported a "one-sentence statement from Yazdi saying he is resigning as leader of the Freedom Movement of Iran." The Freedom Movement organization itself is banned in Iran because it "opposes Iran's clerical rule and seeks democratic change."<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The center of Tehran was locked down after crowds of anti-regime demonstrators tried to gather there from across the city. The government denied the claim saying things were "peaceful" although the deputy police chief admitted that special forces had been deployed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="22_March">22 March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 22 March">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yasser_Khomeini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yasser Khomeini (page does not exist)">Yasser Khomeini</a>, a grandson of <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Ruhollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a>, made a comment saying that the house arrest of opposition leaders Mousavi and Karroubi was an "unacceptable measure". This statement was made while he was "visiting Mehdi Karrubi's son, Ali, who was recently released from prison on bail." He also reportedly said he "hopes that with the beginning of the Persian new year on 21 March, 'the rule of law would be established' in Iran and 'people, political activists, and leading figures of the Iranian Revolution would be treated with wisdom and prudence.'"<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="9_April">9 April</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 9 April">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad demoted his top advisor.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> It was also reported that his chief of staff was fired.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="15–18_April">15–18 April</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 15–18 April">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2011_Khuzestan_protests" title="2011 Khuzestan protests">2011 Khuzestan protests</a></div> According to the Saudi-owned pan-Arab news channel, <a href="/wiki/Al_Arabiya" title="Al Arabiya">Al Arabiya</a>, there were protests by <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Arabs" title="Iranian Arabs">Iranian Arabs</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Ahvaz" title="Ahvaz">Ahvaz</a>, capital of the Khuzestan province who were "demanding more rights and humanitarian benefits." Al Arabiya reports that when the protests began, the city was blockaded by Iranian security forces who "broke up demonstrations by force", and that "15 people from Ahwaz have been killed and dozens have been wounded."<a href="#cite_note-ahwaz-68">[68]</a> Lebanon-based journalist Roula Hajjar wrote on the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>'s blog that the protests on 15 April had also occurred in the cities Abadan, Khorramshahr, Mahshahr, and Shadegan. She noted that the events had "largely escaped international attention primarily due to the efforts of Iranian officials." She also stated that the state news agencies in Iran had reported the killing of at least three people, "including one officer" by "armed insurgents".<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> released a statement, saying that the Iranian government should allow international media into the area. Joe Stork, the Middle East director of HRW, stated, "Iran has made it impossible to confirm the scale of the deadly violence against protesters in Khuzestan province, making transparent and independent investigations into alleged killings and arrests there absolutely essential."<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, Nobel Laureate <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a> sent "a letter to UN human rights chief Navi Pillay in which she describes a deadly crackdown by Iranian security forces last week on a peaceful protest in Khuzestan's capital, Ahvaz." The letter stated that "at least 12 people were killed" in the protests, "20 injured", and "dozens were arrested". Human rights activists told RFE/RL they have received reports that "there were more than 150 arrests, including a number of intellectuals, artists, and women's rights activists" and that "the rest of the activists were told to not speak to any media organization."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="30_April_–_7_May">30 April – 7 May</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 30 April – 7 May">edit</a>]</div> It has been reported Iranian media has censored all coverage on protests in the rest of North Africa and the Middle East, especially in <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syria</a>, possibly in an attempt to prevent more protests.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> It has also been reported that Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has been "boycotting" his duties, with some analysts predicting that the country could soon go unstable.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Tensions between Ahmadinejad and Ayatollah Ali Khamenei are said to have increased. Ahmadinejad, having sidelined many of its powerful opponents (Notably <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani">Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Khatami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Khatami">Mohammed Khatami</a>), recently tried to shortcut Khamenei powers, most notably by firing <a href="/wiki/Heidar_Moslehi" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidar Moslehi">Heidar Moslehi</a>, the intelligence minister, a conservative ally to Khamenei, without Khamenei's agreement. Moslehi was later restored by Khamenei, while several close allies of the president, including Ahmadinejad's progressive chief of staff <a href="/wiki/Esfandiar_Rahim_Mashaei" title="Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei">Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei</a>, have been arrested and accused of invoking <a href="/wiki/Djinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Djinn">djinns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="4_August">4 August</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 4 August">edit</a>]</div> The fraudulent <a href="/wiki/Digital_certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital certificate">digital certificate</a> for *.google.com issued by <a href="/wiki/DigiNotar" title="DigiNotar">DigiNotar</a> is deployed in a large-scale <a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">man-in-the-middle attack</a> against the subjects of Iran.<a href="#cite_note-networking4all.com-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-uscyberlabs.com-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="27–29_August">27–29 August</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 27–29 August">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">Man-in-the-middle attack</a> detected first by Iranian subject, then in the <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a> forums. On 29 August, the fraudulent <a href="/wiki/Digital_certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital certificate">digital certificate</a> for *.google.com is finally revoked, but it takes weeks for all browser vendors to create and distribute a blacklist.<a href="#cite_note-networking4all.com-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-uscyberlabs.com-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="11_September">11 September</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 11 September">edit</a>]</div> Reports that two more Gonabadi Dervishes have been arrested in Kovar in southeastern Iran.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2012_Protests">2012 Protests</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 2012 Protests">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="7_February">7 February</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 7 February">edit</a>]</div> The children of Mir Hossein Mousavi and Mehdi Karoubi called for silent protests in Iran on 14 February, to mark the one year anniversary since their fathers were placed under house arrest.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="10_February">10 February</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 10 February">edit</a>]</div> The Coordination Council of the Green Path of Hope, as one of the leading organizers of opposition protests in Iran, called for the Iranian people to "express their protest of the country's autocratic rulers, but also any form of foreign intervention in Iran such as international sanctions and war". The Council went on to state that the Iranian government was a representation of neither Islam or a Republic.<a href="#cite_note-Oye-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="11_February">11 February</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 11 February">edit</a>]</div> Morteza Tamaddon, the governor of the Tehran Province, said in a meeting with the Young Journalists' Club that he and his security forces were "prepared to quell dissenters on Tuesday". He also stated that the protests in general were a "propaganda pose" in order to lessen attendance at the 11 February 1979 Revolution anniversary rally and the 2 March parliamentary election rally.