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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Charter forms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Charter_forms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Charter forms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Charter_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diplomas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Diplomas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Writs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Wills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boundary_descriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boundary_descriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Boundary descriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boundary_descriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_charters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_charters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Published charters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_charters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#8FBC8F">This article is part of the series:</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#8FBC8F"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons#Culture" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon<br />society and culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2008-05-17-SuttonHoo_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/2008-05-17-SuttonHoo_crop.jpg/150px-2008-05-17-SuttonHoo_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/2008-05-17-SuttonHoo_crop.jpg/225px-2008-05-17-SuttonHoo_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/2008-05-17-SuttonHoo_crop.jpg/300px-2008-05-17-SuttonHoo_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="925" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#8FBC8F"> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">People</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Anglo-Saxon_society" title="Women in Anglo-Saxon society">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">History</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#8FBC8F"> Language</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Runes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#8FBC8F"> Material culture</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture" title="Anglo-Saxon architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_in_Early_Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Burial in Early Anglo-Saxon England">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Coinage in Anglo-Saxon England">Coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_dress" title="Anglo-Saxon dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_glass" title="Anglo-Saxon glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_weaponry" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon weaponry">Weaponry</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#8FBC8F"> Power and organization</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Government in Anglo-Saxon England">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Saxon_monarchs_and_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Anglo-Saxon monarchs and kingdoms">Monarchs and kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fyrd" title="Fyrd">Military</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#8FBC8F"> Religion</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Paganism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglo-Saxon_society" title="Template talk:Anglo-Saxon society"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon_society" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon society"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Likely_11th-century_copy_of_AD_854_Royal_Charter_issued_by_King_Ethelstane_granting_20_hides_of_land_to_the_monks_of_St._Peter_at_Winchester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Likely_11th-century_copy_of_AD_854_Royal_Charter_issued_by_King_Ethelstane_granting_20_hides_of_land_to_the_monks_of_St._Peter_at_Winchester.jpg/220px-Likely_11th-century_copy_of_AD_854_Royal_Charter_issued_by_King_Ethelstane_granting_20_hides_of_land_to_the_monks_of_St._Peter_at_Winchester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Likely_11th-century_copy_of_AD_854_Royal_Charter_issued_by_King_Ethelstane_granting_20_hides_of_land_to_the_monks_of_St._Peter_at_Winchester.jpg/330px-Likely_11th-century_copy_of_AD_854_Royal_Charter_issued_by_King_Ethelstane_granting_20_hides_of_land_to_the_monks_of_St._Peter_at_Winchester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Likely_11th-century_copy_of_AD_854_Royal_Charter_issued_by_King_Ethelstane_granting_20_hides_of_land_to_the_monks_of_St._Peter_at_Winchester.jpg/440px-Likely_11th-century_copy_of_AD_854_Royal_Charter_issued_by_King_Ethelstane_granting_20_hides_of_land_to_the_monks_of_St._Peter_at_Winchester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1106" /></a><figcaption>Likely 11th-century copy of AD 854 Royal Charter issued by King Ethelwulf granting 20 hides of land to the monks of St. Peter at Winchester</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Anglo-Saxon charters</b> are documents from the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">early medieval period in England</a> which typically made a grant of <a href="/wiki/Real_Estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Estate">land</a> or recorded a <a href="/wiki/Privilege_(legal_ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Privilege (legal ethics)">privilege</a>. The earliest surviving charters were drawn up in the 670s: the oldest surviving charters granted land to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Church</a>, but from the eighth century, surviving charters were increasingly used to grant land to <a href="/wiki/Lay_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay person">lay people</a>. </p><p>The term <i>charter</i> covers a range of written legal documentation, including diplomas, <a href="/wiki/Writ" title="Writ">writs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">wills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sawyer_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sawyer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A diploma was a royal charter that granted rights over land or other privileges by the king, whereas a writ was an instruction (or prohibition) by the king which may have contained evidence of rights or privileges. Diplomas were usually written on <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, but often contained sections in the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a>, describing the bounds of <a href="/wiki/Estate_(land)" title="Estate (land)">estates</a>, which often correspond closely to modern parish boundaries. The writ was authenticated by a <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seal</a> and gradually replaced the diploma as evidence of land tenure during the late Anglo-Saxon and early <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> periods. Land held by virtue of a charter was known as <i><a href="/wiki/Bookland_(type_of_land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookland (type of land)">bookland</a></i>. </p><p>Charters have provided <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historians</a> with fundamental source material for understanding Anglo-Saxon England, complementing the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i> and other literary sources. They are catalogued in <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hayes_Sawyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Hayes Sawyer">Peter Sawyer</a>'s <i>Annotated List</i> and are usually referred to in the specialist literature by their Sawyer number (e.g. S 407). