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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iso-Polyphony</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albansk_polyfoni" title="Albansk polyfoni – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Albansk polyfoni" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaania_isopol%C3%BCfoonia" title="Albaania isopolüfoonia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Albaania isopolüfoonia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopolifon%C3%ADa_albanesa" title="Isopolifonía albanesa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isopolifonía albanesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iso-polyphonie_albanaise" title="Iso-polyphonie albanaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Iso-polyphonie albanaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albansko_vi%C5%A1eglasno_pjevanje" title="Albansko višeglasno pjevanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Albansko višeglasno pjevanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iso-polifonia_albanese" title="Iso-polifonia albanese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iso-polifonia albanese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A1n_n%C3%A9pi_iszopolif%C3%B3nia" title="Albán népi iszopolifónia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Albán népi iszopolifónia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%85_%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A9_%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯑꯜꯕꯥꯅꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯅ ꯏꯁꯩ ꯁꯛꯃꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯜꯕꯥꯅꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯅ ꯏꯁꯩ ꯁꯛꯃꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba%C5%84ski_ludowy_%C5%9Bpiew_izopolifoniczny" title="Albański ludowy śpiew izopolifoniczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Albański ludowy śpiew izopolifoniczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Албанское народное изополифоническое пение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Албанское народное изополифоническое пение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iso-polifonia_shqiptare" title="Iso-polifonia shqiptare – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Iso-polifonia shqiptare" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iso-Polyphony" title="Iso-Polyphony – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iso-Polyphony" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Албанско вишегласно певање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Албанско вишегласно певање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanialainen_iso-polyfonia" title="Albanialainen iso-polyfonia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Albanialainen iso-polyfonia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albansk_polyfoni" title="Albansk polyfoni – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Albansk polyfoni" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zo-polifoni" title="İzo-polifoni – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İzo-polifoni" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Албанський народний ізополіфонічний спів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Албанський народний ізополіфонічний спів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E4%BD%8E%E8%81%B2%E8%A4%87%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="阿爾巴尼亞民間低聲複音音樂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿爾巴尼亞民間低聲複音音樂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Iso-Polyphony</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fustanela_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fustanela_001.jpg/220px-Fustanela_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fustanela_001.jpg/330px-Fustanela_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fustanela_001.jpg/440px-Fustanela_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="576" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A traditional male group performing</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="nickname">Iso-polifonia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albanian music</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Typical instruments</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Vocal_music" title="Vocal music">Human voice</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #eee; font-size: 125%;">Albanian folk iso-polyphony</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00155">00155</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity/ENA" title="Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity/ENA">Europe and North America</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee; font-size:110%;">Inscription history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2008 (3rd session)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">List</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Representative</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Iso-Polyphony</b> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">Iso-polifonia</i>) is a traditional part of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albanian folk music</a> and, as such, is included in <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage list</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albanian Iso-Polyphony is considered to have its roots in the many-voiced <i><a href="/wiki/Vajtim" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajtim">vajtim</a></i>, the southern Albanian traditional lamentation of the dead. The instrumental expression of the Albanian Iso-Polyphony evolved into the Albanian <i><a href="/wiki/Kaba_(Albanian_music)" title="Kaba (Albanian music)">kaba</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETole202243–45_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETole202243–45-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All four regions of southern Albania—Lalëria (<a href="/wiki/Myzeqe" title="Myzeqe">Myzeqe</a>), <a href="/wiki/Toskeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Toskeria">Toskëria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Çamëria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lab%C3%ABria" title="Labëria">Labëria</a>—have <a href="/wiki/Polyphony#Balkan_region" title="Polyphony">polyphonic song</a> as part of their culture. A related form of polyphonic singing is found in northern <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, in the area of <a href="/wiki/Peshkopi" title="Peshkopi">Peshkopi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Polog" title="Polog">Polog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetovo" title="Tetovo">Tetovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ki%C4%8Devo" title="Kičevo">Kičevo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gostivar" title="Gostivar">Gostivar</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%ABsia" title="Malësia">Malësia</a> in northern Albania and southern <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ardian_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ardian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Labëria is particular well known for multipart singing; songs can have two, three, or four parts. Two-part songs are sung only by women. Three-part songs can be sung by men and women. Four part songs are a Labërian specialty. Research has shown that four-part songs developed after three-part ones, and that they are the most complex form of polyphonic singing.