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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Empires_and_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Niger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empires_and_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Niger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Empires and kingdoms in pre-colonial Niger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empires_and_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Niger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mali_Empire_(1200s–1400s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mali_Empire_(1200s–1400s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Mali Empire (1200s–1400s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mali_Empire_(1200s–1400s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Songhai_Empire_(1000s–1591)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songhai_Empire_(1000s–1591)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Songhai Empire (1000s–1591)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songhai_Empire_(1000s–1591)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sultanate_of_Aïr_(1400s–1906)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sultanate_of_Aïr_(1400s–1906)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Sultanate of Aïr (1400s–1906)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sultanate_of_Aïr_(1400s–1906)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanem–Bornu_Empire_(700s–1700s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanem–Bornu_Empire_(700s–1700s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Kanem–Bornu Empire (700s–1700s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanem–Bornu_Empire_(700s–1700s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Hausa_states_and_other_smaller_kingdoms_(1400s–1800s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Hausa_states_and_other_smaller_kingdoms_(1400s–1800s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>The Hausa states and other smaller kingdoms (1400s–1800s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Hausa_states_and_other_smaller_kingdoms_(1400s–1800s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_(1900–1958)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_(1900–1958)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Colonial (1900–1958)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_(1900–1958)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-colonial_(1960–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-colonial_(1960–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Post-colonial (1960–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-colonial_(1960–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diori_years_(1960–1974)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diori_years_(1960–1974)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Diori years (1960–1974)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diori_years_(1960–1974)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_military_regime_(1974–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_military_regime_(1974–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>First military regime (1974–1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_military_regime_(1974–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Conference_and_Third_Republic_(1991–1996)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Conference_and_Third_Republic_(1991–1996)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>National Conference and Third Republic (1991–1996)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Conference_and_Third_Republic_(1991–1996)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_and_third_military_regimes_(1996–1999)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_and_third_military_regimes_(1996–1999)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Second and third military regimes (1996–1999)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_and_third_military_regimes_(1996–1999)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_Republic_(1999–2009)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_Republic_(1999–2009)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.5</span> <span>Fifth Republic (1999–2009)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_Republic_(1999–2009)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixth_republic_and_fourth_military_regime_(2009–2010)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixth_republic_and_fourth_military_regime_(2009–2010)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.6</span> <span>Sixth republic and fourth military regime (2009–2010)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixth_republic_and_fourth_military_regime_(2009–2010)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh_Republic_(2010–2023)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh_Republic_(2010–2023)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.7</span> <span>Seventh Republic (2010–2023)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh_Republic_(2010–2023)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_military_regime_(2023–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_military_regime_(2023–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.8</span> <span>Fifth military regime (2023–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_military_regime_(2023–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Biodiversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Governance and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governance and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governance_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Judicial system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Law enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Government finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_aid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_aid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Foreign aid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_aid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_cities_and_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities_and_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Largest cities and towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities_and_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urban_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Urban settlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Festivals_and_cultural_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals_and_cultural_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Festivals and cultural events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals_and_cultural_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guérewol_festival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guérewol_festival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Guérewol festival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guérewol_festival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cure_Salée_festival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cure_Salée_festival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Cure Salée festival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cure_Salée_festival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 246 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-246" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">246 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Нигер (къэрал) – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Нигер (къэрал)" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%92%E1%8C%84%E1%88%AD" title="ኒጄር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኒጄር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="नाइगर – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="नाइगर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нигер – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Нигер" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="النيجر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النيجر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADcher" title="Nícher – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nícher" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%93%DC%AA" title="ܢܝܓܪ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܝܓܪ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C2%B7%C3%A8r" title="Nig·èr – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Nig·èr" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADxer" title="Níxer – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Níxer" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADher" title="Níher – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Níher" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="نیجر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیجر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niz%C9%9Bri" title="Nizɛri – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Nizɛri" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="নাইজার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাইজার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нигер – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Нигер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нігер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нігер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нігер – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нігер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0" title="नाइजर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नाइजर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naeja" title="Naeja – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Naeja" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нигер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нигер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="ནི་ཇར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ནི་ཇར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нигер – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нигер" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADger" title="Níger – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Níger" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADger" title="Níger – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Níger" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayizhe" title="Nayizhe – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nayizhe" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ACger" title="Nìger – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Nìger" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="النيجر – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="النيجر" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%A9%DE%96%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA" title="ނީޖަރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ނީޖަރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0" title="नाइजर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="नाइजर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Νίγηρας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νίγηρας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADger" title="Níger – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Níger" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%9Dero" title="Niĝero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Niĝero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigi" title="Nigi – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Nigi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidz%C9%9B" title="Nidzɛ – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Nidzɛ" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Farefare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="نیجر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیجر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niiser" title="Niiser – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Niiser" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_N%C3%ADgir" title="An Nígir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Nígir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Neegeyr" title="Yn Neegeyr – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Neegeyr" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ACgeir" title="Nìgeir – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nìgeir" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADxer" title="Níxer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Níxer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0" title="નાઈજર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નાઈજર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%A0%9C%EB%A5%B4" title="니제르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니제르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijar_(%C6%99asa)" title="Nijar (ƙasa) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Nijar (ƙasa)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Նիգեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիգեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0" title="नाइजर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नाइजर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijer" title="Nijer – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nijer" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0" title="নাইজের – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="নাইজের" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Нигер (паддзахад) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Нигер (паддзахад)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayija" title="Nayija – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Nayija" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INayighe" title="INayighe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INayighe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADger" title="Níger – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Níger" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%27%D7%A8" title="ניז'ר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניז'ר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niz%C9%9B%C9%9Br%C9%A9" title="Nizɛɛrɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Nizɛɛrɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ನೈಜರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೈಜರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADher" title="Níher – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Níher" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ნიგერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიგერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нигер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нигер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Nijer" title="Pow Nijer – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Nijer" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeri" title="Nigeri – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Nigeri" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niz%C3%A9" title="Nizé – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Nizé" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigera" title="Nigera – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Nigera" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C3%A8" title="Nijè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nijè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C3%A8r" title="Nijèr – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Nijèr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AEjer" title="Nîjer – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nîjer" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нигер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нигер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нигер – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Нигер" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijer" title="Nijer – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Nijer" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigritania" title="Nigritania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nigritania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C4%93ra" title="Nigēra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nigēra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeris" title="Nigeris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nigeris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niz%C3%A9" title="Nizé – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nizé" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijer" title="Nijer – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Nijer" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeru" title="Nigeru – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Nigeru" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_(orsz%C3%A1g)" title="Niger (ország) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Niger (ország)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нигер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нигер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizera" title="Nizera – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nizera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BC" title="നൈജർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നൈജർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%A1er" title="Niġer – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Niġer" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81ika" title="Ngāika – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ngāika" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0" title="नायजर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नायजर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ნიგერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნიგერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="نيجر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيجر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="نیجر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نیجر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%94" title="ꯅꯥꯢꯖꯔ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅꯥꯢꯖꯔ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADger" title="Níger – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Níger" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Нигэр – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Нигэр" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нижер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нижер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="နိုင်ဂျာနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုင်ဂျာနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_(land)" title="Niger (land) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Niger (land)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_(laand)" title="Niger (laand) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Niger (laand)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0" title="नाइजर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नाइजर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0" title="नाइजर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नाइजर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ニジェール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニジェール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нигер – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Нигер" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niiger" title="Niiger – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Niiger" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A8r_(pa%C3%ADs)" title="Nigèr (país) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nigèr (país)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niijer" title="Niijer – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Niijer" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0" title="ਨਾਈਜਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਈਜਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87" title="नीजे – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="नीजे" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="نائجر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نائجر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AC%DB%90%D8%B1" title="نايجېر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نايجېر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijier" title="Nijier – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Nijier" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81" title="នីហ្សេ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="នីហ្សេ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ACger" title="Nìger – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Nìger" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiek_Niger" title="Republiek Niger – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Republiek Niger" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADger" title="Níger – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Níger" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihir" title="Nihir – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nihir" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D2%91%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ніґер – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ніґер" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нигер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нигер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нигер – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Нигер" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87" title="नीजे – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नीजे" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niz%C3%ABre" title="Nizëre – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Nizëre" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱱᱟᱭᱡᱟᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱟᱭᱡᱟᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeri" title="Nigeri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nigeri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A" title="නයිජර් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නයිජර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="نائيجر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نائيجر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/INayijari" title="INayijari – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="INayijari" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%83iger" title="Ńiger – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ńiger" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayjar" title="Nayjar – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Nayjar" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%B1" title="نیجەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیجەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нигер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нигер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="நைஜர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நைஜர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnijr" title="Nnijr – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Nnijr" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnijer" title="Nnijer – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Nnijer" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нигер – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Нигер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BC%E1%81%A2%E1%82%86%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းၼၢႆးၵျႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၼၢႆးၵျႃး" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="నైజర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నైజర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศไนเจอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศไนเจอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijer" title="Nijer – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Nijer" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%AD%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AD" title="ናይጀር – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ናይጀር" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D2%B7%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ниҷер – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ниҷер" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijer" title="Nijer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nijer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%CC%B1njer_(a%CC%B1byin)" title="Ni̱njer (a̱byin) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ni̱njer (a̱byin)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нигер – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Нигер" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нігер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нігер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="نائجر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نائجر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%89%DA%AF%DB%90%D8%B1" title="نىگېر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نىگېر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ACzer" title="Nìzer – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nìzer" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger%C3%A4n" title="Nigerän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nigerän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidjer" title="Nidjer – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Nidjer" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5" title="尼日 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="尼日" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niseer" title="Niseer – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Niseer" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E7%88%BE" title="尼日爾 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼日爾" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="ניזשער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ניזשער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_(country)" title="Niger (country) – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Niger (country)" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E7%88%BE" title="尼日爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="尼日爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicer" title="Nicer – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nicer" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niher" title="Niher – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Niher" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeris" title="Nigeris – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Nigeris" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%B0%94" title="尼日尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼日尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C3%AA" title="Nijê – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Nijê" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A8r" title="Nigèr – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Nigèr" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C9%9Bt%C3%B2" title="Nijɛtò – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Nijɛtò" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ACg%C3%AAr" title="Nìgêr – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Nìgêr" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Moore</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger" title="Niger – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Niger" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8A%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%94" title="ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1032#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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.longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Niger&params=16_N_08_E_type:country_region:NE"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">16°N</span> <span class="longitude">08°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">16°N 8°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">16; 8</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Landlocked country in West Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country. For the adjacent country, see <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. For the state in Nigeria, see <a href="/wiki/Niger_State" title="Niger State">Niger State</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Niger_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Niger (disambiguation)">Niger (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of the Niger</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">République du Niger</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Niger.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Niger"><img alt="Flag of Niger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/100px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/150px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/200px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Niger" title="Flag of Niger">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Niger.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Niger"><img alt="Coat of arms of Niger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coat_of_arms_of_Niger.svg/110px-Coat_of_arms_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coat_of_arms_of_Niger.svg/165px-Coat_of_arms_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coat_of_arms_of_Niger.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Niger" title="Coat of arms of Niger"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">"Fraternité, Travail, Progrès"</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></li><li>"Fraternity, Work, Progress"</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/L%27Honneur_de_la_Patrie" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Honneur de la Patrie">L'Honneur de la Patrie</a></i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(French)</span><br />"The Honour of the Fatherland"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="109" data-mwtitle="THE_HONOR_OF_THE_FATHERLAND.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/THE_HONOR_OF_THE_FATHERLAND.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/10/THE_HONOR_OF_THE_FATHERLAND.ogg/THE_HONOR_OF_THE_FATHERLAND.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATHE_HONOR_OF_THE_FATHERLAND.