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mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Jumi%C3%A8ges" title="Robert de Jumièges – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert de Jumièges" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_dari_Jumi%C3%A8ges" title="Robert dari Jumièges – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Robert dari Jumièges" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_di_Jumi%C3%A8ges" title="Robert di Jumièges – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert di Jumièges" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumi%C3%A8ges-i_R%C3%B3bert" title="Jumièges-i Róbert – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jumièges-i Róbert" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_van_Jumi%C3%A8ges" title="Robert van Jumièges – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert van Jumièges" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_av_Jumi%C3%A8ges" title="Robert av Jumièges – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert av Jumièges" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_de_Jumi%C3%A8ges" title="Roberto de Jumièges – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Roberto de Jumièges" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%96%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Роберт Жюмьежский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Роберт Жюмьежский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_od_Jumi%C3%A8gesa" title="Robert od Jumiègesa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Robert od Jumiègesa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jumi%C3%A8geslainen" title="Robert Jumiègeslainen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert Jumiègeslainen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_av_Jumi%C3%A8ges" title="Robert av Jumièges – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert av Jumièges" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archbishop of Canterbury from 1051 to 1052</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #DFB0DF;"><div style="display:inline" class="fn">Robert of Jumièges</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointed</th><td class="infobox-data">1051</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Term ended</th><td class="infobox-data">September 1052</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eadsige" title="Eadsige">Eadsige</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stigand" title="Stigand">Stigand</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jumi%C3%A8ges_Abbey" title="Jumièges Abbey">Jumièges Abbey</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">1044</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">between 1052 and 1055<br /><a href="/wiki/Jumi%C3%A8ges" title="Jumièges">Jumièges</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Robert of Jumièges</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (died between 1052 and 1055) was the first <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barlow50_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barlow50-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had previously served as <a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">prior</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Ouen,_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Ouen, Rouen">Abbey of St Ouen</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> in Normandy, before becoming <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jumi%C3%A8ges_Abbey" title="Jumièges Abbey">Jumièges Abbey</a>, near Rouen, in 1037. He was a good friend and adviser to the king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a>, who appointed him <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">bishop of London</a> in 1044, and then archbishop in 1051. Robert's time as archbishop lasted only about eighteen months. He had already come into conflict with the powerful Earl <a href="/wiki/Godwin,_Earl_of_Wessex" title="Godwin, Earl of Wessex">Godwin</a> and, while archbishop, made attempts to recover lands lost to Godwin and his family. He also refused to consecrate <a href="/wiki/Spearhafoc" title="Spearhafoc">Spearhafoc</a>, Edward's choice to succeed Robert as Bishop of London. The rift between Robert and Godwin culminated in Robert's deposition and exile in 1052. </p><p>A Norman medieval chronicler<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claimed that Robert travelled to Normandy in 1051 or 1052 and told Duke <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William of Normandy</a> that Edward wished for him to become his heir. The exact timing of Robert's trip, and whether he actually made it, have been the subject of debate among historians. The archbishop died in exile at Jumièges sometime between 1052 and 1055. Robert commissioned significant building work at Jumièges and was probably involved in the first Romanesque building in England, the church built in Westminster for Edward the Confessor, now known as <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>. Robert's treatment by the English was used by William as one of the justifications for <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman invasion of England">his invasion of England</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_life_in_Normandy">Background and life in Normandy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_of_Jumi%C3%A8ges&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and life in Normandy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbaye_de_Jumi%C3%A8ges.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Roofless stone ruins on a grass lawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Abbaye_de_Jumi%C3%A8ges.jpg/220px-Abbaye_de_Jumi%C3%A8ges.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Abbaye_de_Jumi%C3%A8ges.jpg/330px-Abbaye_de_Jumi%C3%A8ges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Abbaye_de_Jumi%C3%A8ges.jpg/440px-Abbaye_de_Jumi%C3%A8ges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Jumièges Abbey</figcaption></figure> <p>Robert was prior of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Ouen,_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Ouen, Rouen">monastery of St Ouen</a> at Rouen before he became abbot of the important Jumièges Abbey<sup id="cite_ref-Douglas167_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas167-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Church44_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Church44-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1037.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jumièges had been refounded under the Norman ruler <a href="/wiki/William_Longsword" title="William Longsword">William Longsword</a><sup id="cite_ref-Crouch30_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crouch30-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Normans12_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Normans12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> around 940.<sup id="cite_ref-Crouch58_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crouch58-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its ties with the ducal family were close and it played a role in ducal government and church reform.<sup id="cite_ref-Crouch193_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crouch193-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert's alternate surname "Champart" or "Chambert" probably derived from <a href="/wiki/Champart" title="Champart">champart</a>, a term for the part of a crop paid as rent to a landlord. Besides evidence that the preceding abbot at Jumièges was a relative, Robert's origin and family background are otherwise unknown. While abbot, Robert began construction of the abbey church, in the new <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> style.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robert became friendly with Edward the Confessor, a claimant to the English throne, while Edward was living in exile in Normandy, probably in the 1030s.<sup id="cite_ref-Barlow50_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barlow50-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward was the son of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a>, king of England, who had been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">Cnut the Great</a> in 1016. Cnut subsequently married Æthelred's widow <a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Normandy">Emma of Normandy</a>, Edward's mother, and had a son with her, <a href="/wiki/Harthacanute" class="mw-redirect" title="Harthacanute">Harthacanute</a>. For their own safety, Edward and his brother <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Aetheling" title="Alfred Aetheling">Alfred</a> were sent to Emma's relatives in Normandy.<sup id="cite_ref-Hindley306_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindley306-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Cnut's death in 1035, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a>, his elder son by his first wife, acceded to the English throne. Following Harald's death in 1040, Harthacanute succeeded him for a short time, but as neither Harald nor Harthacanute left offspring, the throne was offered to Edward on Harthacanute's death in 1042.<sup id="cite_ref-Hindley315_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindley315-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some evidence that Edward spent some of his time in exile around Jumièges, as after becoming king he gave gifts to the abbey.<sup id="cite_ref-Normans78_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Normans78-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bishop_and_archbishop">Bishop and archbishop</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_of_Jumi%C3%A8ges&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bishop and archbishop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interieur_ruines_jumieges.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Interior shot of roofless ruined building, shot upwards towards the missing roof. The walls are in three layers, the bottom layer is made up of an arched colonnade, the second is pierced with small arched openings, and the third is mostly solid." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Interieur_ruines_jumieges.jpg/220px-Interieur_ruines_jumieges.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Interieur_ruines_jumieges.jpg/330px-Interieur_ruines_jumieges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Interieur_ruines_jumieges.jpg/440px-Interieur_ruines_jumieges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>View of the interior ruins of Jumièges, looking west down the nave</figcaption></figure> <p>Robert accompanied Edward the Confessor on Edward's recall to England in 1042<sup id="cite_ref-Barlow50_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barlow50-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to become king following Harthacanute's death.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was due to Edward that in August 1044 Robert was appointed Bishop of London,<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook230_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook230-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the first episcopal vacancies which occurred in Edward's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-Church46_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Church46-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert remained close to the king and was the leader of the party opposed to Earl Godwin, Earl of Wessex.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Godwin, for his part, was attempting to expand the influence of his family, which had already acquired much land. His daughter was Edward's queen, and two of his sons were elevated to earldoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason51_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason51-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Vita_%C3%86dwardi_Regis" title="Vita Ædwardi Regis">Life of Saint Edward</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Hagiographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagiographical">hagiographical</a> work on King Edward's life, claimed that Robert "was always the most powerful confidential adviser of the king".<sup id="cite_ref-VE_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VE-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert seems to have favoured closer relations with Normandy, and its duke.<sup id="cite_ref-Church46_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Church46-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward himself had grown up in the duchy, and spent 25 years in exile there before his return to England. He brought many Normans with him to England, and seems to have spent much time in their company.