<a href="#cite_note-Oye-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="13_February">13 February</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: 13 February">edit</a>]</div> Chants of "Allah is Great" and "Death to the Dictator" were heard throughout many major Iranian cities.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="14_February_2">14 February</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: 14 February">edit</a>]</div> Isolated protests were reported throughout Tehran, with a large number of security forces and police evident on the streets. In the week leading up to the protest, Internet access in Tehran had slowed and a "serious disruption in mobile services" was reported on the protest day.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arrests">Arrests</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Arrests">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignacio_P%C3%A9rez-Cambra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignacio Pérez-Cambra (page does not exist)">Ignacio Pérez-Cambra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">Consul</a> of Spain in Iran, was arrested for a period of four hours during the early part of the day on 14 February. He was accused by Iranian police of going to one of the demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Spain later demanded an explanation or apology from the Iranian government about the arrest of Pérez-Cambra that included a "satisfactory response", threatening to call him home from Iran if one was not received. The foreign ministry already announced that it had "suspended an upcoming visit to Madrid by a senior Iranian diplomat." The UK also echoed its displeasure over the detainment of Cambra.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Iran's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Minister_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Affairs Minister of Iran">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Salehi" title="Ali Akbar Salehi">Ali Akbar Salehi</a>, called the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Cooperation_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation (Spain)">Foreign Affairs Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Trinidad Jiménez">Trinidad Jiménez</a>, on 17 February in order to apologize for the incident with Cambra, stating that those responsible for his arrest had been "unaware that they were violating the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Diplomatic_Relations" title="Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations">Vienna Convention</a>", but that an investigation was underway nonetheless.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Ghaneh Jaleh, the brother of one of the students who were killed, was arrested on 17 February, reportedly because he gave "a telephone interview to foreign media about his brother", specifically to <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>. During the interview, he told Voice of America that his brother, Saleh Jaleh, was not a member of the Basij, as was being claimed, but that the Basij membership card had been faked by the government. He explained that, on 15 February, his cousin had taken a photo of Saleh from his home and it was this image of Saleh that was on the Basij membership card.<a href="#cite_note-Zamaneh-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Faezeh_Hashemi" class="mw-redirect" title="Faezeh Hashemi">Faezeh Hashemi</a>, the daughter of former Iranian president <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani">Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani</a>, was arrested on 20 February while attending one of the anti-government protests on that day. The reasons stated for her arrest included "making blunt statements" and "chanting provocative slogans". She was released from police custody shortly afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Ali Karroubi, the son of opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Karroubi" title="Mehdi Karroubi">Mehdi Karroubi</a>, and his wife were arrested on 21 February according to opposition websites, with Ali's wife later being released while Ali himself is still being kept in custody.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> On the Tuesday protest of 1 March, Fakhrosadar Mohtashami, wife of former minister <a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Tajzadeh" title="Mostafa Tajzadeh">Mostafa Tajzadeh</a>, was arrested and taken to <a href="/wiki/Evin_Prison" title="Evin Prison">Evin Prison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc030211-48">[48]</a> The official number of protesters arrested has been given as 150 by the government, but the opposition claims that the numbers are far higher, at around 1,500.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Since the initial protests, the number of officially recognized arrests has risen to 1,500, with the opposition also raising their believed number of arrested protesters.<a href="#cite_note-Water-94">[94]</a> It was reported that at least 16–18 student activists at <a href="/wiki/Tehran_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran University">Tehran University</a> have been arrested since the beginning of the protests. One student, Arzhang Alipour, had "given interviews to media describing how fellow student Hamed Nour-Mohammadi was killed during protests in the southwestern city of Shiraz on 20 February," which resulted him being called in front of the disciplinary committee of the university three times before he was finally arrested on 12 March.<a href="#cite_note-Farda-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> The human rights organisation <a href="/wiki/HRANA" class="mw-redirect" title="HRANA">HRANA</a>'s website reported that one person had died after riot police opened fire at protesters near Tohid Square in Tehran.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-95">[95]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Kazem_Jalali" title="Kazem Jalali">Kazem Jalali</a>, one of the injured protesters also died later in the day on 14 February.<a href="#cite_note-Nowhere-96">[96]</a> Both people killed (Mohammad Mokhtari and <a href="/wiki/Sane_Jaleh" title="Sane Jaleh">Sanee Zhaleh</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-97">[97]</a>) were students, though from different universities. According to the Iranian government, Sanee Zhaleh was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Basij" title="Basij">Basij</a> militia and was killed by the opposition. Reuters reported that protesters did not deny that Zhaleh was a Basij member, but that he had "attended Monday's rally as an active opposition supporter."<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> But other protesters have strongly denied Zhaleh's Basij involvement and produced an image of Zhaleh visiting <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ayatollah" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Ayatollah">Grand Ayatollah</a> <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Ali_Montazeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Ali Montazeri">Hossein Ali Montazeri</a> – one of the main critics of <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khamenei" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khamenei">Ayatollah Khamenei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a> – indicating Zhaleh was truly with the opposition. <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_for_Human_Rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran">International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran</a> (ICHRI) and <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Bureau" title="Tehran Bureau">Tehran Bureau</a> both quote student oppositionists who deny Jaleh was a Basiji. A member of the Tahkim-e Vahdat student organisation (<a href="/wiki/Office_for_Strengthening_Unity" title="Office for Strengthening Unity">Office for Strengthening Unity</a>) told the ICHRI that Jaleh was "not a Basiji", but a member of the Tehran Arts University's Islamic Association, and that "he had attended previous demonstrations as well."<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Sanee's brother, Ghaneh Jaleh, also denied Saleh's membership in the Basij. He and others assert that Jaleh's Basij membership card was faked from a photo taken from Ghaneh's house.<a href="#cite_note-Zamaneh-88">[88]</a> Clashes erupted during the funeral service held for Zhaleh. <a href="/wiki/VOA" class="mw-redirect" title="VOA">Voice of America</a> reported that government loyalists arrived at the funeral and began fighting with the protesters, forcing them to leave and abandon the funeral service.<a href="#cite_note-VOA-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> also reported that Iranian authorities had "hijacked the funeral of Zhaleh, busing in hundreds of pro-government supporters and banning his own family from attending."<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Broadcasting" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting">IRIB</a> news service reported that the mourners at the funeral were government supporters and could be heard chanting slogans such as "death to Mousavi" and "death to Karroubi". IRIB also reported that the funeral procession was then attacked by members of "the sedition movement", who were repelled by pro-government protesters.