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></div><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Niger_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Niger_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Niger_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Niger_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Niger_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Niger_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Niger_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">Show globe</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Niger_AU_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Location_Niger_AU_Africa.svg/250px-Location_Niger_AU_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Location_Niger_AU_Africa.svg/375px-Location_Niger_AU_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Location_Niger_AU_Africa.svg/500px-Location_Niger_AU_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Africa</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Niger&params=13_30_49_N_2_06_32_E_type:city_region:NE"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°30′49″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°06′32″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.51361°N 2.10889°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.51361; 2.10889</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National languages</a><sup id="cite_ref-axl.cefan.ulaval.ca_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-axl.cefan.ulaval.ca-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Buduma_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Buduma language">Buduma</a></li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulfulde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gurma_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurma language">Gourmanchéma</a></li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</a></li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_language" title="Zarma language">Zarma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Songhoyboro_Ciine" title="Songhoyboro Ciine">Songhai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tamasheq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tasawaq_language" title="Tasawaq language">Tassawaq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tebu_languages" title="Tebu languages">Tebu</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-CIA-2021-Niger_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-2021-Niger-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>53.1% <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a></li> <li>21.2% <a href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Zarma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Songhaiborai" title="Songhaiborai">Songhay</a></li> <li>11.0% <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a></li> <li>6.5% <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulani</a></li> <li>5.9% <a href="/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri</a></li> <li>0.8% <a href="/wiki/Gurma_people" title="Gurma people">Gurma</a></li> <li>0.4% <a href="/wiki/Toubou_people" title="Toubou people">Toubou</a></li> <li>0.4% <a href="/wiki/Diffa_Arabs" title="Diffa Arabs">Arab</a></li> <li>0.9% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Niger#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Niger">others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-census_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>99.3% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Niger" title="Islam in Niger">Islam</a></li> <li>0.3% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Niger" title="Christianity in Niger">Christianity</a></li> <li>0.2% <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li>0.1% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Nigerien<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Niger" title="Politics of Niger">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Niger" title="List of heads of state of Niger">CNSP President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdourahamane_Tchiani" title="Abdourahamane Tchiani">Abdourahamane Tchiani</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Niger" title="Vice President of Niger">CNSP Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Salifou_Modi" title="Salifou Modi">Salifou Modi</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Niger">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Lamine_Zeine" title="Ali Lamine Zeine">Ali Lamine Zeine</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Safeguard_of_the_Homeland" title="National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland">National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niger" title="History of Niger">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Republic proclaimed </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 December 1958</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Declared </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 August 1960</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Nigerien coup d'état">2023 coup d'état</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 July 2023</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Niger" title="Geography of Niger">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,267,000 km<sup>2</sup> (489,000 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">21st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.02</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Niger" title="Demographics of Niger">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 26,342,784<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">56th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">12.1/km<sup>2</sup> (31.3/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $42.739 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.NE_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">144th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $1,579<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.NE_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">188th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $17.073 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.NE_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">145th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $630<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.NE_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">185th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(2021)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/20px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/40px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 32.9<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#707070">medium inequality</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.394<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">low</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">189th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">XOF</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1</span> (<a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Time" title="West Africa Time">WAT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Niger" title="Telephone numbers in Niger">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B227" class="mw-redirect" title="+227">+227</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:NE" title="ISO 3166-2:NE">NE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.ne" title=".ne">.ne</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Niger</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially the <b>Republic of the Niger</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Niger#Political_geography" title="Geography of Niger">bordered</a> by <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Niger_border" title="Libya–Niger border">north-east</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93Niger_border" title="Chad–Niger border">east</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Nigeria_border" title="Niger–Nigeria border">south</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Benin-Niger_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin-Niger border">south-west</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93Niger_border" title="Mali–Niger border">west</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Niger_border" title="Algeria–Niger border">north-west</a>. It covers a land area of almost 1.27 million km<sup>2</sup> (490,000 sq mi), making it the largest landlocked country in West Africa and the second-largest landlocked nation in Africa behind Chad. Over 80% of its land area lies in the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>. Its predominantly <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Niger" title="Islam in Niger">Muslim</a> population of about 25 million<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lives mostly in clusters in the south and west of the country. The capital <a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a> is located in Niger's south-west corner along the namesake <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a>. </p><p>Following the spread of Islam to the region, Niger was on the fringes of some states, including the <a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem–Bornu Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> before more significant parts of its territory became included in states such as the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Agadez" title="Sultanate of Agadez">Sultanate of Agadez</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a>. It was colonized by France during the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a>, becoming a <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Niger" title="Colony of Niger">distinct colony</a> in 1922. Since obtaining independence in 1960, Niger has experienced five coups d'état and four periods of <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military rule</a>. Niger's seventh and most recent constitution was enacted in 2010, establishing a multiparty, unitary semi-presidential system. Following the most recent <a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Nigerien coup d'état">coup in 2023</a>, the country is once again under a <a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Safeguard_of_the_Homeland" title="National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland">military junta</a>. </p><p>Its society reflects a diversity drawn from the independent histories of some <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> and regions and their period living in a single state. The <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a> are the country's largest ethnic group, making up more than half the population. <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> is the country's official language, although it is spoken mainly as a second language and by a minority of the population; ten indigenous languages have the status of <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a> is the most spoken one. </p><p>According to the UN's Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) report of 2023, Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some non-desert portions of the country undergo periodic drought and <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Niger" title="Economy of Niger">economy</a> is concentrated around <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a>, with some export agriculture in the less arid south, and the export of <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw materials</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Uranium_ore" title="Uranium ore">uranium ore</a>. It faces challenges to development due to its landlocked position, desert terrain, low <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jihadist_insurgency_in_Niger" title="Jihadist insurgency in Niger">jihadist insurgencies</a>, and the world's highest <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rate">fertility rates</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> not being used and the resulting rapid <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EconPop_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EconPop-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The name comes from the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a> which flows through the west of the country. The origin of the river's name is uncertain. Alexandrian geographer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> wrote descriptions of the <a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadi</a> <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">Gir</i></span></i> (in neighbouring modern <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>) and the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">Ni-Gir</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Lower Gir</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> to the south, possibly referring to the Niger River.<sup id="cite_ref-jeffreys_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeffreys-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern spelling <i>Niger</i> was first recorded by <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus">Leo Africanus</a> in 1550,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly derived from the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuareg language">Tuareg</a> phrase the <span title="Tamashek-language text"><i lang="tmh">(e)gărăw-n-gărăwăn</i></span> meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">river of rivers</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is broad consensus among linguists that it does not derive from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">niger</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">black</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> as was first erroneously believed.<sup id="cite_ref-jeffreys_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeffreys-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard pronunciation in English is <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span></span>/</a></span></span>, while in some Anglophone media <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span> is also used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Niger" title="History of Niger">History of Niger</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1997_278-10_Sahara_glyph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/1997_278-10_Sahara_glyph.jpg/220px-1997_278-10_Sahara_glyph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/1997_278-10_Sahara_glyph.jpg/330px-1997_278-10_Sahara_glyph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/1997_278-10_Sahara_glyph.jpg/440px-1997_278-10_Sahara_glyph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Rock engraving showing herds of giraffe, <a href="/wiki/Ibex" title="Ibex">ibex</a>, and other animals in the southern Sahara near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiguidit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiguidit (page does not exist)">Tiguidit</a>, Niger</figcaption></figure> <p>Stone tools, some dating as far back as 280,000 BC, have been found in <a href="/wiki/Adrar_Bous" title="Adrar Bous">Adrar Bous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilma" title="Bilma">Bilma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Djado" title="Djado">Djado</a> in the northern <a href="/wiki/Agadez_Region" title="Agadez Region">Agadez Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these finds have been linked with the <a href="/wiki/Aterian" title="Aterian">Aterian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a> tool cultures of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a> period, which flourished in northern Africa circa 90,000 BC–20,000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bradt_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that these humans lived a hunter-gatherer lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the prehistoric <a href="/wiki/African_humid_period" title="African humid period">African humid period</a>, the climate of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> was wetter and more fertile, a phenomenon archaeologists refer to as the "Green Sahara", which provided "favourable" conditions for hunting and later agriculture and livestock herding.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> era, beginning circa 10,000 BC, saw a number of changes such as the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> (as evidenced at Tagalagal, Temet and Tin Ouffadene), the spread of cattle husbandry, and the burying of the dead in stone <a href="/wiki/Tumuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumuli">tumuli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the climate changed in the period 4000–2800 BC the Sahara gradually began <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">drying out</a>, forcing a change in settlement patterns to the south and east.<sup id="cite_ref-larousse-history_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larousse-history-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agriculture spread, including the planting of <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, and pottery production.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iron and copper items appear in this era, with finds including those at <a href="/wiki/Azawagh" title="Azawagh">Azawagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takedda" title="Takedda">Takedda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marendet" title="Marendet">Marendet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Termit_Massif" title="Termit Massif">Termit Massif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kiffian_culture" title="Kiffian culture">Kiffian</a> (circa 8000–6000 BC) and later <a href="/wiki/Tenerian_culture" title="Tenerian culture">Tenerian</a> (circa 5000–2500 BC) cultures, centred on <a href="/wiki/Adrar_Bous" title="Adrar Bous">Adrar Bous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gobero" title="Gobero">Gobero</a> where skeletons have been uncovered, flourished during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clark_&_DGG_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_&_DGG-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scidaily_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scidaily-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Societies continued to grow with regional differentiation in agricultural and funerary practices. A culture of this period is the <a href="/wiki/Bura_culture" title="Bura culture">Bura culture</a> (circa 200–1300 AD) named for the <a href="/wiki/Bura_archaeological_site" title="Bura archaeological site">Bura archaeological site</a> where a burial replete with iron and ceramic statuettes were discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Neolithic era saw the flourishing of Saharan rock art, including in the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFr_Mountains" title="Aïr Mountains">Aïr Mountains</a>, Termit Massif, Djado Plateau, Iwelene, Arakao, Tamakon, Tzerzait, <a href="/wiki/Iferouane" title="Iferouane">Iferouane</a>, Mammanet and <a href="/wiki/Dabous_Giraffes" title="Dabous Giraffes">Dabous</a>; the art spans the period from 10,000 BC to 100 AD and depicts a range of subjects, from the varied fauna of the landscape to depictions of spear-carrying figures dubbed 'Libyan warriors'.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shillington_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shillington-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empires_and_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Niger">Empires and kingdoms in pre-colonial Niger</h3></div> <p>By at least the 5th century BC the territory of what is now Niger had become an area of trans-Saharan trade. Led by <a href="/wiki/Tuareg" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuareg">Tuareg</a> tribes from the north, camels were used as a means of transportation through what is later a desert.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Masonen_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masonen-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mobility which would continue in waves for centuries was accompanied with further migration to the south and intermixing between sub-Saharan African and North African populations, and the spread of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was aided by the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest of the Maghreb</a> in the 7th century, the result of three Arab invasions, which resulted in population movements to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-larousse-history_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larousse-history-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Empires and kingdoms existed in the Sahel during this era. The following adopts a roughly chronological account of some empires. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mali_Empire_(1200s–1400s)"><span id="Mali_Empire_.281200s.E2.80.931400s.29"></span>Mali Empire (1200s–1400s)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a></div> <p>The Mali Empire was a <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a> empire founded by <a href="/wiki/Sundiata_Keita" title="Sundiata Keita">Sundiata Keita</a> (r. 1230–1255) in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1230</span> and existed until the 1600s. As detailed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Sundiata" title="Epic of Sundiata">Epic of Sundiata</a></i>, Mali emerged as a breakaway region of the <a href="/wiki/Sosso_Empire" title="Sosso Empire">Sosso Empire</a> which itself had split from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a>. Thereafter Mali defeated the Sosso at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirina" title="Battle of Kirina">Battle of Kirina</a> in 1235 and then Ghana in 1240.<sup id="cite_ref-oxfordre1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfordre1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From its heartland around the later Guinea-Mali border region, the empire expanded under successive kings and came to dominate the Trans-Saharan trade routes, reaching its greatest extent during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Mansa_Musa" title="Mansa Musa">Mansa Musa</a> (r. 1312–1337).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At this point parts of what are now Niger's <a href="/wiki/Tillab%C3%A9ri_Region" title="Tillabéri Region">Tillabéri Region</a> fell under Malian rule.<sup id="cite_ref-oxfordre1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfordre1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Muslim, Mansa Musa performed the <i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a></i> in 1324–25 and encouraged the spread of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in the empire, and it "appears that most ordinary citizens continued to maintain their traditional animist beliefs instead of or alongside the new religion".<sup id="cite_ref-oxfordre1_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfordre1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ancient1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancient1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The empire began "declining" in the 15th century due to a combination of internecine strife over the royal succession, weak kings, the shift of European trade routes to the coast, and rebellions in the empire's periphery by <a href="/wiki/Mossi_people" title="Mossi people">Mossi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuareg" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuareg">Tuareg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Songhai_people" title="Songhai people">Songhai</a> peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-ancient1_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancient1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rump Mali kingdom continued to exist until the 1600s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Songhai_Empire_(1000s–1591)"><span id="Songhai_Empire_.281000s.E2.80.931591.29"></span>Songhai Empire (1000s–1591)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SONGHAI_empire_map.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/SONGHAI_empire_map.PNG/220px-SONGHAI_empire_map.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/SONGHAI_empire_map.PNG/330px-SONGHAI_empire_map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/SONGHAI_empire_map.PNG/440px-SONGHAI_empire_map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="988" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Songhai Empire, overlaid over modern boundaries</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a> was named for its main ethnic group, the <a href="/wiki/Songhai_people" title="Songhai people">Songhai or Sonrai</a>, and was centred on the bend of the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>. Songhai began settling this region from the 7th to 9th centuries;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by the 11th century <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a> (capital of the former <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gao" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Gao">Kingdom of Gao</a>) had become the empire's capital.<sup id="cite_ref-boubou-hama_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boubou-hama-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-countrystudy_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudy-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1000 to 1325, the Songhai Empire managed to maintain peace with the Mali Empire, its neighbour to the west. In 1325 Songhai was conquered by Mali until regaining its independence in 1375.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Under king <a href="/wiki/Sonni_Ali" title="Sonni Ali">Sonni Ali</a> (r. 1464–1492) Songhai adopted an expansionist policy which reached its apogee during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Askia_Mohammad_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Askia Mohammad I">Askia Mohammad I</a> (r. 1493–1528); at this point the empire had expanded from its Niger-bend heartland, including to the east where most of later western Niger fell under its rule, including <a href="/wiki/Agadez" title="Agadez">Agadez</a> which was conquered in 1496.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The empire was unable to withstand repeated attacks from the <a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadi dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and was decisively defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tondibi" title="Battle of Tondibi">Battle of Tondibi</a> in 1591; it then collapsed into a number of smaller kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudy_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudy-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sultanate_of_Aïr_(1400s–1906)"><span id="Sultanate_of_A.C3.AFr_.281400s.E2.80.931906.29"></span>Sultanate of Aïr (1400s–1906)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1997_277-9A_Agadez_mosque_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/1997_277-9A_Agadez_mosque_cropped.jpg/220px-1997_277-9A_Agadez_mosque_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/1997_277-9A_Agadez_mosque_cropped.jpg/330px-1997_277-9A_Agadez_mosque_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/1997_277-9A_Agadez_mosque_cropped.jpg/440px-1997_277-9A_Agadez_mosque_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Agadez_Mosque" title="Agadez Mosque">The Grand Mosque of Agadez</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_A%C3%AFr" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Aïr">Sultanate of Aïr</a></div> <p>In <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1449</span> in the north of what is now Niger, the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_A%C3%AFr" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Aïr">Sultanate of Aïr</a> was founded by Sultan Ilisawan, based in <a href="/wiki/Agadez" title="Agadez">Agadez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formerly a trading post inhabited by a mixture of Hausa and Tuaregs, it grew as a strategic position on the Trans-Saharan trade routes. In 1515, Aïr was conquered by Songhai, remaining a part of that empire until its collapse in 1591.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following centuries, it "seems that the sultanate entered a decline" marked by internecine wars and clan conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Europeans began exploring the region in the 19th century, most of Agadez lay in ruins and was taken over by the French (<i>see below</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kanem–Bornu_Empire_(700s–1700s)"><span id="Kanem.E2.80.93Bornu_Empire_.28700s.E2.80.931700s.29"></span>Kanem–Bornu Empire (700s–1700s)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem–Bornu Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Damagaram" title="Sultanate of Damagaram">Sultanate of Damagaram</a></div> <p>To the east, the <a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem–Bornu Empire</a> dominated the region around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a> for a period.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudy_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudy-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was founded by the <a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_people" title="Zaghawa people">Zaghawa</a> around the 8th century and based in <a href="/wiki/Njimi" title="Njimi">Njimi</a>, north-east of the lake. The kingdom gradually expanded, including during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Sayfawa_dynasty" title="Sayfawa dynasty">Sayfawa dynasty</a> which began in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1075</span> under <i>Mai</i> (king) <a href="/wiki/Hummay" title="Hummay">Hummay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ancient2_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancient2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdom reached its greatest extent in the 1200s, partly due to the effort of <i>Mai</i> <a href="/wiki/Dunama_Dibbalemi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunama Dibbalemi">Dunama Dibbalemi</a> (r. 1210–1259), and grew "richer" from its control of some Trans-Saharan trade routes; most of eastern and south-eastern Niger, including <a href="/wiki/Bilma" title="Bilma">Bilma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaouar" title="Kaouar">Kaouar</a>, was under Kanem's control in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islam had been introduced to the kingdom by Arab traders from the 11th century, gaining more converts over the following centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-ancient2_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancient2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attacks by the <a href="/wiki/Bulala" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulala">Bulala</a> people in the 14th century forced Kanem to shift westwards of Lake Chad where it became known as the Bornu Empire ruled from its capital <a href="/wiki/Ngazargamu" title="Ngazargamu">Ngazargamu</a> on what is later the <a href="/wiki/Niger-Nigeria_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Nigeria border">Niger-Nigeria border</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ancient2_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancient2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bornu "prospered" during the rule of <i>Mai</i> <a href="/wiki/Idris_Alooma" title="Idris Alooma">Idris Alooma</a> (r. circa 1575–1610) and re-conquered most of the "traditional lands" of Kanem, hence the designation 'Kanem–Bornu' for the empire. By the 17th century and into the 18th the Bornu kingdom had entered a "period of decline", shrinking back to its Lake Chad heartland.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudy_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudy-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ancient2_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancient2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Circa 1730–40 a group of <a href="/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri</a> settlers led by Mallam Yunus left Kanem and founded the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Damagaram" title="Sultanate of Damagaram">Sultanate of Damagaram</a>, centred on the town of <a href="/wiki/Zinder" title="Zinder">Zinder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sultanate remained nominally subject to the <a href="/wiki/Borno_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Borno Empire">Borno Empire</a> until the reign of Sultan Tanimoune Dan Souleymane in the 19th century, who declared independence and initiated a phase of expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt_23-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sultanate managed to resist the advance of the Sokoto Caliphate (<i>see below</i>), and was later captured by the French in 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt_23-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Hausa_states_and_other_smaller_kingdoms_(1400s–1800s)"><span id="The_Hausa_states_and_other_smaller_kingdoms_.281400s.E2.80.931800s.29"></span>The Hausa states and other smaller kingdoms (1400s–1800s)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo1906_Zinder_overview.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Photo1906_Zinder_overview.jpg/220px-Photo1906_Zinder_overview.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Photo1906_Zinder_overview.jpg/330px-Photo1906_Zinder_overview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Photo1906_Zinder_overview.jpg/440px-Photo1906_Zinder_overview.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Overlooking the town of <a href="/wiki/Zinder" title="Zinder">Zinder</a> and the Sultan's Palace from the French fort (1906). The arrival of the French spelled an end for precolonial states like the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Damagaram" title="Sultanate of Damagaram">Sultanate of Damagaram</a> which carried on only as ceremonial "chiefs" appointed by the colonial government.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms" title="Hausa Kingdoms">Hausa Kingdoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dosso_Kingdom" title="Dosso Kingdom">Dosso Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dendi_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendi Kingdom">Dendi Kingdom</a></div> <p>Between the Niger River and Lake Chad lay <a href="/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms" title="Hausa Kingdoms">Hausa Kingdoms</a>, encompassing the cultural-linguistic area known as <a href="/wiki/Hausaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Hausaland">Hausaland</a> which straddles what later became the <a href="/wiki/Niger-Nigeria_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Nigeria border">Niger-Nigeria border</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ancient3_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancient3-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hausa are thought to be a mixture of autochthonous peoples and migrant peoples from the north and east, emerging as a distinct people sometime in the 900s–1400s when the kingdoms were founded.<sup id="cite_ref-ancient3_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancient3-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bradt_23-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They gradually adopted Islam from the 14th century, and sometimes this existed alongside other religions, developing into syncretic forms; some Hausa groups such as the Azna resisted Islam altogether (the area of <a href="/wiki/Dogondoutchi" title="Dogondoutchi">Dogondoutchi</a> remains an animist stronghold).<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt_23-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-countrystudy_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudy-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hausa kingdoms were not a compact entity but several federations of kingdoms more or less independent of one other. Their organisation was hierarchical and somewhat democratic: the Hausa kings were elected by the notables of the country and could be removed by them.<sup id="cite_ref-boubou-hama_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boubou-hama-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hausa Kingdoms began as seven states founded, according to the <a href="/wiki/Bayajidda" title="Bayajidda">Bayajidda</a> legend, by the six sons of Bawo.