<sup id="cite_ref-Potts33_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potts33-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Eadsige" title="Eadsige">Eadsige</a> of Canterbury died in October 1050,<sup id="cite_ref-Higham128_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham128-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the post remained vacant for five months.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_chapter" title="Cathedral chapter">cathedral chapter</a> elected Æthelric, a kinsman of Godwin and a monk at Canterbury,<sup id="cite_ref-Barlow104_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barlow104-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walker27_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker27-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but were over-ruled when Edward appointed Robert Archbishop of Canterbury the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Handbook214_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook214-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Godwin was attempting to exercise his power of patronage over the archbishopric, but the king's appointment signalled that the king was willing to contest with the earl over the traditional royal rights at Canterbury.<sup id="cite_ref-Heath16_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heath16-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the monks of Canterbury opposed it, the king's appointment stood.<sup id="cite_ref-Church209_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Church209-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert went to Rome to receive his <a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">pallium</a> and returned to England<sup id="cite_ref-Barlow106_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barlow106-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he was ceremonially enthroned at Canterbury on 29 June 1051.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Norman chroniclers state that he visited Normandy on this trip and informed Duke <a href="/wiki/William_the_Bastard" class="mw-redirect" title="William the Bastard">William the Bastard</a> that he was the childless King Edward's heir.<sup id="cite_ref-Church46_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Church46-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to these chroniclers, the decision to make William the heir had been decided at the same lenten royal council in 1051 that had declared Robert archbishop.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After returning from Rome, Robert refused to consecrate <a href="/wiki/Spearhafoc" title="Spearhafoc">Spearhafoc</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Abingdon_Abbey" title="Abingdon Abbey">Abbot of Abingdon</a> and the king's goldsmith,<sup id="cite_ref-Ruling52_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruling52-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as his successor to the bishopric of London, claiming that Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a> had forbidden the consecration. Almost certainly the grounds were simony,<sup id="cite_ref-Walker29_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker29-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the purchase of ecclesiastical office,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as Leo had recently issued proclamations against the practice. In refusing to consecrate Spearhafoc, Robert may have been following his own interests against the wishes of both the king and Godwin, as he had his own candidate, a Norman, in mind.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker29_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker29-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end Robert's favoured candidate, <a href="/wiki/William_the_Norman" title="William the Norman">William the Norman</a>, was consecrated instead of Spearhafoc.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruling52_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruling52-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert also discovered that some lands belonging to Canterbury had fallen into Godwin's hands, but his efforts to recover them through the shire courts were unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker29_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker29-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canterbury had lost control of some revenues from the shire of Kent to Godwin during Eadsige's tenure as archbishop, which Robert unsuccessfully attempted to reclaim.<sup id="cite_ref-Rex42_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rex42-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These disputes over the estates and revenues of the archbishopric contributed to the friction between Robert and Godwin,<sup id="cite_ref-Rex42_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rex42-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Campbell22_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell22-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had begun with Robert's election. Robert's election had disrupted Godwin's patronage powers in Canterbury, and now Robert's efforts to recover lands Godwin had seized from Canterbury challenged the earl's economic rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Heath16_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heath16-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Events came to a head at a council held at <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a> in September 1051, when Robert accused Earl Godwin of plotting to kill King Edward.<sup id="cite_ref-Barlow111_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barlow111-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Godwin and his family were exiled; afterwards Robert claimed the office of sheriff of <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, probably on the strength of <a href="/wiki/Eadsige" title="Eadsige">Eadsige</a>, his predecessor as archbishop, having held the office.<sup id="cite_ref-Barlow115_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barlow115-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Robert refused to consecrate Spearhafoc, there is little evidence that he was interested in the growing movement towards Church reform being promulgated by the papacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Rex46_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rex46-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope Leo IX was beginning a reform movement later known as the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Reform" title="Gregorian Reform">Gregorian Reform</a>, initially focused on improving the clergy and prohibiting simony. In 1049 Leo IX declared that he would take more interest in English church matters and would investigate episcopal candidates more strictly before confirming them. It may have been partly to appease Leo that Edward appointed Robert instead of Æthelric, hoping to signal to the papacy that the English crown was not totally opposed to the growing reform movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Stafford89_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stafford89-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was against this backdrop that Robert refused to consecrate Spearhafoc, although there is no other evidence that Robert embraced the reform position, and his claim that the pope forbade the consecration may have had more to do with finding an easy excuse than any true desire for reform.<sup id="cite_ref-Rex46_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rex46-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also some indications that Spearhafoc was allied to Godwin, and his appointment was meant as a <i><a href="/wiki/Quid_pro_quo" title="Quid pro quo">quid pro quo</a></i> for the non-appointment of Æthelric.<sup id="cite_ref-Higham128_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham128-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-John177_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John177-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If true, Robert's refusal to consecrate Spearhafoc would have contributed to the growing rift between the archbishop and the earl.<sup id="cite_ref-Higham128_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham128-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_adviser">Royal adviser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_of_Jumi%C3%A8ges&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Royal adviser"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayeux_Tapestry_scene44_William_Odo_Robert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tapestry image of a seated man in robes holding a sword with WILLELM written above his head flanked by two seated men in chainmail." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene44_William_Odo_Robert.jpg/260px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene44_William_Odo_Robert.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene44_William_Odo_Robert.jpg/390px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene44_William_Odo_Robert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene44_William_Odo_Robert.jpg/520px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene44_William_Odo_Robert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="2596" /></a><figcaption>Image of William the Conqueror from the <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Life of Saint Edward</i> claims that while Godwin was in exile Robert tried to persuade King Edward to divorce <a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Wessex" title="Edith of Wessex">Edith</a>, Godwin's daughter, but Edward refused and instead she was sent to a <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">nunnery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barlow115_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barlow115-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <i>Life</i> is a hagiography, written soon after Edward's death to show Edward as a saint. Thus it stresses that Edward voluntarily remained <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibate</a>, something unlikely to have been true and not corroborated by any other source. Modern historians have felt it more likely that Edward, at Robert's urging, wished to divorce Edith and remarry to have children to succeed him on the English throne,<sup id="cite_ref-Walker35_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker35-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it is possible that he merely wished to be rid of her, without necessarily wanting a divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Godwin's exile, Robert is said to have been sent by the king on an errand to Duke William of Normandy.<sup id="cite_ref-Barlow107_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barlow107-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for the embassy is uncertain. <a href="/wiki/William_of_Jumi%C3%A8ges" title="William of Jumièges">William of Jumièges</a> says that Robert went to tell Duke William that Edward wished William to be his heir. The medieval writer <a href="/wiki/William_of_Poitiers" title="William of Poitiers">William of Poitiers</a> gives the same reason, but also adds that Robert took with him as hostages Godwin's son <a href="/wiki/Wulfnoth_Godwinson" title="Wulfnoth Godwinson">Wulfnoth</a> and grandson <a href="/wiki/Hakon_Sweynson" title="Hakon Sweynson">Hakon</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Godwinson" title="Sweyn Godwinson">Sweyn</a>). The <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i> is silent on the visit however, so it is uncertain whether Robert visited Normandy or not, or why he did so.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker37_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker37-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire history of the various missions which Robert is alleged to have made is confused, and complicated by propaganda claims made by Norman chroniclers after the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman Conquest</a> in 1066,<sup id="cite_ref-Stafford89_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stafford89-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bates73_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bates73-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving it unclear if Robert visited Normandy on his way to receive his pallium or after Godwin was in exile, or if he went twice or not at all.