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Survival_and_authenticity">Survival and authenticity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Saxon_charters&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Survival and authenticity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:292px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S_8_Charter_of_King_Hlothhere_of_Kent_AD_679_(BL_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/S_8_Charter_of_King_Hlothhere_of_Kent_AD_679_%28BL_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II_2%29.jpg/136px-S_8_Charter_of_King_Hlothhere_of_Kent_AD_679_%28BL_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/S_8_Charter_of_King_Hlothhere_of_Kent_AD_679_%28BL_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II_2%29.jpg/204px-S_8_Charter_of_King_Hlothhere_of_Kent_AD_679_%28BL_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/S_8_Charter_of_King_Hlothhere_of_Kent_AD_679_%28BL_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II_2%29.jpg/272px-S_8_Charter_of_King_Hlothhere_of_Kent_AD_679_%28BL_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="855" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The oldest surviving Anglo-Saxon charter, issued by King <a href="/wiki/Hlothhere_of_Kent" title="Hlothhere of Kent">Hlothhere of Kent</a> in 679</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:292px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilton_Cartulary_(BL_Harley_436)_-_folio_24v_-_copy_of_a_charter_of_King_Edgar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Wilton_Cartulary_%28BL_Harley_436%29_-_folio_24v_-_copy_of_a_charter_of_King_Edgar.jpg/168px-Wilton_Cartulary_%28BL_Harley_436%29_-_folio_24v_-_copy_of_a_charter_of_King_Edgar.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Wilton_Cartulary_%28BL_Harley_436%29_-_folio_24v_-_copy_of_a_charter_of_King_Edgar.jpg/252px-Wilton_Cartulary_%28BL_Harley_436%29_-_folio_24v_-_copy_of_a_charter_of_King_Edgar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Wilton_Cartulary_%28BL_Harley_436%29_-_folio_24v_-_copy_of_a_charter_of_King_Edgar.jpg/336px-Wilton_Cartulary_%28BL_Harley_436%29_-_folio_24v_-_copy_of_a_charter_of_King_Edgar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="638" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Copy of a 968 charter of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_the_Peaceful" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar the Peaceful">King Edgar</a> preserved in a mid-13th-century <a href="/wiki/Cartulary" title="Cartulary">cartulary</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wilton_Abbey" title="Wilton Abbey">Wilton Abbey</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Anglo-Saxon charter can take many forms: it can be a <a href="/wiki/Lease" title="Lease">lease</a> (often presented as a <a href="/wiki/Chirograph" title="Chirograph">chirograph</a>), a will, an agreement, a writ or, most commonly, a grant of land.<sup id="cite_ref-Sawyer_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sawyer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Our picture is skewed towards those that regard land, particularly in the earlier period. Land charters can further be subdivided into <i>royal charters</i>, or diplomas, and <i>private charters</i> (donations by figures other than the king). </p><p>Over a thousand Anglo-Saxon charters are extant today, as a result of being maintained in the archives of <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">religious houses</a>. These preserved their charters so as to record their right to land. The oldest extant original charter, now in <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> archive, was issued in 679 by King <a href="/wiki/Hlothhere_of_Kent" title="Hlothhere of Kent">Hlothhere</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">Kent</a> granting land to the <a href="/wiki/Reculver_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Reculver Abbey">Reculver Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some surviving charters are later copies, which sometimes include <a href="/wiki/Interpolation_(manuscripts)" title="Interpolation (manuscripts)">interpolations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anglo-Saxon charters were sometimes used in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon laws">legal disputes</a>, and the recording of the contents of a charter within a legal document has ensured the survival of text when the original charter has been lost. Overall, some two hundred charters exist in the original form, whilst others are post-<a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Conquest</a> copies, that were often made by the compilers of <a href="/wiki/Cartulary" title="Cartulary">cartularies</a> (collections of <a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">title-deeds</a>) or by early modern <a href="/wiki/Antiquary" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquary">antiquaries</a>. The earliest cartularies containing copies of Anglo-Saxon charters come from Worcester, early-11th-century <i>Liber Wigorniensis</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hemming%27s_Cartulary" title="Hemming's Cartulary">Hemming's Cartulary</a></i> of a century later; a much later example, <i>Wilton Cartulary</i>, compiled in the mid-13th century at <a href="/wiki/Wilton_Abbey" title="Wilton Abbey">Wilton Abbey</a>, still includes a significant amount of Anglo-Saxon material.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The importance of charters in legal disputes over land as evidence of <a href="/wiki/Real_Estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Estate">land</a> tenure, gave rise to numerous charter <a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">forgeries</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes by those same monastic houses in whose archives they were preserved. The primary motivation for forging charters was to provide evidence of <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">rights</a> to land. Often forging was focussed on providing written evidence for the holdings recorded as belonging to a religious house in the <i><a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a></i>. It is important when studying charters to establish their authenticity. The study of charters to determine authenticity gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Diplomatics" title="Diplomatics">diplomatics</a> – the science of ancient documents. </p><p>Relatively few charters survive in their form as single sheets, and copies may have been altered for various purposes. Historians attempt to extract useful information from all types of charters, even outright fabrications, which may be of interest because they are apparently based on genuine documentation or for some other reason. <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Reuter" title="Timothy Reuter">Timothy Reuter</a>, a specialist in German history, complained that "Anglo-Saxon diplomatists persist in the belief that it is possible to be slightly dead or slightly pregnant", but <a href="/wiki/Simon_Keynes" title="Simon Keynes">Simon Keynes</a> argues that it is unhelpful to adopt the perspective of students of Continental charters, more of which survive as originals.