<sup id="cite_ref-ancient3_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancient3-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-countrystudy_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudy-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bawo was the only son of the Hausa queen <a href="/wiki/Daurama" title="Daurama">Daurama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bayajidda" title="Bayajidda">Bayajidda</a> or (<a href="/wiki/Abu_Yazid" title="Abu Yazid">Abu Yazid</a> according to certain historians) who came from <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. The seven original Hausa states (also referred to as the 'Hausa bakwai') were: <a href="/wiki/Daura_Emirate" title="Daura Emirate">Daura</a> (state of queen <a href="/wiki/Daurama" title="Daurama">Daurama</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Kano" title="Sultanate of Kano">Kano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rano" title="Rano">Rano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zazzau" title="Zazzau">Zaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir">Gobir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katsina_(city)" title="Katsina (city)">Katsina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadejia" title="Hadejia">Biram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boubou-hama_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boubou-hama-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bradt_23-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extension of the legend states that Bawo had a further seven sons with a concubine, who went on to found the so-called 'Banza (<i>illegitimate</i>) Bakwai': <a href="/wiki/Zamfara" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamfara">Zamfara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kebbi_Emirate" title="Kebbi Emirate">Kebbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nupe_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nupe Kingdom">Nupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwari" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwari">Gwari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yauri_Emirate" title="Yauri Emirate">Yauri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilorin_Emirate" title="Ilorin Emirate">Ilorin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kwararafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwararafa">Kwararafa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A smaller state not fitting into this scheme was <a href="/wiki/Konni_(Hausa_state)" title="Konni (Hausa state)">Konni</a>, centred on <a href="/wiki/Birni-N%27Konni" title="Birni-N'Konni">Birni-N'Konni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913.png/250px-Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913.png/375px-Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913.png/500px-Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913.png 2x" data-file-width="2311" data-file-height="1142" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of Africa in the years 1880 and 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fulani" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani">Fulani</a> (also called Peul, Fulbe etc.), a pastoral people found throughout the Sahel, began migrating to Hausaland during the 1200s–1500s.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudy_47-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudy-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ancient3_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancient3-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the later 18th century some Fulani were unhappy with the syncretic form of Islam practised there; exploiting also the populace's disdain with corruption amongst the Hausa elite, the Fulani scholar <a href="/wiki/Usman_Dan_Fodio" class="mw-redirect" title="Usman Dan Fodio">Usman Dan Fodio</a> (from Gobir) declared a <a href="/wiki/Fulani_jihad" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani jihad">jihad</a> in 1804.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bradt_23-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fisher1975_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fisher1975-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After conquering most of Hausaland (though not the Bornu Kingdom, which remained independent), he proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a> in 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-ancient3_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancient3-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the Hausa states survived by fleeing south, such as the Katsina who moved to <a href="/wiki/Maradi,_Niger" title="Maradi, Niger">Maradi</a> in the south of what later became Niger.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudy_47-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudy-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these surviving states harassed the Caliphate and a period of wars and skirmishes commenced, with some states (such as Katsina and Gobir) maintaining independence whereas elsewhere newer ones were formed (such as the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tessaoua" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Tessaoua">Sultanate of Tessaoua</a>). The Caliphate managed to survive until, "fatally weakened" by the invasions of Chad-based warlord <a href="/wiki/Rabih_az-Zubayr" title="Rabih az-Zubayr">Rabih az-Zubayr</a>, it finally fell to the British in 1903, with its lands later being partitioned between Britain and France.<sup id="cite_ref-Falola-2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falola-2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other smaller kingdoms of the period include the <a href="/wiki/Dosso_Kingdom" title="Dosso Kingdom">Dosso Kingdom</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Zarma</a> polity founded in 1750, which resisted the rule of Hausa and Sokoto states.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_(1900–1958)"><span id="Colonial_.281900.E2.80.931958.29"></span>Colonial (1900–1958)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_West_Africa_-_DPLA_-_53944da3422ceec80ca02617ad7fb2e0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/French_West_Africa_-_DPLA_-_53944da3422ceec80ca02617ad7fb2e0.jpg/220px-French_West_Africa_-_DPLA_-_53944da3422ceec80ca02617ad7fb2e0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/French_West_Africa_-_DPLA_-_53944da3422ceec80ca02617ad7fb2e0.jpg/330px-French_West_Africa_-_DPLA_-_53944da3422ceec80ca02617ad7fb2e0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/French_West_Africa_-_DPLA_-_53944da3422ceec80ca02617ad7fb2e0.jpg/440px-French_West_Africa_-_DPLA_-_53944da3422ceec80ca02617ad7fb2e0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4536" data-file-height="3314" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> in 1949</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Senegambia_and_Niger" title="Senegambia and Niger">Senegambia and Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Senegal_and_Niger" title="Upper Senegal and Niger">Upper Senegal and Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Niger" title="Colony of Niger">Colony of Niger</a></div> <p>In the 19th century, some European explorers travelled in the area that would become known as Niger, such as <a href="/wiki/Mungo_Park_(explorer)" title="Mungo Park (explorer)">Mungo Park</a> (in 1805–1806), the <a href="/wiki/Walter_Oudney" title="Walter Oudney">Oudney</a>-<a href="/wiki/Dixon_Denham" title="Dixon Denham">Denham</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hugh_Clapperton" title="Hugh Clapperton">Clapperton</a> expedition (1822–25), <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Barth" title="Heinrich Barth">Heinrich Barth</a> (1850–55 with <a href="/wiki/James_Richardson_(explorer)" title="James Richardson (explorer)">James Richardson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Overweg" title="Adolf Overweg">Adolf Overweg</a>), <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gerhard_Rohlfs" title="Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs">Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs</a> (1865–1867), <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Nachtigal" title="Gustav Nachtigal">Gustav Nachtigal</a> (1869–1874) and <a href="/wiki/Parfait-Louis_Monteil" title="Parfait-Louis Monteil">Parfait-Louis Monteil</a> (1890–1892).<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt_23-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some European countries already possessed coastal colonies in Africa, and in the latter half of the century they began to turn their eyes towards the interior of the continent. This process, known as the '<a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>', culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">1885 Berlin conference</a> in which the colonial powers outlined the division of Africa into spheres of influence. As a result of this, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> gained control of the upper valley of the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a> (roughly equivalent to the present territory of <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> and Niger).<sup id="cite_ref-IBS093_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBS093-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France then set about making a reality of their rule on the ground. In 1897, the French officer <a href="/wiki/Marius_Gabriel_Cazemajou" title="Marius Gabriel Cazemajou">Marius Gabriel Cazemajou</a> was sent to Niger. He reached the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Damagaram" title="Sultanate of Damagaram">Sultanate of Damagaram</a> in 1898, and stayed in <a href="/wiki/Zinder" title="Zinder">Zinder</a> at the court of Sultan Amadou Kouran Daga. He was later killed, as Daga feared he would ally with the Chad-based warlord Rabih az-Zubayr.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1899–1900, France coordinated three expeditions—the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Gentil" title="Émile Gentil">Gentil Mission</a> from <a href="/wiki/French_Congo" title="French Congo">French Congo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lamy" title="Amédée-François Lamy">Foureau-Lamy Mission</a> from <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Voulet%E2%80%93Chanoine_Mission" title="Voulet–Chanoine Mission">Voulet–Chanoine Mission</a> from <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>—with the aim of linking France's African possessions.<sup id="cite_ref-IBS093_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBS093-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three eventually met at <a href="/wiki/Kouss%C3%A9ri" title="Kousséri">Kousséri</a> (in the far north of <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>) and defeated Rabih az-Zubayr's forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kouss%C3%A9ri" title="Battle of Kousséri">Battle of Kousséri</a>. The Voulet-Chanoine Mission was "marred by atrocities", and "became notorious" for pillaging, looting, raping and killing local civilians on its passage throughout southern Niger.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bradt_23-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 May 1899, in retaliation for the resistance of queen <a href="/wiki/Sarraounia" title="Sarraounia">Sarraounia</a>, captain Voulet and his men murdered all the inhabitants of the village of <a href="/wiki/Birni-N%27Konni" title="Birni-N'Konni">Birni-N'Konni</a> in what is regarded as "one of the worst massacres in French colonial history".<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "brutal" methods of Voulet and Chanoine caused a "scandal" and Paris was forced to intervene; when Lieutenant-Colonel <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Klobb" title="Jean-François Klobb">Jean-François Klobb</a> caught up with the mission near <a href="/wiki/Tessaoua" title="Tessaoua">Tessaoua</a> to relieve them of command he was killed. Lt. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Joalland" title="Paul Joalland">Paul Joalland</a>, Klobb's former officer, and Lt. <a href="/wiki/Octave_Meynier" title="Octave Meynier">Octave Meynier</a> eventually took over the mission following a mutiny in which Voulet and Chanoine were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt_23-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Military Territory of Niger was subsequently created within the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Senegal_and_Niger" title="Upper Senegal and Niger">Upper Senegal and Niger</a> colony (later Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger) in December 1904 with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt_23-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Niger-Nigeria_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Nigeria border">border</a> with Britain's colony of Nigeria to the south was finalised in 1910, a rough delimitation having already been agreed by the two powers via treaties during the period 1898–1906.<sup id="cite_ref-IBS093_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBS093-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capital of the territory was moved to Zinder in 1912 when the Niger Military Territory was split off from Upper Senegal and Niger, before being moved back to Niamey in 1922 when Niger became a fully fledged colony within <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt_23-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The borders of Niger were drawn up in stages and had been fixed at their later position by the 1930s. Territorial adjustments took place in this period: the areas west of the Niger river were <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Niger_border" title="Burkina Faso–Niger border">attached</a> to Niger in 1926–1927, and during the dissolution of Upper Volta (modern Burkina Faso) in 1932–1947 most of the east of that territory was added to Niger;<sup id="cite_ref-IBS146_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBS146-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the east the <a href="/wiki/Tibesti_Mountains" title="Tibesti Mountains">Tibesti Mountains</a> were <a href="/wiki/Chad-Niger_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Chad-Niger border">transferred</a> to Chad in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-IBS73_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBS73-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French generally adopted a form of indirect rule, allowing existing native structures to continue to exist within the colonial framework of governance providing that they acknowledged French supremacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt_23-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zarma of the Dosso Kingdom in particular proved amenable to French rule, using them as allies against the encroachments of Hausa and other nearby states; over time the Zarma thus became one of the "more educated and westernised" groups in Niger.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perceived threats to French rule, such as the Kobkitanda rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Dosso_Region" title="Dosso Region">Dosso Region</a> (1905–1906), led by the blind cleric Alfa Saibou, and the Karma revolt in the Niger valley (December 1905 – March 1906) led by Oumarou Karma were suppressed with force, as were the latter <a href="/wiki/Hamallayya" title="Hamallayya">Hamallayya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hauka" title="Hauka">Hauka</a> religious movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt_23-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While "largely successful" in subduing the "sedentary" populations of the south, the French faced "considerably more difficulty" with the Tuareg in the north (centered on the Sultanate of Aïr in Agadez), and France was unable to occupy Agadez until 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt_23-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tuareg resistance continued, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> of 1916–1917, led by <a href="/wiki/Ag_Mohammed_Wau_Teguidda_Kaocen" title="Ag Mohammed Wau Teguidda Kaocen">Ag Mohammed Wau Teguidda Kaocen</a>, with backing from the <a href="/wiki/Senussi" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi">Senussi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a>; the revolt was violently suppressed and Kaocen fled to Fezzan where he was later killed.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A puppet sultan was set up by the French and the "decline and marginalisation" of the north of the colony continued, exacerbated by a series of droughts.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it remained "something of a backwater", some limited economic development took place in Niger during the colonial years, such as the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Hausa_groundnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Hausa groundnut">groundnut</a> cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt_23-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Measures to improve food security following a series of devastating famines in 1913, 1920, and 1931 were introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt_23-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, during which time mainland France was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> issued the Brazzaville Declaration, declaring that the French colonial empire would be replaced post-war with a less centralised <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French Union, which lasted from 1946 to 1958, conferred a limited form of French citizenship on the inhabitants of the colonies, with some decentralisation of power and limited participation in political life for local advisory assemblies. It was during this period that the <a href="/wiki/Nigerien_Progressive_Party_%E2%80%93_African_Democratic_Rally" title="Nigerien Progressive Party – African Democratic Rally">Nigerien Progressive Party</a> (<i>Parti Progressiste Nigérien</i>, or PPN, originally a branch of the African Democratic Rally, or <i><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_D%C3%A9mocratique_Africain" title="Rassemblement Démocratique Africain">Rassemblement Démocratique Africain</a></i> – RDA) was formed under the leadership of former teacher <a href="/wiki/Hamani_Diori" title="Hamani Diori">Hamani Diori</a>, as was the left-wing <a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Socialiste_Africain-Sawaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement Socialiste Africain-Sawaba">Mouvement Socialiste Africain-Sawaba</a> (MSA), led by <a href="/wiki/Djibo_Bakary" title="Djibo Bakary">Djibo Bakary</a>. Following the Overseas Reform Act (<i>Loi Cadre</i>) of 23 July 1956 and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth French Republic">Fifth French Republic</a> on 4 December 1958, Niger became an autonomous state within the <a href="/wiki/French_Community" title="French Community">French Community</a>. On 18 December 1958, an autonomous Republic of Niger was officially created under the leadership of Hamani Diori. MSA was banned in 1959 for its perceived excessive anti-French stance.<sup id="cite_ref-djibo03_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-djibo03-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 July 1960, Niger decided to leave the French Community and acquired full independence at midnight, local time, on 3 August 1960;<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diori thus became the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Niger">president</a> of the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-colonial_(1960–)"><span id="Post-colonial_.281960.E2.80.93.29"></span>Post-colonial (1960–)</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diori_years_(1960–1974)"><span id="Diori_years_.281960.E2.80.931974.29"></span>Diori years (1960–1974)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F028554-0009,_Niger,_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F028554-0009%2C_Niger%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F028554-0009%2C_Niger%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F028554-0009%2C_Niger%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F028554-0009%2C_Niger%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F028554-0009%2C_Niger%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F028554-0009%2C_Niger%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Hamani_Diori" title="Hamani Diori">Hamani Diori</a> and visiting <a href="/wiki/German_President" class="mw-redirect" title="German President">German President</a> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke" title="Heinrich Lübke">Heinrich Lübke</a> greet crowds on a state visit to Niamey, 1969. Diori's single party rule was characterised by "good" relations with the West and a preoccupation with foreign affairs.</figcaption></figure> <p>For its first 14 years as an independent state, Niger was run by a single-party civilian regime under the presidency of Hamani Diori.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1960s saw an expansion of the education system and some limited economic development and industrialisation.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Links with France remained, with Diori allowing the development of French-led <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> mining in <a href="/wiki/Arlit" title="Arlit">Arlit</a> and supporting France in the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations with other African states were mostly "positive", with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a> (Benin), owing to a <a href="/wiki/Benin-Niger_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin-Niger border">border</a> dispute. Niger remained a one-party state throughout this period, with Diori surviving a planned coup in 1963 and an assassination attempt in 1965; most of this activity was masterminded by Djibo Bakary's MSA-Sawaba group which had launched an abortive rebellion in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s, a combination of economic difficulties, <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">droughts</a> and accusations of rampant corruption and mismanagement of food supplies resulted in a <a href="/wiki/1974_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Nigerien coup d'état">coup d'état</a> that overthrew the Diori regime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_military_regime_(1974–1991)"><span id="First_military_regime_.281974.E2.80.931991.29"></span>First military regime (1974–1991)</h4></div> <p>The coup had been masterminded by Col. <a href="/wiki/Seyni_Kountch%C3%A9" title="Seyni Kountché">Seyni Kountché</a> and a military group under the name of the <i>Conseil Militaire Supreme</i>, with Kountché going on to rule the country until his death in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first action of the military government was to address the food crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst political prisoners of the Diori regime were released after the coup, political and individual freedoms in general deteriorated during this period. There were attempted coups (in 1975, 1976 and 1984) which were thwarted, their instigators being punished.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seyni_Kountche_1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Seyni_Kountche_1983.jpg/250px-Seyni_Kountche_1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Seyni_Kountche_1983.jpg/330px-Seyni_Kountche_1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Seyni_Kountche_1983.jpg/500px-Seyni_Kountche_1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13926" data-file-height="9387" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Seyni_Kountch%C3%A9" title="Seyni Kountché">Seyni Kountché</a> during the state visit of West German President <a href="/wiki/Karl_Carstens" title="Karl Carstens">Karl Carstens</a> to Niger in 1983</figcaption></figure> <p>Kountché sought to create a 'development society', funded mostly by the uranium mines in <a href="/wiki/Agadez_Region" title="Agadez Region">Agadez Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Parastatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Parastatal">Parastatal</a> companies were created, infrastructure (building and new roads, schools, health centres) constructed, and there was corruption in government agencies, which Kountché did not hesitate to punish.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, Kountché began cautiously loosening the grip of the military, with some relaxation of state censorship and attempts made to 'civilianise' the regime.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economic boom ended following the collapse in uranium prices, and <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>-led austerity and privatisation measures provoked opposition by some Nigeriens.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, a Tuareg revolt in <a href="/wiki/Tchintabaraden" title="Tchintabaraden">Tchintabaraden</a> was suppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kountché died in November 1987 from a brain tumour, and was succeeded by his chief of staff, Col. <a href="/wiki/Ali_Saibou" title="Ali Saibou">Ali Saibou</a> who was confirmed as Chief of the Supreme Military Council four days later.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saibou curtailed the most repressive aspects of the Kountché era (such as the secret police and media censorship), and set about introducing a process of political reform under the overall direction of a single party (the <i>Mouvement National pour la Société du Développement</i>, or MNSD).<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Second Republic was declared and a new constitution was drawn up, which was adopted following a <a href="/wiki/1989_Nigerien_constitutional_referendum" title="1989 Nigerien constitutional referendum">referendum</a> in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Saibou became the first president of the Second Republic after winning the <a href="/wiki/1989_Nigerien_general_election" title="1989 Nigerien general election">presidential election</a> on 10 December 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Saibou's efforts to control political reforms failed in the face of trade union and student demands to institute a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-party democracy">multi-party democratic system</a>. On 9 February 1990, a violently repressed student march in Niamey led to the death of three students, which led to increased national and international pressure for further democratic reform.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Saibou regime acquiesced to these demands by the end of 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, trouble re-emerged in Agadez Region when a group of armed Tuaregs attacked the town of Tchintabaraden (seen by some as the start of the first <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)" title="Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)">Tuareg Rebellion</a>), prompting a military crackdown which led to deaths (the precise numbers are disputed, with estimates ranging from 70 to up to 1,000).<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Saibou_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ali_Saibou_cropped.jpg/150px-Ali_Saibou_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ali_Saibou_cropped.jpg/225px-Ali_Saibou_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ali_Saibou_cropped.jpg/300px-Ali_Saibou_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ali_Saibou" title="Ali Saibou">Ali Saibou</a>, President 1987–93, helped oversee the transition from military to civilian rule.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Conference_and_Third_Republic_(1991–1996)"><span id="National_Conference_and_Third_Republic_.281991.E2.80.931996.29"></span>National Conference and Third Republic (1991–1996)</h4></div> <p>The National Sovereign Conference of 1991 brought about multi-party democracy. From 29 July to 3 November, a national conference gathered together all elements of society to make recommendations for the future direction of the country. The conference was presided over by Prof. <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Salifou" title="André Salifou">André Salifou</a> and developed a plan for a <a href="/wiki/Transitional_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional government">transitional government</a>; this was then installed in November 1991 to manage the affairs of state until the institutions of the Third Republic were put into place in April 1993. After the National Sovereign Conference, the transitional government drafted a constitution that eliminated the previous single-party system of the 1989 Constitution and guaranteed more freedoms. The new constitution was adopted by a <a href="/wiki/1992_Nigerien_constitutional_referendum" title="1992 Nigerien constitutional referendum">referendum</a> on 26 December 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this, presidential <a href="/wiki/1993_Nigerien_parliamentary_election" title="1993 Nigerien parliamentary election">elections</a> were held and <a href="/wiki/Mahamane_Ousmane" title="Mahamane Ousmane">Mahamane Ousmane</a> became the first president of the Third Republic on 27 March 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ousmane's presidency saw four government changes and legislative <a href="/wiki/1995_Nigerien_parliamentary_election" title="1995 Nigerien parliamentary election">elections</a> in 1995, and an economic slump.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The violence in Agadez Region continued during this period, prompting the Nigerien government to sign a truce with Tuareg rebels in 1992 which was ineffective owing to internal dissension within the Tuareg ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another rebellion, led by dissatisfied <a href="/wiki/Toubou" class="mw-redirect" title="Toubou">Toubou</a> peoples claiming that, like the Tuareg, the Nigerien government had neglected their region, broke out in the east of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1995 a peace deal with a Tuareg rebel group was signed, with the government agreeing to absorb some former rebels into the military and, with French assistance, help others return to a productive civilian life.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_and_third_military_regimes_(1996–1999)"><span id="Second_and_third_military_regimes_.281996.E2.80.931999.29"></span>Second and third military regimes (1996–1999)</h4></div> <p>The governmental paralysis prompted the military to intervene; on 27 January 1996, Col. <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Bar%C3%A9_Ma%C3%AFnassara" title="Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara">Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara</a> led a <a href="/wiki/1996_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1996 Nigerien coup d'état">coup</a> that deposed President Ousmane and ended the Third Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Obit_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obit-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maïnassara headed a <i>Conseil de Salut National</i> (National Salvation Council) composed of military officials which carried out a six-month transition period, during which a constitution was drafted and adopted on 12 May 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Presidential campaigns were organised in the months that followed. Maïnassara entered the campaign as an independent candidate and won the <a href="/wiki/1996_Nigerien_parliamentary_election" title="1996 Nigerien parliamentary election">election</a> on 8 July 1996, the elections were viewed nationally and internationally by some as irregular, as the electoral commission was replaced during the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Maïnassara instigated an <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>-approved privatisation programme which enriched some of his supporters and were opposed by the trade unions.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following fraudulent local elections in 1999 the opposition ceased any cooperation with the Maïnassara regime.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In unknown circumstances (possibly attempting to flee the country), Maïnassara was assassinated at <a href="/wiki/Niamey_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Niamey Airport">Niamey Airport</a> on 9 April 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maj. <a href="/wiki/Daouda_Malam_Wank%C3%A9" title="Daouda Malam Wanké">Daouda Malam Wanké</a> then took over, establishing a transitional National Reconciliation Council to oversee the drafting of a constitution with a French-style <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential system</a>. This was adopted on 9 August 1999 and was followed by presidential and legislative <a href="/wiki/1999_Nigerien_general_election" title="1999 Nigerien general election">elections</a> in October and November of the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elections were generally found to be free and fair by international observers. Wanké then withdrew from governmental affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fifth_Republic_(1999–2009)"><span id="Fifth_Republic_.281999.E2.80.932009.29"></span>Fifth Republic (1999–2009)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigerien_MNJ_fighter_technical_gun.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Nigerien_MNJ_fighter_technical_gun.JPG" decoding="async" width="195" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="131" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> rebel fighter in northern Niger during the Second Tuareg Rebellion, 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>After winning the election in November 1999, President <a href="/wiki/Tandja_Mamadou" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandja Mamadou">Tandja Mamadou</a> was sworn into office on 22 December 1999 as the first president of the Fifth Republic. Mamadou brought about administrative and economic reforms that had been halted due to the military coups since the Third Republic, and helped peacefully resolve a decades-long boundary dispute with Benin.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2002, unrest within military camps occurred in <a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diffa" title="Diffa">Diffa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nguigmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguigmi">Nguigmi</a>, and the government was able to restore order within days. On 24 July 2004, municipal elections were held to elect local representatives, previously appointed by the government. These elections were followed by presidential elections, in which Mamadou was re-elected for a second term, thus becoming the first president of the republic to win consecutive elections without being deposed by military coups.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislative and executive configuration remained somewhat similar to that of the first term of the president: <a href="/wiki/Hama_Amadou" title="Hama Amadou">Hama Amadou</a> was reappointed as prime minister and <a href="/wiki/Mahamane_Ousmane" title="Mahamane Ousmane">Mahamane Ousmane</a>, the head of the CDS party, was re-elected as the president of the National Assembly (parliament) by his peers. </p><p>By 2007, the relationship between President Tandja Mamadou and his prime minister had "deteriorated", leading to the replacement of the latter in June 2007 by <a href="/wiki/Seyni_Oumarou" title="Seyni Oumarou">Seyni Oumarou</a> following a successful vote of no confidence at the Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Tandja Mamadou sought to extend his presidency by modifying the constitution which limited presidential terms. Proponents of the extended presidency, who rallied behind the 'Tazartche' (Hausa for 'overstay') movement, were countered by opponents ('anti-Tazartche') composed of opposition party militants and civil society activists.