<sup id="cite_ref-Stafford89_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stafford89-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-John_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oleson_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oleson-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outlawing,_death,_and_legacy"><span id="Outlawing.2C_death.2C_and_legacy"></span>Outlawing, death, and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_of_Jumi%C3%A8ges&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Outlawing, death, and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Godwin left England, he went to <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, and gathered a fleet and mercenaries to force the king to allow his return. In the summer of 1052, Godwin returned to England and was met by his sons, who had invaded from Ireland. By September, they were advancing on London, where negotiations between the king and the earl were conducted with the help of <a href="/wiki/Stigand" title="Stigand">Stigand</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Winchester" title="Bishop of Winchester">Bishop of Winchester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason69_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason69-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it became apparent that Godwin would be returning, Robert quickly left England<sup id="cite_ref-Barlow124_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barlow124-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Bishop <a href="/wiki/Ulfus_Normanus" title="Ulfus Normanus">Ulf of Dorchester</a> and Bishop William of London, probably once again taking Wulfnoth and Hakon with him as hostages, whether with the permission of King Edward or not.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker47_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker47-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert was declared an outlaw and deposed from his archbishopric on 14 September 1052 at a royal council, mainly because the returning Godwin felt that Robert, along with a number of other Normans, had been the driving force behind his exile.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook214_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook214-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barlow124_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barlow124-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert journeyed to Rome to complain to the pope about his own exile,<sup id="cite_ref-Barlow126_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barlow126-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where Leo IX and successive popes condemned Stigand,<sup id="cite_ref-Walker50_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker50-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whom Edward had appointed to Canterbury.<sup id="cite_ref-Stafford94_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stafford94-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert's personal property was divided between Earl Godwin, Harold Godwinson, and the queen, who had returned to court.<sup id="cite_ref-ASE568_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASE568-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robert died at Jumièges,<sup id="cite_ref-Higham137_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham137-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the date of his death is unclear. Various dates are given, with Ian Walker, the biographer of Harold arguing for between 1053 and 1055,<sup id="cite_ref-Walker37_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker37-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/H._E._J._Cowdrey" title="H. E. J. Cowdrey">H. E. J. Cowdrey</a>, who wrote Robert's <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> entry, says on 26 May in either 1052 or 1055.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/H._R._Loyn" title="H. R. Loyn">H. R. Loyn</a>, another modern historian, argues that it is likely that he died in 1053.<sup id="cite_ref-Loyn59_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loyn59-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robert's treatment was used by William as one of the justifications for <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman invasion of England">his invasion of England</a>, the other being that Edward had named William his heir. Ian Walker, author of the most recent scholarly biography of <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a>, suggests that it was Robert, while in exile after the return of Godwin, who testified that King Edward had nominated Duke William to be Edward's heir.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker50_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker50-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this view is contradicted by <a href="/wiki/David_C._Douglas" title="David C. Douglas">David Douglas</a>, a historian and biographer of William the Conqueror, who believes that Robert merely relayed Edward's decision, probably while Robert was on his way to Rome to receive his pallium.<sup id="cite_ref-Douglas167_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas167-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several medieval chroniclers, including the author of the <i>Life of Saint Edward</i>, felt that the blame for Edward and Godwin's conflict in 1051–1052 lay squarely with Robert;<sup id="cite_ref-Emma_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emma-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modern historians tend to see Robert as an ambitious man, with little political skill.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artistic_patronage">Artistic patronage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_of_Jumi%C3%A8ges&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Artistic patronage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In notable contrast to his successor Stigand, Robert does not figure among the important benefactors to English churches,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but we know of some transfers to Jumièges of important English church treasures, the first trickle of what was to become a flood of treasure taken to Normandy after the Conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included the relic of the head of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Saint Valentine</a> only recently given to the monks of <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a> by Emma of Normandy. Though the Winchester head remained in place, another one appeared at Jumièges; he "must have clandestinely removed the head, or at least the greater part of it, and left his monks to venerate the empty or nearly empty <i>capsa</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the four most important surviving late <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a> went the same way,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus probably preventing their destruction in a series of fires that devastated the major English libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One is the so-called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacramentary_of_Robert_of_Jumi%C3%A8ges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacramentary of Robert of Jumièges (page does not exist)">Missal of Robert of Jumièges</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramentaire_de_Robert_de_Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="extiw" title="fr:Sacramentaire de Robert de Jumièges">fr</a>]</span></i>, actually a <a href="/wiki/Sacramentary" title="Sacramentary">sacramentary</a> with thirteen surviving full-page miniatures, which bears an inscription apparently in Robert's own hand recording its donation to Jumièges when he was Bishop of London,<sup id="cite_ref-Turner-Illuminated_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-Illuminated-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the other the so-called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedictional_of_Archbishop_Robert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benedictional of Archbishop Robert (page does not exist)">Benedictional of Archbishop Robert</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dictionnaire_de_l%27archev%C3%AAque_Robert" class="extiw" title="fr:Bénédictionnaire de l'archevêque Robert">fr</a>]</span></i>, actually a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Pontifical" title="Roman Pontifical">pontifical</a> with three remaining full-page miniatures and other decoration (respectively Rouen, Bibliothèque Municipale, Manuscripts Y.6 and Y.7). The latter may well have been commissioned by Æthelgar, Robert's predecessor as archbishop in 988–90, although it is possible the "Archbishop Robert" of the traditional name is Emma's brother <a href="/wiki/Robert_II_(archbishop_of_Rouen)" title="Robert II (archbishop of Rouen)">Robert, Archbishop of Rouen</a> from 990 to 1037.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner60_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner60-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lapidge482_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lapidge482-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These masterpieces of the Winchester style were the most elaborately decorated Anglo-Saxon manuscripts known to have reached Normandy, either before or after the Conquest, and influenced the much less-developed local style, though this remained very largely restricted to initials.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before he came to England, Robert had begun the construction of a new abbey church at Jumièges, in the new Romanesque style which was then becoming popular,<sup id="cite_ref-Mason83_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason83-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and introduced to Normandy the <a href="/wiki/Westwork" title="Westwork">two-towered western facade</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>. On his return to Normandy he continued to build there,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the abbey church was not finished until 1067.<sup id="cite_ref-Higham148_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham148-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the choir has been torn down, the towers, <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transepts</a> have survived.<sup id="cite_ref-Plant219_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plant219-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert probably influenced Edward the Confessor's rebuilding of the church at Westminster Abbey, the first known building in the Romanesque style in England, which is so described by <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason83_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason83-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Church51_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Church51-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward's work began in about 1050 and was completed just before his death in 1065. The recorded name of one of the senior masons, "Teinfrith the churchwright" indicates foreign origins, and Robert may have arranged for Norman masons to be brought over, though other names are English.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that Westminster influenced the building at Jumièges, as the arcade there closely resembles Westminster's arcade, both of them in a style that never became common in Normandy.<sup id="cite_ref-Breese212_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breese212-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Early Romanesque style of both was to be superseded after the Conquest by the Anglo-Norman High Romanesque style pioneered in <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-%C3%89tienne,_Caen" title="Abbey of Saint-Étienne, Caen">St Étienne, Caen</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lanfranc" title="Lanfranc">Lanfranc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_of_Jumi%C3%A8ges&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 60em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes known as <b>Robert Chambert</b> or <b>Robert Champart</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This refers to <a href="/wiki/William_of_Jumi%C3%A8ges" title="William of Jumièges">William of Jumièges</a> who does not appear to be a relation to Robert. Both gained the surname by being monks at Jumièges.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both Alfred and Edward returned to England in 1036, but afterwards Alfred was murdered, apparently on Harold's orders.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Godwin was especially vulnerable to this charge, as he had been involved in the death of Edward's brother Alfred during Harthacanute's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-Godwins42_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godwins42-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The whole issue is discussed in John "Edward the Confessor and the Norman Succession" <i>English Historical Review</i>, and Oleson "Edward the Confessor's Promise of the Throne" <i>English Historical Review</i>, listed in the references, where the various theories are set forth in great detail.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ulf never returned to England, but William was allowed to return eventually.<sup id="cite_ref-Rex12_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rex12-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edith, after her father's restoration to power, was returned to court and reinstated as queen.