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anglo-Saxon charters are catalogued in <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hayes_Sawyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Hayes Sawyer">Peter Sawyer</a>'s <i>Annotated List</i> (1968),<sup id="cite_ref-Sawyer_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sawyer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> revised and extended online. They are usually referred to in the specialist literature by their Sawyer number (e.g. S 407). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Charter_forms">Charter forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Saxon_charters&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Charter forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aethelbald_charter_Cyneberht_736.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Aethelbald_charter_Cyneberht_736.jpg/170px-Aethelbald_charter_Cyneberht_736.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Aethelbald_charter_Cyneberht_736.jpg/255px-Aethelbald_charter_Cyneberht_736.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Aethelbald_charter_Cyneberht_736.jpg/340px-Aethelbald_charter_Cyneberht_736.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1091" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ismere_Diploma" title="Ismere Diploma">Ismere Diploma</a>, a 736 charter of king <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbald_of_Mercia" title="Æthelbald of Mercia">Æthelbald of Mercia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The three most common forms of Anglo-Saxon charter are diplomas, writs and wills. They are certified by the attestations of witnesses, who are listed at the end of the charter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomas">Diplomas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Saxon_charters&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diplomas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest number of surviving charters are diplomas, or royal charters, that granted privileges and rights, usually over land. The typical diploma had three sections:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>protocol</i>, <i>corpus</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Eschatocol" title="Eschatocol">eschatocol</a></i>. The protocol opened the charter by invoking <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> and enumerating the pious considerations for the King's act (proem). The corpus was usually in Latin and named the <a href="/wiki/Beneficiary" title="Beneficiary">beneficiary</a>, recorded the grant or transfer (dispositive clause), reserved common burdens (reservation clause) and invoked the wrath of God on anyone who failed to observe it (anathema or sanction). The corpus' final section, which was often in <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>, described the boundaries of the land (boundary clause). The eschatocol was composed of a dating clause and witness-list, which usually included powerful lay and ecclesiastical members of the <a href="/wiki/Court_(royal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court (royal)">king's court</a>. </p><p>Much of the language of the diploma was explicitly religious<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – that a grant was made for the benefit of the grantor's <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> or that anyone breaking the charter would be <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunicated</a>. Charters typically opened by situating themselves firmly within the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian order</a>, with a pictorial (<a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chi_Rho" title="Chi Rho">chrismon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_Omega" title="Alpha and Omega">alpha-omega</a>) and a verbal invocation to God. Many early charters were granted in anticipation of the founding of a <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a>. The document served a largely <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a> purpose – to document the legal possession of land and to free that land from certain duties that would otherwise be attached to it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writs">Writs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Saxon_charters&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Writs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S_1140_Writ_of_King_Edward_to_Westminster_Abbey_granting_land_at_Perton_AD_1062_x_1066_(Westminster_Abbey,_W._A._M._XII).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/S_1140_Writ_of_King_Edward_to_Westminster_Abbey_granting_land_at_Perton_AD_1062_x_1066_%28Westminster_Abbey%2C_W._A._M._XII%29.jpg/350px-S_1140_Writ_of_King_Edward_to_Westminster_Abbey_granting_land_at_Perton_AD_1062_x_1066_%28Westminster_Abbey%2C_W._A._M._XII%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/S_1140_Writ_of_King_Edward_to_Westminster_Abbey_granting_land_at_Perton_AD_1062_x_1066_%28Westminster_Abbey%2C_W._A._M._XII%29.jpg/525px-S_1140_Writ_of_King_Edward_to_Westminster_Abbey_granting_land_at_Perton_AD_1062_x_1066_%28Westminster_Abbey%2C_W._A._M._XII%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/S_1140_Writ_of_King_Edward_to_Westminster_Abbey_granting_land_at_Perton_AD_1062_x_1066_%28Westminster_Abbey%2C_W._A._M._XII%29.jpg/700px-S_1140_Writ_of_King_Edward_to_Westminster_Abbey_granting_land_at_Perton_AD_1062_x_1066_%28Westminster_Abbey%2C_W._A._M._XII%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>Writ of King <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a> granting land at <a href="/wiki/Perton" title="Perton">Perton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a> to <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, 1062–1066</figcaption></figure> <p>The second most common form of Anglo-Saxon charter, although far fewer in number than the diploma, is the royal writ. These differed from the diploma in both form and function. A writ was an instruction from the king to a named official or group of recipients. It started with a greeting and was authenticated by a royal seal. The writ did not require witnesses and was often written in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harmer_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harmer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Normans, the use of writs was extended to cover many other aspects of royal business and was written in Latin. <a href="/wiki/Florence_Harmer" title="Florence Harmer">Florence Harmer</a> provided the text (and translation when written in Old English) of 120 pre-Conquest royal writs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wills">Wills</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Saxon_charters&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg/170px-Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg/255px-Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg/340px-Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="2453" /></a><figcaption>Opening page of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a>'s will drawn up circa 885 (11th-century copy)</figcaption></figure> <p>Anglo-Saxon wills were intended to make gifts of property (including land) after the writer's death, but they were not wills in the modern sense.