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Two unidentified men were killed by the Basij militia during the 20 February protests, each respectively in the <a href="/wiki/Vanak" title="Vanak">Vanak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valiasr_Street" title="Valiasr Street">Vali Asr</a> squares.<a href="#cite_note-Wall_Street-7">[7]</a> It was later reported that another student, Hamed Nour-Mohammadi, was killed by security forces during the protests in Shiraz. The Iranian state media later quoted the president of the student's university as saying that "Nour-Mohammadi died in a car accident and that he hadn't taken part in the antigovernment rallies that day." Since Mohammadi's death, student protesters have not been allowed into the university grounds and his family warned "to remain silent on the subject of Nour-Mohammadi's death."<a href="#cite_note-RFERL1-8">[8]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Arabiyia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Arabiyia (page does not exist)">Al Arabiyia</a> citing an anonymous source, claimed that 15 people had been killed in <a href="/wiki/Ahvaz" title="Ahvaz">Ahvaz</a> (Khuzestan province), following protests by the Arab minority there.<a href="#cite_note-ahwaz-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_responses">Domestic responses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Domestic responses">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">Iranian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a> released a statement saying, "It is clear the Iranian nation has enemies because it is a nation that wants to shine, conquer peaks and change [its international] relations...Of course, there is a lot of hostility against the government. But they knew that they would get nowhere.... [the organizers of the protests] just wanted to tarnish the Iranian nation's brilliance...It is a shining sun. They threw some dust towards the sun... but the dust will return to their eyes."<a href="#cite_note-Nowhere-96">[96]</a> The commander of the <a href="/wiki/Basij" title="Basij">Basij</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Naqdi" title="Mohammad Reza Naqdi">Mohammad Reza Naghdi</a> told the <a href="/wiki/Fars_News_Agency" title="Fars News Agency">Fars News Agency</a> that he believed the protests had been started by "western spies" and that "western intelligence agencies are searching for a mentally challenged person who can set himself on fire in Tehran to trigger developments like those in Egypt and Tunisia."<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-95">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mourning_Mothers" title="Mourning Mothers">Mourning Mothers</a> gave their support to the protests and stated that they would be joining the protesters in their marches. They called for the unconditional release of all political prisoners, abolition of the death penalty, and a public trial for all those who had permitted massacres of citizens in the past 35 years.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calls_for_executions">Calls for executions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Calls for executions">edit</a>]</div> On 15 February, <a href="/wiki/Press_TV" title="Press TV">Press TV</a> reported that members of the Iranian parliament had called for the execution of two opposition leaders for inciting demonstrations on the previous day.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> 221 of the MPs present at the Iranian parliament signed a statement that said "Mehdi Karroubi and Mir Hossein Mousavi are corrupts (<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>) on earth and should be tried. We believe the people have lost their patience and demand capital punishment." After signing the statement, the signatories gathered in the center of the chamber<a href="#cite_note-fozoole_mahaleh_02-106">[106]</a> chanting "Death to Mousavi, death to Karroubi."<a href="#cite_note-Nowhere-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Post-107">[107]</a> The term "corrupts on earth" is a specific Iranian charge also known as <a href="/wiki/Mofsed-e-filarz" title="Mofsed-e-filarz">Mofsed-e-filarz</a> that carries the death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Mousavi said that "the demonstrations [are] a 'great achievement'" and Karroubi responded directly to the MPs claiming that he "is willing to 'pay any price' for his country."<a href="#cite_note-VOA-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Post-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Mohseni-Eje%27i" title="Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i">Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor-General_of_Iran" title="Prosecutor-General of Iran">Prosecutor General</a> of Iran, voiced his support for the actions of parliament and that he thought the opposition leaders should be "punished".<a href="#cite_note-VOA-100">[100]</a> Pro-government clerics began calling for the execution of former president <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani">Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani</a> on 16 February as he had become increasingly aligned with the Green Movement since the 2009 election protests.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clerics_call_for_"anger"_rally">Clerics call for "anger" rally</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Clerics call for "anger" rally">edit</a>]</div> The Islamic Propagation Coordination Council called for a rally on 18 February in order to show anger at what it called the "crimes" of "seditionist" leaders and their rebel allies. As a result, before and after Friday prayer, thousands of pro-government demonstrators poured into the streets of major cities to demonstrate their support and demand prosecution of Mousavi, Karroubi, and Khatami.<a href="#cite_note-VOA-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship">Censorship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Censorship">edit</a>]</div> All forms of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian media">Iranian media</a> were banned from covering the protests, though the demonstrators were still able to release information by utilising social media like Facebook and Twitter.<a href="#cite_note-AFP-20">[20]</a> In addition, foreign media were banned from covering the events.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes-22">[22]</a> After 10 February, the keyword "Bahman", which was the current month in the Persian calendar, was also a blocked keyword for messages on mobile phones. This resulted in slower Internet connection speeds in some cities of Iran.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> On 16 March 2011, Comodo, a major American <a href="/wiki/Certificate_authority" title="Certificate authority">certificate authority</a>, advised <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> that nine fraudulent <a href="/wiki/Secure_Sockets_Layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Sockets Layer">SSL</a> certificates had been issued by one of its affiliates in Southern Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domains</a> affected were: <ul><li>login.live.com</li> <li>mail.google.com</li> <li>www.google.com</li> <li>login.yahoo.com (3 certificates)</li> <li>login.skype.com</li> <li>addons.mozilla.org</li> <li>"Global Trustee"</li></ul> Microsoft subsequently released an emergency update to revoke the fraudulent certificates that could have led to <a href="/wiki/Spoofing_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Spoofing attacks">spoofing attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Similarly, Mozilla also blacklisted the fraudulent certificates.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> According to Comodo, both attacks originated from <a href="/wiki/IP_addresses" class="mw-redirect" title="IP addresses">IP addresses</a> assigned to <a href="/wiki/ISPs" class="mw-redirect" title="ISPs">ISPs</a> in Iran and may have originated from government agencies interested in monitoring dissident activity.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2012">2012</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: 2012">edit</a>]</div> In the days leading up to the 14 February 2012 protests, Internet access to specific sites, such as Facebook, Twitter, and "other foreign sites", along with email access, was blocked throughout Iran, affecting more than 30 million people. The sites were replaced with a message reading, "According to computer crime regulations, access to this Web site is denied." As reported by The Washington Post, a number of Iranian bloggers feared that this outage was a precursor to the implementation of the "National Internet", also known as the "Halal Internet", which would allow the Iranian government to "block 'damaging' Western Web sites".<a href="#cite_note-Halal-114">[114]</a> On 13 February, it was reported that email access had returned, though the other sites remained blocked.