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason75_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason75-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note that May 1052 is probably wrong, as it is prior to the September 1052 date when, according to most historians, Robert fled England.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walker37_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker37-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Loyn59_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loyn59-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The other two being the <a href="/wiki/Benedictional_of_St_Aethelwold" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictional of St Aethelwold">Benedictional of St Aethelwold</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Harley_Psalter" title="Harley Psalter">Harley Psalter</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/D._H._Turner" title="D. H. Turner">D. H. Turner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner-Illuminated_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-Illuminated-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The inscription naming it as a gift of "Archbishop Robert" dates from the 17th century and is not clear which Archbishop Robert is being referred to.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence83_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence83-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_of_Jumi%C3%A8ges&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Barlow50-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barlow50_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barlow50_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barlow50_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barlow <i>Edward the Confessor</i> p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNB-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cowdrey "Robert of Jumièges" <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Houts, Elizabeth "William of Jumièges" <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Douglas167-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Douglas167_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglas167_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas <i>William the Conqueror</i> p. 167–170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Church44-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Church44_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barlow <i>English Church 1000–1066</i> p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crouch30-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crouch30_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crouch <i>Normandy Before 1066</i> p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Normans12-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Normans12_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crouch <i>Normans</i> p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crouch58-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crouch58_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crouch <i>Normandy Before 1066</i> p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crouch193-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crouch193_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crouch <i>Normandy Before 1066</i> pp. 193–194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindley306-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hindley306_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hindley <i>Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons</i> pp. 306–310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hindley <i>Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons</i> pp. 316–317</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindley315-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hindley315_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hindley <i>Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons</i> pp. 315–318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Normans78-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Normans78_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crouch <i>Normans</i> p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbook230-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handbook230_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fryde, et al. <i>Handbook of British Chronology</i> p. 230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Church46-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Church46_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Church46_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Church46_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barlow <i>English Church 1000–1066</i> pp. 46–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mason51-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mason51_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason <i>House of Godwine</i> pp. 51–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VE-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VE_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Huscroft <i>Ruling England</i> p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potts33-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Potts33_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potts "Normandy" <i>Companion to the Anglo-Norman World</i> p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Higham128-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Higham128_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higham128_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higham128_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Higham <i>Death of Anglo-Saxon England</i> pp. 128–129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barlow104-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barlow104_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barlow <i>Edward the Confessor</i> p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker27-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker27_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker <i>Harold</i> p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbook214-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook214_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook214_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fryde, et al. <i>Handbook of British Chronology</i> p. 214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heath16-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heath16_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heath16_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bates "Land Pleas of William I's Reign" <i>Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research</i> p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Church209-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Church209_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barlow <i>English Church 1000–1066</i> p. 209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barlow106-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barlow106_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barlow <i>Edward the Confessor</i> p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruling52-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruling52_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruling52_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Huscroft <i>Ruling England</i> p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker29-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walker29_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker29_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker29_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker <i>Harold</i> p. 29–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coredon <i>Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases</i> p. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rex42-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rex42_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rex42_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rex <i>Harold II</i> pp. 42–43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell22-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell22_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell "Pre-Conquest Norman Occupation of England" <i>Speculum</i> p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barlow111-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barlow111_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barlow <i>Edward the Confessor</i> p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Godwins42-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Godwins42_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barlow <i>Godwins</i> p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barlow115-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barlow115_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barlow115_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barlow <i>Edward the Confessor</i> p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rex46-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rex46_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rex46_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rex <i>Harold II</i> p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stafford89-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stafford89_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stafford89_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stafford89_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stafford <i>Unification and Conquest</i> pp. 89–92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John177-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John177_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John <i>Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England</i> p. 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker35-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker35_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker <i>Harold</i> p. 35–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barlow107-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barlow107_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barlow <i>Edward the Confessor</i> p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker37-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walker37_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker37_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker37_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker <i>Harold</i> p. 37–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bates73-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bates73_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bates <i>William the Conqueror</i> p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John "Edward the Confessor" <i>English Historical Review</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oleson-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oleson_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oleson "Edward the Confessor" <i>English Historical Review</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mason69-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mason69_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason <i>House of Godwine</i> pp. 69–75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barlow124-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barlow124_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barlow124_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barlow <i>Edward the Confessor</i> p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker47-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker47_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker <i>Harold</i> p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rex12-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rex12_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rex <i>Harold II</i> p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mason75-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mason75_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason <i>House of Godwine</i> p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barlow126-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barlow126_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barlow <i>Edward the Confessor</i> p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker50-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walker50_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker50_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker <i>Harold</i> p. 50–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stafford94-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stafford94_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stafford <i>Unification and Conquest</i> p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASE568-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ASE568_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenton <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i> p. 568</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Higham137-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Higham137_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Higham <i>Death of Anglo-Saxon England</i> p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loyn59-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loyn59_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loyn59_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Loyn <i>English Church</i> p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emma-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emma_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stafford <i>Queen Emma and Queen Edith</i> p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodwell <i>Anglo-Saxon Art</i> mentions many of these, but not Robert.