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitelock_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitelock-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wills are rarer than writs. The first dedicated study, <i>Anglo-Saxon Wills</i> by <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Whitelock" title="Dorothy Whitelock">Dorothy Whitelock</a> was able to identify 39 documents.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitelock_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitelock-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number grew to 55 with publication of another 16 among the <i>Anglo-Saxon Charters</i> by <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Jane_Robertson" title="Agnes Jane Robertson">Agnes Jane Robertson</a> in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1939, contributions to the list were few and far between; in her 2011 <i>Wills and Will-making in Anglo-Saxon England</i> Linda Tollerton published the most up-to-date corpus, with 68 examples in total. The surviving documents are very unevenly distributed both in time and space: from the 9th century, for example, only 9 wills are known, and 6 of them are in Canterbury. Not a single will from any period is known from further North than <a href="/wiki/Burton_upon_Trent" title="Burton upon Trent">Burton upon Trent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>. Furthermore, only 22 wills can be found in manuscripts written before 1066; originals are even rarer, as some, like those of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wulfric_Spot" title="Wulfric Spot">Wulfric Spot</a>, are known to be pre-Conquest copies, while still other may in fact be mere extracts or ancient forgeries.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only two wills of kings have been preserved, those of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a>, both in later copies.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anglo-Saxon women whose wills survive include <a href="/wiki/Wynflaed" title="Wynflaed">Wynflæd</a> (mother of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Shaftesbury" title="Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury">Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury</a> and grandmother of Kings <a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edgar_the_Peaceful" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar the Peaceful">Edgar</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a>'s second wife <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d_of_Damerham" title="Æthelflæd of Damerham">Æthelflæd</a> and her sister Ælfflæd.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boundary_descriptions">Boundary descriptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Saxon_charters&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Boundary descriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A typical royal diploma had a clause describing the boundaries of the territory that is the subject of the charter. There are also boundary descriptions in a number of leases and two wills. In the earliest examples, these boundary descriptions are short, in Latin and with few boundary points. In time, the descriptions became longer, more detailed and written in Old English. By the end of the 9th century, all boundary clauses were written in Old English.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many charters, particularly those that have survived in later copies, do not have boundary clauses. In some instances, space has been left for a boundary clause that was never copied. A few boundary descriptions survive that do not appear to be related to any surviving charter. </p><p>The content of these boundary descriptions varied, but in many instances these descriptions revealed the Anglo-Saxons' ideas about their landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_significance">Historical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Saxon_charters&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edgar_from_Winchester_Charter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Edgar_from_Winchester_Charter.jpg/290px-Edgar_from_Winchester_Charter.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="408" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Edgar_from_Winchester_Charter.jpg/435px-Edgar_from_Winchester_Charter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Edgar_from_Winchester_Charter.jpg/580px-Edgar_from_Winchester_Charter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="3039" /></a><figcaption>A page from the charter of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_the_Peaceful" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar the Peaceful">Edgar</a> to the <a href="/wiki/New_Minster,_Winchester" title="New Minster, Winchester">New Minster, Winchester</a>. S 745. Unusually, the charter is in the form of a book.</figcaption></figure> <p>Charters have provided fundamental source material for understanding Anglo-Saxon England that complements the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i> and other literary sources. They are often used by historians as sources for the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">history of Anglo-Saxon England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was frequently kings who gave land in charters. By seeing what land was awarded, it is possible to see the extent of a king's control and how he exercised his power. In 846, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelwulf of Wessex">Æthelwulf of Wessex</a> granted land in <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> by charter, perhaps dividing the spoils from this recently conquered territory among his men. </p><p>It is possible to use charters to reconstruct models of ownership and land administration. For example, they provide an important basis for the discussion of early medieval <a href="/wiki/The_Fens" title="The Fens">Fenland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some scholars employ charters to analyse Roman infrastructure and the relationship of early medieval inhabitants of Britain to the Roman past.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The way these documents use Roman remains in and outside of boundary clauses can tell us a lot about how the past was understood and constructed. </p><p>Charters give lists of persons that attested the document and so it is possible to see who was present at the king's court.