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Technology Assessment: Artificial Intelligence: Emerging Opportunities, Challenges, and Implications | U.S. GAO
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text-small"><strong>GAO-18-142SP</strong></span><b></b> <span class="d-block text-small"> Published: Mar 28, 2018. 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class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--retirement--services-older-adults" data-element="js-endpoint-retirement--services-older-adults">Services for Older Adults</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1493 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--fiscal-future--local-drivers-trends" data-element="js-endpoint-fiscal-future--local-drivers-trends">State and Local-Level Drivers and Trends</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1492 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--fiscal-future-_local-fiscal-projections" data-element="js-endpoint-fiscal-future-_local-fiscal-projections">State and Local Fiscal Projections</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1490 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--fiscal-future--how-government-borrows" data-element="js-endpoint-fiscal-future--how-government-borrows">Federal Borrowing</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1491 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--fiscal-future--managing-the-debt" data-element="js-endpoint-fiscal-future--managing-the-debt">Managing the Debt</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-2426 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--fiscal-future--managing-the-debt" data-element="js-endpoint-Funding-Provisions">Summary of Funding Provisions</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1488 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--fiscal-future--auditing" data-element="js-endpoint-fiscal-future--auditing">Auditing the Government's Books</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1489 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--fiscal-future--unpacking-financial-report" data-element="js-endpoint-fiscal-future--unpacking-financial-report">Unpacking the Financial Report</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--highlights" data-element="js-endpoint-highlights">Highlights</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-891 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--explore-actions" data-element="js-endpoint-explore-actions">Recommendations</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-886 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--background" data-element="js-endpoint-background">Background</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1791 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--fiscal-future--managing-the-debt" data-element="js-endpoint-about-this-work2">About This Work</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1496 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--duplication" data-element="js-endpoint-about-this-work">About This Work</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-6 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--trends" data-element="js-endpoint-trends">Trends</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--fiscal-future--managing-the-debt" data-element="jump-to-endpoint-csf">About the Center</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-11 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--why-high-risk" data-element="js-endpoint-why-high-risk">Why It's High Risk</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-16 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--what-remains" data-element="js-endpoint-what-remains">What Remains To Be Done</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-21 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--key-reports" data-element="js-endpoint-key-reports">Key Reports</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--recent-reports" data-element="js-endpoint-covid-reports">Newest COVID-Related Reports</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-2606 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--science-ai-use" data-element="js-endpoint-science-ai-use">AI Use Cases</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-876 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--flood-insurance" data-element="js-endpoint-flood-insurance">Flood Insurance</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--recent-reports" data-element="js-endpoint-pandemic-reports">Past Pandemic-Related Reports</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1666 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--recent-reports" data-element="js-endpoint-cares-act">CARES Act Oversight Reports</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1826 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--recent-reports" data-element="js-endpoint-covid-reports-all">All COVID-19 Reports</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1637 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--fraud" data-element="js-endpoint-fraud">Report Suspected Fraud</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1796 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--explore-actions" data-element="js-endpoint-Subjects2">Subjects</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" data-element="js-endpoint-notified">How to Get Notified</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1686 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--recent-reports" data-element="js-endpoint-Past-Racial-Inequality-Reports">Past Reports</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-881 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--public-health-threats" data-element="js-endpoint-public-health-threats">Public Health Threats</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-2596 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link" data-element="js-endpoint-summary-funds">Explore the FY 2022 and 2023 Funds</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-3206 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link" data-element="js-endpoint-summary-funds22">Status of FY22 Projects</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" data-element="js-endpoint-lessons">Lessons Learned</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-2421 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--recent-reports" data-element="js-endpoint-agency-reports">Agency Reports</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-26 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--recent-reports" data-element="js-endpoint-recent-reports">Recent Reports</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-31 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--recommendations" data-element="js-endpoint-recommendations">Recommendations</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1411 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--supplemental-material" data-element="js-endpoint-supplemental-material">Supplemental Material</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-36 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--full-report" data-element="js-endpoint-full-report">Full Report</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-41 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--additional-data" data-element="js-endpoint-additional-data">Additional Data</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-61 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--view-decision" data-element="js-endpoint-view-decision">View Decision</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1406 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--downloads" data-element="js-endpoint-downloads">Downloads</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-896 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--previous-actions" data-element="js-endpoint-previous-actions">Previously