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodwell <i>Anglo-Saxon Art</i> pp. 216–222 and <i>passim</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly <i>Chaucer</i> p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner-Illuminated-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turner-Illuminated_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turner-Illuminated_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner "Illuminated Manuscripts" <i>Golden Age</i> p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodwell <i>Anglo-Saxon Art</i> pp. 224–225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner60-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turner60_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner "Illuminated Manuscripts" <i>Golden Age</i> p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lapidge482-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lapidge482_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gameson "Winchester School" <i>Blackwell Encyclopaedia</i> p. 482</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawrence83-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence83_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence "Anglo-Norman Book Production" <i>England and Normandy</i> p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodwell <i>Anglo-Saxon Art</i> pp. 225–226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mason83-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mason83_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason83_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason <i>House of Godwine</i> p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gem "Origins" <i>Westminster Abbey</i> p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Higham148-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Higham148_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Higham <i>Death of Anglo-Saxon England</i> p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plant219-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plant219_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plant "Ecclesiastical Architecture" <i>Companion to the Anglo-Norman World</i> pp. 219–222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Church51-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Church51_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barlow <i>English Church 1000–1066</i> p. 51 footnote 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gem "Origins" <i>Westminster Cathedral</i> pp. 13–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breese212-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Breese212_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Breese "Early Normandy and the Emergence of Norman Romanesque Architecture" <i>Journal of Medieval History</i> p. 212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gem "English Romanesque Architecture" <i>English Romanesque Art</i> p. 26</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_of_Jumi%C3%A8ges&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarlow,_Frank1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Barlow_(historian)" title="Frank Barlow (historian)">Barlow, Frank</a> (1970). <i>Edward the Confessor</i>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-01671-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-01671-8"><bdi>0-520-01671-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Confessor&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-520-01671-8&rft.au=Barlow%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow,_Frank1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Barlow_(historian)" title="Frank Barlow (historian)">Barlow, Frank</a> (1979). <i>The English Church 1000–1066: A History of the Later Anglo-Saxon Church</i> (Second ed.). New York: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-49049-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-49049-9"><bdi>0-582-49049-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Church+1000%E2%80%931066%3A+A+History+of+the+Later+Anglo-Saxon+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-582-49049-9&rft.au=Barlow%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow,_Frank2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Barlow_(historian)" title="Frank Barlow (historian)">Barlow, Frank</a> (2003). <i>The Godwins: The Rise and Fall of a Noble Dynasty</i>. London: Pearson/Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-78440-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-78440-9"><bdi>0-582-78440-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Godwins%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Noble+Dynasty&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pearson%2FLongman&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-582-78440-9&rft.au=Barlow%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates,_David1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Bates_(historian)" title="David Bates (historian)">Bates, David</a> (May 1978). "The Land Pleas of William I's Reign: Penenden Heath Revisited". <i>Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research</i>. <b>LI</b> (123): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2281.1978.tb01962.x">10.1111/j.1468-2281.1978.tb01962.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Institute+of+Historical+Research&rft.atitle=The+Land+Pleas+of+William+I%27s+Reign%3A+Penenden+Heath+Revisited&rft.volume=LI&rft.issue=123&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=1978-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2281.1978.tb01962.x&rft.au=Bates%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates,_David2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Bates_(historian)" title="David Bates (historian)">Bates, David</a> (2001). <i>William the Conqueror</i>. Stroud, UK: Tempus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-1980-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-1980-3"><bdi>0-7524-1980-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+the+Conqueror&rft.place=Stroud%2C+UK&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7524-1980-3&rft.au=Bates%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreese,_Lauren_Wood1988" class="citation journal cs1">Breese, Lauren Wood (1988). "Early Normandy and the Emergence of Norman Romanesque Architecture". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Medieval_History" title="Journal of Medieval History">Journal of Medieval History</a></i>. <b>14</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">203–</span>216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0304-4181%2888%2990003-6">10.1016/0304-4181(88)90003-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medieval+History&rft.atitle=Early+Normandy+and+the+Emergence+of+Norman+Romanesque+Architecture&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0304-4181%2888%2990003-6&rft.au=Breese%2C+Lauren+Wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell,_Miles_W.1971" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Miles W. 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"A Pre-Conquest Norman Occupation of England". <i><a href="/wiki/Speculum_(journal)" title="Speculum (journal)">Speculum</a></i>. <b>46</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">21–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2855086">10.2307/2855086</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2855086">2855086</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162235772">162235772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=A+Pre-Conquest+Norman+Occupation+of+England&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=1971-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162235772%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2855086%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2855086&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Miles+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoredon,_Christopher2007" class="citation book cs1">Coredon, Christopher (2007). <i>A Dictionary of Medieval Terms & Phrases</i> (Reprint ed.). Woodbridge, UK: D. S. Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-138-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-138-8"><bdi>978-1-84384-138-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Medieval+Terms+%26+Phrases&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+UK&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=D.+S.+Brewer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84384-138-8&rft.au=Coredon%2C+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowdrey,_H._E._J.2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._E._J._Cowdrey" title="H. E. J. Cowdrey">Cowdrey, H. E. J.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23717">"Robert of Jumièges (d. 1052/1055)"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23717">10.1093/ref:odnb/23717</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Robert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges+%28d.+1052%2F1055%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23717&rft.au=Cowdrey%2C+H.+E.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F23717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrouch,_David1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Crouch_(historian)" title="David Crouch (historian)">Crouch, David</a> (1982). <i>Normandy Before 1066</i>. New York: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-48492-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-48492-8"><bdi>0-582-48492-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Normandy+Before+1066&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-582-48492-8&rft.au=Crouch%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrouch,_David2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Crouch_(historian)" title="David Crouch (historian)">Crouch, David</a> (2007). <i>The Normans: The History of a Dynasty</i>. London: Hambledon & London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-595-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-595-6"><bdi>978-1-85285-595-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Normans%3A+The+History+of+a+Dynasty&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hambledon+%26+London&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-595-6&rft.au=Crouch%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodwell,_C.R1982" class="citation book cs1">Dodwell, C.R (1982). <i>Anglo-Saxon Art, A New Perspective</i>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-0926-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-0926-X"><bdi>0-7190-0926-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+Art%2C+A+New+Perspective&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-7190-0926-X&rft.au=Dodwell%2C+C.R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas,_David_C.1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_C._Douglas" title="David C. Douglas">Douglas, David C.</a> (1964). <i>William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England</i>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/399137">399137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+the+Conqueror%3A+The+Norman+Impact+Upon+England&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F399137&rft.au=Douglas%2C+David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFryde,_E._B.Greenway,_D._E.Porter,_S.Roy,_I.1996" class="citation book cs1">Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). <i>Handbook of British Chronology</i> (Third Edition, revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56350-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56350-X"><bdi>0-521-56350-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+British+Chronology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.edition=Third+Edition%2C+revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-56350-X&rft.au=Fryde%2C+E.+B.&rft.au=Greenway%2C+D.+E.&rft.au=Porter%2C+S.&rft.au=Roy%2C+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGameson,_Richard2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gameson, Richard (2001). "Winchester School". 