<a href="#cite_note-Halal-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_child_soldiers">Use of child soldiers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Use of child soldiers">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reported that after the 1 March protest onwards, children from ages 12–16 began being <a href="/wiki/Military_use_of_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Military use of children">used</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Basij" title="Basij">Basij</a> against the protesters. According to information released by the <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_for_Human_Rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran">International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran</a>, these children were "armed with batons, clubs and air guns and ordered to attack demonstrators who have tried to gather in Tehran." They had been bussed in by the government from rural provinces far from the capital. People in the area stated that the children had been paid and were also promised <a href="/wiki/Chelo_kebab" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelo kebab">chelo kebab</a> dinners.<a href="#cite_note-Child-115">[115]</a> The executive director of the International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran, Hadi Ghaemi, stated that "it's really a violation of international law. It's no different than <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Child soldiers">child soldiers</a>, which is the custom in many zones of conflict. They are being recruited into being part of the conflict and armed for it." He also commented that "they are very keen to display violence. Teenage boys are notorious for that. They are being used to ensure there is a good ratio of government forces to protesters and because the average policeman in Tehran could have some kind of family connection to the people they have to beat up. It's a classic tactic to bring people from outside, because they have no sense of sympathy for city dwellers."<a href="#cite_note-Child-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_reactions">International reactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: International reactions">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Supranational bodies</dt></dl> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> At the meeting in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> of the 27 members of the European Union on 21 February, seven of the EU countries "called for sanctions to be adopted when the ministers gather again next month" against Iran for their human rights violations. This was in response to the government's actions in terms of the protesters and because of the execution of "<a href="/wiki/Zahra_Bahrami" title="Zahra Bahrami">Zahra Bahrami</a>, an Iranian-Dutch national sentenced for drug trafficking", on 4 February.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Ashton" title="Catherine Ashton">Catherine Ashton</a>, the <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy</a> for the EU, made a statement in regards to Iran's reasoning that house arrest is "necessary for the opposition leaders' own protection." She said in her statement, "This justification remains unconvincing and does not explain why they have not been allowed normal communications." She also went on to say that if they were released, this would "dispel the impression that the continued restrictions under which they are held constitute a means of deliberate suppression of political opposition in Iran."<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> stated in a council meeting that the arrest of opposition leaders Mousavi and Karroubi "violated the Iranian Constitution and civil law as well as the international provisions of human rights."<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> had a vote on 24 March that appointed a "Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Iran", who will "independently investigate and report on abuses in Iran, and make recommendations on how they can be addressed."<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>States</dt></dl> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> – <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister">Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Cannon" title="Lawrence Cannon">Lawrence Cannon</a> released a statement saying that "Canada is deeply concerned by the violence perpetrated by Iranian authorities against peaceful protestors in Tehran. The hypocrisy of Iranian authorities' calls for democracy in Egypt and suppression of the same demands in Iran is deeply disturbing."<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> – <a href="/wiki/Guido_Westerwelle" title="Guido Westerwelle">Guido Westerwelle</a>, the German <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Germany)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)">Minister for Foreign Affairs</a>, spoke with Germany's diplomat from Iran to "protest the removal of [Mousavi and Karroubi], and called on Tehran to allow the pair access to lawyers." He also spoke with Germany's diplomat in Iran, urging him to "guarantee the safety" of the opposition leaders.<a href="#cite_note-Germany-121">[121]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Steffen Seibert, a spokesman for the German government, said that "the removal of the men was an 'intimidation tactic' that violates international human rights laws."<a href="#cite_note-Germany-121">[121]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> – Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> called upon the West to act against Iran: "If the international community is applying special pressure on Libya and warning its leader and soldiers against violating civil rights, the same warning must be aimed at Iran's leaders and their henchmen... At the same time as Kadhafi is massacring his opponents in Libya, the regime of the ayatollahs in Iran is systematically executing its opponents...I believe that a firm reaction will send a very clear message of encouragement and hope to the Iranian people, that no one has forgotten their struggle for freedom and liberty."<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frank_Belfrage" title="Frank Belfrage">Frank Belfrage</a>, the <a href="/wiki/State_Secretary_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Sweden)" title="State Secretary for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)">State Secretary for Foreign Affairs</a>, summoned and spoke with the Iranian ambassador, Rasoul Eslami, on 3 March to discuss the arrest of opposition leaders Mousavi and Karroubi. State Secretary Belfrage said that "the ambassador's explanation of the circumstances was 'unsatisfactory' and that Sweden will keep a close eye on the development of the case."<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">William Hague</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Foreign Secretary</a> for <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">the U.K.</a>, commented, "I have seen reports today of peaceful demonstrators being assaulted by Iranian security forces. President Ahmadinejad last Friday told the Egyptian people that they had the right to express their own views about their country. I call on the Iranian authorities to allow their own people the same right and to ensure that the security authorities exercise restraint."<a href="#cite_note-Fox-124">[124]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, former British Prime Minister, stated, "I think it's very important that we stand up now for those people who want to protest for freedom and proper democratic elections in Iran." He added, "I think [a change in Iran's government] would be possibly the single most dramatic change in the whole of the region because you would then have Iran playing a constructive part. You would have Iran not trying to destabilize other countries in the region, and arming militia-type groups."<a href="#cite_note-Fox-124">[124]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> – During a press conference, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> spoke out about Iran and its protesters saying: "My hope and expectation is that we're going to continue to see the people of Iran have the courage to be able to express their yearning for greater freedoms and a more representative government, understanding that America cannot ultimately dictate what happens inside of Iran any more than it could inside of Egypt."<a href="#cite_note-CSM-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, Secretary of State for the United States, said that the White House "very clearly and directly support[s] the aspirations [of the protesters]". She also noted the hypocrisy of the Iranian government for supporting the protests and revolution in Egypt, but not allowing peaceful protests within Iran. She added, "We think that there needs to be a commitment to open up the political system in Iran to hear the voices of the opposition and civil society."<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In an advance response, the <a href="/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a> set up a <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> language <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/USAdarFarsi">Twitter feed</a> the day before in order to allow easier communication by Iran's Internet users with the outside world.