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr_National_Folklore_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjirokastër National Folklore Festival">Gjirokastër National Folklore Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">Festivali Folklorik Kombëtar</i>), has been held every five years in the month of October since 1968, and it typically includes many polyphonic songs.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iso-Polyphony&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Albanian polyphonic traditional music is performed in two <a href="/wiki/Albanian_dialects" title="Albanian dialects">dialects</a> of <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lab_Albanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lab Albanian">Lab</a>. The Tosk musical dialect comprises the <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> ethnographic regions of <a href="/wiki/Tosk%C3%ABria" class="mw-redirect" title="Toskëria">Toskëria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myzeqe" title="Myzeqe">Myzeqeja</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cham%C3%ABria" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamëria">Chamëria</a>, while the Lab musical dialect comprises <a href="/wiki/Lab%C3%ABria" title="Labëria">Labëria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShetuni201134_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShetuni201134-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iso-Polyphony&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Albanian Iso-Polyphony is considered to have its roots in the many-voiced <i><a href="/wiki/Vajtim" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajtim">vajtim</a></i>, the southern Albanian traditional lamentation of the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETole202243–45_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETole202243–45-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many scholars who have studied the <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Iso-polyphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Iso-polyphony">iso-polyphony</a> and in general the <a href="/wiki/Polyphonic_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphonic music">polyphonic music</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> consider it an old tradition that dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thraco</a>-<a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1989189–190_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1989189–190-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShetuni201133–34_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShetuni201133–34-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a lack of historical documentation of the Albanian polyphonic traditional music. However, since it is considered the product of <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral transmission</a> down many generations, scholars came to their conclusions by analyzing this musical tradition that continues to be performed in modern days. There are found many specific features of the Albanian polyphonic tradition that indicate its <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">ancient origin</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentatonic">pentatonic</a> modal/tonal structure, which is widely thought by scholars to represent an early beginning to the musical culture of a people; the presence of <a href="/wiki/Recitation" title="Recitation">recitative</a> vocals, because when the melody of the vocals is not developed, the tradition is thought to be in a more <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">primitive phase</a>; the presence of calls and shouts, which indicates a primitive phase of development in the musical culture of a people; the <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella singing</a> style, which suggests an old age of a musical tradition since it lacks of <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">instrumental</a> <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">accompaniment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShetuni201133–34_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShetuni201133–34-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the region was under the dominion of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> for many centuries, the Balkan polyphonic traditional music had a different development than medieval <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a>. The Balkan tradition was non-institutionalized and has been continually collectively formed, while the Byzantine music was created by individual composers and was institutionalized. The Balkan tradition has been <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">transmitted orally</a> down the generations, and its <a href="/wiki/Vocal_music" title="Vocal music">performers</a> were common people musically illiterate, while the Byzantine music was widely <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">documented</a>, and has been performed by professionals who were trained and educated. The two musical traditions lived side by side for centuries, therefore they would have had a mutual influence on each other. However, it is thought that the interaction between the Albanian polyphonic traditional music and the Byzantine music has been relatively small.