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The very detailed diplomas drafted by the scribe known as "<a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan_A" title="Æthelstan A">Æthelstan A</a>" show that several <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Welsh</a> kings, including <a href="/wiki/Hywel_Dda" title="Hywel Dda">Hywel Dda</a>, attended the court of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> in the late 920s and the 930s. A person's absence from court can be equally revealing: <a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_I,_Archbishop_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Wulfstan I, Archbishop of York">Wulfstan I, Archbishop of York</a> from 931 to 956, failed to attest any royal charters between 936 and 941, during which time the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Battle of Brunanburh</a> was fought between Æthelstan and an alliance of the <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiberno-Norse">Hiberno-Norse</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Guthfrithson" title="Olaf Guthfrithson">Olaf Guthfrithson</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> king, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine</a>. Wulfstan was rather independently-minded, and his absence from the <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">West Saxon</a> court can be linked with possible participation at Brunanburh and his later activity as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Kingmaker" title="Kingmaker">kingmaker</a> in <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>. It is also possible to trace a man's career at court through his position in the witness list, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Eadric_Streona" title="Eadric Streona">Eadric Streona</a> at the court of <a href="/wiki/Ethelred_the_Unready" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethelred the Unready">Æthelred 'the Unready'</a> in the early 11th century. </p><p>Burdens that were due by landowners to the <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">king</a>, such as providing <a href="/wiki/Soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Soldiers">soldiers</a>, resources and man-power, were sometimes relieved in charters.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gives historians the opportunity to examine aspects of Anglo-Saxon society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_charters">Published charters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Saxon_charters&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Published charters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A joint committee of the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Historical_Society" title="Royal Historical Society">Royal Historical Society</a> was set up in 1966 to oversee a definitive edition of the entire corpus of Anglo-Saxon charters. The edition is to be published in approximately thirty volumes. The late Professor <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Brooks_(historian)" title="Nicholas Brooks (historian)">Nicholas Brooks</a> was chairman of the committee in charge; he has been succeeded by Professor <a href="/wiki/Simon_Keynes" title="Simon Keynes">Simon Keynes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following volumes have been published.:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Campbell_(academic)" title="Alistair Campbell (academic)">Campbell, Alistair</a>, ed. (1973). <i>Charters of Rochester</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-725936-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-725936-8"><bdi>978-0-19-725936-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charters+of+Rochester&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-19-725936-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sawyer_(historian)" title="Peter Sawyer (historian)">Sawyer, Peter H.</a>, ed. (1979). <i>Charters of Burton Abbey</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-725940-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-725940-5"><bdi>978-0-19-725940-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charters+of+Burton+Abbey&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-19-725940-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Donovan1988" class="citation book cs1">O'Donovan, Mary A., ed. (1988). <i>Charters of Sherborne</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726051-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726051-7"><bdi>978-0-19-726051-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charters+of+Sherborne&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726051-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_E._Kelly" title="Susan E. Kelly">Kelly, Susan E.</a>, ed. (1995). <i>Charters of St Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury and Minster-in-Thanet</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726143-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726143-9"><bdi>978-0-19-726143-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charters+of+St+Augustine%27s+Abbey%2C+Canterbury+and+Minster-in-Thanet&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726143-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1996" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Susan E., ed. (1996). <i>Charters of Shaftesbury Abbey</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726151-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726151-4"><bdi>978-0-19-726151-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charters+of+Shaftesbury+Abbey&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726151-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1998" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Susan E., ed. (1998). <i>Charters of Selsey</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726175-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726175-0"><bdi>978-0-19-726175-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charters+of+Selsey&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726175-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2000" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Susan E., ed. (2000). <i>Charters of Abingdon Abbey, Part 1</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726217-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726217-7"><bdi>978-0-19-726217-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charters+of+Abingdon+Abbey%2C+Part+1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726217-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2001" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Susan E., ed. (2001). <i>Charters of Abingdon Abbey, Part 2</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726221-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726221-4"><bdi>978-0-19-726221-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charters+of+Abingdon+Abbey%2C+Part+2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726221-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2001" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Sean, ed. (2001). <i>Charters of the New Minster, Winchester</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726223-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726223-8"><bdi>978-0-19-726223-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charters+of+the+New+Minster%2C+Winchester&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726223-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2004" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Susan E., ed. (2004). <i>Charters of St Paul's, London</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726299-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726299-3"><bdi>978-0-19-726299-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charters+of+St+Paul%27s%2C+London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726299-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2005" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Susan E., ed. (2005). <i>Charters of Malmesbury Abbey</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726317-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726317-4"><bdi>978-0-19-726317-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charters+of+Malmesbury+Abbey&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726317-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrick2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Crick" title="Julia Crick">Crick, Julia</a>, ed. (2007). <i>Charters of St