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The north saw the outbreak of a <a href="/wiki/Second_Tuareg_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Tuareg Rebellion">Second Tuareg Rebellion</a> in 2007 led by the <i><a href="/wiki/Niger_Movement_for_Justice" title="Niger Movement for Justice">Mouvement des Nigériens pour la justice</a></i> (MNJ). With a number of kidnappings the rebellion had "largely fizzled out inconclusively" by 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "poor" security situation in the region is thought to have allowed elements of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb</a> (AQIM) to gain a foothold in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sixth_republic_and_fourth_military_regime_(2009–2010)"><span id="Sixth_republic_and_fourth_military_regime_.282009.E2.80.932010.29"></span>Sixth republic and fourth military regime (2009–2010)</h4></div> <p>In 2009, President Tandja Mamadou decided to organize a constitutional referendum seeking to <a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932010_Nigerien_constitutional_crisis" title="2009–2010 Nigerien constitutional crisis">extend his presidency</a>, which was opposed by other political parties, and went against the decision of the Constitutional Court which had ruled that the referendum would be unconstitutional. Mamadou then modified and adopted a new constitution by referendum, which was declared illegal by the Constitutional Court, prompting Mamadou to dissolve the Court and assume emergency powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Reutersjune26_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reutersjune26-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opposition boycotted the referendum and the constitution was adopted with 92.5% of voters and a 68% turnout, according to official results. The adoption of the constitution created a Sixth Republic, with a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a>, the suspension of the 1999 Constitution, and a three-year interim government with Tandja Mamadou as president. The events generated political and social unrest.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/2010_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2010 Nigerien coup d'état">coup d'état</a> in February 2010, a military junta led by <a href="/wiki/Salou_Djibo" title="Salou Djibo">Salou Djibo</a> was established in response to Tandja's attempted extension of his political term.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_for_the_Restoration_of_Democracy" title="Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy">Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy</a>, headed by Djibo, carried out a one-year transition plan, drafted a constitution and held elections in 2011. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seventh_Republic_(2010–2023)"><span id="Seventh_Republic_.282010.E2.80.932023.29"></span>Seventh Republic (2010–2023)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niger,_Barkiawal_B%C3%A9ri_(04),_vue_a%C3%A9rienne_avec_RN25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Niger%2C_Barkiawal_B%C3%A9ri_%2804%29%2C_vue_a%C3%A9rienne_avec_RN25.jpg/220px-Niger%2C_Barkiawal_B%C3%A9ri_%2804%29%2C_vue_a%C3%A9rienne_avec_RN25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Niger%2C_Barkiawal_B%C3%A9ri_%2804%29%2C_vue_a%C3%A9rienne_avec_RN25.jpg/330px-Niger%2C_Barkiawal_B%C3%A9ri_%2804%29%2C_vue_a%C3%A9rienne_avec_RN25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Niger%2C_Barkiawal_B%C3%A9ri_%2804%29%2C_vue_a%C3%A9rienne_avec_RN25.jpg/440px-Niger%2C_Barkiawal_B%C3%A9ri_%2804%29%2C_vue_a%C3%A9rienne_avec_RN25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3999" data-file-height="2249" /></a><figcaption>Semi-arid Niger is threatened by further <a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Africa" title="Desertification in Africa">desertification</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the adoption of a constitution in 2010 and <a href="/wiki/2011_Nigerien_general_election" title="2011 Nigerien general election">presidential elections</a> a year later, <a href="/wiki/Mahamadou_Issoufou" title="Mahamadou Issoufou">Mahamadou Issoufou</a> was elected as the first president of the Seventh Republic; he was then <a href="/wiki/2016_Nigerien_general_election" title="2016 Nigerien general election">re-elected</a> in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution restored the semi-presidential system which had been abolished a year earlier. An attempted coup against him in 2011 was thwarted and its ringleaders arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-FITWreport_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FITWreport-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Issoufou's time in office was marked by threats to the country's security, stemming from the fallout from the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War">Libyan Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mali_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mali conflict">Northern Mali conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jihadist_insurgency_in_Niger" title="Jihadist insurgency in Niger">an insurgency in western Niger</a> by <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>, the spillover of Nigeria's <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> into south-eastern Niger, and the use of Niger as a transit country for migrants (often organised by <a href="/wiki/People-smuggling" class="mw-redirect" title="People-smuggling">people-smuggling</a> <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gangs</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French and American forces assisted Niger in countering these threats.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 December 2019, a large group of fighters belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_the_Greater_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in the Greater Sahara">Islamic State in the Greater Sahara</a> (IS-GS) <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inates" title="Battle of Inates">attacked</a> a military post in <a href="/wiki/Inates" title="Inates">Inates</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> killing over seventy <a href="/wiki/Niger_Armed_Forces" title="Niger Armed Forces">soldiers</a> and kidnapping others.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack was the deadliest single incident Niger's military has ever experienced.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 January 2020, a large group of IS-GS militants <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chinagodrar" title="Battle of Chinagodrar">assaulted</a> a Nigerien military base at Chinagodrar, in Niger's <a href="/wiki/Tillab%C3%A9ri_Region" title="Tillabéri Region">Tillabéri Region</a>, killing at least 89 Nigerien soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 December 2020, Nigeriens <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Nigerien_general_election" title="2020–21 Nigerien general election">went to the polls</a> after Issoufou announced he would step down, paving the way to a <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power">peaceful transition of power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No candidate won an absolute majority in the vote: <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bazoum" title="Mohamed Bazoum">Mohamed Bazoum</a> came closest with 39.33%. Per the constitution, a run-off election was held on 20 February 2021, with Bazoum taking 55.75% of the vote and opposition candidate (and former president) <a href="/wiki/Mahamane_Ousmane" title="Mahamane Ousmane">Mahamane Ousmane</a> taking 44.25%, according to the electoral commission.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the start of 2021 with the <a href="/wiki/Tchoma_Bangou_and_Zaroumdareye_massacres" title="Tchoma Bangou and Zaroumdareye massacres">Tchoma Bangou and Zaroumdareye massacres</a>, IS-GS began killing civilians en masse.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 March 2021, the IS-GS militants <a href="/wiki/Tillia_massacres" title="Tillia massacres">attacked</a> several villages around <a href="/wiki/Tillia" title="Tillia">Tillia</a>, killing 141 people, mostly civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 March 2021, Niger's security forces thwarted an <a href="/wiki/2021_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Nigerien coup d'état attempt">attempted coup</a> by a military unit in the capital, <a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a>. Gunfire was heard in the presidential palace. The attack took place two days before newly elected president <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bazoum" title="Mohamed Bazoum">Mohamed Bazoum</a> was due to be sworn into office. The Presidential Guard arrested some people during the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 April 2021, Bazoum was sworn in as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Niger">President of Niger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fifth_military_regime_(2023–present)"><span id="Fifth_military_regime_.282023.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Fifth military regime (2023–present)</h4></div> <p>Late on 26 July 2023, a <a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Nigerien coup d'état">coup by the military</a> overthrew Bazoum, putting an end to the Seventh Republic and the <a href="/wiki/Ouhoumoudou_Mahamadou%27s_government" title="Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou's government">government</a> of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ouhoumoudou_Mahamadou" title="Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou">Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 July, General <a href="/wiki/Abdourahamane_Tchiani" title="Abdourahamane Tchiani">Abdourahamane Tchiani</a> was proclaimed as the <i>de facto</i> head of state of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former finance minister <a href="/wiki/Ali_Lamine_Zeine" title="Ali Lamine Zeine">Ali Lamine Zeine</a> was declared the new <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Niger">Prime Minister of Niger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coup was condemned by ECOWAS, which in the <a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerien_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Nigerien crisis">2023 Nigerien crisis</a> threatened to use military intervention to reinstate the government of Bazoum if the coup leaders did not by 6 August.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deadline passed without military intervention, though ECOWAS imposed sanctions, including cuts of Nigerian energy exports to Niger which had previously provided 70–90% of Niger's power.<sup id="cite_ref-apnews.com_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apnews.com-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November the coup-led governments of Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger formed the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Sahel_States" title="Alliance of Sahel States">Alliance of Sahel States</a> in opposition to potential military intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 February 2024 several ECOWAS sanctions against Niger were dropped, reportedly for humanitarian and diplomatic reasons,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Nigeria agreed to resume electricity exports to Niger.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-apnews.com_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apnews.com-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the buildup to the August ECOWAS deadline, the junta requested help from the Russian <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though Wagner mercenaries were not known to have entered the country as a result.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In October the junta expelled French troops from the country, presenting the move as a step towards sovereignty from the former colonial power,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in December it suspended cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Francophonie" title="Francophonie">Francophonie</a> alleging its promotion of French interests.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UN resident coordinator <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Aubin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louise Aubin (page does not exist)">Louise Aubin</a> was also expelled in October after the junta alleged "underhanded maneuvers" by UN secretary-general António Guterres to prevent the country's participation in the UN General Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October the U.S. officially designated the takeover as a coup, suspending most Niger–U.S. military cooperation as well as hundreds of millions of dollars of foreign assistance programs.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2024, Russian military trainers and equipment began to arrive in Niger under a new military agreement,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the U.S. agreed to withdraw troops from Niger<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following the termination of a Niger–U.S. agreement that had allowed US personnel to be stationed in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Niger" title="Geography of Niger">Geography of Niger</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ng-map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ng-map.png/250px-Ng-map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ng-map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>A map of Niger</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niger_sat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Niger_sat.png/250px-Niger_sat.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Niger_sat.png/330px-Niger_sat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Niger_sat.png/500px-Niger_sat.png 2x" data-file-width="1901" data-file-height="1421" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of Niger</figcaption></figure> <p>Niger is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked" class="mw-redirect" title="Landlocked">landlocked</a> nation in West Africa located along the border between the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> regions. It borders <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> to the east. </p><p>Niger lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/11th_parallel_north" title="11th parallel north">11°</a> and <a href="/wiki/24th_parallel_north" title="24th parallel north">24°N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian" title="Prime meridian">0°</a> and <a href="/wiki/16th_meridian_east" title="16th meridian east">16°E</a>. Its area is 1.267 million km<sup>2</sup> (489,191 sq mi) of which 300 square kilometres (116 sq mi) is water. This makes it less than twice the size of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and the world's 21st-largest country.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Niger borders seven countries and has a total perimeter of 5,697 kilometres (3,540 mi). The longest border is with <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> to the south (1,497 km or 930 mi). This is followed by <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> to the east, at 1,175 km (730 mi), <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> to the north-north-west (956 km or 594 mi), and <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> at 821 km (510 mi). Niger has borders in its further south-west with <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> at 628 kilometres (390 mi) and <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> at 266 km (165 mi) and to the north-north-east <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> at 354 km (220 mi). </p><p>The lowest point in Niger is the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a>, with an elevation of 200 metres (656 ft). The highest point is <a href="/wiki/Mont_Idoukal-n-Tagh%C3%A8s" title="Mont Idoukal-n-Taghès">Mont Idoukal-n-Taghès</a> in the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFr_Mountains" title="Aïr Mountains">Aïr Mountains</a> at 2,022 m (6,634 ft). </p><p>Niger's terrain is predominantly desert plains and <a href="/wiki/Sand_dune" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand dune">sand dunes</a>, with flat to rolling savanna in the south and hills in the north. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sahel_drought" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahel drought">Sahel drought</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_NER_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Koppen-Geiger_Map_NER_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_NER_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Koppen-Geiger_Map_NER_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_NER_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Koppen-Geiger_Map_NER_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_NER_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1313" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Map of Köppen climate classification</figcaption></figure> <p>The hotter and drier climate within <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> areas causes more frequent fires in some regions.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the south, there is a tropical climate on the edges of the Niger River basin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Niger" title="Wildlife of Niger">Wildlife of Niger</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant_dust_bath_park_w_niger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Elephant_dust_bath_park_w_niger.jpg/220px-Elephant_dust_bath_park_w_niger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Elephant_dust_bath_park_w_niger.jpg/330px-Elephant_dust_bath_park_w_niger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Elephant_dust_bath_park_w_niger.jpg/440px-Elephant_dust_bath_park_w_niger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>An elephant in the <a href="/wiki/W_National_Park" title="W National Park">W National Park</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The territory of Niger contains five terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Sahelian_Acacia_savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian Acacia savanna">Sahelian Acacia savanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Sudanian_savanna" title="West Sudanian savanna">West Sudanian savanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad_flooded_savanna" title="Lake Chad flooded savanna">Lake Chad flooded savanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Saharan_steppe_and_woodlands" title="South Saharan steppe and woodlands">South Saharan steppe and woodlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Saharan_montane_xeric_woodlands" title="West Saharan montane xeric woodlands">West Saharan montane xeric woodlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The north is covered by deserts and semi-deserts. The typical mammal fauna consists of <a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">addax</a> antelopes, <a href="/wiki/Scimitar-horned_oryx" class="mw-redirect" title="Scimitar-horned oryx">scimitar-horned oryx</a>, gazelles, and in the mountains, Barbary sheep. The <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFr_and_T%C3%A9n%C3%A9r%C3%A9_National_Nature_Reserve" title="Aïr and Ténéré National Nature Reserve">Aïr and Ténéré National Nature Reserve</a> was founded in the northern parts to protect these species. </p><p>The southern parts are naturally dominated savannahs. The <a href="/wiki/W_National_Park" title="W National Park">W National Park</a>, situated in the bordering area to Burkina Faso and <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, belongs to "one of the most important areas" for wildlife in Western Africa, which is called the WAP (W–<a href="/wiki/Arli_National_Park" title="Arli National Park">Arli</a>–<a href="/wiki/Pendjari_National_Park" title="Pendjari National Park">Pendjari</a>) Complex. It has a population of the <a href="/wiki/West_African_lion" class="mw-redirect" title="West African lion">West African lion</a> and one of the last populations of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_African_cheetah" title="Northwest African cheetah">Northwest African cheetah</a>. </p><p>Other wildlife includes elephants, buffaloes, <a href="/wiki/Roan_antelopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Roan antelopes">roan antelopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kob" title="Kob">kob antelopes</a> and warthogs. The <a href="/wiki/West_African_giraffe" title="West African giraffe">West African giraffe</a> is found in the further north where it has its last relict population. </p><p>Environmental issues include destructive farming practices as a result of population pressure, illegal hunting, bush fires in some areas and human encroachment upon the flood plains of the Niger River for paddy cultivation. Dams constructed on the Niger River in the neighboring countries of Mali and Guinea and within Niger are cited as a reason for a reduction of water flow in the Niger River—which has a direct effect upon the environment. A "lack of adequate staff" to guard wildlife in the parks and reserves is another factor cited for loss of wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-Geels2006_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geels2006-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Farmer-managed_natural_regeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmer-managed natural regeneration">Farmer-managed natural regeneration</a> is practiced since 1983 to increase food and timber production, and <a href="/wiki/Resilience_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resilience (ecology)">resilience</a> to <a href="/wiki/Extremes_on_Earth" title="Extremes on Earth">climate extremes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance_and_politics">Governance and politics</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Niger" title="Special:EditPage/Niger">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Niger%22">"Niger"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Niger%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Niger%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Niger%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Niger%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Niger%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Niger" title="Politics of Niger">Politics of Niger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Niger" title="Government of Niger">Government of Niger</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinzo_Abe_and_Mahamadou_Issoufou_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Shinzo_Abe_and_Mahamadou_Issoufou_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito_%281%29.jpg/220px-Shinzo_Abe_and_Mahamadou_Issoufou_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Shinzo_Abe_and_Mahamadou_Issoufou_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito_%281%29.jpg/330px-Shinzo_Abe_and_Mahamadou_Issoufou_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Shinzo_Abe_and_Mahamadou_Issoufou_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito_%281%29.jpg/440px-Shinzo_Abe_and_Mahamadou_Issoufou_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1501" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Mahamadou_Issoufou" title="Mahamadou Issoufou">Mahamadou Issoufou</a> and Japanese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Shinzo Abe</a> in October 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>Niger's new constitution was approved on 31 October 2010. It restored the semi-presidential system of government of the 1999 constitution (Fifth Republic) in which the president of the republic, elected by <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> for a five-year term, and a prime minister named by the president share <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">executive power</a>. Since the July <a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Nigerien coup d'état">2023 Nigerien coup d'état</a>, the government has been led by <a href="/wiki/Abdourahamane_Tchiani" title="Abdourahamane Tchiani">Abdourahamane Tchiani</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Niger" title="Foreign relations of Niger">Foreign relations of Niger</a></div> <p>Niger pursues a moderate foreign policy and maintains friendly relations with the West and the Islamic world as well as non-aligned countries. It belongs to the UN and its main specialized agencies and in 1980–81 served on the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a>. Niger maintains a special relationship with former colonial power France and has close relations with its West African neighbors. </p><p>Niger is a charter member of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_African_Monetary_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Monetary Union">West African Monetary Union</a> and also belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Niger_Basin_Authority" title="Niger Basin Authority">Niger Basin Authority</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad_Basin_Commission" title="Lake Chad Basin Commission">Lake Chad Basin Commission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_the_Harmonization_of_Business_Law_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa">Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/OHADA" title="OHADA">OHADA</a>). The westernmost regions of Niger are joined with contiguous regions of Mali and Burkina Faso under the <a href="/wiki/Liptako%E2%80%93Gourma_Authority" title="Liptako–Gourma Authority">Liptako–Gourma Authority</a>. </p><p>The border dispute with Benin, inherited from colonial times and concerning inter alia <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Island" title="Lété Island">Lété Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a>, was solved by the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> in 2005 to Niger's advantage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Niger_Armed_Forces" title="Niger Armed Forces">Niger Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niger_Army_322nd_Parachute_Regiment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Niger_Army_322nd_Parachute_Regiment.jpg/220px-Niger_Army_322nd_Parachute_Regiment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Niger_Army_322nd_Parachute_Regiment.jpg/330px-Niger_Army_322nd_Parachute_Regiment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Niger_Army_322nd_Parachute_Regiment.jpg/440px-Niger_Army_322nd_Parachute_Regiment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers from the 322nd Parachute Regiment practice field tactics with the U.S. Army, 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>The Niger Armed Forces (Forces armées nigériennes) are the military and paramilitary forces of Niger, under the president as supreme commander. They consist of the Niger Army (Armée de Terre), the Niger Air Force (Armée de l'Air) and the auxiliary paramilitary forces, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_Nationale_(Niger)" title="Gendarmerie Nationale (Niger)">National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie nationale)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_Niger" title="National Guard of Niger">National Guard (Garde nationale)</a>. Both paramilitary forces are trained in military fashion and have some military responsibilities in wartime. In peace time their duties are mostly policing duties. </p><p>The armed forces are composed of approximately 12,900 personnel, including 3,700 <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_Nationale_(Niger)" title="Gendarmerie Nationale (Niger)">gendarmes</a>, 3,200 <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_Niger" title="National Guard of Niger">national guards</a>, 300 air force personnel, and 6,000 army personnel. The armed forces of Niger have been involved in several military coups over the years with the <a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Nigerien coup d'état">most recent in 2023</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niger's armed forces have a long history of military cooperation with France and the United States. From 2013, Niamey was home to a U.S. drone base. On 16 March 2024, Niger's government announced that it was breaking off "with immediate effect" its military cooperation agreement with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_system">Judicial system</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Niger" title="Judiciary of Niger">Judiciary of Niger</a></div> <p>The current Judiciary of Niger was established with the creation of the Fourth Republic in 1999. The constitution of December 1992 was revised by national referendum on 12 May 1996 and, again, by referendum, revised to the current version on 18 July 1999. It is based on the <a href="/wiki/Code_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Code Napoleon">Code Napoleon</a> "<i><a href="/wiki/Inquisitorial_system" title="Inquisitorial system">Inquisitorial system</a></i>", established in Niger during French colonial rule and the 1960 Constitution of Niger. The Court of Appeals reviews questions of fact and law, while the Supreme Court reviews application of the law and constitutional questions. The High Court of Justice (HCJ) deals with cases involving senior government officials. The justice system also includes civil criminal courts, customary courts, traditional mediation, and a military court.<sup id="cite_ref-Sory_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sory-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military court provides the same rights as civil criminal courts; however, customary courts do not. The military court cannot try civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-USHRR2008_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHRR2008-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Niger" title="Law enforcement in Niger">Law enforcement in Niger</a></div> <p>Law enforcement in Niger is the responsibility of the Ministry of Defense through the <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_Nationale_(Niger)" title="Gendarmerie Nationale (Niger)">National Gendarmerie</a> and the Ministry of the Interior through the <a href="/wiki/National_Police_(Niger)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Police (Niger)">National Police</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_Niger" title="National Guard of Niger">National Guard</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Police_(Niger)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Police (Niger)">National Police</a> is primarily responsible for law enforcement in urban areas. Outside big cities and in rural areas, this responsibility falls on the <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_Nationale_(Niger)" title="Gendarmerie Nationale (Niger)">National Gendarmerie</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_Niger" title="National Guard of Niger">National Guard</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_finance">Government finance</h3></div> <p>Government finance is derived from revenue exports (mining, oil and agricultural exports) as well as various forms of taxes collected by the government. In the past, foreign aid has contributed to large percentages of the budget. In 2013, Niger's government has adopted a zero-deficit budget of 1.279 trillion CFA francs ($2.53 billion) which is claimed to balance revenues and expenditures by an 11% reduction in the budget from the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2014 budget was 1.867 trillion CFA which is distributed as follows according to: public debt (76,703,692,000 CFA), personnel expenditures (210,979,633,960 CFA), operating expenditures (128,988,777,711 CFA); subsidies and transfers (308,379,641,366 CFA) and investment (1,142,513,658,712 CFA).<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_aid">Foreign aid</h4></div> <p>The importance of external support for Niger's development is demonstrated by the fact that about 45% of the government's FY 2002 budget, including 80% of its capital budget, derives from donor resources.<sup id="cite_ref-ussd2009_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ussd2009-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important donors in Niger are France, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> agencies (<a href="/wiki/UNDP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNDP">UNDP</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="World Food Program">World Food Program</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a>). </p><p>Other principal donors include the United States, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Canada, and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While <a href="/wiki/USAID" class="mw-redirect" title="USAID">USAID</a> does not have an office in Niger, the United States is a major donor, contributing nearly $10 million each year to Niger's development.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The U.S. also is a major partner in policy coordination in such areas as food security and HIV/AIDS.