<a href="#cite_note-UPI-17">[17]</a> The Department's first tweet on the feed announced, "US State Dept recognizes historic role of social media among Iranians. We want to join in your conversations."<a href="#cite_note-CNN-16">[16]</a> The United States <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Treasury Department</a> released a statement placing sanctions on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbas_Jafari_Dolatabadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbas Jafari Dolatabadi (page does not exist)">Abbas Jafari Dolatabadi</a>, the Tehran prosecutor general, and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Naqdi" title="Mohammad Reza Naqdi">Mohammad Reza Naqdi</a>, the commander of the Iran Revolutionary Guard Corps' Basij Forces. Both men had been put on the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Assets_Control" title="Office of Foreign Assets Control">Office of Foreign Assets Control</a> blacklist, which "bans any U.S. persons from transactions with them and seeks to freeze any assets they may have under U.S. jurisdiction. It also subjects them to State Department visa sanctions." This was in response to the human rights violations they had conducted during the <a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932010_Iranian_election_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2009–2010 Iranian election protests">2009–2010 Iranian election protests</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> described the timing of the release of the statement as a "show of solidarity with victims of torture, persecution and arbitrary detention" in relation to the current protests in Iran and the rest of the Middle East and Northern Africa.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> During his annual address to the Iranian people on the <a href="/wiki/Persian_New_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian New Year">Persian New Year</a>, President Barack Obama cited the violent oppression of past events, saying, "But the future of Iran will not be shaped by fear. The future of Iran belongs to the young people – the youth who will determine their own destiny." He also referenced the <a href="/wiki/1979_Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 Iranian Revolution">1979 Iranian Revolution</a>, stating, "You are not bound by the chains of the past – the distracting hatred of America that will create no jobs or opportunity; the rigid and unaccountable government; the refusal to let the Iranian people realize their full potential for fear of undermining the authority of the state. Instead, you – the young people of Iran – carry within you both the ancient greatness of Persian civilization, and the power to forge a country that is responsive to your aspirations. And though times may seem dark. I want you to know that I am with you."<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Ileana_Ros-Lehtinen" title="Ileana Ros-Lehtinen">Ileana Ros-Lehtinen</a> commented that "The regime's oppression of the Iranian people has only grown since the rigged elections and suppressed demonstrations of 2009. The US made a mistake then by not voicing full and vigorous support for Iranians demanding freedom and democracy. We cannot make that mistake again."<a href="#cite_note-CSM-125">[125]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Non-governmental organisations</dt></dl> The police crackdown on protesters led <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> to denounce Iranian authorities. They released a statement saying, "Iranians have a right to gather to peacefully express their support for the people of Egypt and Tunisia."<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The reaction of the Iranian authorities towards the protests was strongly criticised by Amnesty International, according to Reuters.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Marvin Feuer, the director of policy and government affairs for the <a href="/wiki/American_Israel_Public_Affairs_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="American Israel Public Affairs Committee">American Israel Public Affairs Committee</a>, stated in a seminar with the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers_Association" title="Reserve Officers Association">Reserve Officers Association</a> that "despite turmoil in the region it is critical not to lose focus on Iran." He also commented on the American government's problems with supporting democracy in the area while still keeping American security interests stable: "The Iranian case does not pose the same problem. In Iran, all of these concerns align. Iran is a bad player in any realm we can think of."<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <dl><dt>Academia</dt></dl> <a href="/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan">Reza Aslan</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Iranian-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian-American">Iranian-American</a> activist and writer of <a href="/wiki/No_god_but_God:_The_Origins,_Evolution,_and_Future_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam">No god but God</a> stated in an interview with <a href="/wiki/Neon_Tommy" title="Neon Tommy">Neon Tommy</a> that "the [Iranian] regime is unsustainable", referring to its current governmental system and how it responds to both internal and external forces such as the current protest movement.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> He commented to <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> that "pressure is going to continue to build on Iran. Iran sees itself as an exemplar for the region for having thrown off an American-backed dictatorship. But it really only replaced one tyrant with another."<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <dl><dt>Financial markets</dt></dl> The violence from the street protests caused fear in the global stock market that oil supplies would be interrupted from Iran, which is one of the world's leading exporters of oil. These fears caused the price of <a href="/wiki/West_Texas_Intermediate" title="West Texas Intermediate">WTI</a> <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> to rise above $85 a barrel.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian reform movement">Iranian reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_student_protests,_July_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran student protests, July 1999">Iran student protests, July 1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932010_Iranian_election_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2009–2010 Iranian election protests">2009 Iranian election protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Iranian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Iranian protests">2017 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Iran_poll_protests_trial" title="2009 Iran poll protests trial">2009 Iran poll protests trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where_is_my_vote%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Where is my vote?">Where is my vote?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahrizak_detention_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahrizak detention center">Kahrizak detention center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Scroll_Campaign" title="The Green Scroll Campaign">The Green Scroll Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Path_of_Hope" title="The Green Path of Hope">The Green Path of Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">List of modern conflicts in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freedom_indices" title="List of freedom indices">List of freedom indices</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-karroubi-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-karroubi_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-karroubi_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130222102219/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h1yjFxj3dd4f9Cg6ij6KcZbD6VnQ?docId=CNG.99868b1ecc4e65dad00cb9c958f4949c.921">"Iran's Karroubi isolated but determined: website"</a>. Google News. Tehran. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 25 February 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h1yjFxj3dd4f9Cg6ij6KcZbD6VnQ?docId=CNG.99868b1ecc4e65dad00cb9c958f4949c.921">the original</a> on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+News&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+Karroubi+isolated+but+determined%3A+website&rft.date=2011-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5h1yjFxj3dd4f9Cg6ij6KcZbD6VnQ%3FdocId%3DCNG.99868b1ecc4e65dad00cb9c958f4949c.921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Iranian+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610020718/http://humanrightshouse.org/Articles/16975.html">"Iran: Freedom of expression denied"</a>. 26 September 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanrightshouse.org/Articles/16975.html">the original</a> on 10 June 2015. 