Albans</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726396-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726396-9"><bdi>978-0-19-726396-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charters+of+St+Albans&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726396-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2007" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Susan E., ed. (2007). <i>Charters of Bath and Wells</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726397-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726397-6"><bdi>978-0-19-726397-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charters+of+Bath+and+Wells&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726397-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2009" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Susan E., ed. (2009). <i>Charters of Peterborough Abbey</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726438-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726438-6"><bdi>978-0-19-726438-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charters+of+Peterborough+Abbey&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726438-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2012" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Susan E., ed. (2012). <i>Charters of Glastonbury Abbey</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726507-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726507-9"><bdi>978-0-19-726507-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charters+of+Glastonbury+Abbey&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726507-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodman2012" class="citation book cs1">Woodman, David A., ed. (2012). <i>Charters of Northern Houses</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726529-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726529-1"><bdi>978-0-19-726529-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charters+of+Northern+Houses&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726529-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooksKelly2013" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, N. P.; Kelly, Susan E., eds. (2013). <i>Charters of Christchurch, Canterbury, Part 1</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726535-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726535-2"><bdi>978-0-19-726535-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charters+of+Christchurch%2C+Canterbury%2C+Part+1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726535-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooksKelly2013" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, N. P.; Kelly, Susan E., eds. (2013). <i>Charters of Christchurch, Canterbury, Part 2</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726536-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726536-9"><bdi>978-0-19-726536-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charters+of+Christchurch%2C+Canterbury%2C+Part+2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726536-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2015" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Susan E., ed. (2015). <i>Charters of Chertsey Abbey</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726556-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726556-7"><bdi>978-0-19-726556-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charters+of+Chertsey+Abbey&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726556-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2021" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Susan E., ed. (2021). <i>Charters of Barking Abbey and Waltham Holy Cross</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726688-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726688-5"><bdi>978-0-19-726688-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charters+of+Barking+Abbey+and+Waltham+Holy+Cross&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726688-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></li></ol> <p><b>Supplementary volume</b> </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Keynes" title="Simon Keynes">Keynes, Simon</a>, ed. (1991). <i>Facsimiles of Anglo-Saxon Charters</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726078-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726078-4"><bdi>978-0-19-726078-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facsimiles+of+Anglo-Saxon+Charters&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726078-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Saxon_charters&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Stowe_manuscripts" title="Stowe manuscripts">Stowe manuscripts</a>, which contain a series of Anglo-Saxon charters</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Saxon_charters&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Saxon_charters&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sawyer-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sawyer_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sawyer_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sawyer_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hayes_Sawyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Hayes Sawyer">Sawyer, P. H.</a> (1968). <i>Anglo-Saxon Charters: an Annotated List and Bibliography</i>. London: Royal Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+Charters%3A+an+Annotated+List+and+Bibliography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Historical+Society&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=P.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518083606/http://www.esawyer.org.uk/charter/8.html">"S 8"</a>. <i>The Electronic Sawyer: Online catalogue of Anglo-Saxon charters</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esawyer.org.uk/charter/8.html">the original</a> on 18 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Electronic+Sawyer%3A+Online+catalogue+of+Anglo-Saxon+charters&rft.atitle=S+8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esawyer.org.uk%2Fcharter%2F8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHookeSawyer1990" class="citation book cs1">Hooke, Della; Sawyer, P. H. (1990). <i>Worcestershire Anglo-Saxon charter bounds</i>. Boydell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worcestershire+Anglo-Saxon+charter+bounds&rft.pub=Boydell&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Hooke&rft.aufirst=Della&rft.au=Sawyer%2C+P.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160702074721/http://www.kemble.asnc.cam.ac.uk/node/212">"Cartularies"</a>. <i>Kemble: The Anglo-Saxon Charters Website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kemble.asnc.cam.ac.uk/node/212">the original</a> on 2 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kemble%3A+The+Anglo-Saxon+Charters+Website&rft.atitle=Cartularies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kemble.asnc.cam.ac.uk%2Fnode%2F212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010212150101/http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/chartwww/STEVEN~1/stev04.htm">Stephenson's 1898 lectures on "The Anglo-Saxon Chancery"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes2008" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, Simon (2008). "A Conspectus of the Charters of King Edgar 957-975". In Scragg, Donald (ed.). <i>Edgar King of the English: New Interpretations</i>. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-399-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-399-4"><bdi>978-1-84383-399-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Conspectus+of+the+Charters+of+King+Edgar+957-975&rft.btitle=Edgar+King+of+the+English%3A+New+Interpretations&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-399-4&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_William_Maitland" title="Frederic William Maitland">F. W. Maitland</a>, <i>Domesday Book and Beyond</i> (1897).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stenton" title="Frank Stenton">Frank Stenton</a>, <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i> (OUP, reissued 2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harmer-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harmer_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmer1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Florence_Harmer" title="Florence Harmer">Harmer, Florence</a> (1989). <i>Anglo-Saxon Writs (compilation)</i>. Paul Watkins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+Writs+%28compilation%29&rft.pub=Paul+Watkins&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Harmer&rft.aufirst=Florence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitelock-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitelock_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitelock_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitelock1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Whitelock" title="Dorothy Whitelock">Whitelock, Dorothy</a> (1930). <i>Anglo-Saxon Wills</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+Wills&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Whitelock&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnes_Jane_Robertson1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Jane_Robertson" title="Agnes Jane Robertson">Agnes Jane Robertson</a> (1939). <i>Anglo-Saxon Charters</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+Charters&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1939&rft.au=Agnes+Jane+Robertson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zGGPx-41OtgC">google books preview</a> of the 2009 reissue</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinda_Tollerton2011" class="citation book cs1">Linda Tollerton (2011). <i>Wills and Will-making in Anglo-Saxon England</i>. <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">Boydell & Brewer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781903153376" title="Special:BookSources/9781903153376"><bdi>9781903153376</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wills+and+Will-making+in+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781903153376&rft.au=Linda+Tollerton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dX4pBw0QtF4C&pg=PA1">google books preview</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201924/http://www.esawyer.org.uk/charter/1507.html">"S 1507"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esawyer.org.uk/charter/1507.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S+1507&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esawyer.org.uk%2Fcharter%2F1507.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esawyer.org.uk/charter/1515.html">S 1515</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322064514/http://www.esawyer.org.uk/charter/1539.html">"S 1539"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esawyer.org.uk/charter/1539.html">the original</a> on 2019-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S+1539&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esawyer.org.uk%2Fcharter%2F1539.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812182703/http://www.esawyer.org.uk/charter/1494.html">"S 1494"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esawyer.org.uk/charter/1494.html">the original</a> on 2016-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S+1494&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esawyer.org.uk%2Fcharter%2F1494.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esawyer.org.uk/charter/1486.html">S 1486</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed1984" class="citation book cs1">Reed, Michael (1984). "Anglo-Saxon Charter Boundaries". <i>Discovering Past Landscapes</i>. Croom Helm. p. 277.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anglo-Saxon+Charter+Boundaries&rft.btitle=Discovering+Past+Landscapes&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.langscape.org.uk/index.html">The Language of Landscape: Reading the Anglo-Saxon Countryside</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1980" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, S. D. (1980). <i>The diplomas of King Æthelred the Unready 978–1016: A study in their use as historical evidence</i>. Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+diplomas+of+King+%C3%86thelred+the+Unready+978%E2%80%931016%3A+A+study+in+their+use+as+historical+evidence&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=S.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOosthuizen2017" class="citation book cs1">Oosthuizen, Susan (2017). <i>The Anglo-Saxon fenland</i>. London Haverton, PA: Windgather Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-911188-08-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-911188-08-7"><bdi>978-1-911188-08-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+fenland&rft.place=London+Haverton%2C+PA&rft.pub=Windgather+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-911188-08-7&rft.aulast=Oosthuizen&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFafinski2021" class="citation book cs1">Fafinski, Mateusz (2021). <i>Roman Infrastructure in Early Medieval Britain</i>. Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6372-753-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-6372-753-2"><bdi>978-94-6372-753-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Infrastructure+in+Early+Medieval+Britain&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-94-6372-753-2&rft.aulast=Fafinski&rft.aufirst=Mateusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancs.ac.uk/staff/haywardp/hist422/seminars/eight.htm">Sources for Medieval History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110206092725/http://www.lancs.ac.uk/staff/haywardp/hist422/seminars/eight.htm">Archived</a> February 6, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723015939/http://ascharters.net/charters/1186a?q=&page=">charter S1186a</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050601083502/http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/chartwww/charthome.html">"Anglo Saxon Charters Homepage"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/chartwww/charthome.html">the original</a> on 2005-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anglo+Saxon+Charters+Homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trin.cam.ac.uk%2Fchartwww%2Fcharthome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215355/https://www.britac.ac.uk/arp/ascharters.cfm">"British Academy Anglo-Saxon Charters"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britac.ac.uk/arp/ascharters.cfm">the original</a> on April 26, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Academy+Anglo-Saxon+Charters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britac.ac.uk%2Farp%2Fascharters.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/publishing/specialist-scholarly-publications/anglo-saxon-charters/">"Anglo-Saxon Charters"</a>. British Academy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+Charters&rft.pub=British+Academy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebritishacademy.ac.uk%2Fpublishing%2Fspecialist-scholarly-publications%2Fanglo-saxon-charters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Saxon_charters&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_William_Maitland" title="Frederic William Maitland">Maitland, F. W.