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niger_administrative_divisions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Niger_administrative_divisions.svg/500px-Niger_administrative_divisions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Niger_administrative_divisions.svg/750px-Niger_administrative_divisions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Niger_administrative_divisions.svg/1000px-Niger_administrative_divisions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>Administrative divisions of Niger</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Niger" title="Regions of Niger">Regions of Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Niger" title="Departments of Niger">Departments of Niger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Niger" title="Communes of Niger">Communes of Niger</a></div> <p>Niger is divided into 7 <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Niger" title="Regions of Niger">Regions</a> and one capital district. These Regions are subdivided into 36 <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Niger" title="Departments of Niger">departments</a>. The 36 Departments are currently broken down into Communes of varying types. As of 2006<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niger&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there were 265 communes, including communes urbaines (Urban Communes: as subdivisions of major cities), communes rurales (Rural Communes), in sparsely populated areas and postes administratifs (Administrative Posts) for largely uninhabited desert areas or military zones. </p><p>Rural communes may contain official villages and settlements, while Urban Communes are divided into quarters. Niger subvisions were renamed in 2002, in the implementation of a decentralisation project, first begun in 1998. Previously, Niger was divided into 7 Departments, 36 Arrondissements, and Communes. These subdivisions were administered by officials appointed by the national government. These offices will be replaced in the future by democratically elected councils at each level. </p><p>The <i>pre-2002</i> departments (renamed as regions) and capital district are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agadez_Region" title="Agadez Region">Agadez Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffa_Region" title="Diffa Region">Diffa Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosso_Region" title="Dosso Region">Dosso Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maradi_Region" title="Maradi Region">Maradi Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahoua_Region" title="Tahoua Region">Tahoua Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillab%C3%A9ri_Region" title="Tillabéri Region">Tillabéri Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinder_Region" title="Zinder Region">Zinder Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(capital district)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities_and_towns">Largest cities and towns</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Niger" title="List of cities in Niger">List of cities in Niger</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Niger</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">According to the 2012 Census<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Niger" title="List of cities in Niger">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Niger" title="Regions of Niger">Region</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Niamey_from_the_sky.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Niamey"><img alt="Niamey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Niamey_from_the_sky.jpg/120px-Niamey_from_the_sky.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Niamey_from_the_sky.jpg/250px-Niamey_from_the_sky.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Village_maradi_niger.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maradi"><img alt="Maradi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Village_maradi_niger.jpg/120px-Village_maradi_niger.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Village_maradi_niger.jpg/180px-Village_maradi_niger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Village_maradi_niger.jpg/240px-Village_maradi_niger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="610" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Maradi,_Niger" title="Maradi, Niger">Maradi</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">978,029 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zinder_(6328886864).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zinder"><img alt="Zinder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Zinder_%286328886864%29.jpg/120px-Zinder_%286328886864%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Zinder_%286328886864%29.jpg/180px-Zinder_%286328886864%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Zinder_%286328886864%29.jpg/240px-Zinder_%286328886864%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Zinder" title="Zinder">Zinder</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Femmes_rurales_et_taches_m%C3%A9nageres.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tahoua"><img alt="Tahoua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Femmes_rurales_et_taches_m%C3%A9nageres.jpg/120px-Femmes_rurales_et_taches_m%C3%A9nageres.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Femmes_rurales_et_taches_m%C3%A9nageres.jpg/250px-Femmes_rurales_et_taches_m%C3%A9nageres.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Tahoua" title="Tahoua">Tahoua</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maradi,_Niger" title="Maradi, Niger">Maradi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maradi_Region" title="Maradi Region">Maradi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">267,249 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zinder" title="Zinder">Zinder</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zinder_Region" title="Zinder Region">Zinder</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">235,605 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tahoua" title="Tahoua">Tahoua</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tahoua_Region" title="Tahoua Region">Tahoua</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">117,826 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Agadez" title="Agadez">Agadez</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Agadez_Region" title="Agadez Region">Agadez</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">110,497 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arlit" title="Arlit">Arlit</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Agadez_Region" title="Agadez Region">Agadez</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">78,651 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Birni-N%27Konni" title="Birni-N'Konni">Birni-N'Konni</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tahoua_Region" title="Tahoua Region">Tahoua</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">63,169 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dosso,_Niger" title="Dosso, Niger">Dosso</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dosso_Region" title="Dosso Region">Dosso</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">58,671 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gaya,_Niger" title="Gaya, Niger">Gaya</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dosso_Region" title="Dosso Region">Dosso</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">45,465 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tessaoua" title="Tessaoua">Tessaoua</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maradi_Region" title="Maradi Region">Maradi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">43,409 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Niger" title="Economy of Niger">Economy of Niger</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_mining_industry_of_Niger" title="Oil and mining industry of Niger">Oil and mining industry of Niger</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niger_Product_Exports_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Niger_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/220px-Niger_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Niger_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/330px-Niger_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Niger_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/440px-Niger_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>A proportional representation of Niger exports, 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>The economy of Niger centers on subsistence crops, livestock, and some of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> deposits. In 2021, Niger was the main supplier of uranium to the EU, followed by Kazakhstan and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drought cycles, desertification, a 2.9% population growth rate, and the drop in world demand for uranium have undercut the economy. </p><p>Two trans-African automobile routes pass through Niger: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Algiers-Lagos_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Algiers-Lagos Highway">Algiers-Lagos Highway</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Dakar-Ndjamena_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakar-Ndjamena Highway">Dakar-Ndjamena Highway</a></li></ul> <p>Niger shares a common currency, the <a href="/wiki/CFA_franc" title="CFA franc">CFA franc</a>, and a common central bank, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_West_African_States" title="Central Bank of West African States">Central Bank of West African States</a> (BCEAO), with seven other members of the <a href="/wiki/West_African_Monetary_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Monetary Union">West African Monetary Union</a>. Niger is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_the_Harmonization_of_Business_Law_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa">Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa</a> (OHADA).<sup id="cite_ref-ohada.com_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohada.com-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2000, Niger qualified for enhanced debt relief under the International Monetary Fund program for <a href="/wiki/Heavily_Indebted_Poor_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavily Indebted Poor Countries">Heavily Indebted Poor Countries</a> (HIPC) and concluded an agreement with the Fund for <a href="/wiki/Poverty_Reduction_and_Growth_Facility" title="Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility">Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility</a> (PRGF). Debt relief provided under the enhanced HIPC initiative significantly reduces Niger's annual debt service obligations, freeing funds for expenditures on basic health care, primary education, HIV/AIDS prevention, rural infrastructure, and other programs geared at poverty reduction. </p><p>In December 2005, it was announced that Niger had received 100% multilateral <a href="/wiki/Debt_relief" title="Debt relief">debt relief</a> from the <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a>, which translates into the forgiveness of approximately US$86 million in debts to the IMF, excluding the remaining assistance under HIPC. Nearly half of the government's budget is derived from foreign donor resources. Future growth may be sustained by the exploitation of oil, gold, coal, and other mineral resources. Uranium prices have recovered somewhat in the last few years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> A drought and locust infestation in 2005 led to food shortages for as many as 2.5 million Nigeriens between March and August 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Niger was ranked 137th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Niger" title="Demographics of Niger">Demographics of Niger</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niger_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Niger_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/250px-Niger_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Niger_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/330px-Niger_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Niger_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/500px-Niger_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="2212" data-file-height="1777" /></a><figcaption>Population age pyramid of Niger in 2020</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1997_275-15_young_Wodaabe_women.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/1997_275-15_young_Wodaabe_women.jpg/220px-1997_275-15_young_Wodaabe_women.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/1997_275-15_young_Wodaabe_women.jpg/330px-1997_275-15_young_Wodaabe_women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/1997_275-15_young_Wodaabe_women.jpg/440px-1997_275-15_young_Wodaabe_women.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="995" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wodaabe" title="Wodaabe">Wodaabe</a> women with traditional <a href="/wiki/Face_tattoo" title="Face tattoo">facial tattoos</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niger&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the population of Niger was 25,252,722.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niger's population has rapidly increased from its population of 3.4 million in 1960 and has a current growth rate of 3.3% (7.1 children per mother).<sup id="cite_ref-ins-demographics_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ins-demographics-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This growth rate is one of the highest in the world and is a source of concern for the government and international agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-irin-demographics_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irin-demographics-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population is predominantly young, with 49.2% under 15 years old and 2.7% over 65 years, and predominantly rural with only 21% living in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-ins-demographics_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ins-demographics-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2005 study<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2021)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> stated that over 800,000 people (nearly 8% of the population) <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">in Niger are enslaved</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_settlements">Urban settlements</h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Cities of Niger </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Rank</th> <th rowspan="2">City</th> <th colspan="2">Population</th> <th rowspan="2">Region </th></tr> <tr> <th>2001 Census<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>2012 Census<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a></td> <td align="right">690,286</td> <td align="right">978,029</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">2.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maradi,_Niger" title="Maradi, Niger">Maradi</a></td> <td align="right">148,017</td> <td align="right">267,249</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maradi_Region" title="Maradi Region">Maradi Region</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">3.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinder" title="Zinder">Zinder</a></td> <td align="right">170,575</td> <td align="right">235,605</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinder_Region" title="Zinder Region">Zinder Region</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">4.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tahoua" title="Tahoua">Tahoua</a></td> <td align="right">73,002</td> <td align="right">117,826</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tahoua_Region" title="Tahoua Region">Tahoua Region</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">5.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agadez" title="Agadez">Agadez</a></td> <td align="right">77,060</td> <td align="right">110,497</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agadez_Region" title="Agadez Region">Agadez Region</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">6.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arlit" title="Arlit">Arlit</a></td> <td align="right">68,835</td> <td align="right">78,651</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agadez_Region" title="Agadez Region">Agadez Region</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">7.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birni_N%27Konni" class="mw-redirect" title="Birni N'Konni">Birni N'Konni</a></td> <td align="right">44,663</td> <td align="right">63,169</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tahoua_Region" title="Tahoua Region">Tahoua Region</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">8.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dosso,_Niger" title="Dosso, Niger">Dosso</a></td> <td align="right">43,561</td> <td align="right">58,671</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dosso_Region" title="Dosso Region">Dosso Region</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">9.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaya,_Niger" title="Gaya, Niger">Gaya</a></td> <td align="right">28,385</td> <td align="right">45,465</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dosso_Region" title="Dosso Region">Dosso Region</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">10.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tessaoua" title="Tessaoua">Tessaoua</a></td> <td align="right">31,667</td> <td align="right">43,409</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maradi_Region" title="Maradi Region">Maradi Region</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> <div class="barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,white); color: var(--color-base,black)"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Ethnic Groups in Niger (2001 Census)<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Ethnic Groups</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Hausa</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkgreen; width:55.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">55.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Zarma & Songhai</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:21%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">21%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Tuareg</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:9.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">9.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Fula</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:8.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">8.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Kanuri</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:4.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Toubou</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:0.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Arab</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkblue; width:0.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Gurma</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:white; width:0.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkred; width:0.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Zarma people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tubu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubu people">Tubu people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diffa_Arabs" title="Diffa Arabs">Diffa Arabs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gurma_people" title="Gurma people">Gurma people</a></div> <p>As in most West African countries, Niger has a wide variety of ethnic groups. The ethnic makeup of Niger in 2001 was as follows: <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a> (55.4%), <a href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Zarma</a> & <a href="/wiki/Songhay_people_(subgroup)" class="mw-redirect" title="Songhay people (subgroup)">Songhay</a> (21%), <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> (9.3%), <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Peuls</i>; <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a>: <i lang="ff">Fulɓe</i>) (8.5%), <a href="/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri Manga</a> (4.7%), <a href="/wiki/Tubu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubu people">Tubu</a> (0.4%), <a href="/wiki/Diffa_Arabs" title="Diffa Arabs">Arab</a> (0.4%), <a href="/wiki/Gurma_people" title="Gurma people">Gourmantche</a> (0.4%), other (0.1%).<sup id="cite_ref-ins-demographics_130-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ins-demographics-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Zarma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Songhay_people_(subgroup)" class="mw-redirect" title="Songhay people (subgroup)">Songhay</a> dominate the Dosso, Tillabéri, and Niamey regions, the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a> dominate the Zinder, Maradi, and Tahoua regions, <a href="/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri Manga</a> dominate the Diffa region, and <a href="/wiki/Touaregs" class="mw-redirect" title="Touaregs">Tuaregs</a> dominate the Agadez region in Northern Niger.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Niger" title="Languages of Niger">Languages of Niger</a></div> <p>French, inherited from the colonial period, is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>. It is taught in school as a second language and serves as the administrative language. Niger joined the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_Internationale_de_la_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie</a> in 1970,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> though it suspended cooperation with the group months after the 2023 coup.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Niger has ten recognized <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national languages</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buduma_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Buduma language">Buduma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulfulde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurma_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurma language">Gourmanchéma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zarma_language" title="Zarma language">Zarma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Songhoyboro_Ciine" title="Songhoyboro Ciine">Songhay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tamasheq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasawaq_language" title="Tasawaq language">Tassawaq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tebu_languages" title="Tebu languages">Tebu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-axl.cefan.ulaval.ca_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-axl.cefan.ulaval.ca-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each is spoken as a first language primarily by the ethnic group with which it is associated.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hausa and Zarma-Songhai, the two most spoken languages, are widely spoken throughout the country as first or second languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Religion in Niger</a></div> <div class="barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,white); color: var(--color-base,black)"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Niger (2001 Census)<sup id="cite_ref-census_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Islam</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkgreen; width:99.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">99.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Christianity</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:0.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Animism</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:0.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Irreligious</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:0.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>Niger is a <a href="/wiki/Secular_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular country">secular country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_state_and_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Separation of state and religion">separation of state and religion</a> is guaranteed by Articles 3 and 175 of the 2010 Constitution, which dictate that future amendments or revisions may not modify the secular nature of the republic of Niger. <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">Religious freedom</a> is protected by Article 30 of the same constitution. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, widespread in the region since the 10th century, has greatly shaped the culture and mores of the people of Niger. Islam is the most dominant religion, practiced by 99.3% of the population according to the 2012 census.<sup id="cite_ref-census_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other two main religions of Niger are <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, practiced by 0.3% of the population, and Animism (<a href="/wiki/African_traditional_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African traditional religion">traditional indigenous religious beliefs</a>), practiced by 0.2% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-census_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christianity was established earlier in the country by missionaries during the French colonial years. Other urban Christian <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriate</a> communities from Europe and West Africa are also present. <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a> has flared in recent years in Niger; Christian charity Open Doors now lists Niger as the 37th-most difficult country in which to be a Christian on their <a href="/wiki/World_Watch_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Watch List">World Watch List</a>, 'reflecting how pressure is increasing on Christians in this [...] nation.'<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations between Muslims and Christians have generally been cordial, according to the respective representatives of Christian and Muslim groups in Niger.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niger,_Kiota_(06),_people_leaving_mosque_after_prayers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Niger%2C_Kiota_%2806%29%2C_people_leaving_mosque_after_prayers.jpg/250px-Niger%2C_Kiota_%2806%29%2C_people_leaving_mosque_after_prayers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Niger%2C_Kiota_%2806%29%2C_people_leaving_mosque_after_prayers.jpg/330px-Niger%2C_Kiota_%2806%29%2C_people_leaving_mosque_after_prayers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Niger%2C_Kiota_%2806%29%2C_people_leaving_mosque_after_prayers.jpg/500px-Niger%2C_Kiota_%2806%29%2C_people_leaving_mosque_after_prayers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Worshipers leaving the grand mosque of <a href="/wiki/Kiota" title="Kiota">Kiota</a> after <a href="/wiki/Friday_prayer" title="Friday prayer">Friday prayers</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The numbers of Animist practitioners are a point of contention. As recently as the late 19th century, much of the south center of the nation was unreached by Islam, and the conversion of some rural areas has been only partial. There are still areas where animist based festivals and traditions (such as the <a href="/wiki/Bori_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bori (religion)">Bori religion</a>) are practiced by <a href="/wiki/Syncretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic">syncretic</a> Muslim communities (in some Hausa areas as well as among some <a href="/wiki/Toubou" class="mw-redirect" title="Toubou">Toubou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wodaabe" title="Wodaabe">Wodaabe</a> pastoralists), as opposed to several small communities who maintain their pre-Islamic religion. These include the Hausa-speaking <a href="/wiki/Maouri_people" title="Maouri people">Maouri</a> (or <i>Azna</i>, the Hausa word for "pagan") community in <a href="/wiki/Dogondoutci" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogondoutci">Dogondoutci</a> in the south-south-west and the <a href="/wiki/Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</a>-speaking Manga near <a href="/wiki/Zinder" title="Zinder">Zinder</a>, both of whom practice variations of the pre-Islamic Hausa <a href="/wiki/Maguzawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Maguzawa">Maguzawa</a> religion. There are also some tiny Boudouma and Songhay animist communities in the south-west.<sup id="cite_ref-Decalo79_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decalo79-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the past decade, syncretic practices have become less common among Muslim Nigerien communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Niger" title="Islam in Niger">Islam in Niger</a></div> <p>The majority of Muslims in Niger are <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>, 7% are <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a>, 5% are <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> and 20% <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational" title="Non-denominational">non-denominational</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pew_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-report_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islam was spread into what is now Niger beginning in the 15th century, by both the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a> in the west, and the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">Trans-Saharan trade</a> traveling from the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> expansion from the north, culminating in their seizure of the far eastern oases from the <a href="/wiki/Bornu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornu Empire">Kanem–Bornu Empire</a> in the 17th centuries, spread distinctively <a href="/wiki/Berber_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber mythology">Berber</a> practices.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niger,_Filingu%C3%A9_(25),_street_scene_with_mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Niger%2C_Filingu%C3%A9_%2825%29%2C_street_scene_with_mosque.jpg/220px-Niger%2C_Filingu%C3%A9_%2825%29%2C_street_scene_with_mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Niger%2C_Filingu%C3%A9_%2825%29%2C_street_scene_with_mosque.jpg/330px-Niger%2C_Filingu%C3%A9_%2825%29%2C_street_scene_with_mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Niger%2C_Filingu%C3%A9_%2825%29%2C_street_scene_with_mosque.jpg/440px-Niger%2C_Filingu%C3%A9_%2825%29%2C_street_scene_with_mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4356" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Small mosque in <a href="/wiki/Filingue" class="mw-redirect" title="Filingue">Filingué</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Both <a href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Zarma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a> areas were greatly influenced by the 18th- and 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Fula_jihads" title="Fula jihads">Fula-led</a> <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> brotherhoods, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a> (in today's Nigeria). Modern Muslim practice in Niger is often tied to the <a href="/wiki/Tijaniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijaniya">Tijaniya</a> <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> <a href="/wiki/Tariqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariqah">brotherhoods</a>, although there are small minority groups tied to <a href="/wiki/Hammallism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammallism">Hammallism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nyassist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyassist">Nyassist</a> Sufi orders in the west, and the <a href="/wiki/Sanusiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanusiya">Sanusiya</a> in the far north-east.<sup id="cite_ref-Decalo79_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decalo79-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small center of followers of <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a> movement within Sunni Islam have appeared in the last thirty years, in the capital and in <a href="/wiki/Maradi,_Niger" title="Maradi, Niger">Maradi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These small groups, linked to similar groups in <a href="/wiki/Jos" title="Jos">Jos</a>, Nigeria, came to public prominence in the 1990s during a series of religious riots.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this, Niger maintains a tradition as a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a>, protected by law.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interfaith relations are deemed very good, and the forms of Islam traditionally practiced in most of the country are marked by tolerance of other faiths and lack of restrictions on personal freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcohol, such as the locally produced Bière Niger, is sold openly in most of the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Niger" title="Education in Niger">Education in Niger</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niger_primary_school_MCC3500.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Niger_primary_school_MCC3500.jpg/220px-Niger_primary_school_MCC3500.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Niger_primary_school_MCC3500.jpg/330px-Niger_primary_school_MCC3500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Niger_primary_school_MCC3500.jpg/440px-Niger_primary_school_MCC3500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>A primary classroom in Niger</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a> of Niger is among the lowest in the world; in 2005 it was estimated to be only 28.7% (42.9% male and 15.1% female).<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primary education in Niger is compulsory for six years.<sup id="cite_ref-ilab_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilab-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary school enrollment and attendance rates are low, particularly for girls.<sup id="cite_ref-ilab_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilab-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, the gross primary enrollment rate was 29.3 percent, and in 1996, the net primary enrollment rate was 24.5 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-ilab_151-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilab-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 60 percent of children who finish primary schools are boys, as the majority of girls rarely attend school for more than a few years.