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShetuni201133–34_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShetuni201133–34-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iso-Polyphony&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Albanian polyphonic traditional music is thought to have been composed in its beginnings of only two melodic lines: the <i>taker</i> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">marrës</i> – 1st voice)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETole2014166_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETole2014166-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>turner</i> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">kthyes or pritës</i> – 2nd voice). The turner likely played initially a non-specific melodic role, a style that can still be found in the two-voiced polyphonic singing of the women in <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShetuni201134_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShetuni201134-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that over time the turner have gradually become more precisely defined melodically; the tradition of two-voiced (taker and turner) in which the turner plays a clearly defined melodic role is found today among the men of <a href="/wiki/Dukat,_Albania" title="Dukat, Albania">Dukat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShetuni201134_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShetuni201134-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it is typical in Gjirokastër and Dukat, two voice iso-polyphony can be found in many Albania areas, such as in <a href="/wiki/Korc%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Korcë">Korcë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Librazhd" title="Librazhd">Librazhd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pogradec" title="Pogradec">Pogradec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolonj%C3%AB" title="Kolonjë">Kolonjë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">Fier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shpat_i_Sip%C3%ABrm" title="Shpat i Sipërm">Shpat i Sipërm</a> of <a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myzeqe" title="Myzeqe">Myzeqe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mallakast%C3%ABr" title="Mallakastër">Mallakastër</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunxh%C3%ABri" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunxhëri">Lunxhëri</a>, as well as in Albanian speaking areas of <a href="/wiki/Zajas" title="Zajas">Zajas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ki%C4%8Devo" title="Kičevo">Kičevo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tetovo" title="Tetovo">Tetovo</a>. The two voice iso-polyphony can also be found in the <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë</a> of <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>. According to scholar Vasil Tole thinking about the two voice polyphony as a first stage of the development of the iso-polyphony is incorrect, because the two voices actually play three voices, so the two voice iso-polyphony is a "hidden" way of a three voice iso-polyphony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETole2014105-106_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETole2014105-106-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next melodic line to evolve into Albanian traditional polyphony is thought to have been the <i>drone</i> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">iso</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETole2014106-107_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETole2014106-107-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which seems to have adapted naturally to the two previous melodic lines, giving rise to the three-voiced polyphony. The introduction of the drone was a significant artistic achievement because it brought the diversification and the enrichment of the harmonic interplay between melodic lines. The drone is very common in today's Albanian polyphonic tradition, and it is rare to find varieties without it nowadays.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShetuni201134–35_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShetuni201134–35-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although currently the three voice iso-polyphony can be found in mixed gender musical groups, traditionally it was sung only by men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETole2014107-109_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETole2014107-109-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The areas where the three voice polyphony is typical are those of <a href="/wiki/Skrapar" title="Skrapar">Skrapar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gramsh_District" title="Gramsh District">Gramsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devoll_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Devoll Municipality">Devoll</a>, Gjirokastër, Kolonjë, <a href="/wiki/Sarand%C3%AB" title="Sarandë">Sarandë</a>, and Vlorë.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETole2014107-109_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETole2014107-109-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last melodic line to evolve into Albanian traditional polyphony was the launcher (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">hedhësi</i> – 3rd voice),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETole2014100_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETole2014100-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which gave rise to the four-voiced polyphony. The introduction of the launcher marked an increasing artistic sophistication; however, it did not essentially change the vocal harmony and interplay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShetuni201135_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShetuni201135-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being completely absent in <a href="/wiki/Tosk%C3%ABria" class="mw-redirect" title="Toskëria">Toskëria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myzeqeja" class="mw-redirect" title="Myzeqeja">Myzeqeja</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cham%C3%ABria" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamëria">Chamëria</a>, the four-voiced polyphony exists only in <a href="/wiki/Lab%C3%ABria" title="Labëria">Labëria</a>, where it is found along with the more common three-voiced style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShetuni201135_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShetuni201135-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consolidation of the four voice method iso-polyphony is due to <a href="/wiki/Ne%C3%A7o_Muko" title="Neço Muko">Neço Muko</a> in his recordings in the 1920s–1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETole2014106-107_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETole2014106-107-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The instrumental expression of the Albanian Iso-Polyphony evolved into the Albanian <i><a href="/wiki/Kaba_(Albanian_music)" title="Kaba (Albanian