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Stroud, UK: Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-2469-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-2469-1"><bdi>0-7509-2469-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Stroud%2C+UK&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7509-2469-1&rft.au=Higham%2C+Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill,_Paul2005" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Paul (2005). <i>The Road to Hastings: The Politics of Power in Anglo-Saxon England</i>. 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"Edward the Confessor and the Norman Succession". <i><a href="/wiki/The_English_Historical_Review" title="The English Historical Review">The English Historical Review</a></i>. <b>96</b> (371): <span class="nowrap">241–</span>267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXCIV.CCCLXXI.241">10.1093/ehr/XCIV.CCCLXXI.241</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/566846">566846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Edward+the+Confessor+and+the+Norman+Succession&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=371&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E267&rft.date=1979-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXCIV.CCCLXXI.241&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F566846%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=John%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn,_Eric1996" class="citation book cs1">John, Eric (1996). <i>Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England</i>. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-5053-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-5053-7"><bdi>0-7190-5053-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reassessing+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Manchester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7190-5053-7&rft.au=John%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly,_Henry_Ansgar1986" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Henry Ansgar (1986). <i>Chaucer and the Cult of Saint Valentine</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-07849-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-07849-5"><bdi>90-04-07849-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chaucer+and+the+Cult+of+Saint+Valentine&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=90-04-07849-5&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Henry+Ansgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence,_Anne1994" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lawrence, Anne (1994). "Anglo-Norman Book Production". In <a href="/wiki/David_Bates_(historian)" title="David Bates (historian)">Bates, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anne_Curry" title="Anne Curry">Curry, Anne</a> (eds.). <i>England and Normandy in the Middle Ages</i>. London: Hambledon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">80–</span>93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-083-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-083-3"><bdi>1-85285-083-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anglo-Norman+Book+Production&rft.btitle=England+and+Normandy+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.pub=Hambledon+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-85285-083-3&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoyn,_H._R.2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._R._Loyn" title="H. R. Loyn">Loyn, H. R.</a> (2000). <i>The English Church, 940–1154</i>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-30303-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-30303-6"><bdi>0-582-30303-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Church%2C+940%E2%80%931154&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-582-30303-6&rft.au=Loyn%2C+H.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason,_Emma2004" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Emma (2004). <i>House of Godwine: The History of Dynasty</i>. London: Hambledon & London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-389-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-389-1"><bdi>1-85285-389-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=House+of+Godwine%3A+The+History+of+Dynasty&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hambledon+%26+London&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-85285-389-1&rft.au=Mason%2C+Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOleson,_T._J.1957" class="citation journal cs1">Oleson, T. J. (April 1957). "Edward the Confessor's Promise of the Throne to Duke William of Normandy". <i><a href="/wiki/The_English_Historical_Review" title="The English Historical Review">The English Historical Review</a></i>. <b>72</b> (283): <span class="nowrap">221–</span>228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXXII.CCLXXXIII.221">10.1093/ehr/LXXII.CCLXXXIII.221</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/558704">558704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Edward+the+Confessor%27s+Promise+of+the+Throne+to+Duke+William+of+Normandy&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=283&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E221-%3C%2Fspan%3E228&rft.date=1957-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXXII.CCLXXXIII.221&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F558704%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Oleson%2C+T.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlant,_Richard2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Plant, Richard (2002). "Ecclesiastical Architecture c.1050 to c.1200". In Harper-Bill, Christopher; van Houts, Elizabeth (eds.). <i>A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World</i>. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">215–</span>253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-341-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-341-3"><bdi>978-1-84383-341-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ecclesiastical+Architecture+c.1050+to+c.1200&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Anglo-Norman+World&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E253&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-341-3&rft.au=Plant%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotts,_Cassandra2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Potts, Cassandra (2002). "Normandy, 911–1144". In Harper-Bill, Christopher; van Houts, Elizabeth (eds.). <i>A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World</i>. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-341-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-341-3"><bdi>978-1-84383-341-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Normandy%2C+911%E2%80%931144&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Anglo-Norman+World&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-341-3&rft.au=Potts%2C+Cassandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRex,_Peter2005" class="citation book cs1">Rex, Peter (2005). <i>Harold II: The Doomed Saxon King</i>. Stroud, UK: Tempus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-7185-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-7185-2"><bdi>978-0-7394-7185-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harold+II%3A+The+Doomed+Saxon+King&rft.place=Stroud%2C+UK&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7394-7185-2&rft.au=Rex%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafford,_Pauline1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Stafford" title="Pauline Stafford">Stafford, Pauline</a> (1997). <i>Queen Emma and Queen Edith: Queenship and Women's Power in Eleventh-century England</i>. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22738-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22738-5"><bdi>0-631-22738-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Emma+and+Queen+Edith%3A+Queenship+and+Women%27s+Power+in+Eleventh-century+England&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-631-22738-5&rft.au=Stafford%2C+Pauline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafford,_Pauline1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Stafford" title="Pauline Stafford">Stafford, Pauline</a> (1989). <i>Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries</i>. London: Edward Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7131-6532-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7131-6532-4"><bdi>0-7131-6532-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unification+and+Conquest%3A+A+Political+and+Social+History+of+England+in+the+Tenth+and+Eleventh+Centuries&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-7131-6532-4&rft.au=Stafford%2C+Pauline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenton,_F._M.1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stenton" title="Frank Stenton">Stenton, F. M.</a> (1971). <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i> (Third ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280139-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280139-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280139-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280139-5&rft.au=Stenton%2C+F.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner,_D.H1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._H._Turner" title="D. H. Turner">Turner, D.H</a> (1984). "Illuminated Manuscripts: Part II, The Golden Age". In <a href="/wiki/Janet_Backhouse" title="Janet Backhouse">Backhouse, Janet</a>; <a href="/wiki/D._H._Turner" title="D. H. Turner">Turner, D.H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Webster_(art_historian)" title="Leslie Webster (art historian)">Webster, Leslie</a> (eds.). <i>The Golden Age of Anglo-Saxon Art, 966–1066</i>. British Museum Publications. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11211909">11211909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Illuminated+Manuscripts%3A+Part+II%2C+The+Golden+Age&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Age+of+Anglo-Saxon+Art%2C+966%E2%80%931066&rft.pub=British+Museum+Publications&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11211909&rft.au=Turner%2C+D.H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Houts,_Elizabeth2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">van Houts, Elizabeth (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/54418">"Jumièges, William of (fl. 1026–1070)"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F54418">10.1093/ref:odnb/54418</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jumi%C3%A8ges%2C+William+of+%28fl.+1026%E2%80%931070%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F54418&rft.au=van+Houts%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F54418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker,_Ian2000" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Ian (2000). <i>Harold the Last Anglo-Saxon King</i>. Gloucestershire, UK: Wrens Park. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905778-46-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-905778-46-4"><bdi>0-905778-46-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harold+the+Last+Anglo-Saxon+King&rft.place=Gloucestershire%2C+UK&rft.pub=Wrens+Park&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-905778-46-4&rft.au=Walker%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_of_Jumi%C3%A8ges&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGem,_R._D._H.1980" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gem, R. D. H. (1980). "The Romanesque rebuilding of Westminster Abbey". <i>Anglo-Norman Studies</i>. Vol. 3. pp. <span class="nowrap">33–</span>60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Romanesque+rebuilding+of+Westminster+Abbey&rft.btitle=Anglo-Norman+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Gem%2C+R.+D.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+of+Jumi%C3%A8ges" class="Z3988"></span> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006223625/http://www.pindarpress.co.uk/catalogue/medieval-western/gem-architecture-vol2.htm">his collected papers</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_of_Jumi%C3%A8ges&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pase.ac.