<sup id="cite_ref-ilab_151-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilab-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children are often forced to work rather than attend school, particularly during planting or <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvest</a> periods.<sup id="cite_ref-ilab_151-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilab-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">Nomadic</a> children in the north of the country often do not have access to schools.<sup id="cite_ref-ilab_151-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilab-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Niger" title="Health in Niger">Health in Niger</a></div> <p>The child mortality rate in Niger (deaths among children between the ages of 1 and 4) is high (248 per 1,000) due to generally poor health conditions and inadequate nutrition for most of the country's children. According to the organization <a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children" title="Save the Children">Save the Children</a>, Niger has the world's highest <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant mortality rate">infant mortality rate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HOPITAL_DE_REFERENCE_DE_MARADI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/HOPITAL_DE_REFERENCE_DE_MARADI.jpg/250px-HOPITAL_DE_REFERENCE_DE_MARADI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/HOPITAL_DE_REFERENCE_DE_MARADI.jpg/330px-HOPITAL_DE_REFERENCE_DE_MARADI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/HOPITAL_DE_REFERENCE_DE_MARADI.jpg/500px-HOPITAL_DE_REFERENCE_DE_MARADI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>Maradi Reference Hospital</figcaption></figure> <p>Niger also has the highest <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a> in the world (6.49 births per woman according to 2017 estimates);<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this has resulted in nearly half (49.7%) of the Nigerien population being under age 15 in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niger has the 11th highest <a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal mortality">maternal mortality</a> rate in the world at 820 deaths/100,000 live births.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 3 physicians and 22 nurses per 100,000 persons in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clean drinking water is scarce by global standards, with significant differences between urban and rural areas. Niger is located at the bottom of the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">UN Human Development Index</a>. Roughly 92% of the population lives in rural areas in the Tillabéri region along the western frontier, and there is a chronic scarcity of clean water, particularly during the hot season, when temperatures regularly exceed 40 degrees Celsius.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just 40% of the 30,000 inhabitants in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9ra" title="Téra">Téra</a>, a city north-west of the country's capital of Niamey and near to the Burkina Faso border, have access to a working public water infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Société de Patrimoine des Eaux du Niger (SPEN), Niger's water authority, opened ten boreholes and built a water treatment plant in 2018 to provide potable water to <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9ra" title="Téra">Téra</a> and the surrounding areas. The water supply ran out about a year later, and the water treatment facility was forced to close.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_157-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the help of a donation fund from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch government">Dutch government</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a> is collaborating with the Niger water authority to find solutions to Niger's water issues. The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> identified Niger as one of the 18 fragile regions of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>. The EU bank has a history of investing in regions like these.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The European Investment Bank and the Niger Water Authority are looking at two options for dealing with Téra's water shortages. The first choice is to repair the water tank on the outskirts of town. Another choice is to treat and transport water from the Niger River, which is located more than 100 kilometres to the east. Villages between Téra and the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a> will also have access to sewage. The European Investment Bank will also look at renewable energy as a way to save costs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI), Niger ranks 121st out of 127 countries with sufficient data. Niger's score of 34.1 indicates a serious level of hunger.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2025, according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, Niger became the first African country and the fifth country worldwide to eradicate <a href="/wiki/Onchocerciasis" title="Onchocerciasis">onchocerciasis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Niger" title="Culture of Niger">Culture of Niger</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_zinder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sultan_zinder.jpg/220px-Sultan_zinder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sultan_zinder.jpg/330px-Sultan_zinder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sultan_zinder.jpg/440px-Sultan_zinder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Damagaram" title="Sultanate of Damagaram">Sultan of Damagaram</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Zinder" title="Zinder">Zinder</a>. The Sultanate continues to operate in a ceremonial function into the 21st century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niger,_Toubou_people_at_Koul%C3%A9l%C3%A9_(18).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Niger%2C_Toubou_people_at_Koul%C3%A9l%C3%A9_%2818%29.jpg/220px-Niger%2C_Toubou_people_at_Koul%C3%A9l%C3%A9_%2818%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Niger%2C_Toubou_people_at_Koul%C3%A9l%C3%A9_%2818%29.jpg/330px-Niger%2C_Toubou_people_at_Koul%C3%A9l%C3%A9_%2818%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Niger%2C_Toubou_people_at_Koul%C3%A9l%C3%A9_%2818%29.jpg/440px-Niger%2C_Toubou_people_at_Koul%C3%A9l%C3%A9_%2818%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toubou_people" title="Toubou people">Toubou</a> musicians at a formal ceremony</figcaption></figure> <p>Nigerien culture is marked by variation, evidence of the cultural crossroads which <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonial empires">French colonialism</a> formed into a unified state from the beginning of the 20th century. What is now Niger was created from four distinct cultural areas in the pre-colonial era: the <a href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Zarma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Songhay_people_(subgroup)" class="mw-redirect" title="Songhay people (subgroup)">Songhai</a> dominated the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a> valley in the south-west; the northern periphery of <a href="/wiki/Hausaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Hausaland">Hausaland</a>, made mostly of those states which had resisted the <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a>, and ranged along the long southern border with Nigeria; the <a href="/wiki/Chad_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chad basin">Lake Chad basin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaouar" title="Kaouar">Kaouar</a> in the far east, populated by <a href="/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri</a> farmers and <a href="/wiki/Toubou" class="mw-redirect" title="Toubou">Toubou</a> pastoralists who had once been part of the <a href="/wiki/Bornu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornu Empire">Kanem–Bornu Empire</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> nomads of the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFr_Mountains" title="Aïr Mountains">Aïr Mountains</a> and the Sahara in the vast north. </p><p>Each of these communities, along with smaller ethnic groups like the pastoral <a href="/wiki/Wodaabe" title="Wodaabe">Wodaabe</a> <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a>, brought their own cultural traditions to the new state of Niger. While successive post-independence governments have tried to forge a shared national culture, this has been slow forming, in part because the major Nigerien communities have their own cultural histories, and in part because Nigerien ethnic groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a>, Tuareg and Kanuri are but part of larger ethnic communities which cross borders introduced under colonialism. </p><p>Until the 1990s, government and politics was inordinately dominated by <a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Zarma people</a> of the surrounding region. At the same time the plurality of the population, in the Hausa borderlands between <a href="/wiki/Birni-N%27Konni" title="Birni-N'Konni">Birni-N'Konni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maine-Soroa" class="mw-redirect" title="Maine-Soroa">Maine-Soroa</a>, have often looked culturally more to Hausaland in Nigeria than Niamey. Between 1996 and 2003, primary school attendance was around 30%,<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including 36% of males and only 25% of females. Additional education occurs through <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals_and_cultural_events">Festivals and cultural events</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guérewol_festival"><span id="Gu.C3.A9rewol_festival"></span>Guérewol festival</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9rewol" title="Guérewol">Guérewol</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1997_274-5_Gerewol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/1997_274-5_Gerewol.jpg/200px-1997_274-5_Gerewol.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/1997_274-5_Gerewol.jpg/300px-1997_274-5_Gerewol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/1997_274-5_Gerewol.jpg/400px-1997_274-5_Gerewol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1043" data-file-height="1560" /></a><figcaption>Participants in the <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9rewol" title="Guérewol">Guérewol</a> perform the <i>Guérewol</i> dance, 1997.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Guérewol festival is a traditional Wodaabe cultural event that takes place in <a href="/wiki/Abalak" title="Abalak">Abalak</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tahoua_Region" title="Tahoua Region">Tahoua region</a> or <a href="/wiki/In-Gall" title="In-Gall">In'Gall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Agadez_Region" title="Agadez Region">Agadez Region</a>. It is an annual traditional courtship ritual practiced by the Wodaabe (Fula) people of Niger. During this ceremony, young men dressed in elaborate ornamentation and made up in traditional face painting gather in lines to dance and sing, vying for the attention of marriageable young women. The Guérewol festival is an international attraction and was featured in films and magazines as prominent as the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cure_Salée_festival"><span id="Cure_Sal.C3.A9e_festival"></span>Cure Salée festival</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cure_Salee" title="Cure Salee">Cure Salee</a></div> <p>"La Cure salée" (English: Salt Cure) is a yearly festival of Tuareg and Wodaabe nomads in <a href="/wiki/In-Gall" title="In-Gall">In'Gall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Agadez_Region" title="Agadez Region">Agadez Region</a> traditionally to celebrate the end of the rainy season. For three days, the festival features a parade of <a href="/wiki/Tuareg" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuareg">Tuareg</a> camel riders followed with camel and horse races, songs, dances, and storytelling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Niger">Media of Niger</a></div> <p>Niger began developing diverse media in the late 1990s. Prior to the Third Republic, Nigeriens only had access to tightly controlled state media.<sup id="cite_ref-sainforeport2002fr_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sainforeport2002fr-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now Niamey contains scores of newspapers and magazines; some, like <i>Le Sahel</i>, are government operated, while many are critical of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radio is the most important medium, as television sets are beyond the buying power of many of the rural poor, and illiteracy prevents print media from becoming a mass medium.<sup id="cite_ref-Geels2006_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geels2006-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the national and regional radio services of the state broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Radio_and_Television_of_Niger" title="Office of Radio and Television of Niger">ORTN</a>, there are four privately owned radio networks which total more than 100 stations. Three of them—the <a href="/wiki/Anfani_FM" title="Anfani FM">Anfani Group</a>, Sarounia and Tenere—are urban-based commercial-format <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a> networks in the major towns.<sup id="cite_ref-ussd9506_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ussd9506-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a network of over 80 community radio stations spread across all seven regions of the country, governed by the Comité de Pilotage de Radios de Proximité (CPRP), a civil society organisation. The independent-sector radio networks are collectively estimated by CPRP officials to cover some 7.6 million people, or about 73% of the population (2005). </p><p>Aside from Nigerien radio stations, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s Hausa service is listened to on FM repeaters across wide parts of the country, particularly in the south, close to the border with Nigeria. <a href="/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale" title="Radio France Internationale">Radio France Internationale</a> also rebroadcasts in French through some of the commercial stations, via satellite. Tenere FM also runs a national independent television station of the same name.<sup id="cite_ref-ussd9506_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ussd9506-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite relative freedom at the national level, Nigerien <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalists</a> say they are often pressured by local authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-issa04_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-issa04-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state ORTN network depends financially on the government, partly through a surcharge on electricity bills, and partly through direct subsidy. The sector is governed by the <a href="/wiki/High_Council_for_Communication_(Niger)" title="High Council for Communication (Niger)">Conseil Supérieur de Communications</a>, established as an independent body in the early 1990s, since 2007 headed by <a href="/wiki/Daouda_Diallo" title="Daouda Diallo">Daouda Diallo</a>. International human rights groups have criticised the government since at least 1996 as using regulation and police to punish criticism of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-cpj2006_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpj2006-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Niger" title="Outline of Niger">Outline of Niger</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-axl.cefan.ulaval.ca-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-axl.cefan.ulaval.ca_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-axl.cefan.ulaval.ca_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/niger-loi-2001-037-LNG.htm">République du Niger, "Loi n° 2001-037 du 31 décembre 2001 fixant les modalités de promotion et de développement des langues nationales." L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181019123028/http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/niger-loi-2001-037-LNG.htm">Archived</a> 19 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (accessed 21 September 2016)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-2021-Niger-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA-2021-Niger_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/#people-and-society">"Africa: Niger – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. <i>cia.gov</i>. 27 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/#people-and-society">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cia.gov&rft.atitle=Africa%3A+Niger+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2021-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fniger%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInstitut_national_de_la_statistique2015" class="citation web cs1">Institut national de la statistique (November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/file/RGPH2012/ETAT_STRUCTURE_POPULATION.pdf">"Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2012"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180713042241/http://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/file/RGPH2012/ETAT_STRUCTURE_POPULATION.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recensement+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+de+la+population+et+de+l%27habitat+2012&rft.date=2015-11&rft.au=Institut+national+de+la+statistique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat-niger.org%2Fstatistique%2Ffile%2FRGPH2012%2FETAT_STRUCTURE_POPULATION.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301230120/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nigerien">"Nigerien – definition of Nigerien in English from the Oxford Dictionaries"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nigerien">the original</a> on 1 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigerien+%E2%80%93+definition+of+Nigerien+in+English+from+the+Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fnigerien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/28/niger-general-tchiani-named-head-of-transitional-government-after-coup">"Niger general Tchiani named head of transitional government after coup"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a></i>. 28 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230728213811/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/28/niger-general-tchiani-named-head-of-transitional-government-after-coup">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Niger+general+Tchiani+named+head+of+transitional+government+after+coup&rft.date=2023-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F7%2F28%2Fniger-general-tchiani-named-head-of-transitional-government-after-coup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSidonie_Aurore_Bonny2023" class="citation news cs1">Sidonie Aurore Bonny (3 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/niger-junta-appoints-civilians-to-cabinet-member-of-military-as-vice-president/2960248">"Niger junta appoints civilians to Cabinet, member of military as vice president"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anadolu_Agency" title="Anadolu Agency">Anadolu Agency</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Douala,_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Douala, Cameroon">Douala, Cameroon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810040127/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/niger-junta-appoints-civilians-to-cabinet-member-of-military-as-vice-president/2960248">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2023</span>. <q>Gen. Salifou Modi, Bazoum's former army chief of staff and the ambassador to the United Arab Emirates, is now vice president of the junta.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anadolu+Agency&rft.atitle=Niger+junta+appoints+civilians+to+Cabinet%2C+member+of+military+as+vice+president&rft.date=2023-08-03&rft.au=Sidonie+Aurore+Bonny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fafrica%2Fniger-junta-appoints-civilians-to-cabinet-member-of-military-as-vice-president%2F2960248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger">"Niger"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i> (2025 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Niger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fniger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2023.zip">(Archived 2023 edition.)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.NE-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.NE_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.NE_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.NE_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.NE_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=692,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Niger)"</a>. <i>IMF.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231019123330/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=692,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023+Edition.+%28Niger%29&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D692%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/">World Bank GINI index</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI">Archived</a> 9 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed on 21 January 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/">"Gini Index coefficient"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+Index+coefficient&rft.pub=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Fgini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income%2Fcountry-comparison%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/">Which side of the road do they drive on?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414073422/http://brianlucas.ca/roadside/">Archived</a> 14 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Brian Lucas. August 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2003/07/how_do_you_pronounce_niger.html">How Do You Pronounce "Niger"?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314184006/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2003/07/how_do_you_pronounce_niger.html">Archived</a> 14 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a href="/wiki/Slate.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Slate.com">Slate.com</a>, retrieved 4 March 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Niger." <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Ed.</i> 2003. Houghton Mifflin Company 22 February 2013 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Niger">thefreedictionary.com/Niger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512034128/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Niger">Archived</a> 12 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx">"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XSLX)</span> ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950-2100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNations2023" class="citation report cs1">Nations, United (11 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/content/2023-global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi">2023 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)</a> (Report). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230713210119/https://hdr.undp.org/content/2023-global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=2023+Global+Multidimensional+Poverty+Index+%28MPI%29&rft.date=2023-07-11&rft.aulast=Nations&rft.aufirst=United&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fcontent%2F2023-global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EconPop-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EconPop_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21612239-runaway-birth-rates-are-disaster-population-explosion">"Population Explosion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 16 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150729151128/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21612239-runaway-birth-rates-are-disaster-population-explosion">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Population+Explosion&rft.date=2014-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21612239-runaway-birth-rates-are-disaster-population-explosion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jeffreys-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jeffreys_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeffreys_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeffreys1964" class="citation journal cs1">Jeffreys, Mervyn David Waldegrave (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1964_num_4_15_3019">"Niger : Origins of the Word"</a>. <i>Cahiers d'Études africaines</i>. <b>4</b> (15): <span class="nowrap">443–</span>451. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcea.1964.3019">10.3406/cea.1964.3019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-0055">0008-0055</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811194204/https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1964_num_4_15_3019">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+d%27%C3%89tudes+africaines&rft.atitle=Niger+%3A+Origins+of+the+Word&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E443-%3C%2Fspan%3E451&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fcea.1964.3019&rft.issn=0008-0055&rft.aulast=Jeffreys&rft.aufirst=Mervyn+David+Waldegrave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fcea_0008-0055_1964_num_4_15_3019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCana1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Niger"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Niger">"Niger" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 676.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Niger&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=676&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cana&rft.aufirst=Frank+Richardson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHunwick2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Hunwick" title="John Hunwick">Hunwick, John O.</a> (2003) [1999]. <i>Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents</i>. Leiden: Brill. p. 275 Fn 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11207-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11207-0"><bdi>978-90-04-11207-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timbuktu+and+the+Songhay+Empire%3A+Al-Sadi%27s+Tarikh+al-Sudan+down+to+1613+and+other+contemporary+documents&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=275+Fn+22&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11207-0&rft.aulast=Hunwick&rft.aufirst=John+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradt-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_23-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_23-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_23-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_23-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_23-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_23-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_23-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_23-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_23-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_23-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_23-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_23-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_23-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_23-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_23-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_23-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_23-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Geels, Jolijn, (2006) <i>Bradt Travel Guide – Niger</i>, pgs. 15–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDibbleAldeiasJacobsOlszewski2013" class="citation journal cs1">Dibble, Harold L.; Aldeias, Vera; Jacobs, Zenobia; Olszewski, Deborah I.; Rezek, Zeljko; Lin, Sam C.; Alvarez-Fernández, Esteban; Barshay-Szmidt, Carolyn C.; Hallett-Desguez, Emily (1 March 2013). 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In <i>UNESCO General History of Africa: Volume 3.</i> University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-3-601709-6" title="Special:BookSources/92-3-601709-6">92-3-601709-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masonen-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Masonen_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Masonen, P: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hf-fak.uib.no/institutter/smi/paj/Masonen.html">Trans-Saharan Trade and the West African Discovery of the Mediterranean World.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061008085939/http://www.hf-fak.uib.no/institutter/smi/paj/Masonen.html">Archived</a> 8 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H-Dictionary-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-46"><sup><i><b>au</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-47"><sup><i><b>av</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H-Dictionary_42-48"><sup><i><b>aw</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDecalo,_SamuelIdrissa,_Abdourahmane2012" class="citation book cs1">Decalo, Samuel; Idrissa, Abdourahmane (1 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GFFjEMjKrWkC&pg=PA286"><i>Historical Dictionary of Niger</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810870901" title="Special:BookSources/9780810870901"><bdi>9780810870901</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725153320/https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=GFFjEMjKrWkC&pg=PA286&lpg=PA286">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The Empire of Mali". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-266"><i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History</i></a>. Oxford Research Encyclopedias. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.013.266">10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.266</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4"><bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190730024800/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-266">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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World History Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190729123752/https://www.worldhistory.org/Songhai_Empire/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Paris: UNESCO. pp. <span class="nowrap">251–</span>52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+History+of+Africa%3A+Africa+from+the+Twelfth+to+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E251-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Ryder&rft.aufirst=A.F.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRyder1981" class="citation book cs1">Ryder, A.F.C. (1981). D.T. Niane (ed.). <i>General History of Africa: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century</i>. Paris: UNESCO. pp. <span class="nowrap">258–</span>65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+History+of+Africa%3A+Africa+from+the+Twelfth+to+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E258-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Ryder&rft.aufirst=A.F.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNehemia_LevtzionRandall_Pouwels" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nehemia_Levtzion" title="Nehemia Levtzion">Nehemia Levtzion</a>; Randall Pouwels. <i>The History of Islam in Africa</i>. Ohio University Press. p. 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Islam+in+Africa&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.au=Nehemia+Levtzion&rft.au=Randall+Pouwels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ancient3-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ancient3_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancient3_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancient3_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancient3_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancient3_55-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCartwright,_Mark2019" class="citation web cs1">Cartwright, Mark (9 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Hausaland/">"Hausaland"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hausaland&rft.pub=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2019-05-09&rft.au=Cartwright%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FHausaland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/4chapter5.shtml">"Hausa States"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915100345/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/4chapter5.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hausa+States&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Fafrica%2Ffeatures%2Fstoryofafrica%2F4chapter5.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fisher1975-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fisher1975_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. J. Fisher. The Sahara and Central Sudan. in The Cambridge History of Africa: From C 1600 to C 179. Richard Gray, J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, eds. Cambridge University Press, (1975) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20413-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20413-5">0-521-20413-5</a> pp. 134–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Falola-2-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Falola-2_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFalola2009" class="citation book cs1">Falola, Toyin (2009). <i>Colonialism and Violence in Nigeria</i>. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonialism+and+Violence+in+Nigeria&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Falola&rft.aufirst=Toyin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBS093-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IBS093_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBS093_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBS093_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fall.fsulawrc.com/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS093.pdf"><i>International Boundary Study No. 93 – Niger-Nigeria Boundary</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, 15 December 1969, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001160001/https://fall.fsulawrc.com/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS093.