Identified Actions</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-46 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--related-pages" data-element="js-endpoint-related-pages">Related Pages</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-51 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--associated-agencies" data-element="js-endpoint-associated-agencies">Associated Agencies</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-901 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--tough-choices" data-element="js-endpoint-tough-choices">Tough Choices and Opportunities Ahead</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-906 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--americas-fiscal-future-key-areas" data-element="js-endpoint-americas-fiscal-future-key-areas">Americas Fiscal Future Key Areas</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-911 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--retirement-sec-key-areas" data-element="js-endpoint-retirement-security-key-areas">Retirement Security Key Areas</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-916 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--current-list" data-element="js-endpoint-current-list">Current List</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-921 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--about-high-risk-list" data-element="js-endpoint-about-high-risk-list">About The High Risk List</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-926 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--area-ratings" data-element="js-endpoint-area-ratings">Area Ratings</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-931 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--previous-high-risk-products" data-element="js-endpoint-previous-high-risk-products">Previous High Risk Products</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" data-element="js-endpoint-search-vacancies" class="jump-to-link js-link link--search-vacancies">Search Federal Vacancies</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" data-element="js-endpoint-past-vacancies" class="jump-to-link js-link link--past-vacancies">Past Federal Vacancies</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" data-element="js-endpoint-violation-letters" class="jump-to-link js-link link--violation-letters">Violation Letters</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1786 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--yellow book" data-element="js-endpoint-yellowbook">About the Yellow Book</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-956 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--advisory-council" data-element="js-endpoint-advisory-council">Advisory Council</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-2601 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--related-resources" data-element="js-endpoint-related-resources">Related Resources</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-961 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--comment-letters" data-element="js-endpoint-comment-letters">Comment Letters</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-951 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--related-publications" data-element="js-endpoint-related-publications">Related Publications</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1661 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--contacts" data-element="js-endpoint-contacts-resources">Contacts and Resources</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--fiscal-future--managing-the-debt" data-element="js-endpoint-major-issues">Major Issues Facing the Nation</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--fiscal-future--unpacking-financial-report" data-element="js-endpoint-gov-challenges">Meeting Strategic Challenges</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--resources" data-element="js-endpoint-addl-resources">Additional Resources</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-946 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--resources" data-element="js-endpoint-resources">Resources</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1901 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" data-element="js-endpoint-MissionTeams">Mission Teams</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1906 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" data-element="js-endpoint-OperationsandStaffOffices ">Operations and Staff Offices </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1911 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" data-element="js-endpoint-OrganizationChart ">Organization Chart </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--key-reports" data-element="js-endpoint-WhyGAO">Why a Career at GAO?</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1916 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" data-element="js-endpoint-AmIQualified">Am I Qualified?</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1926 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" data-element="js-endpoint-CompanyCulture">Company Culture</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1931 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" data-element="js-endpoint-ReasonableAccommodations">Reasonable Accommodations</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-2406 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" data-element="js-endpoint-VideoGallery">Video Gallery</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-2431 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" data-element="js-endpoint-PaidInternships">Paid Internships</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1941 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" data-element="js-endpoint-StudentVolunteers">Student Volunteers</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1951 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" data-element="js-endpoint-ProfessionalDevelopmentProgram">Professional Development Program</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1956 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" data-element="js-endpoint-Advancement">Advancement</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1961 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" data-element="js-endpoint-ExecutiveCandidateAssessmentandDevelopmentProgram">Executive Candidate Program</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1981 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" data-element="js-endpoint-SummerAssociates">Summer Associates</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1971 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" data-element="js-endpoint-Externships">Externships</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-1976 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" data-element="js-endpoint-Benefits">Benefits</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--contacts" data-element="js-endpoint-contacts2">Contacts</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-3211 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--pr-letters" data-element="js-endpoint-pr-letters">Priority Open Recommendation Letters</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-3216 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--transition--key-resources" data-element="js-endpoint-transition--key-resources">Key Resources</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-3221 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--transition--major-issues" data-element="js-endpoint-transition--major-issues">Major Issues</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-3231 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--downloadable-resources" data-element="js-endpoint-downloadable-resources">Downloadable Resources</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-icon menu-icon-56 nav-item"> <div class="item-container"> <div class="item-inner"> <a href="" class="jump-to-link js-link link--contacts" data-element="js-endpoint-contacts">GAO Contacts</a> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div><div id="block-gao-uswds-content" class="block block-system block-system-main-block" data-entity-id="system_main_block" data-entity-type="block"> <div class="node node--type-product node--view-mode-full"> <div class="node__content" class="node__content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-fast-facts-description field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <h2 class="field__label">Fast Facts</h2> <div class="field__item"> <!