</a> (1897). <i>Domesday Book and Beyond</i>. Cambridge University Press. Reprinted: 1996.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hayes_Sawyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Hayes Sawyer">Sawyer, P. H.</a> (1968). <i>Anglo-Saxon Charters: an Annotated List and Bibliography</i>. London: Royal Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+Charters%3A+an+Annotated+List+and+Bibliography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Historical+Society&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=P.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Merry_Stenton" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Merry Stenton">Stenton, Frank</a> (1943, 2001). <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Saxon_charters&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brooks, Nicholas (1974). "Anglo-Saxon Charters: the Work of the Last Twenty Years." <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England_(journal)" title="Anglo-Saxon England (journal)">Anglo-Saxon England</a></i> 3.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorner1858" class="citation journal cs1">Corner, Geo. R. (1858). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Surrey Archaeological Collections/Volume 1/On the Anglo-Saxon Charters of Frizwald, Ælfred, and Edward the Confessor, to Chertsey Abbey"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Surrey_Archaeological_Collections/Volume_1/On_the_Anglo-Saxon_Charters_of_Frizwald,_%C3%86lfred,_and_Edward_the_Confessor,_to_Chertsey_Abbey">"On the Anglo-Saxon Charters of Friðwald, Ælfred, and Edward the Confessor, to Chertsey Abbey" </a></span>. <i>Surrey Archaeological Collections</i>. <b>1</b>. London: Surrey Archaeological Society: <span class="nowrap">77–</span>96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surrey+Archaeological+Collections&rft.atitle=On+the+Anglo-Saxon+Charters+of+Fri%C3%B0wald%2C+%C3%86lfred%2C+and+Edward+the+Confessor%2C+to+Chertsey+Abbey&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Corner&rft.aufirst=Geo.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Saxon+charters" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kelly, Susan E. (1990). "Anglo-Saxon Lay Society and the Written Word." In <i>The Uses of Literacy in Early Mediaeval Europe</i>, ed. R. McKitterick. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Keynes, Simon (forthcoming). <i>Anglo-Saxon Charters. Archives and Single Sheets</i>. Anglo-Saxon Charters Supplementary Series 2. Oxford: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723231611/http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780197260876.do?keyword=Anglo-Saxon+charters&sortby=bestMatches">Oxford University Press</a>.</li> <li>Keynes, Simon (1999). "Charters and Writs." In <i>The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England</i>. Oxford: Blackwell.</li> <li>Thompson, S. D. (2006). <i>Anglo-Saxon Royal Diplomas. A Palaeography</i>. Publications of the Manchester Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies 6. Woodbridge.</li> <li>Keynes, Simon (secretary). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060204111719/http://www.britac.ac.uk/pubs/cat/arp-text.html"><i>Anglo-Saxon Charters</i></a> series (British Academy)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060213082914/http://www.britac.ac.uk/news/review/01-9899/16-keynes.html">British Academy Review, 1998</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060207070209/http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/chartwww/">Joint Committee on Anglo-Saxon Charters website</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Saxon_charters&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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catalogue</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221162709/http://www.pase.ac.uk/">Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon laws">Law codes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ge%C3%BEync%C3%B0o" title="Geþyncðo">Geþyncðo</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Textus_Roffensis" title="Textus Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a></i>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charters</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canons_of_Edgar" title="Canons of Edgar">Canons of Edgar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonthill_Letter" title="Fonthill Letter">Fonthill Letter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bald%27s_Leechbook" title="Bald's Leechbook">Leechbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lacnunga" title="Lacnunga">Lacnunga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leechbook_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Leechbook III">Leechbook III</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrhtferth_of_Ramsey#Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="Byrhtferth of Ramsey">Byrhtferth's Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Apuleius#Translation:_the_Old_English_Herbarium" title="Pseudo-Apuleius">Old English Herbarium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecclesiastical texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_for_a_Confessor" title="Handbook for a Confessor">Handbook for a Confessor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatton_Gospels" title="Hatton Gospels">Hatton Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessex_Gospels" title="Wessex Gospels">Wessex Gospels</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_English_Gospel_of_Nicodemus" title="Old English Gospel of Nicodemus">Gospel of Nicodemus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vindicta_Salvatoris" title="Vindicta Salvatoris">Vindicta Salvatoris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_English_Hexateuch" title="Old English Hexateuch">Old English Hexateuch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interrogationes_Sigewulfi" class="mw-redirect" title="Interrogationes Sigewulfi">Interrogationes Sigewulfi in Genesim</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_royal_genealogies" title="Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies">Genealogies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kentish_Royal_Legend" title="Kentish Royal Legend">Kentish Royal Legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyre#Translations" title="Apollonius of Tyre">Apollonius of Tyre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_Lapidary" title="Old English Lapidary">Old English Lapidary</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wonders_of_the_East" title="Wonders of the East">Wonders of the East</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Ælfred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_of_Eynsham" title="Ælfric of Eynsham">Ælfric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrhtferth_of_Ramsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Byrhtferth of Ramsey">Byrhtferth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werferth" title="Werferth">Werferth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_(died_1023)" title="Wulfstan (died 1023)">Wulfstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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