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Boundary+Study+No.+93+%E2%80%93+Niger-Nigeria+Boundary&rft.date=1969-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffall.fsulawrc.com%2Fcollection%2FLimitsinSeas%2FIBS093.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBS146-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBS146_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fall.fsulawrc.com/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS146.pdf"><i>International Boundary Study No. 146 – Burkina Faso-Niger Boundary</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, 18 November 1974, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001160026/https://fall.fsulawrc.com/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS146.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Boundary+Study+No.+146+%E2%80%93+Burkina+Faso-Niger+Boundary&rft.date=1974-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffall.fsulawrc.com%2Fcollection%2FLimitsinSeas%2FIBS146.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBS73-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBS73_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fall.fsulawrc.com/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS073.pdf"><i>International Boundary Study No. 73 – Chad-Niger Boundary</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, 1 August 1966, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001160014/https://fall.fsulawrc.com/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS073.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Boundary+Study+No.+73+%E2%80%93+Chad-Niger+Boundary&rft.date=1966-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffall.fsulawrc.com%2Fcollection%2FLimitsinSeas%2FIBS073.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>UNESCO General History of Africa</i>, Vol. VIII: Africa Since 1935. Ali A. Mazrui, Christophe Wondji, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa, eds. University of California Press, (1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06703-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06703-7">0-520-06703-7</a> pp. 70–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph R. De Benoist, "The Brazzaville Conference, or Involuntary Decolonization." <i>Africana Journal</i> 15 (1990) pp: 39–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-djibo03-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-djibo03_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mamoudou Djibo. Les enjeux politiques dans la colonie du Niger (1944–1960). Autrepart no 27 (2003), pp. 41–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keesing's Contemporary Archives, page 17569.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hamani-Diori"><i>Encyclopedia Britannica – Hamni Diori</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903003241/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hamani-Diori">archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica+%E2%80%93+Hamni+Diori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FHamani-Diori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJon_AbbinkMirjam_de_Bruijn,_Klaas_van_Walraven2003" class="citation book cs1">Jon Abbink; Mirjam de Bruijn, Klaas van Walraven (2003). "<i>Sawaba's Rebellion in Niger (1964-64)</i>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/9606/ASC_1267345_058.pdf?sequence=1"><i>Rethinking Resistance: revolt and violence in African history</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12624-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12624-4"><bdi>90-04-12624-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805010044/https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/9606/ASC_1267345_058.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sawaba%27s+Rebellion+in+Niger+%281964-64%29&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Resistance%3A+revolt+and+violence+in+African+history&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-04-12624-4&rft.au=Jon+Abbink&rft.au=Mirjam+de+Bruijn%2C+Klaas+van+Walraven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.leidenuniv.nl%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1887%2F9606%2FASC_1267345_058.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMEve?codeEve=574">Renversement du président Hamani Diori au Niger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022153822/http://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMEve?codeEve=574">Archived</a> 22 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Perspective monde</i>, 15 avril 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nigerdiaspora.net/index.php/societe/2547-niamey-une-forte-tendance-a-la-depravation-des-moeurs">Kountché: 30 ans après son coup d'état</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727084909/https://nigerdiaspora.net/index.php/societe/2547-niamey-une-forte-tendance-a-la-depravation-des-moeurs">Archived</a> 27 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Nigerdiaspora</i>, 10 novembre 2007 (republished on 6 November 2017).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999) <i>Elections in Africa: A data handbook</i>, p685 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-829645-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-829645-2">0-19-829645-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter S. Clarke, "The National Conference Phenomenon and the Management of Political Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa," in <i>Ethnic Conflict and Democratization in Africa</i>, ed. Harvey Glickman. Atlanta: African Studies Assoc. Press, (1995) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918456-74-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-918456-74-6">0-918456-74-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gwInUH18i8wC&q=The+niger+agreed+to+absorb+some+of+the+former+rebels+into+the+military+and%2C+with+French+assistance%2C+to+help+others+return+to+a+productive+civilian+life.&pg=PA28"><i>Niger Foreign Policy and Government Guide</i></a>. Int'l Business Publications. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781433036873" title="Special:BookSources/9781433036873"><bdi>9781433036873</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Niger+Foreign+Policy+and+Government+Guide&rft.pub=Int%27l+Business+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781433036873&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgwInUH18i8wC%26q%3DThe%2Bniger%2Bagreed%2Bto%2Babsorb%2Bsome%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bformer%2Brebels%2Binto%2Bthe%2Bmilitary%2Band%252C%2Bwith%2BFrench%2Bassistance%252C%2Bto%2Bhelp%2Bothers%2Breturn%2Bto%2Ba%2Bproductive%2Bcivilian%2Blife.%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/28/world/world-news-briefs-niger-s-elected-president-ousted-in-military-coup.html?pagewanted=1">Niger's Elected President Ousted in Military Coup</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803195752/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/28/world/world-news-briefs-niger-s-elected-president-ousted-in-military-coup.html?pagewanted=1">Archived</a> 3 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> New York Times, 28 January 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obit-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Obit_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaye Whiteman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095159/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19990412/ai_n14221141">"Obituary: Ibrahim Bare Mainassara"</a>, <i>The Independent</i> (London), 12 April 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/358644/Ibrahim-Bare-Mainassara">"Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330145938/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/358644/Ibrahim-Bare-Mainassara">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibrahim+Bar%C3%A9+Ma%C3%AFnassara&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F358644%2FIbrahim-Bare-Mainassara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/9/newsid_2463000/2463927.stm">"1999: President of Niger 'killed in ambush'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150415001633/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/9/newsid_2463000/2463927.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=1999%3A+President+of+Niger+%27killed+in+ambush%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fapril%2F9%2Fnewsid_2463000%2F2463927.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/315663.stm">Niger: A copybook coup d'etat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200202132822/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/315663.stm">Archived</a> 2 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 9 April 1999, BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/316037.stm">Military controls Niger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200202133756/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/316037.stm">Archived</a> 2 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 10 April 1999, BBC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2005/07/144962-un-world-court-decides-niger-benin-border-dispute"><i>UN World Court decides Niger, Benin border dispute</i></a>, UN News, 13 July 2019, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191108193311/https://news.un.org/en/story/2005/07/144962-un-world-court-decides-niger-benin-border-dispute">archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UN+World+Court+decides+Niger%2C+Benin+border+dispute&rft.pub=UN+News&rft.date=2019-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2005%2F07%2F144962-un-world-court-decides-niger-benin-border-dispute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fabio Spadi (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ljil.leidenuniv.nl/index.php3?m=5&c=186">The ICJ Judgment in the Benin-Niger Border Dispute: the interplay of titles and 'effectivités' under the uti possidetis juris principle, <i>Leiden Journal of International Law</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060929032048/http://www.ljil.leidenuniv.nl/index.php3?m=5&c=186">Archived</a> 29 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 18: 777–794</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://democratie.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/NIGER_RMO1611_04122004.pdf">"RAPPORT DE LA MISSION D’OBSERVATION DES ELECTIONS PRESIDENTIELLES ET LEGISLATIVES DES 16 NOVEMBRE ET 4 DECEMBRE 2004"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070622081649/http://democratie.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/NIGER_RMO1611_04122004.pdf">Archived</a> 22 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, democratie.francophonie.org <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reutersjune26-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reutersjune26_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSLQ2439220090626">Niger president rules by decree after court snub</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629050556/http://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSLQ2439220090626">Archived</a> 29 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Reuters. Fri 26 June 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8121974.stm">Emergency powers for Niger leader</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116071655/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8121974.stm">Archived</a> 16 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC. 26 June 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8523196.stm">"Military coup ousts Niger president Mamadou Tandja"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100219053310/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8523196.stm">Archived</a> 19 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a>, 19 February 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-niger-election-idUSKCN0WO0ZN">"Boycott helps Niger President Issoufou win re-election"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200304072455/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-niger-election-idUSKCN0WO0ZN">Archived</a> 4 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Reuters, 22 March 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FITWreport-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FITWreport_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/niger">"Freedom in the World 2012: Niger"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asian+Defense+News&rft.atitle=France+ready+to+strike+extremists+on+Libya+border&rft.date=2015-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasian-defence-news.blogspot.fr%2F2015%2F01%2Ffrance-ready-to-strike-extremists-on.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/behind-jihadist-attack-inates">"Behind the Jihadist Attack in Inates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ReliefWeb" title="ReliefWeb">ReliefWeb</a></i>. 13 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ReliefWeb&rft.atitle=Behind+the+Jihadist+Attack+in+Inates&rft.date=2019-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fniger%2Fbehind-jihadist-attack-inates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20191211-niger-soldiers-killed-attack-sahel-military-camp-issoufou-keita-macron-france-tuareg-islamic-state-al-qaeda-dead">"At least 70 soldiers killed in attack on Niger military camp"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 11 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Elgood, Giles (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-niger-security-idUSKBN1ZA0TH">"Niger army base attack death toll rises to at least 89: security sources"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Africanews&rft.atitle=Nigerien+President+Mahamadou+Issoufou+set+to+exit+power&rft.date=2021-01-07&rft.au=AfricaNews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanews.com%2F2021%2F01%2F07%2Fnigerien-president-mahamadou-issoufou-set-to-exit-power%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56175439">"Niger election: Mohamed Bazoum wins landmark vote amid protests"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 23 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210223191809/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56175439">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Niger+election%3A+Mohamed+Bazoum+wins+landmark+vote+amid+protests&rft.date=2021-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-56175439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lavie.fr/actualite/massacres-au-niger-peut-on-eviter-une-guerre-sans-fin-72347.php">"Massacres au Niger: peut-on éviter une guerre sans fin?"</a>. <i>La Vie.fr</i> (in French). 25 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Niger%3A+Attack+on+presidential+palace+an+%27attempted+coup%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F3%2F31%2Fheavy-gunfire-heard-near-nigers-presidency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZandonini2021" class="citation web cs1">Zandonini, Giacomo (2 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup">"Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger's president amid tensions"</a>. <i>Aljazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811072217/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/2/niger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aljazeera&rft.atitle=Mohamed+Bazoum+sworn+in+as+Niger%27s+president+amid+tensions&rft.date=2021-04-02&rft.aulast=Zandonini&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F4%2F2%2Fniger-president-to-be-sworn-in-after-attempted-coup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66320895">"Niger soldiers announce coup on national TV"</a>. <i>BBC.com</i>. 27 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727000929/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66320895">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC.com&rft.atitle=Niger+soldiers+announce+coup+on+national+TV&rft.date=2023-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-66320895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/28/niger-general-tchiani-named-head-of-transitional-government-after-coup">"Niger general Tchiani named head of transitional government after coup"</a>. Aljazeera. 28 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230728112129/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/28/niger-general-tchiani-named-head-of-transitional-government-after-coup">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Niger+general+Tchiani+named+head+of+transitional+government+after+coup&rft.date=2023-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F7%2F28%2Fniger-general-tchiani-named-head-of-transitional-government-after-coup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.actuniger.com/politique/19415-officiel-voici-la-liste-des-membres-du-gouvernement-de-transition.html">"Officiel : voici la liste des membres du gouvernement de Transition"</a>. <i>actuniger.com</i> (in French). 10 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907183917/https://actuniger.com/politique/19415-officiel-voici-la-liste-des-membres-du-gouvernement-de-transition.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=actuniger.com&rft.atitle=Officiel+%3A+voici+la+liste+des+membres+du+gouvernement+de+Transition&rft.date=2023-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.actuniger.com%2Fpolitique%2F19415-officiel-voici-la-liste-des-membres-du-gouvernement-de-transition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLawal" class="citation web cs1">Lawal, Shola. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/6/niger-coup-divisions-as-ecowas-military-threat-fails-to-play-out">"Niger coup: Divisions as ECOWAS military threat fails to play out"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230807213944/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/6/niger-coup-divisions-as-ecowas-military-threat-fails-to-play-out">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Niger+coup%3A+Divisions+as+ECOWAS+military+threat+fails+to+play+out&rft.aulast=Lawal&rft.aufirst=Shola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F8%2F6%2Fniger-coup-divisions-as-ecowas-military-threat-fails-to-play-out&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apnews.com-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apnews.com_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apnews.com_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/west-africa-ecowas-niger-mali-burkina-faso-abuja-ae53abf8464dce5487cd7a3d73e0a9c0">"West Africa bloc lifts coup sanctions on Niger in a new push for dialogue to resolve tensions"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. 24 February 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240312031034/https://apnews.com/article/west-africa-ecowas-niger-mali-burkina-faso-abuja-ae53abf8464dce5487cd7a3d73e0a9c0">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=West+Africa+bloc+lifts+coup+sanctions+on+Niger+in+a+new+push+for+dialogue+to+resolve+tensions&rft.date=2024-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fwest-africa-ecowas-niger-mali-burkina-faso-abuja-ae53abf8464dce5487cd7a3d73e0a9c0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/niger-coup-unicef-vaccines-5e7d6610635b0aa2ffe6570cc417930e">"Power cuts in Niger threaten to spoil millions of vaccines as sanctions take their toll, UN says"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. 21 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240405213918/https://apnews.com/article/niger-coup-unicef-vaccines-5e7d6610635b0aa2ffe6570cc417930e">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Power+cuts+in+Niger+threaten+to+spoil+millions+of+vaccines+as+sanctions+take+their+toll%2C+UN+says&rft.date=2023-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fniger-coup-unicef-vaccines-5e7d6610635b0aa2ffe6570cc417930e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/sahel-coups-niger-tchiani-mali-burkina-faso-insecurity-e96627c700aa4fcf8d060dd9d2d16667">"A newly formed alliance between coup-hit countries in Africa's Sahel is seen as tool for legitimacy"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. 24 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308183048/https://apnews.com/article/sahel-coups-niger-tchiani-mali-burkina-faso-insecurity-e96627c700aa4fcf8d060dd9d2d16667">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=A+newly+formed+alliance+between+coup-hit+countries+in+Africa%27s+Sahel+is+seen+as+tool+for+legitimacy&rft.date=2023-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fsahel-coups-niger-tchiani-mali-burkina-faso-insecurity-e96627c700aa4fcf8d060dd9d2d16667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailytrust.com/nigeria-restores-electricity-supply-to-niger-as-ecowas-lifts-sanctions/">"Nigeria restores electricity supply to Niger as ECOWAS lifts sanctions – Daily Trust"</a>. <i>dailytrust.com/</i>. 25 February 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240405213918/https://dailytrust.com/nigeria-restores-electricity-supply-to-niger-as-ecowas-lifts-sanctions/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dailytrust.com%2F&rft.atitle=Nigeria+restores+electricity+supply+to+Niger+as+ECOWAS+lifts+sanctions+%E2%80%93+Daily+Trust&rft.date=2024-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailytrust.com%2Fnigeria-restores-electricity-supply-to-niger-as-ecowas-lifts-sanctions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/wagner-russia-coup-niger-military-force-e0e1108b58a9e955af465a3efe6605c0">"Niger's junta asks for help from Russian group Wagner as it faces military intervention threat"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. 5 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231011083602/https://apnews.com/article/wagner-russia-coup-niger-military-force-e0e1108b58a9e955af465a3efe6605c0">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Niger%27s+junta+asks+for+help+from+Russian+group+Wagner+as+it+faces+military+intervention+threat&rft.date=2023-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fwagner-russia-coup-niger-military-force-e0e1108b58a9e955af465a3efe6605c0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/france-niger-coup-military-withdrawal-bfa3afe3fdfa034dabe3dce265540411">"French troops are starting to withdraw from Niger and junta leaders give UN head 72 hours to leave"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. 11 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512023400/https://apnews.com/article/france-niger-coup-military-withdrawal-bfa3afe3fdfa034dabe3dce265540411">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=French+troops+are+starting+to+withdraw+from+Niger+and+junta+leaders+give+UN+head+72+hours+to+leave&rft.date=2023-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Ffrance-niger-coup-military-withdrawal-bfa3afe3fdfa034dabe3dce265540411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/12/25/niger-suspends-cooperation-with-international-francophone-body">"Niger suspends cooperation with international Francophone body"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240421154427/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/12/25/niger-suspends-cooperation-with-international-francophone-body">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Niger+suspends+cooperation+with+international+Francophone+body&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Ffeatures%2F2023%2F12%2F25%2Fniger-suspends-cooperation-with-international-francophone-body&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/niger-coup-united-states-designation-2ab984947c69e99e83ce417696a758c7">"The US declares the ousting of Niger's president a coup and suspends military aid and training"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. 10 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240421154427/https://apnews.com/article/niger-coup-united-states-designation-2ab984947c69e99e83ce417696a758c7">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=The+US+declares+the+ousting+of+Niger%27s+president+a+coup+and+suspends+military+aid+and+training&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fniger-coup-united-states-designation-2ab984947c69e99e83ce417696a758c7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68796359">"Russian troops arrive in Niger as military agreement begins"</a>. 12 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russian+troops+arrive+in+Niger+as+military+agreement+begins&rft.date=2024-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-68796359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68860092">"US agrees to pull troops out of Niger"</a>. 20 April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240421084251/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68860092">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US+agrees+to+pull+troops+out+of+Niger&rft.date=2024-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-68860092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68590531">"Niger's junta revokes military agreement with US"</a>. 17 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Niger%27s+junta+revokes+military+agreement+with+US&rft.date=2024-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-68590531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/">"Africa :: Niger — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. <i>cia.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cia.gov&rft.atitle=Africa+%3A%3A+Niger+%E2%80%94+The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fniger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamoRotetaBistinasWees2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ramo, Ruben; Roteta, Ekhi; Bistinas, Ioannis; Wees, Dave van; Bastarrika, Aitor; Chuvieco, Emilio; Werf, Guido R. van der (2 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7936338">"African burned area and fire carbon emissions are strongly impacted by small fires undetected by coarse resolution satellite data"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>118</b> (9). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PNAS..11811160R">2021PNAS..11811160R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2011160118">10.1073/pnas.2011160118</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10810%2F50523">10810/50523</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7936338">7936338</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33619088">33619088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=African+burned+area+and+fire+carbon+emissions+are+strongly+impacted+by+small+fires+undetected+by+coarse+resolution+satellite+data&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2021-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7936338%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021PNAS..11811160R&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2011160118&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33619088&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10810%2F50523&rft.aulast=Ramo&rft.aufirst=Ruben&rft.au=Roteta%2C+Ekhi&rft.au=Bistinas%2C+Ioannis&rft.au=Wees%2C+Dave+van&rft.au=Bastarrika%2C+Aitor&rft.au=Chuvieco%2C+Emilio&rft.au=Werf%2C+Guido+R.+van+der&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7936338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dinerstein, Eric; et al. 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Bradt UK/Globe Pequot Press USA, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-152-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-152-4">978-1-84162-152-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHertsgaard2009" class="citation news cs1">Hertsgaard, Mark (19 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/regreening-africa/">"Regreening Africa"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8378">0027-8378</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211126115102/https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/regreening-africa/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Regreening+Africa&rft.date=2009-11-19&rft.issn=0027-8378&rft.aulast=Hertsgaard&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Farchive%2Fregreening-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/niger-army-declares-support-for-coup-leaders/video-66361471">"Soldiers announce coup in Niger – DW – 07/28/2023"</a>. <i>dw.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dw.com&rft.atitle=Soldiers+announce+coup+in+Niger+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+07%2F28%2F2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fniger-army-declares-support-for-coup-leaders%2Fvideo-66361471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalimaFelix2024" class="citation web cs1">Balima, Boureima; Felix, Bate (16 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/niger-revokes-military-accord-with-us-junta-spokesperson-says-2024-03-16/">"Niger revokes military accord with US, junta spokesperson says"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240326095805/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/niger-revokes-military-accord-with-us-junta-spokesperson-says-2024-03-16/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Niger+revokes+military+accord+with+US%2C+junta+spokesperson+says&rft.date=2024-03-16&rft.aulast=Balima&rft.aufirst=Boureima&rft.au=Felix%2C+Bate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fniger-revokes-military-accord-with-us-junta-spokesperson-says-2024-03-16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sory-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sory_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etat.sciencespobordeaux.fr/institutionnel/niger.html#Syst%E8me%20judiciaire">Niger:Système judiciaire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081126022100/http://www.etat.sciencespobordeaux.fr/institutionnel/niger.html">Archived</a> 26 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. NIGER Situation institutionnelle. Sory Baldé, CEAN, IEP-Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV (2007) Accessed 13 April 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USHRR2008-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USHRR2008_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226175359/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/119017.htm">2008 Human Rights Report: Niger</a> in 2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. (25 February 2009) As a publication of the United States Federal Government, this report is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_Domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Domain">Public Domain</a>. Portions of it may be used here verbatim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://in.reuters.com/article/niger-budget-idINL5E8KM1TI20120922">Niger government adopts $2.53 bln budget for 2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028043246/http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/09/22/niger-budget-idINL5E8KM1TI20120922">Archived</a> 28 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, 22 September 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nigerexpress.info/2013/11/28/niger-le-budget-2014-porte-a-1-867-milliards/">Niger : le budget 2014 porté à 1.867 milliards</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805215851/http://nigerexpress.info/2013/11/28/niger-le-budget-2014-porte-a-1-867-milliards/">Archived</a> 5 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Niger Express</i>, 28 November 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ussd2009-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ussd2009_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5474.htm">Background Notes for Niger: January 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190524232128/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5474.htm">Archived</a> 24 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Bureau of African Affairs, United States State Department. Retrieved 26 February 2009. Portions of the "Economy" section are here used verbatim, as this document is in the public domain.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citypopulation.de/Niger-Cities.html">"Niger"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406180216/http://www.citypopulation.de/Niger-Cities.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcitypopulation.de%2FNiger-Cities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/niger-coup-spark-concerns-france-uranium-dependency/">"Niger coup sparks concerns about French, EU uranium dependency"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. 31 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230802193208/https://www.politico.eu/article/niger-coup-spark-concerns-france-uranium-dependency/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Niger+coup+sparks+concerns+about+French%2C+EU+uranium+dependency&rft.date=2023-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fniger-coup-spark-concerns-france-uranium-dependency%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohada.com-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ohada.com_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohada.com/index.php">"OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033744/http://www.ohada.com/index.php">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OHADA.com%3A+The+business+law+portal+in+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohada.com%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/niger-drought-and-locusts-situation-report-1-fy-2005">"Niger: Drought and Locusts Situation Report #1 (FY 2005) - Niger | ReliefWeb"</a>. <i>reliefweb.int</i>. 