music)">kaba</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETole202243–45_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETole202243–45-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pleqërishte"><span id="Pleq.C3.ABrishte"></span>Pleqërishte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iso-Polyphony&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pleqërishte"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Pleqërishte</b> is a genre of Albanian folk iso-polyphony sung by men in <a href="/wiki/Lab%C3%ABria" title="Labëria">Labëria</a> and is principally identified with the city of <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a> and its environs. The genre is characterized by a slow tempo, low pitch and small range. </p><p><i>Pleqërishte</i> means both "of old men" and "of the old time" in reference to the mode of singing and the lyrical themes of part of their songs respectively. In relation to these subjects <i>pleqërishte</i> songs are also called <i>lashtërishte</i> ("of the ancient time"), a term used exclusively in Gjirokastër.<sup id="cite_ref-AhmedajaHaid2008_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AhmedajaHaid2008-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These specific topics have largely fallen into public disuse over the years but remain thematically notable. </p><p>Songs of the genre adhere to a slow tempo and low pitch with little vocal variation as opposed to genres such as <i>djemurishte</i> ("of young men") in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As all fourth-part genres they feature a third soloist (<i>hedhës</i>). While in other four-part genres the <i>hedhës</i> mainly assumes the role of secondary drone a <a href="/wiki/Minor_third" title="Minor third">minor third</a> above the <a href="/wiki/Keynote" title="Keynote">keynote</a>, in <i>pleqërishte</i> the <i>hedhës</i> relieves the first soloist (<i>marrës</i>) and allows him to take a breathing break.<sup id="cite_ref-AhmedajaHaid2008_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AhmedajaHaid2008-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each rendition begins with the singing of the first lines by the <i>marrës</i> and the introduction of the second soloist (<i>kthyes</i>) and finally the <i>hedhës</i>. After the <i>hedhës</i>, the <i>marrës'</i>s lyrics are repeated by the drone group in various forms and manners. </p><p><i>Pleqërishte</i> songs are exemplified in the repertory of the folk group <i>Pleqtë e Gjirokastrës</i> sometimes regarded as the "last representative" of the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-AhmedajaHaid2008_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AhmedajaHaid2008-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tole_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tole-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the best-known songs of the genre and most notable renditions of the group is <i>Doli shkurti, hyri marsi</i>, which details a battle between <a href="/wiki/%C3%87er%C3%A7iz_Topulli" title="Çerçiz Topulli">Çerçiz Topulli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> troops in 1908 in the village of Mashkullorë near Gjirokastër. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iso-Polyphony&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vajtim" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajtim">Vajtim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ison_(music)" title="Ison (music)">Ison (music)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iso-Polyphony&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iso-Polyphony&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00155">"UNESCO Culture Sector – Intangible Heritage – 2003 Convention"</a>. Unesco.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+Culture+Sector+%E2%80%93+Intangible+Heritage+%E2%80%93+2003+Convention&rft.pub=Unesco.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fich%2Findex.php%3Flg%3Den%26pg%3D00011%26RL%3D00155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIso-Polyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETole202243–45-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETole202243–45_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETole202243–45_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETole202243–45_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTole2022">Tole 2022</a>, pp. 43–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ardian-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ardian_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ardian Ahmedaja, <a href="/wiki/Gerlinde_Haid" title="Gerlinde Haid">Gerlinde Haid</a> (2008). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Iga91qAoeDYC&dq=kenge+polifonike&pg=PA212">European voices: Multipart singing in the Balkans and the Mediterranean</a></i>, Volume 1, p. 210, 243–44. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783205780908" title="Special:BookSources/9783205780908">9783205780908</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Iga91qAoeDYC&dq=kenge+polifonike&pg=PA212">Ahmedaja, Haid (2008), p.214-215</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Iga91qAoeDYC&dq=festivali+i+folklorit+gjirokaster+5+years&pg=PA241">Ahmedaja, Haid (2008), p.241</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShetuni201134-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShetuni201134_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShetuni201134_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShetuni201134_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShetuni2011">Shetuni 2011</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1989189–190-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1989189–190_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStipčević1989">Stipčević 1989</a>, pp. 189–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShetuni201133–34-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShetuni201133–34_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShetuni201133–34_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShetuni201133–34_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShetuni2011">Shetuni 2011</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETole2014166-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETole2014166_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTole2014">Tole 2014</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETole2014105-106-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETole2014105-106_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTole2014">Tole 2014</a>, p. 