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?personKey=10517">Robert 5</a> at <a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England">Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_London" title="Ælfweard of London">Ælfweard</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a> </b><br />1044–1051 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Spearhafoc" title="Spearhafoc">Spearhafoc</a><br />never consecrated</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eadsige" title="Eadsige">Eadsige</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> </b><br />1051–1052 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stigand" title="Stigand">Stigand</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bishops_of_London" title="Template:Bishops of London"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bishops_of_London" title="Template talk:Bishops of London"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops_of_London" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops of London"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bishops_of_London103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishops of London</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Augustine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mellitus" title="Mellitus">Mellitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedd" title="Cedd">Cedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_(bishop)" title="Wine (bishop)">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earconwald" title="Earconwald">Earconwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldhere_(bishop)" title="Waldhere (bishop)">Waldhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingwald" title="Ingwald">Ingwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgwulf" title="Ecgwulf">Ecgwulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigheah" title="Wigheah">Wigheah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadberht_(bishop_of_London)" title="Eadberht (bishop of London)">Eadberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadgar_of_London" title="Eadgar of London">Eadgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coenwalh_(bishop)" title="Coenwalh (bishop)">Coenwalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadbald_(bishop_of_London)" title="Eadbald (bishop of London)">Eadbald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathoberht" title="Heathoberht">Heathoberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmund_(bishop_of_London)" title="Osmund (bishop of London)">Osmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelnoth_(bishop_of_London)" title="Æthelnoth (bishop of London)">Æthelnoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolberht" title="Ceolberht">Ceolberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deorwulf" title="Deorwulf">Deorwulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swithwulf_(bishop_of_London)" title="Swithwulf (bishop of London)">Swithwulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heahstan" title="Heahstan">Heahstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfsige_of_London" title="Wulfsige of London">Wulfsige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelweard_of_London" title="Æthelweard of London">Æthelweard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leofstan" title="Leofstan">Leofstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodred_(bishop_of_London)" title="Theodred (bishop of London)">Theodred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihthelm_(bishop_of_London)" title="Brihthelm (bishop of London)">Brihthelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunstan" title="Dunstan">Dunstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfstan_(bishop_of_London)" title="Ælfstan (bishop of London)">Ælfstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_(died_1023)" title="Wulfstan (died 1023)">Wulfstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfhun_(bishop_of_London)" title="Ælfhun (bishop of London)">Ælfhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwig" title="Ælfwig">Ælfwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_London" title="Ælfweard of London">Ælfweard</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert of Jumièges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearhafoc" title="Spearhafoc">Spearhafoc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Conquest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Norman" title="William the Norman">William the Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_d%27Orevalle" title="Hugh d'Orevalle">Hugh d'Orevalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(bishop_of_London)" title="Maurice (bishop of London)">Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Belmeis_I" title="Richard de Belmeis I">Richard de Belmeis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Universalis" title="Gilbert Universalis">Gilbert Universalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_St_Saba" title="Anselm of St Saba">Anselm</a> <i>(quashed)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Sigello" title="Robert de Sigello">Robert de Sigello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Belmeis_II" title="Richard de Belmeis II">Richard de Belmeis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Foliot" title="Gilbert Foliot">Gilbert Foliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_FitzNeal" title="Richard FitzNeal">Richard FitzNeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Sainte-M%C3%A8re-%C3%89glise" title="William of Sainte-Mère-Église">William of Sainte-Mère-Église</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_of_Fauconberg" title="Eustace of Fauconberg">Eustace of Fauconberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Niger" title="Roger Niger">Roger Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulk_Basset_(bishop_of_London)" title="Fulk Basset (bishop of London)">Fulk Basset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wingham" title="Henry Wingham">Henry Wingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Talbot_(bishop_of_London)" title="Richard Talbot (bishop of London)">Richard Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Sandwich" title="Henry of Sandwich">Henry of Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chishull" title="John Chishull">John Chishull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulke_Lovell" title="Fulke Lovell">Fulke Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gravesend" title="Richard Gravesend">Richard Gravesend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Baldock" title="Ralph Baldock">Ralph Baldock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Segrave" title="Gilbert Segrave">Gilbert Segrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Newport_(bishop)" title="Richard Newport (bishop)">Richard Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gravesend" title="Stephen Gravesend">Stephen Gravesend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Wentworth" title="Richard de Wentworth">Richard de Wentworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Stratford" title="Ralph Stratford">Ralph Stratford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Northburgh" title="Michael Northburgh">Michael Northburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Sudbury" title="Simon Sudbury">Simon Sudbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Courtenay_(bishop)" title="William Courtenay (bishop)">William Courtenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Braybrooke" title="Robert Braybrooke">Robert Braybrooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Walden" title="Roger Walden">Roger Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bubwith" title="Nicholas Bubwith">Nicholas Bubwith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Clifford" title="Richard Clifford">Richard Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kemp" title="John Kemp">John Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grey_(bishop_of_Lincoln)" title="William Grey (bishop of Lincoln)">William Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_FitzHugh" title="Robert FitzHugh">Robert FitzHugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gilbert_(bishop)" title="Robert Gilbert (bishop)">Robert Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kempe" title="Thomas Kempe">Thomas Kempe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hill_(bishop)" title="Richard Hill (bishop)">Richard Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Savage_(bishop)" title="Thomas Savage (bishop)">Thomas Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barons" title="William Barons">William Barons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_FitzJames" title="Richard FitzJames">Richard FitzJames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Tunstall" title="Cuthbert Tunstall">Cuthbert Tunstall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">During the Reformation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Stokesley" title="John Stokesley">John Stokesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bonner" title="Edmund Bonner">Edmund Bonner</a> <i>(1st)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ridley_(martyr)" title="Nicholas Ridley (martyr)">Nicholas Ridley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bonner" title="Edmund Bonner">Edmund Bonner</a> <i>(2nd)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Reformation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Grindal" title="Edmund Grindal">Edmund Grindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Sandys_(bishop)" title="Edwin Sandys (bishop)">Edwin Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aylmer_(bishop)" title="John Aylmer (bishop)">John Aylmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fletcher_(bishop)" title="Richard Fletcher (bishop)">Richard Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bancroft" title="Richard Bancroft">Richard Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Vaughan_(bishop)" title="Richard Vaughan (bishop)">Richard Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ravis" title="Thomas Ravis">Thomas Ravis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Abbot_(bishop)" title="George Abbot (bishop)">George Abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_King_(bishop_of_London)" title="John King (bishop of London)">John King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Montaigne" title="George Montaigne">George Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Juxon" title="William Juxon">William Juxon</a></li> <li><i>Episcopacy abolished (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>)</i></li> <li>William Juxon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Sheldon" title="Gilbert Sheldon">Gilbert Sheldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Henchman" title="Humphrey Henchman">Humphrey Henchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Compton_(bishop)" title="Henry Compton (bishop)">Henry Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_(bishop_of_London)" title="John Robinson (bishop of London)">John Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gibson" title="Edmund Gibson">Edmund Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sherlock" title="Thomas Sherlock">Thomas Sherlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hayter" title="Thomas Hayter">Thomas Hayter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Osbaldeston" title="Richard Osbaldeston">Richard Osbaldeston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Terrick" title="Richard Terrick">Richard Terrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowth" title="Robert Lowth">Robert Lowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beilby_Porteus" title="Beilby Porteus">Beilby Porteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_(bishop_of_London)" title="John Randolph (bishop of London)">John Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howley" title="William Howley">William Howley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Blomfield" title="Charles James Blomfield">Charles James Blomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell_Tait" title="Archibald Campbell Tait">Archibald Campbell Tait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jackson_(bishop)" title="John Jackson (bishop)">John Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Temple" title="Frederick Temple">Frederick Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandell_Creighton" title="Mandell Creighton">Mandell Creighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Winnington-Ingram" title="Arthur Winnington-Ingram">Arthur Winnington-Ingram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Fisher" title="Geoffrey Fisher">Geoffrey Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wand" title="William Wand">William Wand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Montgomery_Campbell" title="Henry Montgomery Campbell">Henry Montgomery Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stopford_(bishop)" title="Robert Stopford (bishop)">Robert Stopford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ellison" title="Gerald Ellison">Gerald Ellison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Leonard" title="Graham Leonard">Graham Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hope,_Baron_Hope_of_Thornes" title="David Hope, Baron Hope of Thornes">David Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chartres" title="Richard Chartres">Richard Chartres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pete_Broadbent" title="Pete Broadbent">Pete Broadbent</a> (Acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Mullally" title="Sarah Mullally">Sarah Mullally</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Archbishops_of_Canterbury250" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-bottom: #7F1734 5px solid; border-top: #7F1734 5px solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Archbishops_of_Canterbury" title="Template:Archbishops