1 July 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reliefweb.int&rft.atitle=Niger%3A+Drought+and+Locusts+Situation+Report+%231+%28FY+2005%29+-+Niger+%7C+ReliefWeb&rft.date=2005-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fniger%2Fniger-drought-and-locusts-situation-report-1-fy-2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/"><i>Global Innovation Index 2024</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ins-demographics-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ins-demographics_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ins-demographics_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ins-demographics_130-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <i>Annuaires Statistiques du Niger 2007–2011</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/file/Annuaires_Statistiques/AS2007-2011STRUCTUREPOPULATION.pdf">Structure de la population</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140726234159/http://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/file/Annuaires_Statistiques/AS2007-2011STRUCTUREPOPULATION.pdf">Archived</a> 26 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Niger's National Statistics Institute Report)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/niger-population/">"Niger Population"</a>. Worldometers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190814061458/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/niger-population/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niger+Population&rft.pub=Worldometers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldometers.info%2Fworld-population%2Fniger-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-irin-demographics-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-irin-demographics_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report/75801/niger-population-explosion-threatens-development-gains">Niger: Population explosion threatens development gains</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140725165712/http://www.irinnews.org/report/75801/niger-population-explosion-threatens-development-gains">Archived</a> 25 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Humanitarian" title="The New Humanitarian">IRIN</a>, 11 December 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/Story?id=813618&page=1">The Shackles of Slavery in Niger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090219150212/https://abcnews.go.com/International/Story?id=813618&page=1">Archived</a> 19 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". ABC News. 3 June 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4250709.stm">Born to be a slave in Niger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806031036/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4250709.stm">Archived</a> 6 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". BBC News. 11 February 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1357_slavery_today/page3.shtml">"BBC World Service | Slavery Today"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101113131049/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1357_slavery_today/page3.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+World+Service+%26%23124%3B+Slavery+Today&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Fspecials%2F1357_slavery_today%2Fpage3.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_136-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_136-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citypopulation.de/en/niger/cities/">"Niger: Regions, Cities & Urban Centers – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information"</a>. <i>citypopulation.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200321050141/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/niger/cities/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=Niger%3A+Regions%2C+Cities+%26+Urban+Centers+%E2%80%93+Population+Statistics%2C+Maps%2C+Charts%2C+Weather+and+Web+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcitypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fniger%2Fcities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat-niger.org/frame/demographie.htm">"DEMOGRAPHIE"</a>. <i>stat-niger.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190922235514/http://www.stat-niger.org/frame/demographie.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat-niger.org&rft.atitle=DEMOGRAPHIE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat-niger.org%2Fframe%2Fdemographie.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethologue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NE/languages">Niger languages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727114820/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NE/languages">Archived</a> 27 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Présidence de la République du Niger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidence.ne/gographie/">Le Niger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727090206/https://www.presidence.ne/gographie/">Archived</a> 27 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendoorsuk.org/persecution/world-watch-list/niger/">"Niger is number 33 on the World Watch List"</a>. <i>opendoorsuk.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606201822/https://www.opendoorsuk.org/persecution/world-watch-list/niger/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opendoorsuk.org&rft.atitle=Niger+is+number+33+on+the+World+Watch+List&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendoorsuk.org%2Fpersecution%2Fworld-watch-list%2Fniger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/niger/">"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Niger"</a>. <i>United States Department of State</i>. 22 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921012612/https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/niger/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=2021+Report+on+International+Religious+Freedom%3A+Niger&rft.date=2022-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Fniger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decalo79-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Decalo79_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Decalo79_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Decalo, James. <i>Historical Dictionary of Niger</i>. Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, New Jersey – London, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-1229-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-1229-0">0-8108-1229-0</a>. pp. 156–7, 193–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pew-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pew_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024125551/http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf">"The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Muslims%3A+Unity+and+Diversity&rft.pub=Pew+Forum+on+Religious+%26+Public+life&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2FuploadedFiles%2FTopics%2FReligious_Affiliation%2FMuslim%2Fthe-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-report-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-report_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90113.htm">International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Niger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216213927/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90113.htm">Archived</a> 16 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. United States <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor</a> (14 September 2007). <i>This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Decalo (1997) p. 261–2, 158, 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Amara, Ramzi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sharia-in-africa.net/pages/staff/amara.php">"The Development of the Izala Movement in Nigeria: Its Split, Relationship to Sufis and Perception of Sharia Implementation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228012116/http://www.sharia-in-africa.net/pages/staff/amara.php">Archived</a> 28 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Research Summary (n.d.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conflict-prevention.net/page.php?id=40&formid=73&action=show&surveyid=1">Summary for Shedrack Best's <i>Nigeria, The Islamist Challenge, the Nigerian 'Shiite' Movement</i>, 1999</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113202500/http://www.conflict-prevention.net/page.php?id=40&formid=73&action=show&surveyid=1">Archived</a> 13 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; conflict-prevention.net.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5684.htm">International Religious Freedom Report 2001: Niger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804183525/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5684.htm">Archived</a> 4 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. United States <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor</a>, 26 October 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">t'Sas, Vincent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.ie/~afifi/BICNews/Islam/islam19.htm">"Islam is thriving in impoverished Niger"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228011857/http://www.iol.ie/~afifi/BICNews/Islam/islam19.htm">Archived</a> 28 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Reuters, 6 December 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/">"The World Factbook"</a>. Cia.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=Cia.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fniger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ilab-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ilab_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilab_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilab_151-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilab_151-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilab_151-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilab_151-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/Niger.htm">"Niger"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205044526/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/niger.htm">Archived</a> 5 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_International_Labor_Affairs" title="Bureau of International Labor Affairs">Bureau of International Labor Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Labor">U.S. Department of Labor</a> (2002). <i>This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreen2006" class="citation news cs1">Green, Jeff (10 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2006/HEALTH/parenting/05/08/mothers.index/index.html">"U.S. has second worst newborn death rate in modern world, report says"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209065002/http://www.cnn.com/2006/HEALTH/parenting/05/08/mothers.index/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.+has+second+worst+newborn+death+rate+in+modern+world%2C+report+says&rft.date=2006-05-10&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2006%2FHEALTH%2Fparenting%2F05%2F08%2Fmothers.index%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028133713/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html">"The World Factbook"</a>. Cia.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html">the original</a> on 28 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=Cia.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2127rank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.populationpyramid.net/de/niger/2020/">"Niger 2020"</a>. <i>populationpyramid.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019062940/https://www.populationpyramid.net/de/niger/2020/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=populationpyramid.net&rft.atitle=Niger+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.populationpyramid.net%2Fde%2Fniger%2F2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426214840/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2223rank.html?countryName=Niger&countryCode=ng&regionCode=afr&rank=11#ng">"The World Factbook"</a>. Cia.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2223rank.html?countryName=Niger&countryCode=ng&regionCode=afr&rank=11#ng">the original</a> on 26 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=Cia.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2223rank.html%3FcountryName%3DNiger%26countryCode%3Dng%26regionCode%3Dafr%26rank%3D11%23ng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111123142319/http://www.angellite.org.uk/where-we-work.html">"Niger"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angellite.org.uk/where-we-work.html">the original</a> on 23 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unicef.org&rft.atitle=Water%2C+Sanitation+and+Hygiene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fniger%2Fwater-sanitation-and-hygiene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.worldbank.org/water/delivering-water-and-sanitation-services-niger-challenges-and-results">"Delivering water and sanitation services in Niger: challenges and results"</a>. <i>blogs.worldbank.org</i>. 8 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210531120219/https://blogs.worldbank.org/water/delivering-water-and-sanitation-services-niger-challenges-and-results">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Delivering+water+and+sanitation+services+in+Niger%3A+challenges+and+results&rft.date=2016-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.worldbank.org%2Fwater%2Fdelivering-water-and-sanitation-services-niger-challenges-and-results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/countries/niger/">"Niger – OECD"</a>. <i>oecd.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602085158/https://www.oecd.org/countries/niger/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oecd.org&rft.atitle=Niger+%E2%80%93+OECD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fcountries%2Fniger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P093806">"Development Projects : Niger Basin Water Resources Development and Sustainable Ecosystems Management Project – P093806"</a>. <i>World Bank</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210531120255/https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P093806">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Investment+Bank&rft.atitle=Niger%3A+EIB+finances+drinking+water+supply+project+%28EUR+21m%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpress%2Fall%2F2018-099-la-bei-finance-un-projet-dalimentation-en-eau-potable-au-niger-21-meur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/stories/niger-water-development">"Fresh water in Niger undercuts violence, as well as offering better living conditions"</a>. <i>European Investment Bank</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210701123551/https://www.eib.org/en/stories/niger-water-development">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=WHO+verifies+Niger+as+the+first+country+in+the+African+Region+to+eliminate+onchocerciasis&rft.date=2025-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews%2Fitem%2F30-01-2025-who-verifies-niger-as-the-first-country-in-the-african-region-to-eliminate-onchocerciasis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091130170853/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/Niger_statistics.html">"At a glance: Niger"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/Niger_statistics.html">the original</a> on 30 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=At+a+glance%3A+Niger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Finfobycountry%2FNiger_statistics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sainforeport2002fr-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sainforeport2002fr_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://africa.ifj.org/pdfs/sainforeport2002fr.pdf">SEMINAIRE-ATELIER DE FORMATION ET DE SENSIBILISATION "Mission de service public dans les entreprises de presse d’Etat et privée"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170119090642/http://www.ifj.org/regions/africa">Archived</a> 19 January 2017 at <a href="/wiki/Archive-It" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive-It">Archive-It</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/ng82.html">the original</a> on 13 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Media+in+Niger%3A+the+African+Development+Information+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afdevinfo.com%2Fhtmlreports%2Fng82.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gret.org/parma/uk2/ressource/edm/pdf/niger.pdf">Medias Status Report: Niger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011302/http://www.gret.org/parma/uk2/ressource/edm/pdf/niger.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Report on Human Rights Practices – Niger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/democracy/hrp_index.html">1993–1995</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616143410/http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/democracy/hrp_index.html">Archived</a> 16 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78750.htm">2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200421204423/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78750.htm">Archived</a> 21 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-issa04-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-issa04_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panos-ao.org/ipao/spip.php?article39">Niger : Conseil de presse. Les journalistes refusent la mise sous tutelle</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510075744/http://www.panos-ao.org/ipao/spip.php?article39">Archived</a> 10 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ousseini Issa. Médi@ctions n°37, Institut PANOS Afrique de l'Ouest. March 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cpj2006-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cpj2006_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpj.org/2007/02/attacks-on-the-press-2006-niger.php">Attacks on the press: Niger 2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110920053522/http://www.cpj.org/2007/02/attacks-on-the-press-2006-niger.php">Archived</a> 20 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Committee to Protect Journalists (2007). Retrieved 23 February 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiapacific.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR430012007?open&of=ENG-2F5">Niger: Emergency legislation infringes non-derogable human rights</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211134003/http://asiapacific.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR430012007?open&of=ENG-2F5">Archived</a> 11 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL Public Statement. AI Index: AFR 43/001/2007 (Public Document) Press Service Number: 181/07. 21 September 2007.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">nee-<span style="font-size:90%">ZHAIR</span>, <span style="font-size:90%">NY</span>-jər</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[niʒɛʁ]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">النيجر</span>; <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a>: <i lang="ff">Niiser</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>: <i lang="ha">Nijar</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">République du Niger</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>: <i lang="ha">Jamhuriyar Nijar</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Decalo, Samuel. <i>Historical Dictionary of Niger</i>, 3rd ed. (Scarecrow Press, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-3136-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-3136-8">0-8108-3136-8</a>) – a comprehensive collection of Niger topics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/">entry on Niger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/">Archived</a> 30 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5474.htm">"Niger"</a>. State.gov. 3 February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194527/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5474.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niger&rft.pub=State.gov&rft.date=2010-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F5474.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiger" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Note: This article contains material from the State Department website.</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/Niger_statistics.html">Unicef Niger statistics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091130170853/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/Niger_statistics.html">Archived</a> 30 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050929053656/http://www.nsu.newschool.edu/internationalaffairs/papers/thiam.pdf">Unesco manuscript on child work and schooling in Niger</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Niger</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Niger" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Niger">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Niger" class="extiw" title="c:Niger">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Niger" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Niger">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Niger" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Niger">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Niger" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Niger">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Niger" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Niger">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Niger" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Niger">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Niger" class="extiw" title="voy:Niger">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gouv.ne/">Official website</a></span></span>, Government of Republic of Niger <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.assemblee.ne/">National Assembly of Niger</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecowap.ecowas.int/country/Niger">Niger</a> profile from <a href="/wiki/ECOWAS" title="ECOWAS">ECOWAS</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Niger" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Niger">Wikimedia Atlas of Niger</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/192786">Niger</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/where/niger/">News headline links</a> from <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.democracynow.org/topics/niger">Niger</a>, Democracy Now!</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13943662">Niger profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Template:Niger_topics" title="Template:Niger topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Niger_topics" title="Template talk:Niger topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Niger_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Niger topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Niger_articles358" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Niger</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niger" title="History of Niger">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornu Empire">Bornu Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Agadez" title="Sultanate of Agadez">Sultanate of Agadez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Damagaram" title="Sultanate of Damagaram">Sultanate of Damagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosso_Kingdom" title="Dosso Kingdom">Dosso Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a></li> <li>Tuareg rebellions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1962%E2%80%931964)" title="Tuareg rebellion (1962–1964)">1962–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)" title="Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)">1990–1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)">2007–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005%E2%80%932006_Niger_food_crisis" title="2005–2006 Niger food crisis">2005–2006 food crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Niger" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Niger">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Nigerien coup d'état">2023 coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerien_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Nigerien crisis">Crisis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Niger" title="Coat of arms of Niger"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coat_of_arms_of_Niger.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coat_of_arms_of_Niger.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coat_of_arms_of_Niger.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Niger" title="Geography of Niger">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Niger" title="Template:Borders of Niger">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Niger" title="List of cities in Niger">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Niger" title="Communes of Niger">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Niger" title="Departments of Niger">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Niger">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Niger" title="List of national parks of Niger">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Niger" title="Regions of Niger">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Niger" title="Wildlife of Niger">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Niger" title="Politics of Niger">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Niger" title="Constitution of Niger">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Niger" title="Elections in Niger">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Niger" title="Foreign relations of Niger">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Niger" title="Human rights in Niger">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Niger">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Niger" title="Law enforcement in Niger">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Armed_Forces" title="Niger Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Niger)" title="National Assembly (Niger)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Niger" title="List of political parties in Niger">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Niger" title="List of heads of state of Niger">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Niger" title="List of prime ministers of Niger">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Niger" title="Economy of Niger">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="List of companies based in Niger">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_mining_industry_of_Niger" title="Oil and mining industry of Niger">Oil and mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Niger" title="Telecommunications in Niger">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Niger" title="Tourism in Niger">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Niger" title="Transport in Niger">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Niger" title="Culture of Niger">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Nig%C3%A9rienne" title="La Nigérienne">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Niger" title="Cinema of Niger">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Niger" title="Coat of arms of Niger">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Niger" title="Cuisine of Niger">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Niger" title="Demographics of Niger">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Niger" title="Education in Niger">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerien_films" title="List of Nigerien films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Niger" title="Flag of Niger">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Niger" title="Health in Niger">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Niger" title="Human trafficking in Niger">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Niger" title="Languages of Niger">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Niger">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigeriens" title="List of Nigeriens">List of Nigeriens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Niger">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niger" title="Music of Niger">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Niger" title="Polygamy in Niger">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Niger" title="Prostitution in Niger">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Niger" title="Public holidays in Niger">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_migration_in_Niger" title="Seasonal migration in Niger">Seasonal migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Niger">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Niger" title="Outline of Niger">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Niger" title="Category:Niger">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa699" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa699" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent<br />territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories<br />fully part of<br />non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States_(CEN-SAD)85" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Template talk:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="Discuss this 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<li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Syria and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Syria and OIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries<br />and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim<br />communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations195" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary748" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Union339" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union" title="Template talk:African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Union339" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia_Group" title="Monrovia Group">Monrovia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="African Union Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_African_Union_Commission_Chairperson_election" title="2025 African Union Commission Chairperson election">2025 election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Education,_Science,_Technology_and_Innovation" title="African Union Department of Education, Science, Technology and Innovation">Department of Education, Science, Technology and Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Political_Affairs,_Peace_and_Security" title="African Union Department of Political Affairs, Peace and Security">Department of Political Affairs, Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Union_Department_of_Infrastructure_and_Energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Union Department of Infrastructure and Energy (page does not exist)">Department of Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Health,_Humanitarian_Affairs_and_Social_Development" title="African Union Department of Health, Humanitarian Affairs and Social Development">Department of Health, Humanitarian Affairs and Social Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Agriculture" title="African Union Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture, Rural Development, and Blue Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Economic_Development,_Trade,_Tourism,_Industry,_Mining" title="African Union Department of Economic Development, Trade, Tourism, Industry, Mining">Department of Economic Development, Trade, Tourism, Industry, Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_the_African_Union" title="Agencies of the African Union">Specialised agencies and institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Civil_Aviation_Commission" title="African Civil Aviation Commission">African Civil Aviation Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Energy_Commission" title="African Energy Commission">African Energy Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afripol" title="Afripol">Afripol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Space_Agency" title="African Space Agency">African Space Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States ambassadors to the African Union">United States ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="African Union–Ethiopia relations">African Union–Ethiopia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Passport" title="African Union Passport">Passport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Africa" title="Economy of Africa">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-African_Highway_network" title="Trans-African Highway network">Trans-African Highway network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Border_Day" title="African Border Day">African Border Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Africa">Federal Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie304" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie304" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Niger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1032#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2335" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1032#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2335" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1032#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4042298-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79065240">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11877680z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11877680z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568588">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Niger"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134317&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453561">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007564237105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/f27e792b-ddd2-3a70-bdd4-41fb11534b57">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/aa65ef69-9d0b-459d-b48b-3b95b3082624">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/DNPayi8E">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026550180">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003459">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035780">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/nijer">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Niger&params=16_N_08_E_type:country_region:NE"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">16°N</span> <span class="longitude">08°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">16°N 8°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">16; 8</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niger&oldid=1280497821">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niger&oldid=1280497821</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Niger" title="Category:Niger">Niger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Saharan_countries" title="Category:Saharan countries">Saharan 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