105-106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETole2014106-107-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETole2014106-107_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETole2014106-107_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTole2014">Tole 2014</a>, p. 106-107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShetuni201134–35-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShetuni201134–35_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShetuni2011">Shetuni 2011</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETole2014107-109-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETole2014107-109_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETole2014107-109_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTole2014">Tole 2014</a>, p. 107-109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETole2014100-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETole2014100_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTole2014">Tole 2014</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShetuni201135-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShetuni201135_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShetuni201135_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShetuni2011">Shetuni 2011</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AhmedajaHaid2008-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AhmedajaHaid2008_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AhmedajaHaid2008_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AhmedajaHaid2008_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmedajaHaid2008" class="citation book cs1">Ahmedaja, Ardian; Haid, Gerlinde (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Iga91qAoeDYC&pg=PA339"><i>European Voices: Multipart singing in the Balkans and the Mediterranean</i></a>. Böhlau Verlag Wien. pp. 218–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783205780908" title="Special:BookSources/9783205780908"><bdi>9783205780908</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Voices%3A+Multipart+singing+in+the+Balkans+and+the+Mediterranean&rft.pages=218-9&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau+Verlag+Wien&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783205780908&rft.aulast=Ahmedaja&rft.aufirst=Ardian&rft.au=Haid%2C+Gerlinde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIga91qAoeDYC%26pg%3DPA339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIso-Polyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockmannErich_Stockmann1963" class="citation journal cs1">Stockmann, Doris; Erich Stockmann (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUMTAAAAIAAJ">"Die vokale Mehrstimmigkeit in Süd-Albanien"</a>. <i>Les Colloques de Wegimont</i>. <b>171</b>. Cercle Internationale d'Études Ethno-musicologiques: 104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Les+Colloques+de+Wegimont&rft.atitle=Die+vokale+Mehrstimmigkeit+in+S%C3%BCd-Albanien&rft.volume=171&rft.pages=104&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Stockmann&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft.au=Erich+Stockmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUMTAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIso-Polyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tole-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tole_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTole" class="citation web cs1">Tole, Vasil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isopolifonia.com/Other%20docs/Inventory%20of%20Performers,%20on%20iso-polyphony.pdf">"Inventory of performers on iso-polyphony"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNESCO. p. 121<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inventory+of+performers+on+iso-polyphony&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.aulast=Tole&rft.aufirst=Vasil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isopolifonia.com%2FOther%2520docs%2FInventory%2520of%2520Performers%2C%2520on%2520iso-polyphony.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIso-Polyphony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iso-Polyphony&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTole2014" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tole, Vasil (2014), <i>Enciklopedia e iso-polifonisë popullore shqiptare</i> (in Albanian)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enciklopedia+e+iso-polifonis%C3%AB+popullore+shqiptare&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Tole&rft.aufirst=Vasil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIso-Polyphony" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iso-Polyphony&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShetuni2011" class="citation book cs1">Shetuni, Spiro J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SjasqxAeHXAC"><i>Albanian Traditional Music: An Introduction, with Sheet Music and Lyrics for 48 Songs</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8630-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8630-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-8630-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albanian+Traditional+Music%3A+An+Introduction%2C+with+Sheet+Music+and+Lyrics+for+48+Songs&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8630-4&rft.aulast=Shetuni&rft.aufirst=Spiro+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSjasqxAeHXAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIso-Polyphony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStipčević1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Stip%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Stipčević">Stipčević, Aleksandar</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=56ZmAAAAMAAJ"><i>Iliri: povijest, život, kultura</i></a> [<i>The Illyrians: history and culture</i>] (in Croatian). Školska knjiga. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788603991062" title="Special:BookSources/9788603991062"><bdi>9788603991062</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iliri%3A+povijest%2C+%C5%BEivot%2C+kultura&rft.pub=%C5%A0kolska+knjiga&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9788603991062&rft.aulast=Stip%C4%8Devi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Aleksandar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D56ZmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIso-Polyphony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTole2022" class="citation journal cs1">Tole, Vasil S. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://akad.gov.al/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2022-vol.-2.pdf">"Kabaja With Saze as a Ballad Without Words"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Studia_Albanica" title="Studia Albanica">Studia Albanica</a></i> (2): 43–50. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0585-5047">0585-5047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Albanica&rft.atitle=Kabaja+With+Saze+as+a+Ballad+Without+Words&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=43-50&rft.date=2022&rft.issn=0585-5047&rft.aulast=Tole&rft.aufirst=Vasil+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fakad.gov.al%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F08%2F2022-vol.-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIso-Polyphony" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iso-Polyphony&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/albanian-folk-iso-polyphony-00155">Albanian folk iso-polyphony</a> at <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isopolifonia.com/">www.isopolifonia.com</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4V2cE-LmBU">UNESCO video in Youtube</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pleqërishte_2"><span id="Pleq.C3.ABrishte_2"></span>Pleqërishte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iso-Polyphony&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pleqërishte"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qYVEWdPt5q8"><span class="plainlinks">Doli shkurti, hyri marsi</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> by <i>Pleqtë e Gjirokastrës</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YTh8mpCe7tM"><span class="plainlinks">Leshverdha drrullë</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> by <i>Pleqtë e Gjirokastrës</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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title="Transhumance">Transhumance</a>, the seasonal droving of livestock (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity:_Music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_music" title="Template:UNESCO Oral and Intangible 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class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian iso-polyphony">Albanian folk iso-polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angklung" title="Angklung">Angklung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqyn" title="Aqyn">Aqyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">Arabic maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arirang" title="Arirang">Arirang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashiqs_of_Azerbaijan" title="Ashiqs of Azerbaijan">Ashiqs of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_(Azerbaijani_instrument)" title="Tar (Azerbaijani instrument)">Azerbaijani tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul#Baul_music" title="Baul">Baul music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C4%87arac" title="Bećarac">Bećarac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigwala" title="Bigwala">Bigwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biyelgee" title="Biyelgee">Biyelgee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bistritsa_Babi" title="Bistritsa Babi">Bistritsa Babi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumba_Meu_Boi#Bumba_meu_boi_in_Maranhão" title="Bumba Meu Boi">Bumba-meu-boi from Maranhão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dainichido_Bugaku" title="Dainichido Bugaku">Dainichido Bugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Beijing opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombe" title="Candombe">Candombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cante_Alentejano" title="Cante Alentejano">Cante Alentejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_opera" title="Cantonese opera">Cantonese opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantu_a_tenore" title="Cantu a tenore">Cantu a tenore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca_tr%C3%B9" title="Ca trù">Ca trù</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremona_violins" class="mw-redirect" title="Cremona violins">Cremona violins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doina" title="Doina">Doina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duduk" title="Duduk">Duduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshuva" title="Eshuva">Eshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fado" title="Fado">Fado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frevo" title="Frevo">Frevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujara" title="Fujara">Fujara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Gagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagok" title="Gagok">Gagok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna_music" title="Garifuna music">Garifuna music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)#Traditional_vocal_polyphony" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgian vocal polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_of_gong_culture" title="Space of gong culture">Gong culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guqin" title="Guqin">Guqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwo_ka" title="Gwo ka">Gwoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan%27ge" title="Shan'ge">Hua'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudhud_chants" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudhud chants">Hudhud chants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongmyo_jerye" title="Jongmyo jerye">Jongmyo Jereyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Maqam" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Maqam">Iraqi Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_scale" title="Istrian scale">Istrian scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgal_Laox" class="mw-redirect" title="Kgal Laox">Kgal Laox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtone_singing" title="Overtone singing">Khuumii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klapa" title="Klapa">Klapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="Koodiyattam">Koodiyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutar" title="Dutar">Khorasan Bakhshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumi_odori" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumi odori">Kumi odori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunqu" title="Kunqu">Kunqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamo" title="Lhamo">Lhamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_song" title="Long song">Long song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maloya" title="Maloya">Maloya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshrep" title="Meshrep">Meshrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morin_khuur" title="Morin khuur">Morin khuur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Mugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqam" 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