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Retrieved 15 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WWLP&rft.atitle=Unrest+in+Iran+hitting+the+oil+tanks&rft.date=2011-02-15&rft.au=Jessica+Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwlp.com%2Fdpp%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Funrest-in-iran-hitting-the-oil-tanks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Iranian+protests" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdo2011" class="citation journal cs1">Abdo, Geneive (18 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67458/geneive-abdo/green-movement-20">"Green Movement 2.0? How U.S. Support Could Lead the Opposition to Victory"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Green+Movement+2.0%3F+How+U.S.+Support+Could+Lead+the+Opposition+to+Victory&rft.date=2011-02-18&rft.aulast=Abdo&rft.aufirst=Geneive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F67458%2Fgeneive-abdo%2Fgreen-movement-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Iranian+protests" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahanbegloo2010" class="citation journal cs1">Jahanbegloo, Ramin (2010). "The Two Sovereignties and the Legitimacy Crisis in Iran". Constellations. 17 (1): 22–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8675.2009.00581.x">10.1111/j.1467-8675.2009.00581.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Constellations&rft.atitle=The+Two+Sovereignties+and+the+Legitimacy+Crisis+in+Iran&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-30&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8675.2009.00581.x&rft.aulast=Jahanbegloo&rft.aufirst=Ramin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Iranian+protests" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorady2010" class="citation journal cs1">Morady, Farhang (2010). "The Election and Upheaval in Iran: Ruling Elites, Religion and Protest". Capital and Class (In Press). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0309-8168">0309-8168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Capital+and+Class&rft.atitle=The+Election+and+Upheaval+in+Iran%3A+Ruling+Elites%2C+Religion+and+Protest&rft.issue=In+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0309-8168&rft.aulast=Morady&rft.aufirst=Farhang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011%E2%80%932012+Iranian+protests" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="commons:Category:2011–2012 Iranian protests">2011–2012 Iranian protests</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2011/02/iran-live-blog-25-bahman-14-february.html">Iran Live Blog</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Bureau" title="Tehran Bureau">Tehran Bureau</a> on <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a> <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontline (U.S. TV series)">Frontline</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irannewsnow.com/">Iran Live Blog</a> from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_News_Now&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iran News Now (page does not exist)">Iran News Now</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iranian_Green_Movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:red-color:#02BC00"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Green_Path_of_Hope" title="Template:The Green Path of Hope"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Green_Path_of_Hope" title="Template talk:The Green Path of Hope"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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poll protests trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_university_dormitory_raids" title="2009 Iranian university dormitory raids">2009 Iranian university dormitory raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Neda_Agha-Soltan" title="Killing of Neda Agha-Soltan">Killing of Neda Agha-Soltan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Aarabi" title="Sohrab Aarabi">Death of Sohrab Aarabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Ramin_Pourandarjani" title="Death of Ramin Pourandarjani">Death of Ramin Pourandarjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Scroll_Campaign" title="The Green Scroll Campaign">The Green Scroll Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein-Ali_Montazeri" title="Hussein-Ali Montazeri">Death of Ayatollah Montazeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashura_protests" title="Ashura protests">Ashura protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Seyed_Ali_Mousavi" title="Death of Seyed Ali Mousavi">Death of Seyed Ali Mousavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Rouholamini" title="Mohsen Rouholamini">Death of Mohsen Rouholamini</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2011–12 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sane_Jaleh" title="Sane Jaleh">Death of Sane Jaleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mokhtari_(protester)" title="Mohammad Mokhtari (protester)">Death of Mohammad Mokhtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleh_Sahabi" title="Haleh Sahabi">Death of Haleh Sahabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoda_Saber" title="Hoda Saber">Death of Hoda Saber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#02BC00">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir-Hossein_Mousavi" title="Mir-Hossein Mousavi">Mir-Hossein Mousavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Karroubi" title="Mehdi Karroubi">Mehdi Karroubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami" title="Mohammad Khatami">Mohammad Khatami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahra_Rahnavard" title="Zahra Rahnavard">Zahra Rahnavard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_Spring" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_Spring" title="Template:Arab Spring"><abbr title="View this 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title="2010–2012 Algerian protests">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Djiboutian_protests" title="2011 Djiboutian protests">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Iraqi_protests" title="2011 Iraqi protests">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_protests_(2011%E2%80%9312)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian protests (2011–12)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_protests_(2011%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti protests (2011–2013)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Lebanese_protests" title="2011 Lebanese protests">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan civil war">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Mauritanian_protests" title="2011–2012 Mauritanian protests">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Moroccan_protests" title="2011–2012 Moroccan protests">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Omani_protests" title="2011 Omani protests">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Palestinian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Palestinian protests">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests" title="2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Sudanese_protests" title="2011–2013 Sudanese protests">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Western_Saharan_protests" title="2011 Western Saharan protests">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bahrain: <a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_14_Youth_Coalition" title="February 14 Youth Coalition">February 14 Youth Coalition</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/April_6_Youth_Movement" title="April 6 Youth Movement">April 6 Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefaya" title="Kefaya">Kefaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">FJP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Change" title="National Association for Change">National Association for Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Egypt)" title="National Democratic Party (Egypt)">National Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Egypt)" title="National Salvation Front (Egypt)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialists_(Egypt)" title="Revolutionary Socialists (Egypt)">Revolutionary Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayfeencom" title="Shayfeencom">Shayfeencom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultras_Ahlawy" title="Ultras Ahlawy">Ultras Ahlawy</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Libya: <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Libya)" title="National Liberation Army (Libya)">National Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Mauritania: <a href="/wiki/February_25th_Movement" title="February 25th Movement">February 25th Movement</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Women_to_drive_movement" title="Women to drive movement">Women to drive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Defense_of_Human_Rights_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in the Arabian Peninsula">CDHRAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Development_and_Change" title="Society for Development and Change">Society for Development and Change</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Syria: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Regional Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">National