of Canterbury"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archbishops_of_Canterbury" title="Template talk:Archbishops of Canterbury"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archbishops_of_Canterbury" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archbishops of Canterbury"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Archbishops_of_Canterbury250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishops of Canterbury</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_archbishops_of_Canterbury" title="List of archbishops of Canterbury">List of archbishops of Canterbury</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Conquest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_of_Canterbury" title="Laurence of Canterbury">Laurence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellitus" title="Mellitus">Mellitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus" title="Justus">Justus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_of_Canterbury" title="Honorius of Canterbury">Honorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deusdedit_of_Canterbury" title="Deusdedit of Canterbury">Deusdedit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wighard" title="Wighard">Wighard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Tarsus" title="Theodore of Tarsus">Theodore of Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhtwald" title="Berhtwald">Berhtwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatwine" title="Tatwine">Tatwine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothhelm" title="Nothhelm">Nothhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_of_Canterbury" title="Cuthbert of Canterbury">Cuthbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bregowine" title="Bregowine">Bregowine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A6nberht" title="Jænberht">Jænberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelhard" title="Æthelhard">Æthelhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfred" title="Wulfred">Wulfred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feologild" title="Feologild">Feologild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolnoth" title="Ceolnoth">Ceolnoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_(archbishop)" title="Æthelred (archbishop)">Æthelred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plegmund" title="Plegmund">Plegmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athelm" title="Athelm">Athelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfhelm" title="Wulfhelm">Wulfhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_of_Canterbury" title="Oda of Canterbury">Oda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfsige" title="Ælfsige">Ælfsige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrhthelm_(bishop_of_Wells)" title="Byrhthelm (bishop of Wells)">Byrhthelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunstan" title="Dunstan">Dunstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelgar" title="Æthelgar">Æthelgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigeric_(bishop)" title="Sigeric (bishop)">Sigeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_of_Abingdon" title="Ælfric of Abingdon">Ælfric of Abingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfheah_of_Canterbury" title="Ælfheah of Canterbury">Ælfheah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyfing_(Archbishop_of_Canterbury)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyfing (Archbishop of Canterbury)">Lyfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelnoth_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Æthelnoth (archbishop of Canterbury)">Æthelnoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadsige" title="Eadsige">Eadsige</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert of Jumièges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigand" title="Stigand">Stigand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conquest to <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Reformation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanfranc" title="Lanfranc">Lanfranc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_d%27Escures" title="Ralph d'Escures">Ralph d'Escures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Corbeil" title="William de Corbeil">William de Corbeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_of_Bec" title="Theobald of Bec">Theobald of Bec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Bailleul" title="Roger de Bailleul">Roger de Bailleul</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Dover" title="Richard of Dover">Richard of Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_of_Forde" title="Baldwin of Forde">Baldwin of Forde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fitz_Jocelin" title="Reginald Fitz Jocelin">Reginald Fitz Jocelin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Walter" title="Hubert Walter">Hubert Walter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reginald_(sub-prior)" title="Reginald (sub-prior)">Reginald</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_de_Gray" title="John de Gray">John de Gray</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Langton" title="Stephen Langton">Stephen Langton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walter_d%27Eynsham" title="Walter d'Eynsham">Walter d'Eynsham</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_le_Grant" title="Richard le Grant">Richard le Grant</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Neville" title="Ralph Neville">Ralph Neville</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_of_Sittingbourne" title="John of Sittingbourne">John of Sittingbourne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Blund" title="John Blund">John Blund</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Abingdon" title="Edmund of Abingdon">Edmund of Abingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boniface_of_Savoy_(bishop)" title="Boniface of Savoy (bishop)">Boniface</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Chillenden" title="William Chillenden">William Chillenden</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kilwardby" title="Robert Kilwardby">Robert Kilwardby</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burnell" title="Robert Burnell">Robert Burnell</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peckham" title="John Peckham">John Peckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Winchelsey" title="Robert Winchelsey">Robert Winchelsey</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cobham" title="Thomas Cobham">Thomas Cobham</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reynolds" title="Walter Reynolds">Walter Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mepeham" title="Simon Mepeham">Simon Mepeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Stratford" title="John de Stratford">John de Stratford</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_de_Ufford" title="John de Ufford">John de Ufford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="Thomas Bradwardine">Thomas Bradwardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Islip" title="Simon Islip">Simon Islip</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Edington" title="William Edington">William Edington</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Langham" title="Simon Langham">Simon Langham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whittlesey" title="William Whittlesey">William Whittlesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Sudbury" title="Simon Sudbury">Simon Sudbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Courtenay_(bishop)" title="William Courtenay (bishop)">William Courtenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arundel" title="Thomas Arundel">Thomas Arundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Walden" title="Roger Walden">Roger Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arundel" title="Thomas Arundel">Thomas Arundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chichele" title="Henry Chichele">Henry Chichele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stafford_(bishop)" title="John Stafford (bishop)">John Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kemp" title="John Kemp">John Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bourchier_(cardinal)" title="Thomas Bourchier (cardinal)">Thomas Bourchier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_(cardinal)" title="John Morton (cardinal)">John Morton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Langton" title="Thomas Langton">Thomas Langton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Deane_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Henry Deane (archbishop of Canterbury)">Henry Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Reformation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parker" title="Matthew Parker">Matthew Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Grindal" title="Edmund Grindal">Edmund Grindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Whitgift" title="John Whitgift">John Whitgift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bancroft" title="Richard Bancroft">Richard Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Abbot_(bishop)" title="George Abbot (bishop)">George Abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a></li> <li><i>Episcopacy abolished (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Juxon" title="William Juxon">William Juxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Sheldon" title="Gilbert Sheldon">Gilbert Sheldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sancroft" title="William Sancroft">William Sancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tillotson" title="John Tillotson">John Tillotson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tenison" title="Thomas Tenison">Thomas Tenison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wake" title="William Wake">William Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Potter_(bishop)" title="John Potter (bishop)">John Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herring" title="Thomas Herring">Thomas Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Hutton_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Matthew Hutton (archbishop of Canterbury)">Matthew Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Secker" title="Thomas Secker">Thomas Secker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cornwallis" title="Frederick Cornwallis">Frederick Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="John Moore (archbishop of Canterbury)">John Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners-Sutton" title="Charles Manners-Sutton">Charles Manners-Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howley" title="William Howley">William Howley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bird_Sumner" title="John Bird Sumner">John Bird Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Longley" title="Charles Longley">Charles Longley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell_Tait" title="Archibald Campbell Tait">Archibald Campbell Tait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_White_Benson" title="Edward White Benson">Edward White Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Temple" title="Frederick Temple">Frederick Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Davidson" title="Randall Davidson">Randall Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmo_Gordon_Lang" title="Cosmo Gordon Lang">Cosmo Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Temple_(bishop)" title="William Temple (bishop)">William Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Fisher" title="Geoffrey Fisher">Geoffrey Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ramsey" title="Michael Ramsey">Michael Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Coggan" title="Donald Coggan">Donald Coggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Runcie" title="Robert Runcie">Robert Runcie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Carey" title="George Carey">George Carey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Welby" title="Justin Welby">Justin Welby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate a person who was elected but not confirmed.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431066#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1582" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431066#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1582" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000079868750">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/22951509">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7029160667960903560005">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/802144647701582502004">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/449144647671150357858">4</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1844213/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjDHyj8JfQ3P6CXqWWrjG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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