--HTML--><html><body><p class="gAOFFText"> Artificial intelligence (AI) could improve human life and economic competitiveness鈥攂ut it also poses new risks.</p> <p class="gAOFFText"> The Comptroller General convened the Forum on AI to consider the policy and research implications of AI鈥檚 use in 4 areas with the potential to significantly affect daily life鈥攃ybersecurity, automated vehicles, criminal justice, and financial services. The forum highlighted the fact that AI will have far-reaching effects on society鈥攅ven if AI capabilities stopped advancing today. We looked at the prospects for AI in the near future, and identified areas where changes in policy and research may be needed.</p> <p class="gAOFFGraphicTitle"> Implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Policy and Research</p> <p class="gAOFFGraphic"> <img alt="Figure showing policy areas, like updating regulations, and research areas, like understanding AI's effect on jobs and training. " data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="475baec8-057f-4520-8756-63ebd303ddff" src="/assets/extracts/a0c575c375ebf3554508786c1b47ea03/rId15_image5.png" width="650" height="670" loading="lazy"></p> <p class="gAOFFGraphicAltText"> Figure showing policy areas, like updating regulations, and research areas, like understanding AI's effect on jobs and training.</p></body> </html></div> </div> <a id="summary" class="visually-hidden focusable highlights-anchor">Skip to Highlights</a> <div class="js-endpoint-highlights clearfix text-formatted field field--name-product-highlights-custom field--type-text-long field--label-above quickedit-field"> <h2 class="field__label">Highlights</h2> <div class="field__item"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><h2> What the Participants Discussed</h2> <p> Forum participants noted a range of opportunities and challenges related to artificial intelligence (AI), as well as areas needed for future research and for consideration by policymakers. Regarding opportunities, investment in automation through AI technologies could lead to improvements in productivity and economic outcomes, similar to that experienced during previous periods of automation, according to a forum participant. In cybersecurity, AI automated systems and algorithms can help identify and patch vulnerabilities and defend against attacks. Automotive and technology firms use AI tools in the pursuit of automated cars, trucks, and aerial drones. In criminal justice, algorithms are automating portions of analytical work to provide input to human decision makers in the areas of predictive policing, face recognition, and risk assessments. Many financial services firms use AI tools in areas like customer service operations, wealth management, consumer risk profiling, and internal controls.</p> <p> <strong>Selected Questions Regarding the Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Four High-Consequence Sectors</strong></p> <p> <strong><img alt="" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="75aca452-5ed4-46f4-b330-e2ff03f60c5c" src="/assets/700/690916.png" /></strong></p> <p> Forum participants also highlighted a number of challenges related to AI. For example, if the data used by AI are biased or become corrupted by hackers, the results could be biased or cause harm. The collection and sharing of data needed to train AI systems, a lack of access to computing resources, and adequate human capital are also challenges facing the development of AI. Furthermore, the widespread adoption of AI raises questions about the adequacy of current laws and regulations. Finally, participants noted the need to develop and adopt an appropriate ethical framework to govern the use of AI in research, as well as explore factors that govern how quickly society will accept AI systems in their daily lives.</p> <p> After considering the benefits and challenges of AI, forum participants highlighted several policy issues they believe require further attention. In particular, forum participants emphasized the need for policymakers to explore ways to (1) incentivize data sharing, such as providing mechanisms for sharing sensitive information while protecting the public and manufacturers; (2) improve safety and security (e.g., by creating a framework that ensures that the costs and liabilities of providing safety and security are appropriately shared between manufacturers and users); (3) update the regulatory approach that will affect AI (e.g., by leveraging technology to improve and reduce the burden of regulation, while assessing whether desired outcomes are being achieved); and (4) assess acceptable levels of risk and ethical considerations (e.g., by providing mechanisms for assessing tradeoffs and benchmarking the performance of AI systems). As policymakers explore these and other implications, they will be confronted with fundamental tradeoffs, according to forum participants. As such, participants highlighted several areas related to AI they believe warrant further research, including (1) establishing regulatory sandboxes (i.e., experimental safe havens where AI products can be tested); (2) developing high-quality labeled data (i.e., data organized, or labeled, in a manner to facilitate their use with AI to produce more accurate outcomes); (3) understanding the implications of AI on training and education for jobs of the future; and (4) exploring computational ethics and explainable AI, whereby systems can reason without being told explicitly what to do and inspect why they did something, making adjustments for the future.</p> <p> <strong>Implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Policy and Research</strong></p> <p> <strong><img alt="" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="3cfcd290-1092-4f4f-bdbb-f05170eb6528" src="/assets/700/690917.png" /></strong></p> <h2> Why GAO Convened This Forum</h2> <p> Artificial intelligence (AI) holds substantial promise for improving human life and economic competitiveness in a variety of ways and for helping solve some of society's most pressing challenges. At the same time, according to experts, AI poses new risks and could displace workers and widen socioeconomic inequality. To gain a better understanding of the emerging opportunities, challenges, and implications resulting from developments in AI, the Comptroller General of the United States convened the Forum on Artificial Intelligence, which was held on July 6 and 7, 2017, in Washington, D.C.</p> <p> At the forum, participants from industry, government, academia, and nonprofit organizations considered the potential implications of AI developments in four sectors--cybersecurity, automated vehicles, criminal justice, and financial services. Participants considered policy implications of broadening AI use in the economy and society, as well as associated opportunities, challenges, and areas in need of more research. Following the forum, participants were given the opportunity to review a summary of forum discussions and a draft of this report. Additionally, a draft of this report was reviewed independently by two experts who did not attend the forum. The viewpoints expressed by individuals in the report do not necessarily represent the views of all participants, their organizations, or GAO.</p> <div> For more information, contact Timothy M. 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