Command</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_General_Commission" title="Syrian Revolution General Commission">Syrian Revolution General Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change" title="National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_rebel_fighters_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign rebel fighters in the Syrian civil war">Foreign fighters</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Tunisia: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Democratic Rally">Constitutional Democratic Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennahda" title="Ennahda">Ennahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Tunisia)" title="Popular Front (Tunisia)">Popular Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_General_Labour_Union" title="Tunisian General Labour Union">Tunisian General Labour Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Yemen: <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Yemeni_Tribes" title="Alliance of Yemeni Tribes">Alliance of Yemeni Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al-Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashid" title="Hashid">Hashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthis" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthis">Houthis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Congress_(Yemen)" title="General People's Congress (Yemen)">General People's Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="South Yemen Movement">Hiraak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Arab_Spring" title="Women in the Arab Spring">Women in the Arab Spring</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Algeria: <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ouyahia" title="Ahmed Ouyahia">Ahmed Ouyahia</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Bahrain: <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa" title="Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa">Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Mushaima" title="Hasan Mushaima">Hasan Mushaima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Salman" title="Ali Salman">Ali Salman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Ali_Jawad_al-Sheikh" title="Death of Ali Jawad al-Sheikh">Ali Jawad al-Sheikh</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Suleiman_(politician)" title="Omar Suleiman (politician)">Omar Suleiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hussein_Tantawy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Hussein Tantawy">Mohamed Hussein Tantawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Nazif" title="Ahmed Nazif">Ahmed Nazif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shafik" title="Ahmed Shafik">Ahmed Shafik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Ghonim" title="Wael Ghonim">Wael Ghonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Ganzouri" title="Kamal Ganzouri">Kamal Ganzouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Khaled_Mohamed_Saeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Khaled Mohamed Saeed">Khaled Mohamed Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essam_Sharaf" title="Essam Sharaf">Essam Sharaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesham_Qandil" title="Hesham Qandil">Hesham Qandil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassem_Youssef_(television_host)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassem Youssef (television host)">Bassem Youssef</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Jordan: <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">King Abdullah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marouf_al-Bakhit" title="Marouf al-Bakhit">Marouf al-Bakhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Rifai" title="Samir Rifai">Samir Rifai</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Libya: <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Abdul-Jelil" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Abdul-Jelil">Mustafa Abdul-Jelil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Gebril" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Gebril">Mahmud Gebril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Nabbous" title="Mohammed Nabbous">Mohammed Nabbous</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Mauritania: <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Abdel_Aziz" title="Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz">Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulaye_Ould_Mohamed_Laghdaf" title="Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf">Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_El_Fassi" title="Abbas El Fassi">Abbas El Fassi</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_al-Johani" title="Khaled al-Johani">Khaled al-Johani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manal_al-Sharif" title="Manal al-Sharif">Manal al-Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Nimr al-Nimr">Nimr al-Nimr</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Sudan: <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi" title="Hassan al-Turabi">Hassan al-Turabi</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naji_al-Otari" title="Muhammad Naji al-Otari">Muhammad Naji al-Otari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adel_Safar" title="Adel Safar">Adel Safar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyad_Farid_Hijab" title="Riyad Farid Hijab">Riyad Farid Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Nader_al-Halqi" title="Wael Nader al-Halqi">Wael Nader al-Halqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Ghalioun" title="Burhan Ghalioun">Burhan Ghalioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaz_al-Khatib" title="Moaz al-Khatib">Moaz al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Tunisia: <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ghannouchi" title="Mohamed Ghannouchi">Mohamed Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncef_Marzouki" title="Moncef Marzouki">Moncef Marzouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Ghannushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid al-Ghannushi">Rashid al-Ghannushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouad_Mebazaa" title="Fouad Mebazaa">Fouad Mebazaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beji_Caid_Essebsi" title="Beji Caid Essebsi">Beji Caid Essebsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamadi_Jebali" title="Hamadi Jebali">Hamadi Jebali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bouazizi" title="Mohamed Bouazizi">Mohamed Bouazizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokri_Belaid" title="Chokri Belaid">Chokri Belaid</a></li></ul> <ul><li>United Arab Emirates:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UAE_Five" title="UAE Five">UAE Five</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Yemen: <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdrabbuh_Mansur_Hadi" title="Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi">Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majeed_al-Zindani" title="Abdul Majeed al-Zindani">Abdul Majeed al-Zindani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohsen_al-Ahmar" title="Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar">Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_al-Ahmar" title="Sadiq al-Ahmar">Sadiq al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Malik_al-Houthi" title="Abdul-Malik al-Houthi">Abdul-Malik al-Houthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_al-Houthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Ali al-Houthi">Mohammed Ali al-Houthi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_Arab_Spring" title="Impact of the Arab Spring">Impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Albanian_opposition_demonstrations" title="2011 Albanian opposition demonstrations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Armenian_protests" title="2011 Armenian protests">Armenia</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Azerbaijani_protests" title="2011 Azerbaijani protests">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Baku_protests" title="2013 Baku protests">2013</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Belarusian_protests" title="2011 Belarusian protests">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Burkinab%C3%A8_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Burkinabè protests">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Chinese_pro-democracy_protests" title="2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%9312_Greek_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2010–12 Greek protests">Greece</a></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" title="2011 Indian anti-corruption movement">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Indian anti-corruption movement">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Kurdish_protests_in_Iraq" title="2011 Kurdish protests in Iraq">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Israeli_social_justice_protests" title="2011 Israeli social justice protests">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Maldives_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Maldives political crisis">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mali_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mali conflict">Mali</a></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Peace_with_Justice_and_Dignity" title="Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo_Soy_132" title="Yo Soy 132">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Portugal" title="Anti-austerity movement in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Russian_protests" title="2011–2013 Russian protests">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Spanish_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Spanish protests">Spain</a></li> <li>Turkey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey" title="2011–2012 Kurdish protests in Turkey">2011–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests" title="Gezi Park protests">2013</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_anti-austerity_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 United Kingdom anti-austerity protests">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_States_public_employee_protests" title="2011 United States public employee protests">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan civil war (2011–present)">Libyan civil war (2011–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">UN Resolutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_65/265" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 65/265">65/265</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1970" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2009" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2014" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2016" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2016">2016</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Arab_Spring" title="International reactions to the Arab Spring">International reactions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Bahraini_uprising_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the Bahraini uprising (2011–present)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li>Libya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the Libyan civil war">civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="International reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya">military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the death of Muammar Gaddafi">death of Muammar Gaddafi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Tunisian_revolution" title="International reactions to the Tunisian revolution">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Yemeni_revolution" title="International reactions to the Yemeni revolution">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Domestic reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_responses_to_the_Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" title="Domestic responses to the Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li>Libya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_responses_to_the_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic responses to the Libyan Civil War">domestic responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Arab_Spring" title="Timeline of the Arab Spring">Timelines</a> by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bahraini_uprising_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Bahraini uprising (2011–present)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" title="Timeline of the Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Libyan civil war">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011%E2%80%9313_Saudi_Arabian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2011–13 Saudi Arabian protests">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Yemeni_revolution" title="Timeline of the Yemeni revolution">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni crisis (2011–present)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Libyan crisis (2011–present)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)">Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_Spring" title="Category:Arab Spring">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protests_in_Iran" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protests_in_Iran" title="Template:Protests in Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protests_in_Iran" title="Template talk:Protests in Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protests_in_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protests in Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protests_in_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Protests in Iran</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Protest" title="Tobacco Protest">Tobacco Protest (1890–1892)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">1906 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Iranian_Uprising" title="1952 Iranian Uprising">1952 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_demonstrations_in_Iran" title="1963 demonstrations in Iran">1963 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Qom_protest" title="1978 Qom protest">1978 Qom protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Tabriz_protests" title="1978 Tabriz protests">1978 Tabriz protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1978)" title="Black Friday (1978)">Black Friday (1978)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_International_Women%27s_Day_protests_in_Tehran" title="1979 International Women's Day protests in Tehran">1979 Women Day protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_June_1981_Iranian_protests" title="20 June 1981 Iranian protests">1981 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Iranian_student_protests" title="1999 Iranian student protests">1999 student protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_Iranian_student_protests" title="2003 Iranian student protests">2003 student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Ahvaz_unrest" title="2005 Ahvaz unrest">2005 Ahvaz unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Green_Movement" title="Iranian Green Movement">Green Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests" title="2009 Iranian presidential election protests">2009 presidential election protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashura_protests" title="Ashura protests">2009 Ashura protests</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2011–2012 protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Khuzestan_protests" title="2011 Khuzestan protests">2011 Khuzestan protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabad_riots" title="Mahabad riots">2015 Mahabad riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitilieh_programme_protests_in_Iran" title="Fitilieh programme protests in Iran">2015 Fitilieh programme protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Cyrus_the_Great_Revolt" title="2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt">2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Iranian_protests" title="2017–2018 Iranian protests">2017–2018 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_protests_against_compulsory_hijab" title="Iranian protests against compulsory hijab">Iranian protests against compulsory hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Dervish_protests" title="2018 Dervish protests">2018 Dervish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_protests_in_Iran" title="2018 protests in Iran">2018 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Iranian_general_strikes_and_protests" title="2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests">2018–2019 general strikes and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Iranian_water_protests" title="2018 Iranian water protests">2018 water protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2018_uprising_in_Iran" title="August 2018 uprising in Iran">August 2018 uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Iranian_protest_movement" title="2018 Iranian protest movement">2018 protest movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Iranian_university_protests" title="2018 Iranian university protests">2018 university protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_protests_in_Iran" title="2019 protests in Iran">2019 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Iranian_protests" title="2019–2020 Iranian protests">2019–2020 protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahshahr_massacre" title="Mahshahr massacre">Mahshahr massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752_protests" title="Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests">Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iranian_protests" title="2021–2022 Iranian protests">2021–2022 protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Iranian_water_protests" title="2021 Iranian water protests">2021 water protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Iranian_food_protests" title="2022 Iranian food protests">2022 food protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahsa_Amini_protests" title="Mahsa Amini protests">Mahsa Amini protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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